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Uneasy Intimacies: Race, Family, and Property in Santiago De Cuba, 1803-1868 by Adriana Chira

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Uneasy Intimacies: Race, Family, and Property in Santiago De Cuba, 1803-1868 by Adriana Chira Uneasy Intimacies: Race, Family, and Property in Santiago de Cuba, 1803-1868 by Adriana Chira A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology and History) in the University of Michigan 2016 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Jesse E. Hoffnung-Garskof, Co-Chair Professor Rebecca J. Scott, Co-Chair Associate Professor Paulina L. Alberto Professor Emerita Gillian Feeley-Harnik Professor Jean M. Hébrard, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales Professor Martha Jones To Paul ii Acknowledgments One of the great joys and privileges of being a historian is that researching and writing take us through many worlds, past and present, to which we become bound—ethically, intellectually, emotionally. Unfortunately, the acknowledgments section can be just a modest snippet of yearlong experiences and life-long commitments. Archivists and historians in Cuba and Spain offered extremely generous support at a time of severe economic challenges. In Havana, at the National Archive, I was privileged to get to meet and learn from Julio Vargas, Niurbis Ferrer, Jorge Macle, Silvio Facenda, Lindia Vera, and Berta Yaque. In Santiago, my research would not have been possible without the kindness, work, and enthusiasm of Maty Almaguer, Ana Maria Limonta, Yanet Pera Numa, María Antonia Reinoso, and Alfredo Sánchez. The directors of the two Cuban archives, Martha Ferriol, Milagros Villalón, and Zelma Corona, always welcomed me warmly and allowed me to begin my research promptly. My work on Cuba could have never started without my doctoral committee’s support. Rebecca Scott’s tireless commitment to graduate education nourished me every step of the way even when my self-doubts felt crippling. Through her work ethics, one of iii the subtle lessons that she imparted has been that as historians we owe the stories that we collect to the people whom we research. This sense of responsibility and urgency has been one of the forces driving me throughout archival research and writing. Jesse Hoffnung-Garskof helped me refine my conceptual framework and taught me when to be skeptical of my own work and when to look forward. His comparative thinking, analytic breadth, and rigor improved my research discipline and writing. I thank him for not giving up on me. Paulina Alberto taught the first graduate course that I signed up for at the University of Michigan. Her ability to constructively transform the writings of a confused graduate student, like myself, into coherent narratives taught me how to carefully and patiently look for the kernel of any text. Gillian Feeley-Harnik taught me how to think about anthropology as a sensibility. Learning about the history of anthropology from her turned into a model for how to be both a historian and an anthropologist. Jean Hébrard had a lot of faith in me at a time when I did not know where I was heading. His intellectual range, curiosity, energy, and creativity taught me that what we do as historians can have an existential edge that we should embrace. Jean also taught me that one could still be both an academic and an intellectual even in this age of hyper- professionalization. His generosity has been endless. I had admired Martha Jones from a distance for many years before finally getting the courage to ask her to be on my committee. Throughout my encounters with her and by hearing her questions and comments at talks and learning about her commitment to teaching and service at the University of Michigan, she has been a role model. She has taught me how to think about iv the work that we do as historians as part of a larger world whose structures and underlying assumptions we should tirelessly question. María de los Angeles Meriño Fuentes and Aisnara Perera Díaz have an absolutely contagious love of the archive, and especially of those collections that are hardest to navigate. Their knowledge of the Cuban National Archive and of Santiago history in particular, which they shared with me in their Bejucal home during the weekends, helped me become a better historian. They taught me a lot more than I would have been able to learn by myself or than I could reciprocate. In Santiago, Olga Portuondo Zúñiga generously opened her home and shared with me insights about Santiago that made me fall in love with the region’s history. Marial Iglesias Utset listened to me patiently as I was trying to find the main thread for my research. Sharing with her some of the worlds that we both went through in Eastern Europe was unforgettable. Reinaldo Funes Monzote at the Fundación Antonio Núñez Jiménez provided essential institutional support. Orlando Garciá