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An Examination of Bernard Connor's the History of Poland (1698) and Its Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 10-23-2004 An examination of Bernard Connor's The iH story of Poland (1698) and its depiction of the political, religious, and cultural history of the Polish- Lithuanian commonwealth John Paul Bardunias Florida International University DOI: 10.25148/etd.FI14050429 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Bardunias, John Paul, "An examination of Bernard Connor's The iH story of Poland (1698) and its depiction of the political, religious, and cultural history of the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth" (2004). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1397. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1397 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida AN EXAMINATION OF BERNARD CONNOR'S THE HISTORY OF POLAND (1698) AND ITS DEPICTION OF THE POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE POLISH- LITHUANIAN COMMONWEALTH A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in HISTORY by John Paul Bardunias 2004 To: Dean R. Bruce Dunlap College of Arts and Sciences This thesis, by John Paul Bardunias, and entitled An Examination of Bernard Connor's The History of Poland (1698) and its depiction of the Political, Religious, and Cultural History of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this thesis and recommend that it be approved. Rebecca Friedman Lara Kriegel Joseph F. Patrouch Date of Defense: November 23, 2004 The thesis of John Paul Bardunias is approved. Dean R.ruce Dunlap College of Arts and Sciences " ean uglas Wartzok University Graduate School Florida International University, 2004 ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my father and mother, Peter and Bonnie Bardunias, who kept our family together through troubled times and loved me no matter what I did with my life. If our rewards are in the next life, may they enjoy holding hands in heaven and sharing scenes of beauty of which we mortals can only dream. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank all of my family for helping to support me during the writing of my thesis. I wish to specifically thank my grandmother, Florence Mauro, my grandparents, Henry and Helen Posluszny, my brothers, Peter and Paul, my aunt, Paulette Merchel, and my aunt and uncle, Joseph and Sophie Strazewski, for their encouragement and support through the confusing times that plagued me during my stay in Miami after the death of my beloved father and mother. I would also like to thank my sister-in-laws Eileen and Helaina for their help in keeping me sane. I would like to thank my girlfriend Andrea Vasta for proofreading my drafts and giving me solace in times of despair. I would also be remiss if I did not thank my niece, Arianna, and nephew, Jonathan, for being a needed distraction during stressful moments in my life. I also wish to thank my committee members, Professors Joseph F. Patrouch, Lara Kriegel and Rebecca Friedman, who have been patient, guiding and supportive of me during the writing of this thesis. These professors have helped to urge me on in my task, while keeping me from flying off into romantic visions of the Commonwealth. Each of them has opened my mind to new perspectives on history. When it is all said and done, I will miss the times I was able to talk to them and receive feedback about my ideas on Poland and central Europe. They are all amazing professors and valuable assets to the department. In closing, I would also like to thank the secretaries in the FIU History department for making me laugh and pumping me full of Cuban coffee. Finally, thanks to Professor Peterson and Mrs. Vera Simm for helping me learn German. Thanks to all those who I have not mentioned who were also there for me either in my personal life or graduate iv studies. To name everyone who has helped me would take pages. Thank you all for your understanding and support. ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS AN EXAMINATION OF BERNARD CONNOR'S THE HISTORY OF POLAND (1698) AND ITS DEPICTION OF THE POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE POLISH- LITHUANIAN COMMONWEALTH by John Paul Bardunias Florida International University, 2004 Miami, Florida Professor Joseph F. Patrouch, Major Professor Connor was an Irish-born member of seventeenth-century English medical society who made an impact on medicine through his use of anatomy. This forward-thinking scientist also worked as a court physician for the Polish king John III Sobieski (1629- 1696) and published a history of that country. This thesis will examine Bernard Connor's 1698 publication The History of Poland to show that the Commonwealth was considered a vision of a progressive European parliamentary government that could serve as a model for a struggling English parliamentary government, thus supporting Larry Wolff and Maria Todorova's vision of the later eighteenth-century creation of the idea of a backward "eastern Europe." vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE Chapter I. Introduction................................................1 Chapter II. Searching For A Commonwealth.....................................................23 Connor's Life In England...........................................................................24 Connor's View of Poland..........................................................................34 Poland in the European Context...................................................................44 Similarities Between Cossacks and the Irish and Scots........................................47 The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as the Continental England.........................48 Chapter III. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth........................................ 55 C onnor's R eligious L eaders.......................................................................55 The Nobles of The Commonwealth..............................................................61 The Kings of Poland................................................................................64 T h e P iasts ....................................................................... ........... ........ 6 6 T h e Jag iello n ian s....................................................................................7 1 The Elected Dynasties.............................................. 77 Chapter IV. The Statesman .................... ...................... 87 T he E p ip h a n y ........................................................................................ 8 8 The Politicians........................................................................................90 A Heated Election........................................... ..... 92 A Merciful Warrior.................................................................................95 The Progressive Thinker...........................................................................96 T h e H ero ........................ ....................................... 9 8 A "German" Elector On The Throne............................................................101 Where Is Zamoski ?.........................................................................................................103 Chapter V. Conclusion........................................... 108 L IST O F R E FER EN C E S.........................................................................118 vii Chapter I. Introduction The Irish physician Bernard Connor, who lived from 1666 till 1698, hoped the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth would continue to fight against European despotism after his death. He never saw the Commonwealth disappear from the political map of Europe after being partitioned by Prussia, Russia and Austria in 1795. The image of the Commonwealth that Connor described in his 1698 publication The History of Polandwas never adjusted to the problems Poland faced in the eighteenth century. Connor never saw the Commonwealth undergo its three partitions and subsequently slip into the obscurity of the newly-forming picture of a Europe divided between eastern and western spheres of influence. Connor's history is a picture of Poland's return to political importance after the turbulent years of the mid-seventeenth century. To Connor, the Commonwealth that he beheld was an example to other parliamentary governments. It showed that a kingdom could be decentralized and tolerant while continuing to be a strong force in European politics. Connor grew to importance due to his use of human anatomy in order to treat sicknesses. His belief in using the study of anatomy and the scientific method to understand the universe would often create friction with those above him. His attempt to find scientific explanations for the mysteries behind Christ's miracles almost ended in his arrest for attempting to undermine the Church of England.' Connor was pardoned only after he wrote a letter of apology to the king explaining that he was merely trying to 1 Davis Coakley, Irish Afasters of ledicine ( Dublin: Town House, 1992), 23-24. 1 defend the Anglican religion against those who might otherwise mock it.2 Nevertheless, as a member of the seventeenth-century
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