A Winter Roost Count of the Short-Eared Owl Asio Flammeus (Aves: Strigiformes: Strigidae) at Porbandar, Gujarat, India

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Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Short Communication A winter roost count of the Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus (Aves: Strigiformes: Strigidae) at Porbandar, Gujarat, India

Dhavalkumar Varagiya & Anita Chakraborty

26 October 2018 | Vol. 10 | No. 11 | Pages: 12566-12570 10.11609/jot.3617.10.11.12566-12570

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Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2018 | 10(11): 12566–12570

A winter roost count of the Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus (Aves: Strigiformes: Strigidae) at Porbandar, Gujarat, India

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) 1 2 Short Communication Short Dhavalkumar Varagiya & Anita Chakraborty ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) 1 School of Pharmacy, RK University, Rajkot-Bhavnagar Highway, Kasturbadham, Rajkot, Gujarat 360020, India OPEN ACCESS 2 Department of Botany, SSLNT Mahila Mahavidlaya, Luby Circular Road, Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826001, India 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected]

Abstract: The Short-eared Owl Asio fammeus is a common to Museum), Rajasthan (5 January 1949 specimen: The uncommon winter visitor to Gujarat. The species roosted in bushes Field Museum; Singh 1997), Karnataka (20 January 1941 of Prosopis julifora in the grassland of Shiroda area, Odadar Village of Porbandar District. Communal roosts were identfed by foot surveys specimen: The Field Museum), Utar Pradesh (Grewal between 9–17 November 2016. A total of 20 individuals co-existed 2000), Andhra Pradesh (Kanniah & Ganesh 1993) and with grazing catle in the grassland of ca. 1km2. At present due to their restricted nestng habits and nomadic nature, the species is vulnerable other states. to habitat loss at their feeding and roostng grounds. Conversion of The Short-eared Owl has an extremely large range, open habitats to agriculture, grazing, recreaton, housing and tourism and therefore it does not approach the thresholds for development are the current threats to the species in the wetland complex. The IUCN conservaton status further confrms that though Vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of they are assessed as Least Concern, in spite of the species populaton occurrence <20,000km2 combined with a declining constantly declining with global populaton estmated at 3,000,000 or fuctuatng range size, habitat extent/quality, or individuals which equates to 2,000,000 mature individuals. The present study is the frst systematc atempt to count a roost in Gujarat. populaton size and a small number of locatons or severe fragmentaton) as well as under the populaton Keywords: Gujarat, IUCN, Porbandar, Short-eared Owl, wetland, trend criterion (>30% decline over 10 years or three wintering roost. generatons) and populaton size criterion (<10,000 mature individuals with a contnuing decline estmated to be >10% in 10 years or three generatons, or with a The Short-eared Owl Asio fammeus is a widespread specifed populaton structure) in IUCN conservaton winter migrant to India (Blanford 1894). It prefers status evaluaton. For these reasons the species is grassland and open country (Ali & Ripley 1987). In India, designated as Least Concern. it is reported from Maharashtra (Jamdar & Shrivastava At present, due to their restricted nestng habits and 1988; Chandrasekaran 1995), Madhya Pradesh (Pasha nomadic nature, the species is vulnerable to habitat loss et al. 2004), Tamil Nadu (Thyagaraju 1933), Kerala on their feeding and roostng grounds. Conversions of (Jayson & Mathew 2002; Chandrasekhara & Nameer open habitats to agriculture, grazing, recreaton, housing 2003), Gujarat (19 November 1993 specimen: The Field and tourism development are the current threats to the

DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.3617.10.11.12566-12570

Editor: Reuven Yosef, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Eilat, Israel. Date of publicaton: 26 October 2018 (online & print)

Manuscript details: Ms # 3617 | Received 30 June 2017 | Final received 12 September 2018 | Finally accepted 02 October 2018

Citaton: Varagiya, D. & A. Chakraborty (2018). A winter roost count of the Short-eared Owl Asio fammeus (Aves: Strigiformes: Strigidae) at Porbandar, Gujarat, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10(11): 12566–12570; htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.3617.10.11.12566-12570

Copyright: © Varagiya & Chakraborty 2018. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this artcle in any medium, reproducton and distributon by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publicaton.

