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9241542918-Eng.Pdf (‎843.3Kb) Environmental Health Criteria 91 Aldrin and dieldrin Please note that the layout and pagination of this web version are not identical with the printed version. Aldrin and Dieldrin (EHC 91, 1989) INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA 91 ALDRIN AND DIELDRIN This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization World Health Orgnization Geneva, 1989 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization. The main objective of the IPCS is to carry out and disseminate evaluations of the effects of chemicals on human health and the quality of the environment. Supporting activities include the development of epidemiological, experimental laboratory, and risk-assessment methods that could produce internationally comparable results, and the development of manpower in the field of toxicology. Other activities carried out by the IPCS include the development of know-how for coping with chemical accidents, coordination of laboratory testing and epidemiological studies, and promotion of research on the mechanisms of the biological action of chemicals. WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Aldrin and Dieldrin. (Environmental health criteria ; 91) 1.Aldrin 2.Dieldrin I.Series ISBN 92 4 154291 8 (NLM Classification: WA 240) ISSN 0250-863X Page 1 of 257 Aldrin and Dieldrin (EHC 91, 1989) The World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, which will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. (c) World Health Organization 1989 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. CONTENTS ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR ALDRIN AND DIELDRIN 1. SUMMARY 1.1. General 1.2. Environmental transport, distribution, and transformation 1.3. Environmental levels and human exposure 1.4. Kinetics and metabolism 1.5. Effects on organisms in the environment 1.5.1. Accumulation 1.5.2. Toxicity for microorganisms 1.5.3. Toxicity for aquatic organisms 1.5.4. Toxicity for terrestrial organisms 1.5.5. Population and ecosystem effects 1.6. Effects on experimental animals and in vitro test systems 1.7. Effects on man 2. IDENTITY, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, ANALYTICAL METHODS 2.1. Identity 2.1.1. Primary constituent: aldrin 2.1.2. Primary constituent: dieldrin 2.2. Physical and chemical properties 2.2.1. Aldrin 2.2.2. Dieldrin 2.3. Analytical methods 2.3.1. Sampling methods 2.3.2. Analytical methods 3. SOURCES OF HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE 3.1. Natural occurrence Page 2 of 257 Aldrin and Dieldrin (EHC 91, 1989) 3.2. Man-made sources 3.2.1. Production levels and processes; uses 3.2.1.1 World production figures 3.2.1.2 Manufacturing processes 3.2.1.3 Release into the environment during normal production 3.2.2. Uses 3.2.2.1 Aldrin 3.2.2.2 Dieldrin 4. ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT, DISTRIBUTION, AND TRANSFORMATION 4.1. Transport and distribution between media 4.1.1. Leaching of aldrin and dieldrin 4.1.2. Surface run-off 4.1.3. Loss of aldrin and dieldrin from soils - volatilization 4.1.3.1 Movement within the soil profile - mass flow 4.1.3.2 Movement within the soil profile - diffusion 4.1.3.3 Actual volatilization losses - laboratory studies 4.1.3.4 Actual volatilization losses - field studies 4.1.4. Losses of residues following treatment of soil with aldrin 4.1.5. Losses of residues from water 4.1.6. Aldrin and dieldrin in the atmosphere 4.1.7. Aldrin and dieldrin in water 4.2. Translocation from soil into plants 4.3. Models of the behaviour of water and chemicals in soil 4.4. Biodegradation of aldrin and dieldrin 4.4.1. Epoxidation of aldrin 4.4.2. Other metabolic pathways of aldrin 4.4.3. Biotransformation of dieldrin 4.4.4. Conclusions 4.5. Abiotic degradation 4.5.1. Photochemistry 4.5.1.1 Photochemistry of aldrin and dieldrin in water 4.5.1.2 Photochemistry of aldrin and dieldrin in air 4.5.1.3 Photochemistry of aldrin and dieldrin on plant surfaces 4.5.1.4 Photochemistry of aldrin and dieldrin in soils 4.5.1.5 Conclusions 4.5.2. Other abiotic processes 4.5.2.1 Reaction with ozone 4.5.2.2 Clay-catalysed decomposition 4.6. Bioaccumulation 4.7. The fate of aldrin and dieldrin in the environment 4.7.1. Aldrin and dieldrin in soils 4.7.2. Aldrin and dieldrin in the atmosphere 4.7.3. Conclusion 5. ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE 5.1. Environmental levels 5.1.1. Air and rainwater 5.1.1.1 Aldrin 5.1.1.2 Dieldrin Page 3 of 257 Aldrin and Dieldrin (EHC 91, 1989) 5.1.2. Concentrations in houses 5.1.2.1 Aldrin used for subterranean termite control 5.1.2.2 Aldrin and dieldrin used for remedial treatment of wood 5.1.3. Aquatic environment 5.1.4. Soil 5.1.5. Drinking-water 5.1.6. Food and feed 5.1.6.1 Joint FAO/WHO food contamination monitoring programme 5.1.6.2 Information summarized by GIFAP (1984) 5.1.6.3 United Kingdom (UK MAFF, 1983-1985) 5.1.6.4 USA 5.1.6.5 Appraisal of intake studies 5.1.7. Concentrations of dieldrin in non-target species 5.1.7.1 Occurrence of dieldrin in birds of prey and fish-eating birds 5.2. General population exposure 5.2.1. Adults 5.2.1.1 Aldrin 5.2.1.2 Concentrations of dieldrin in adipose tissue 5.2.1.3 Concentrations of dieldrin in blood 5.2.1.4 Concentrations of dieldrin in other tissues 5.2.2. Babies, infants, and mother's milk 6. KINETICS AND METABOLISM 6.1. Absorption 6.1.1. Aldrin 6.1.1.1 Ingestion 6.1.1.2 Inhalation 6.1.2. Dieldrin 6.1.3. Photodieldrin (and other metabolites of dieldrin) 6.2. Distribution 6.2.1. Aldrin 6.2.1.1 Mouse 6.2.1.2 Rat 6.2.1.3 Dog 6.2.1.4 Human studies 6.2.2. Dieldrin 6.2.2.1 Laboratory animals 6.2.2.2 Transplacental transport 6.2.2.3 Domestic animals 6.2.2.4 Human volunteers 6.2.2.5 General population 6.2.3. Photodieldrin (and major metabolites of dieldrin) 6.2.3.1 Laboratory animals 6.2.3.2 Human beings 6.3. Metabolic transformation 6.3.1. Aldrin and dieldrin 6.3.1.1 Laboratory animals 6.3.1.2 Human studies 6.3.1.3 Non-domestic organisms 6.3.2. Photodieldrin (and major metabolites of dieldrin) 6.3.2.1 Rat 6.3.2.2 Monkey 6.4. Elimination and excretion 6.4.1. Aldrin 6.4.1.1 Rat Page 4 of 257 Aldrin and Dieldrin (EHC 91, 1989) 6.4.2. Dieldrin 6.4.2.1 Laboratory animals 6.4.2.2 Human studies 6.4.3. Photodieldrin (and major metabolites of dieldrin) 6.4.3.1 Rat 6.4.3.2 Monkey 6.5. Retention and turnover 6.5.1. Non-domestic organisms 6.5.2. Biological half-life in human beings 6.5.3. Body burden and (critical) organ burden; indicator media 6.6. Appraisal 7. EFFECTS ON ORGANISMS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 7.1. Microorganisms 7.2. Aquatic organisms 7.2.1. Aquatic invertebrates 7.2.1.1 Acute toxicity 7.2.1.2 Short-term toxicity, reproduction, and behaviour 7.2.2. Fish 7.2.2.1 Acute toxicity 7.2.2.2 Long-term toxicity 7.2.2.3 Reproduction 7.2.3. Amphibia and reptiles 7.3. Terrestrial organisms 7.3.1. Higher plants 7.3.2. Earthworms 7.3.3. Bees and other beneficial insects 7.3.4. Birds 7.3.4.1 Acute toxicity 7.3.4.2 Short- and long-term toxicity 7.3.4.3 Reproductive studies 7.3.4.4 Eggshell thinning 7.3.4.5 Concentrations of dieldrin in tissues of experimentally poisoned birds 7.3.5. Mammals 7.4. Effect on populations and ecosystems 7.4.1. Exposure to dieldrin 7.4.2. Effects on populations of birds 7.4.3. Effects on populations of mammals 8. EFFECTS ON EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS AND IN VITRO TEST SYSTEMS 8.1. Single exposures 8.1.1. Aldrin and dieldrin 8.1.1.1 Oral 8.1.1.2 Dermal 8.1.1.3 Inhalation 8.1.1.4 Parenteral 8.1.2.
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