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1964 ------.'\ •, -:Sr:s-fr3_

J 1! i i f .I ------1 ~- " REVI.EW of· the

, FISHERIES RESEARCH

BOARD

OF CANADA

1964

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OTTAWA • CANADA 1966

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© ROGER DUHAMEL, F.R.s.c. Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery Ottawa, 1966

,. Cat. No. Fs 91-2/1964 Contents Members of the Board 5 Organization ...... : ...... 6 Locations of establishments and main areas of their field research, facing ...... 12 Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C. (including Pacific Oceanographic Group) 13 Research Laboratory, Vancouver, B.C. (including Technological Unit, London, Ont.) ...... 29 Biological Station, London, Ont...... 37 Arctic Biological Station, Montreal, Que ...... :...... 41' i' Biological Station, St. Andrews, N.B. (including Atlantic Oceanographic Group, Dartmouth, N.S., and Biological Substation, Ellerslie, P.E.I.) .... 47 Research Laboratory, Halifax, N.S. (including Technological Unit, St. John's, Nfld., and Technological Station, Grande-Riviere, Que.) ...... 59 Biological Station, St. John's, Nfld...... 71 Publications and Reports ...... ,:...... 78

Index to professional staff by est~blishment ...... 99

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Members of the Board The members of the Board during the calendar year 1964 were: *W. E. Ricker, B.A., M.A., PH.n.(Toronto), F.R.s.c.; Acting Chairman to July 31; Biological Consul·tant to the Chairman from August 1 *F. R.' Hayes, M.sc.(Dalhousie), PH.D., n.sc.(Liverpool), F.R.s.c.; Director, Institute of Oceanography, and Vice-President, Dalhousie University, and Member to July 31, Chairman from August 1 C. W. Argue, c.B.E., B.A., B.s.A.(British Columbia), M.s.(Iowa State), n.sc. (New Brunswick); Dean of Science, and Head, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B. (1965) ** *J. M. R. Beveridge, B.sc.(Acadia), PH.D.(Toronto), M.D.(Westem Ontario), D.sc.(Acadia), F.R.s.c.; President, Acadia University, Wolfville, N.S. (1968) *D. B. DeLury, B.A., M.A., PH.D.(Toronto), F.A.S.A., F.A.A.s.; Chairman; Department of Mathematics, ·university of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (1965) 0. F. Denstedt, B.sc.(Manitoba), PH.D.(McGill); Gilman Cheney Professor, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Que. ( 1968) M. K. Eriksen, Prince Rupert Fishermen's Co-operative Association, Prince Rupert, B.C. (1967) G. Filteau, B.A., B.sc.A., PH.D.(Laval), Head, Department of Biology, University of Laval, Quebec, Que. (1968) *G. LeB!anc, B.A., B.sc.(Laval), M.B.A.(Westem Ontario); Secretary General, Quebec United Fishermen, Youville Station, Montreal, Que. ( 1967) M. McLean, McLean Bros. Fisheries, Wheatley, Ont. (1968) *I. McT. Cowan, B.A.(British Columbia), PH.D.(California), F.R.s.c.; Dean of Graduate Studies, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (1965) E. Page, M.B.E., B.s.A.!Montreal), PH.n.(Come11), F.R.s.c.; Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Que.; resigned December 31, 1964 *R. L. Payne, Jr., B.ENG.(Mech.)(McGill), M.s .. (M.I.T.); General Manager, J. H. Todd and Sons Ltd., Vancouver, B.C. (1968) G. L. Pickard, M.B.E., B.A., M.A., D.PHIL.(Oxon), F.R.s.c.; Director, Institute of Oceanography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (1967) H. A. Russell, President, Bonavista Cold Storage Company Limited, St. John's, Nfid. (1968) S. Sinclair, B.s.A., M.sc.(Saskatchewan), PH.D.(Minnesota), F.A.1.c.; Head, Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man. (1966) *R. G. Smith, President and Chief Executive Officer, National Sea Products Limited, Halifax, N.S. (1966) W. M. Sprules, B.A., PH.D. (Toronto); Special Assistant to Deputy Minister, Department of Fisheries, Ottawa, Ont. (1968) W. L. Williamson, Conley's Lobsters Ltd., St. Andrews, N.B. (1968) The Deputy Minister of Fisheries is also invited to attend meetings of the Board and the Executive Committee. Members whose term of office began on January 1, 1965, are as follows: H. A. Favre, ING.CHIM.DIPL., E.P.F., D.sc.(Swiss Federal Inst. Tech.); Dean of Science, University of Montreal, Montreal, Que. (1969) F. E. ~· F:Y, ·M.B.E., M.A., PH.D.(Toronto), F.R.s.c.; Professor, Department of Zoology, U!11vers1ty of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (1969)