Funding: Field work was self funded by Dhavalkumar Varagiya.

Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.

Acknowledgements: We are thankful to Kishore Joshi, Bhaskar Thankey, Vijay Jethva, Nayan Thanki, Vikrant Rana, Punit Karia, Zeel Badiyani, Konark Karia for joining us during surveys voluntarily.

12566 Winter roost count of Short-eared Owl Varagiya & Chakraborty species in the wetland complex. Odadar and Mokar villages of Porbandar District (Fig. 1). The Short-eared Owl is a common to uncommon It is located about a distance of 5km from Porbandar winter visitor to Gujarat (Ganpule 2016). The species Somnath Natonal Highway and connected by a tar is usually present from September/October to March/ road with Odadar and Mokar villages. The study area April in the Indian Subcontnent (Grimmet et al. 1998; is Gosabara Mokarsagar Wetland Complex (here afer Ali & Ripley 2001; Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu 2007). Mokarsagar) which was declared an Important Bird and The species usually nests and roosts on the ground Biodiversity Area by the Bombay Natural History Society and prefers grassland habitat. It is ofen seen fying low and Birdlife Internatonal in March 2017 (Rahmani et al. like harriers; its opportunistc diet consists mainly of 2016). small mammals and rarely small birds. It is an actve Mokarsagar (21.5650N & 69.7640E) is the largest hunter, fying low over the ground (less than 6 feet) wetland of Porbandar District and spread across in search of prey; usually hovers and drops vertcally 106km2. The wetland complex supports more than pouncing on prey. The species is considered to be a 20,000 waterbirds annually and thus is shortlisted as a highly migratory in the northern limits of its global potental Ramsar site as well as Biodiversity Heritage range. Banding data shows 1,000-mile movements in 50 Site. Recently, a public interest litgaton has been also days. These movements also vary and large movements fled in Gujarat High Court to declare it as a wildlife are ofen related to juvenile dispersals. The longevity sanctuary. record for a Short-eared Owl in the wild is 13 years The wetland complex is drained by the Bhadar (Rumet 2012). River, the longest river of the Saurashtra region along with River Billeshwari (Minsar). Before the 1970s, the Material and Methods region was an intertdal mudfat due to the ingress of sea Observatons and counts were recorded in November water through the mouth close to Gosabara (21.5350N 2016 for nine days in the Shiroda region, located between & 69.7100E) which mixed with fresh water during the

Figure 1. Study area (Shiroda island of Mokarsagar) of Short-eared Owl covering an area of 1km2

