Enter Culture, Exit Arts? Key debates of contemporary cultural sociology – the rise of the ‘cultural omni- vore’, the fate of classical ‘highbrow’ culture, the popularization, commercializa- tion and globalization of culture – deal with temporal changes. Yet, systematic research about these processes is scarce due to the lack of suitable longitudinal data. This book explores these questions through the lens of a crucial institution of cultural mediation – the culture sections in quality European newspapers – from 1960 to 2010. Starting from the framework of cultural stratification and employing system- atic content analysis both quantitative and qualitative of more than 13,000 newspaper articles, Enter Culture, Exit Arts? presents a synthetic yet empirically rich and detailed account of cultural transformation in Europe over the last five decades. It shows how classifications and hierarchies of culture have changed in course of the process towards increased cultural heterogeneity. Furthermore, it conceptualizes the key trends of rising popular culture and declining highbrow arts as two simultaneous processes: the one of legitimization of popular culture and the other of popularization of traditional legitimate culture, both important for the loosening of the boundary between ‘highbrow’ and ‘popular’. Through careful comparative analysis and illustrative snapshots into the spe- cific socio- historical contexts in which the newspapers and their representations of culture are embedded – in Finland, France, Spain, Sweden, Turkey and the UK – the book reveals the key patterns and diversity of European variations in the transformation of cultural hierarchies since the 1960s. The book is a col- lective endeavour of a large- scale international research project active between 2013 and 2018. Semi Purhonen is Associate Professor of Sociology at the Faculty of Social Sci- ences, University of Tampere, Finland. Between 2013 and 2018, he worked as academy research fellow at the Academy of Finland and was the Director of the research project ‘Cultural Distinctions, Generations and Change’, which lays the ground for the present book. His research interests are in the fields of cul- tural sociology, consumption, lifestyles and social stratification; sociology of age, generation and social change; and comparative research and sociological theory. Riie Heikkilä is a postdoctoral researcher at the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Tampere, Finland. Her main research interests include cul- tural capital, cultural consumption and social stratification, and comparative sociology in general. Her research project ‘Understanding Cultural Disengage- ment in Contemporary Finland’ has funding from the Academy of Finland until 2020. Irmak Karademir Hazır is Senior Lecturer in Sociology at the Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, UK. Her research focuses on topics such as taste, socio- cultural change, Bourdiesian analysis of Turkish consump- tion scene and embodiment. She has worked as a board member of the European Sociological Association, Consumption Research Network and International Sociological Association, Research Committee on the Body in the Social Sciences. Tina Lauronen is a PhD candidate at the Department of Social Research, the University of Helsinki, Finland. She has worked in the project ‘Cultural Dis- tinctions, Generations and Change’ with a funding from Kone Foundation, and her dissertation focuses on the cultural globalization through the content ana- lysis of the data from culture sections in quality European newspapers. Carlos J. Fernández Rodríguez is Senior Lecturer at the Department of Soci- ology of Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain. His research interests are sociology of consumption, sociology of work and organizations, and industrial relations. He currently acts as the President of the Research Committee of Soci- ology of Consumption at the Spanish Federation of Sociology. Jukka Gronow is Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the Uppsala University, Sweden. His professional interests cover social theory, economic sociology and the sociology of consumption as well as the social and cultural history of the Soviet Union. His latest book is Fashion Meets Socialism: Fashion Industry in the Soviet Union after the Second World War (SKS 2015, co- authored with Sergey Zhuravlev). Culture, Economy and the Social A new series from CRESC – the ESRC Centre for Research on Socio- Cultural Change The Culture, Economy and the Social series is committed to innovative con- temporary, comparative and historical work on the relations between social, cultural and economic change. It publishes empirically based research that is theoretically informed, that critically examines the ways in which social, cul- tural and economic change is framed and made visible, and that is attentive to perspectives that tend to be ignored or sidelined by grand theorizing or epochal accounts of social change. The series addresses the diverse manifestations of contemporary capitalism and considers the various ways in which the ‘social’, ‘the cultural’ and ‘the economic’ are apprehended as tangible sites of value and practice. It is explicitly comparative, publishing books that work across discip- linary perspectives, cross- culturally, or across different historical periods. The series is actively engaged in the analysis of the different theoretical tradi- tions that have contributed to the development of the ‘cultural turn’ with a view to clarifying where these approaches converge and where they diverge on a par- ticular issue. It is equally concerned to explore the new critical agendas emerging from current critiques of the cultural turn: those associated with the descriptive turn for example. Our commitment to interdisciplinarity thus aims at enriching theoretical and methodological discussion, building awareness of the common ground that has emerged in the past decade and thinking through what is at stake in those approaches that resist integration to a common analytical model. Editors Professor Tony Bennett, Social and Cultural Theory, University of Western Sydney; Professor Penny Harvey, Anthropology, Manchester University; Professor Kevin Hetherington, Geography, Open University Editorial Advisory Board Andrew Barry, University of Oxford; Michel Callon, École des Mines de Paris; Dipesh Chakrabarty, University of Chicago; Mike Crang, University of Durham; Tim Dant, Lancaster University; Jean- Louis Fabiani, Écoles de Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales; Antoine Hennion, Paris Institute of Technology; Eric Hirsch, Brunel University; John Law, The Open University; Randy Martin, New York University; Timothy Mitchell, Columbia University; Rolland Munro, Keele Univer- sity; Andrew Pickering, University of Exeter; Mary Poovey, New York University; Hugh Willmott, University of Cardiff; Sharon Zukin, Brooklyn College City Univer- sity New York/Graduate School, City University of New York Speculative Research The Lure of Possible Futures Edited by Alex Wilkie, Martin Savransky and Marsha Rosegarten Markets and the Arts of Attachment Edited by Franck Cochoy, Joe Deville and Liz McFall The Known Economy Romantics, Rationalists, and the Making of a World Scale Colin Danby Unpacking IKEA Swedish Design for the Purchasing Masses Pauline Garvey Film Criticism as a Cultural Institution Crisis and Continuity from the 20th to the 21st Century Huw Walmsley- Evans A World Laid Waste? Responding to the Social, Cultural and Political Consequences of Globalisation Edited by Francis Dodsworth and Antonia Walford The Persistence of Taste Art, Museums and Everyday Life After Bourdieu Edited by Malcolm Quinn, David Beech, Michael Lehnert, Carol Tulloch and Stephen Wilson Enter Culture, Exit Arts? The Transformation of Cultural Hierarchies in European Newspaper Culture Sections, 1960–2010 Semi Purhonen, Riie Heikkilä, Irmak Karademir Hazır, Tina Lauronen, Carlos J. Fernández Rodríguez and Jukka Gronow For a full list of titles in this series, please visit www.routledge.com/CRESC/ book- series/CRESC. Enter Culture, Exit Arts? The Transformation of Cultural Hierarchies in European Newspaper Culture Sections, 1960–2010 Semi Purhonen, Riie Heikkilä, Irmak Karademir Hazır, Tina Lauronen, Carlos J. Fernández Rodríguez and Jukka Gronow First published 2019 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2019 Semi Purhonen, Riie Heikkilä, Irmak Karademir Hazır, Tina Lauronen, Carlos J. Fernández Rodríguez and Jukka Gronow The right of Semi Purhonen, Riie Heikkilä, Irmak Karademir Hazır, Tina Lauronen, Carlos J. Fernández Rodríguez and Jukka Gronow to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing- in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-1-138-74055-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-18340-4 (ebk)