* Member of ·the Executive Committee. * * Appointment terminates at end of year indicated.

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ORGANIZATION Honorary Board The long and successful history of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada is attributed to its organization as an independent honorary board. This board is a direct outgrowth of the honorary Board of Management established under the federal Minister of Marine and Fisheries in 1898- to encourage and supervise J marine biofogical research. With growth in the scope of responsibilities and I membership, the board became the Biological Board of Canada in 1912 and the ' Fisheries·Research Board of Canada in 1937. Although the honorary board-type of organization is unique among Canadian federal agencies responsible for re­ search on living renewable resources such as agriculture, forestry, and wildlife, it has been followed by two of the largest research organizations, the National Research Council (1917) and the Defence Research Board (1947). Function. Under the control of the Minister of Fisheries, the Board "has charge of all Dominion fishery research stations in Canada, and has the conduct and control of investigations of practical and economic problems connected with marine and freshwater fisheries, flora and fauna, and such other work as may be assigned by the Minister." It is the only organization in the federal government with scientific research responsibilities in this field. Membership. The Board consists of a full-time Chairman, appointed by the Governor-in-Council, and not more than eighteen honorary members, appointed by the Minister of Fisheries. The majority of members must be scientists and the remainder represent the Department of Fisheries and the fishing industry. In 1964 there were ten scientific members from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, all being distinguished specialists in disciplines related to the Board's work. The seven' industry representatives, from both coasts and the Great Lakes, are prominent business leaders with intimate knowledge of the fishing industry. Representation from the Department of Fish­ eries is at a professional and senior level. Chairman. The first full-time Chairman of the Board was appointed on amendment of the Fisheries Research Board Act in 1953. "The Chairman is the chief executive officer of the Board and has sup~rvision over and direction of the work of the Board and of the persons appointed for the purpose of carrying out the work of the Board." Meetings. At its annual meetings in Ottawa, and at special meetings as necessary, the Board sets objectives and policies, reviews and guides broad research programs, and determines the laboratory and staff organization require­ ments to carry out these programs. Executive Committee. The administrative responsibilities of the Board are delegated to an Executive Committee consisting of the Chairman and four to six elected members, approved by the Minister. The Executive establishes the level . and distribution of capital facilities (such as laboratories and research vessels), operating funds, and research staffs required to carry out the Board's work. The appointments and remuneration of scientific, technical, and other staff are re-

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I Minister of Fisheries I I Fisheries Research Board of Canada Chairman, appointed full-time by Governor-in-Council Up to 18 honorary members appointed for 5-year terms by Minister (Executive, Regional Advisory, and Special Committees) I Office of the Chairman, Ottawa Chairman, Assistant Chairman Director of Administration Scientific Consultants Editor of Publications and a smal I support staff I Research Establishments

Biological Static~, Nanaimo, B.C. Biological Station, St. Andrews, N.B. Pacific Oceanographic Group Atlantic Oceanographic Group, Dartmouth, N.S. Biological Sub.station, Ellerslie, P.E.I. Research Laboratory, Vancouver, B .C. Technological Unit, London, Ont. Research Laboratory, Halifax, N.S. Technological Station, Grande-Riviere, Que. Biological Stotion, London, Ont. Technological Unit, St. John's, Nfld.