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2018 | 10(11): 12566–12570 12567 Winter roost count of Short-eared Owl Varagiya & Chakraborty monsoon season. The culvert was created near Gosa any of the other islands of Mokarsagar. Thus, the data Village and resident fshermen used fxed oja nets for presented is from Shiroda only. catching Prawns Penaeus penicillatus (Mansuri 1986). Gradually the tdal infux started impactng the soil and Observation and Discussion fresh water biota of the region. In order to prevent The species was found to roost in bushes of Prosopis and control the impactng phenomenon Salinity Ingress julifora on Shiroda island. Realizing the fact that the Preventon Cell (SIPC), Gujarat, built structures across species was spoted for the frst tme, an efort for the creek such as tdal regulators (masonry wall) and identfying communal roosts was undertaken by going bunds at diferent locatons (Singh et al. 2014). These on foot surveys. A total 20 individuals (Table 1) were structures prevented the free fow of tdal ingress. As observed to co-exist with grazing catle in the grasslands a result prawn fshing was stopped but the quality of spread over an area of 1km2 between November 9–17, agricultural soil improved. 2016 (Table 2; Fig. 2). The species prefers bushes to hide In Mokarsagar, there are four elevated inland islands (Image 2) but, when unknowingly disturbed by catle which usually do not get submerged during the peak herders, it fies to refuge areas as shown in Fig. 1. The monsoon (because the islands lie at about 4–6 m above refuge area covers 0.14km2 with dense vegetaton of sea level and the Mokarsagar is at sea level). Shiroda Proposis spp. along with grasses. is one amongst these four islands mainly used by the The species was observed to co-exist with mammals Odadar villagers for grazing livestock. like Golden Jackal Canis aureus, Bengal Fox Vulpes The wetland complex has been monitored since 2012 bengalensis, Jungle Cat Felis chaus, Nilgai Boselaphus for water as well as terrestrial bird count, the frequency tragocamelus, Wild Boar Sus scrofa, and domestc is once every month of the year. On 9 November 2016, catle Bos domestcus. The species was also observed during the survey in Shiroda, one Short-eared Owl was to co-exist with 48 bird species (Table 2). No atempts observed and photographed in the bushes close to the were made to study its interactons with other species. road (Image 1). The bird was not disturbed and count Generally, it remains silent during wintering stage thus and observaton plan was structured to survey the no call was observed. region for the total wintering populaton of the species. The current sightng of the Short-eared Owl in It was assumed that the Short-eared Owl will be present on all of the four islands of Mokarsagar. Startng from Shiroda, all islands were surveyed for presence of Short-eared Owls. The region was diligently surveyed on foot (afer Fuller & Mosher 1987). Randomly, 500m long transect lines (total nine) were conducted in the study area. Walking the transects and countng of roostng birds on both sides and locatons were geo-tagged with Garmin eTrex® 30x Handheld GPS device. Apart from Shiroda, the Short-eared Owl was not found on

Table 1. Observaton chart

Date Time (hrs) Comments Area is mainly grassland with scatered Prosopis julifora; locaton was also very 09.xi.2016 18:00 close to a ‘kacha’ road less frequently used Bird was found at same place but remain 10.x.2016 16:00–18:00 stable and hidden. Bird was spoted about 200m away from 11.xi.2016 18:15 previous site from the road Observed two pairs (4 individuals) from 13.xi.2016 16:00–18:00 the road 14.xi.2016 16:00–18:00 Observed 12 individuals by foot survey