Martínez opened his home generously and provided advice at an early stage of my research. In Spain, Consuelo Naranjo, María Dolores Gonzálo-Ripóll, and Luís Belmonte answered my questions patiently when I was still learning how to navigate the archives. My Michigan family included many History and Anthro-History friends and colleagues. One can only come across a friend like Robyn d’Avignon once in a lifetime. We shared our self-doubts, fears, and frustrations, as well as writing, ideas, and plans for the future. Her profound commitment to research in West Africa inspired me, while her ability to reach out for the best in everyone has been an important lesson. Davide Orsini’s v analytic sharpness and high-class cooking skills kept many of us afloat (conceptually and physically); I thank him for not giving up on me as a friend. Nafisa Essop Sheik and Stephen Sparks welcomed me in their home as they were going through many transitions. Angela Pérez-Villa has been a kind and generous colleague without whom coursework would not have felt the same. Andrés Pletch taught me how to stop worrying and keep going. Edgardo Pérez-Morales’s gift for story-telling is unparalleled. So has been his kindness. I am privileged to have him as a colleague. Krisztina Fehervary saw in me an Anthro-Historian at a time of profound self- doubt. Without her, my journey at the University of Michigan would have never started. At the University of Michigan, I also very fortunate to be able to take classes from: John Carson, Judith Irvine, Christian de Pee, Krisztina Fehervary, Paul Johnson, Stuart Kirsch, Alaina Lemon, Bruce Mannheim, Erik Mueggler, Douglas Northrop, Leslie Pincus, Rudolph Ware, as well as my dissertation committee members. The Eisenberg Institute’s workshop and noon lunches, and the Anthro-History program were essential to my intellectual trajectory. It has been extremely rewarding and humbling to be surrounded by so many people with deep commitment to sharing work and to engaging in rigorous exchanges about it. Alaina Lemon and Paul Johnson, as directors of the Anthro-History Program, provided essential support. In Cuba and Spain, I met many people whose love of archives and friendship sustained me. Beyond those already mentioned, I would also like to thank Waldomiro Lourenço da Silva Junior. His sharpness and ability to talk his way out of all kinds of situations in Havana made our time together unforgettable. I thank him for sharing his vi love of archives and conversation with me. Iacy Maia Mata and Fabio Nogueira introduced me to Havana and helped me get oriented. Iacy’s research discipline inspired me. Elena Schneider’s humor, research and writing discipline, and acute intellect have been an example. With Jorge Felipe and Romy Sánchez I shared lunches and unforgettable conversations while doing archival research in Havana. I am grateful to several institutions for financial support: the University of Michigan, in particular the Rackham Graduate School, the International Institute, the Anthro-History program, the Latin American and Caribbean Studies Center, and the Gutiérrez family. Casa de Velázquez offered me financial and lodging support while in Madrid. The Social Science Research Council and the Conference on Latin American History provided financial resources that were essential for my archival research. Beyond Michigan, several scholars have asked pointed questions or provided helpful commentary throughout my time in graduate school at talks, workshops, or conferences. I would like to thank: Trevor Burnard, Matthew Casey, Louis Pérez Jr., Lara Putnam, Jean-Frédéric Schaub, Christopher Schmidt-Nowara, whom we greatly miss, Stuart Schwartz, Natalie Zemon Davis, and Michael Zeuske. I would also like to thank Sarah Barber at the University of Lancaster, Lauric Henneton at the University of Versailles, Susanne Lachenicht at Bayreuth University, Nadja Durbach at the University of Utah, and Clément Thibaut at the University of Nantes for welcoming me at workshops that nourished this project. My family has a profound love for story-telling. I thank them for instilling it in me, for teaching me how to listen carefully, and for readily learning about the challenges vii of academic life in the U.S. Paul Buchholz did not know how stormy the waters were going to be when we took off together almost ten years ago. He was not afraid to learn about life as an immigrant and to assume all the challenges that it entailed, while also doing his own research, writing, and teaching. His humor, ability to notice the absurd, impeccable social ethics, boundless empathy, and endless love of travel and story-telling have added indescribable depth to our journeys together. For making the life of heart and the life of mind worth living, I dedicate this dissertation to him. viii Table of Contents Dedication ii Acknowledgments iii List of Tables
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