Arctic Biological Station, Montreal, Que. Biological Station, St. John's, Nfld. (moved to Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que., early in 196.5) -

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viewed by a Personnel Subcommittee of the Executive. All of the Executive proposals involving money and staff are subject to approval by the Minister of Fisheries, review by the Treasury Board, and availability of government funds. Advisory Committees. The scientific programs of the Board are regularly reviewed by Advisory Committees for Eastern, Central-Arctic, and Western regions of Canada. The Advisory Committees visit Board laboratories and field operations to review operations and scientific programs. They make recommenda­ tions to the Board for program and operational improvement. Special Committees. Special committees are set up from time to time within the Board to deal with ad hoc problems. In 1964 four such committees were appointed. One dealt with Board organization and procedures, a second with university-Board relations, a third with program priorities, and a fourth with public relations. Many of the recommendations of these committees have been amended and adopted by t~e Board as policy decisions. Office of the Chairman w: E. Ricker, PH.o.(Toronto), F.R.s.c., Acting Chairman to July 31; Biological Consultant to the Chairman from August 1 (stationed at Nanaimo, B.C.) F. R. Hayes, PH.D., o.sc.(Liverpooi), F.R.s.c., Chairman from August 1 w~ R. Martin, PH.D.(Michigan), Assistant Chairman J. A. Rogers, A.C.B.A., Director of Administration and Executive Assistant to the Chairman J. C. Stevenson, PH.D. (Toronto), Editor and Special Assistant to the Chairman , G. F. M. Smith, PH.D.(Toronto), Biological Consultant to the Chairman (stationed at London, Ont.) , E. G. Bligh, PH.D.(McGill), Associate Editor to December 27 and Special Assistant to the Chairman G. I. Pritchard, PH.D.(North Carolina State), Associate Editor from December 28 H. B. Hachey, M.B.E., LL.D.(St. Thomas), F.R.s.c., seconded to National Research Council, Ottawa, as Secretary of the Canadian Committee on Oceanography until his retirement on March 31. The Chairman of the Board is assisted in Ottawa· by a small scientific and administrative staff. This staff provides secretarial services and conducts staff studies for the Board; it reviews, coordinates, and supervises the operating units of the Board in accordance with Board policies, Executive Committee decisions, Ministerial and :financial authorities and government regulations; it maintains liaison with associated scientific and otherwise related agencies, including the Scientific Secretariat of the Privy Council Office, the National Research Council, and research branches of. the departments of Agriculture, Forestry, Mines and Technical Surveys, and Northern Affairs; it is intimately associated with the Department of Fisheries, in joint accommodation at the Sir Charles Tupper Building, Confederation Heights; it maintains admini~trative ties with the Treasury Board, the departments of Public Works and Transport, and the Civil Service Commission. The Chairman's staff at Ottawa consists of an Assistant Chairman (General Manager), a Director of Administration (Business Manager), four scientific consultants, two of whom have headquarters at field laboratories, an Editorial Division (Publications), and a small support staff. The total staff at Ottawa, 23, is about 3 % of the full-time staff employed by the Board.

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Laboratories Research in the Board is completely decentralized: it is carried out from laboratories 'at convenient locations 'to serve the major fisheries of Canada. In 1964 these establishments were administered by seven Directors: at Nanaimo, Vancouver, London, Montreal, St. Andrews, Halifax, and St. John's (see organiza­ tion chart). The wide differences in size and function of these establishments are shown graphically in the figure in the next section. The breakdown by regions, by · biological and technological establishments, and by the five main types of research provides a general picture of Board operations. A summary report of the research carried out by each Board laboratory in 1964 is included in this Review. To facilitate field operations, the laboratories operate a total of 15 research ships ranging from small inshore and lake craft to large, ocean.:going ships specially designed and equipped to carry out biological and oceanographic work.