16.xi.2016 16:00–18:00 Observed 14 individuals by foot survey © Dhavalkumar Varagiya 17.xi.2016 16:00–19:00 Observed 20 individuals by foot survey Image 1. Short-eared Owl on Shiroda Island

12568 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2018 | 10(11): 12566–12570 Winter roost count of Short-eared Owl Varagiya & Chakraborty

Table 2. Bird Species observed to coexist with Short-eared Owl

Status in Gujarat (Ganpule Status in Gujarat (Ganpule Bird Species Bird Species 2016) 2016) Common Quail Coturnix Long-tailed Shrike Lanius 1 Common winter visitor 24 Common resident coturnix schach Grey Francolin Francolinus Southern Grey Shrike Lanius 2 Common resident 25 Common resident pondicerianus meridionalis Black Drongo Dicrurus 3 Catle Egret Bubulcus ibis Common resident 26 Very common resident macrocercus Short-toed Snake-Eagle Common to uncommon 4 Rufous-tailed Lark Circaetus gallicus resident 27 Very common resident Ammomanes phoenicura Eurasian Marsh-Harrier Circus 5 Common winter visitor Ashy-crowned Sparrow-Lark aeruginosus 28 Very common resident Eremopterix griseus Common to uncommon winter 6 Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus Indian Bushlark Mirafraery visitor 29 Common resident throptera Montagu's Harrier Circus 7 Common winter visitor Greater Short-toed Lark pygargus 30 Common winter visitor Calandrella brachydactyla 8 Shikra Accipiter badius Common resident 31 Sand Lark Alaudala raytal Common resident Indian Thick-knee Burhinus 9 Common resident indicus 32 Crested Lark Galerida cristata Common resident Yellow-watled Lapwing Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus 10 Common resident 33 Very common resident Vanellus malabaricus cafer Red-watled Lapwing Vanellus 11 Very Common resident 34 Sykes's Warbler Iduna rama Common winter visitor indicus Common Tailorbird Kentsh Plover Charadrius Common resident and local 35 Common resident 12 Orthotomus sutorius alexandrinus winter migrant 36 Plain Prinia Prinia inornata Common resident Barred Butonquail Turnix Resident and fairly common 13 suscitator resident Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia 37 Common winter visitor Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse curruca 14 Common resident Pterocles exustus Common Babbler Turdoides 38 Very common resident caudata 15 Rock Pigeon Columba livia Very common resident Large Grey Babbler Turdoides Eurasian Collared-Dove 39 Very common resident 16 Common resident malcolmi Streptopelia decaocto Jungle Babbler Turdoides Greater Coucal Centropus 40 Common resident 17 Common resident striata sinensis Indian Robin Copsychus Sykes's Nightjar Caprimulgus 41 Common resident 18 Uncommon winter visitor fulicatus mahratensis Oriental Magpie-Robin Indian Nightjar Caprimulgus 42 Common resident 19 Common resident Copsychus saularis asiatcus 43 Rosy Starling Pastor roseus Very common winter visitor Green Bee-eater Merops 20 Common resident orientalis Purple Sunbird Cinnyris 44 Common resident Eurasian Kestrel Falco asiatcus 21 Common winter visitor tnnunculus 45 Paddyfeld Pipit Anthus rufulus Common resident Isabelline Shrike Lanius 22 Winter visitor 46 Long-billed Pipit Anthus similis Common winter visitor isabellinus Bay-backed Shrike Lanius 47 Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris Common winter visitor 23 Common resident vitatus Indian Silverbill Euodice 48 Common resident malabarica