Operating Costs The Board's operating budget for the fiscal year 1963-64, excepting costs of new construction and of the office of the Chairman, was $6,426,000. The accompanying chart indicates approximately the amounts that were spent by the Board and each establishment on ·the main types of research: maintaining and improving the resources, knowing the environment and its effects, maintaining and improving quality of the products, and developing new fisheries. Maintaining and improving the resources, whether of concern only to Canada or to international fishery commissions as well, includes studies on: extent of the resources and where they are found at various times; changes in the stocks because of fishing and natural causes, and effects of these changes· on catch per unit of effort and maximum sustainable yield; behavior, especially at various stages of development and in the presence of fishing gear; and ill).proving the environment, or artificial rearing, to increase production. Knowing the environment and its efjects includes studies on: temperature, oxygen content, and salinity and systems of recording theiµ; effects of these factors on survival, growth, and behavior; plankton; degree and effects of pollution from municipal and industrial wastes and from insecticides, and methods of control; and interrelations of water currents with all these factors. Maintaining and improving quality of the products includes studies on controlling the conditions under which fish are kept from the time they are caught until they are marketed. Developing new fisheries includes studies on developing new products from fish that are commonly taken commercially, on finding means of using fish that are not already exploited, and on devising new gear or techniques for capture. Approximately 40% of the Board's operating funds were spent on each coast, and about 20% on Central and Arctic operations. The biological and oceano­ graphic work of the Board, including operation of research vessels, required about 80%, of the ope!ating funds, the ?ther 20% being . ast>igned to. technological research . .Two-thirds of the Board funds. were used for research related to. main­ ien~ce and improvement of resources~ Approximately· 10% was spent on studies of the environment and its effects on living aquatic. resources; A similar amount

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St, John's Nanaimo . (biology) $2,167,000 $809,000

Board total $6,426,000 St. John's (technology) $63,000 8

Vancouver Grande-Riviere $360,000 (technology) $106,000 8' Halifax $568,000 London (technology) $78,000

55%--0-45%

London (biology) SI. Andrews $785,000 $1,178,000

Montreal $312,000

Maintaining and improving resources Knowing the environment and its effects National only

Maintaining and improving quality of - products Maintaining and improving resources ...... , 1111111 Notional and international !_::::::::::::::~=:~=:=5:. Developing new fisheries Total operating costs, 1964-65, and approximate percentages spent on the main types of research by the Board and the various establishments. Part of the work in maintaining and linproving resources involved only Canadian interests, but much was of concern also to international fishery commissions.

10 (9%) was directly related to the development of new fisheries, and approximately 1 15% was directed toward maintenance and improvement of the. quality of fishery I I products. Staff \ I Of the Board staff of about seven-hundred full-time employees, about f one-third were scientists, one-third technicians, and one-third others (adminis­ (\ \, trative, clerical, maintenance, and vessel). An additional staff of about one­ I hundred was employed part-time; seasonal recruitment of university students is included in this gr~mp. ...l Reporting The achievements of the Board are documented in ever-increasing volume. The major accomplishments are published in the Board's scientific publications. Many scientific reports are prepared for national committees and international commissions concerned with the management of fisheries. Research results that are of interest to the fishing industry are reported by circulars, fisheries magazines, press, radio, television, exhibitions, and direct contact with fish producers and fishermen. Courses for fishery officers and widespread contributions to fisheries conferences are used to communicate research results to interested users in government and industry. Board scientists are highly respected nationally and internationally for their research accomplishments and for the scientific advice th~t they provide on management and development of Canadian fisheries.