Figure 2. Bird Species of diferent families observed to coexist with Short-eared Owl

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2018 | 10(11): 12566–12570 12569 Winter roost count of Short-eared Owl Varagiya & Chakraborty

Image 2. Short-eared Owl in the bushes of Prosopis © Dhavalkumar Varagiya julifora

Porbandar is the frst published record for the district as Ganpule, P. (2016). The birds of Gujarat: Status and distributon. it was not mentoned in previous checklists (Meena & Flamingo 8(3–12): 2–40. Grewal, B. (2000). Birds of the Indian Subcontnent. IIIrd Editon. Local Kumar 2014). Foot surveys were repeated for three days Colour Limited, Hong Kong. on the same transects and a maximum number of the Grimmet, R., C. Inskipp & T. Inskipp (1998). Birds of Indian Sub- contnent. Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 888pp. owls were observed on the third day (i.e., 17 November Jamdar, N. & K. Shrivastava (1988). A note on possible migraton route 2016). Prey base and feeding ecology were not studied, of Short-eared Owl (Asio fammeus) over sea. Journal of the Bombay however, we speculate that there is abundant prey at Natural History Society 85(2): 423–424. Jayson, E.A. & D.N. Mathew (2002). Structure and compositon of two Shiroda Island & its adjacent farmlands, and the dense bird communites in the southern Western Ghats. Journal of the vegetaton of Prosopis julifora along with grass provide Bombay Natural History Society 99(1): 8–25. spaces roostng and sheltering. The present study is Kanniah, P. & T. Ganesh (1993). Some interestng owl species around Alwal. Mayura 10: 1–4. the frst systematc atempt to count Short-eared Owls Mansuri, A.P. (1986). Assessment of Prawn Fishery Resources of River in Gujarat and reports the highest wintering roost Ojat, Bhadar, Mindsar and Their Estuaries-Their impact on socio- congregaton of the species. economic conditon of the fsher fshermen villages (Saurashtra) - A case study. Final Report. Saurashtra University, Rajkot, 247pp. Based on our limited study and data, we recommend Meena, R.L. & S. Kumar (2014). Management Plan for Porbandar Bird that the management measures should maintain large Sanctuary. Gujarat Forest Department, Gujarat, India, 252pp. contguous tracts of wetland, and grassland habitat Pasha, M.K.S., R. Jaypal, G. Areendran, Q. Qureshi & K. Sankar (2004). Birds of Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, central India. for the species and their prey. Controlled human Newsleter for Ornithologists 1(1&2): 2–9. disturbance and predaton as well as possible, public Rahmani, A.R., M.Z. Islam & R.M. Kasambe (2016). Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas in India: Gujarat. Important Bird and Biodiversity educaton, and contnued feld research is required. Areas in India: Priority Sites for Conservaton (Revised and updated), Bombay Natural History Society, Indian Bird Conservaton Network, References Royal Society for the Protecton of Birds and BirdLife Internatonal (U.K.), 1992pp. Rumet, R.B. (2012). Asio fammeus Short-eared Owl. htp://eol.org/ Compact Handbook of the Birds of India Ali, S. & S.D. Ripley (1987). pages/915736/details Downloaded on 15 November 2017. and Pakistan together with those of Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Singh, B. (1997). Houbara Bustard and Short-eared Owl in eastern Sri Lanka IInd Editon . . Oxford University Press, Delhi, 562pp. Rajasthan. Newsleters for Birdwatchers 37: 17. Handbook of Birds of India and Pakistan - Ali, S. & S.D. Ripley (2001). Singh, V.V., A. Sharma & P.C. Joshi (2014). Seasonal Wetlands of Vol. 3 Stone Curlews to Owl. 2nd Editon . Bombay Natural History Porbandar District, Gujarat. Acta Biologica Indica 3(2):636–641. Society and Oxford University Press, Mumbai, 367pp. Srinivasulu, B. & C. Srinivasulu (2007). Diet of short-eared owl Asio Ibis Blanford, W.T. (1894). Notes on the Indian Owls. 6(24): 524–531. fammeus (Pontopiddan, 1763) wintering in Rollapadu wildlife Chandrasekaran, S. (1995). A survey of migratory birds at Datvara. Sanctuary and its vicinity in Andhra Pradesh India. Zoo’s Print Journal Black-buck 11(2): 41–52. 22(9): 2829–2831; htps://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.1550.2829-31 Chandrasekhara, S. & P.O. Nameer (2003). Short-eared Owl (Asio Thyagaraju, A.S. (1933). On the occurrence of the Short-eared Owl Zoos’ Print Journal fammeus) in Kerala, India. 18(10): 1235; htps:// (Asio fammeus fammeus) in Madras City. Journal of the Bombay doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.18.10.1235 Natural History Society 36 (3): 752–753. Fuller, M.R. & J.A. Mosher (1987). Raptor Survey Techniques. US Fish and Wildlife Service, 37–65pp.

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12570 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2018 | 10(11): 12566–12570

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online); ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

October 2018 | Vol. 10 | No. 11 | Pages: 12443–12618 Date of Publicaton: 26 October 2018 (Online & Print) www.threatenedtaxa.org DOI: 10.11609/jot.2018.10.11.12443-12618

Artcle A winter roost count of the Short-eared Owl Asio fammeus (Aves: Strigiformes: Strigidae) at Porbandar, Gujarat, India The terrestrial life of sea kraits: insights from a long-term study on two -- Dhavalkumar Varagiya & Anita Chakraborty, Pp. 12566–12570 Latcauda species (Reptlia: Squamata: Elapidae) in the Andaman Islands, India -- Zoya Tyabji, Nitya Prakash Mohanty, Erina Young & Tasneem Khan, Pp. 12443– Crocodiles of river Krishna: impact on agriculture, economy, and the sociology of 12450 human populaton in Sangli, Maharashtra, India -- Rajaram Hindurao Atgre, Pp. 12571–12576 Communicatons A new report on the clasper movements of a captve Sand Tiger Shark Fishing Cat Prionailurus viverrinus Bennet, 1833 (Carnivora: Felidae) distributon Carcharias taurus (Lamniformes: Odontaspididae) and a possible reason for and habitat characteristcs in Chitwan Natonal Park, Nepal the behaviour -- Rama Mishra, Khadga Basnet, Rajan Amin & Babu Ram Lamichhane, Pp. 12451– -- Helen Colbachini, Rafael Caprioli Guterrez, Cristane Schilbach Pizzuto & 12458 Oto Bismarck Fazzano Gadig, Pp. 12577–12581

Status distributon and feeding habit of Wild Boar Sus scrofa (Mammalia: New species of termite Pericapritermes travancorensis sp. nov. (Isoptera: Artodactyla: Suidae) in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India Termitdae: Termitnae) from India -- Shaheer Khan & Orus Ilyas, Pp. 12459–12463 -- Jobin Mathew & Chinnu Ipe, Pp. 12582–12588

The compositon and status of waterbirds of Perur Lake in Tamil Nadu, India A checklist of vascular epiphytes of El Cometa Lagoon, Pantanos de Centla -- G. Parameswaran & R. Sivashankar, Pp. 12464–12488 Biosphere Reserve, Mexico -- Derio Antonio Jiménez-López, Candelario Peralta-Carreta, Jonathan V. Solórzano, The herpetofauna of Jigme Singye Wangchuck Natonal Park in central Bhutan: Gerardo Luis Cervantes-Jiménez & Marco Antonio Domínguez-Vázquez, status, distributon and new records Pp. 12589–12597 -- Sangay Tshewang & Letro Letro, Pp. 12489–12498 Notes The Odonata (Insecta) of Dhofar, southern Oman -- Elaine M. Cowan & Peter J. Cowan, Pp. 12499–12514 Two moth species of Lasiocampidae (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampoidea) recorded for the frst tme in Bhutan New kissing bug (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) records from Napo and Jatshwor Singh Irungbam & Meenakshi Jatshwor Irungbam, Pp. 12598–12601 Morona-Santago provinces with distributon updates in Ecuador -- Ana Soto-Vivas, Sandra Enríquez, Ernesto Villacrés, Jazzmin Arrivillaga, New nymphalid buterfy records from Jammu & Kashmir, India Martn Hinojosa & Jonathan Liria, Pp. 12515–12522 -- Shakha Sharma & Neeraj Sharma, Pp. 12602–12606

Orchid diversity in two community forests of Makawanpur District, central Nepal Argostemma khasianum C.B. Clarke (Rubiaceae): a new record of a genus and -- Bijaya Pant, Mukt Ram Paudel, Mukesh Babu Chand, Shreet Pradhan, species of fowering plant for the state of Arunachal Pradesh (India) and its Bijaya Bahadur Malla & Bhakta Bahadur Raskot, Pp. 12523–12530 lectotypifcaton -- Umeshkumar L. Tiwari & V.K. Rawat, Pp. 12607–12609 Habitat distributon modeling for reintroducton and conservaton of Aristolochia indica L. - a threatened medicinal plant in Assam, India Amorphophallus longiconnectvus and A. margaritfer: additonal aroids from -- Bhaskar Sarma, Prantk Sharma Baruah & Bhaben Tant, Pp. 12531–12537 Maharashtra with notes on the foral variatons -- Avinash R. Gholave, Ravikiran S. Govekar, Vasanta I. Kahalkar, Milind M. Sardesai Pollinaton ecology of Synedrella nodifora (L.) Gaertn. (Asteraceae) & Shrirang R. Yadav, Pp. 12610–12613 -- B. Usharani & A.J. Solomon Raju, Pp. 12538–12551 Cultvaton of the Himalayan seasoning Allium in a remote village of Review Utarakhand, India -- Chandra Prakash Kuniyal & Bir Singh Negi, Pp. 12614–12617 Status of studies on zooplankton fauna of Arunachal Pradesh, India -- Bikramjit Sinha, Pp. 12552–12560 Miscellaneous

Short Communicatons Natonal Biodiversity Authority

First record of the endangered Arabian Tahr Arabitragus jayakari (Thomas, 1894) in the Hata Mountain Conservaton Area, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Member -- Jeruel Cabadonga Aguhob, Junid N. Shah, Esmat Elfaki Mohammed Elhassan, Aisha Almurr Al Muhery, Mohamed Mustafa Eltayeb Mohamed, Juma Abdulla Saeed Mohammad Al Omairi, Hamad Hashim Mohammed Khalaf Albedwawi, Obaid Mohammed Salem Mohammed Al Bedwawi, Hassan Zain Alsharif & Afra Mahmood Mohammad Ali Haji, Pp. 12561–12565

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