11 Key to Map A. Office of the Chairman, Ottawa B. Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C. Bl. Vancouver (commercial statistics) . B2. Strait of Georgia (herring, groundfish, salmon, oyster, pollution) B3. Hecate. Strait and offshore (herring, groundfish, salmon stocks) B4. Fitz Hugh Sound (ocean life of young salmon) B5. Prince Rupert (commercial statistics, salmon management, pollution) B6. Terrace (Lakelse experimental hatchery) B7. Babine Lake (censuses of adult and smolt salmon; lake production of sockeye) BS. Pacific Ocean (high-seas salmon fishing, tagging, and stock identification; groundfish) B9. Great 'Central Lake, Vancouver Island (salmon behavior and tolerance) BlO. Columbia River to Kodiak (fur seal sampling, sea lions) C. Pacific Oceanographic Group, Nanaimo (Biological Station, Nanaimo) Cl. North Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Alaska C2. British Columbia coastal waters and inlets C3. Juan de Puca Strait C4. Strait of .Georgia D. Research Laboratory, Vancouver, B.C. E. Technological Unit, London, Ont. (Research Laboratory, Vancouver) F. Biological Station, London, Ont. Fl. Hay River, N.W.T. (Great Slave Lake fishery) F2. Heming Lake, Man. (fish population dynamics) F3. Lake Superior (lamprey surveys and control; commercial fishery) F4. Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario streams (lamprey) G. Arctic Biological Station, Montreal, Que. (moved to Ste. Ahne de Bellevue early in 1965) GI. Cape Parry and Cambridge Bay (exploratory fishing; cod) G2. Great Bear Lake (lake trout and general fisheries; limnology) 'G3. Tree River, Nettilling Lake, Frobisher Bay, and Nain (arctic char) G4. Milne Inlet (narwhal biology) , G5. Greenland waters (zooplankton and phytoplankton collections) G6. Baker and Nueltin lakes (winter fisheries; limnology) G7. Whale Cove (white whale sampling) GS. Labrador "Front" (harp seal assessment) G9. Magdalen Islands (harp seal assessment, Gulf stocks) GlO. Michaud Pt. (grey seal stocks) Gll. Off eastern Nova Scotia (identification of whales) H. Biological Station, St. Andrews, N.B. HI. Pollett River, N.B. (salmon) H2. Miramichi River, N.B. (salmon, DDT effects, zinc pollution) H3. Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence (groundfish census and discards, scallop, herring, mackerel; water circulation) H4. Nova Scotia banks (species 11ssociation, fish behavior, groundfish, herring, swordfish, lobster; water circulation, including long-term changes) H5. Northumberland Strait, P.E.I., N.S., and N.B. (oyster, lobster; water circulation), and Shippegan, N.B. (oyster) H6. Cape Breton: east (greysole), Bras d'Or Lake (oyster), Margaree River (salmon) H7. Halifax and Lunenburg, N.S. (groundfish and pelagic fish statistics) HS. Lockeport and Port Maitland, N.S. (cod, haddock, cusk, lobster) H9. Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine (fish•behavior, species association, sardine herring, mackerel, haddock, pollock, lobster; water circulation, including long-term changes) HlO. Georges Bank (scallop, herring, swordfish, groundfish catches and discards) , Hll. Mid-Atlantic Bight (swordfish, tuna, skipjack, scallop) I. Atlantic Oceanographic Group, Dartmouth, N.S. (Biological Station, St. Andrews) 11. Gulf of St. Lawrence 12. Scotian Shelf J. Biological Substation, Ellerslie, P.E.I. ·(Biological Station, St. Andrews) K. Research Laboratory, Halifax, N.S. L. Technological Station, Grande-Riviere, Que. (Research Laboratory, Halifax) M. Technological Unit,. St. John's, Nfid. (Research Laboratory, Halifax) N. Biological Station, St. John's, Nfld. NI. Inshore Newfoundland and Labrador (groundfish statistics, cod) N2. Northern part of Grand Bank to Labrador (cod and redfish, offshore) N3. St. Pierre Bank to Flemish Cap (cod, haddock, redfish, plaice) N4. East Newfoundland (young cod survey) N5. North Harbour River (pink salmon introduction) N6. Port au Port Bay and Bay of Islands (lobster)

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BIOLOGICAL STATION, NANAIMO, BRITISH COLUMBIA (including Pacific Oceanographic Group)

P. A. Larkin, D.PHIL.(Oxon.), Director I. J. Strong, B.A.(British Columbia) K. S. Ketchen, PH.D. (Toronto), Assistant Executive Assistant Direct~r

SALMON F. C. Withler, M.A.(British Columbia), Respiratory Metabolism Scientist in Charge J. R. Brett, PH.o.(Toronto), F.R.s.c. Marine Salmon L. S. Smith, PH.D.(Washington) F. Neave, PH.D.(British Columbia), F.R.s.c. May 4 to September IS J. I. Manzer, M.A.(British Columbia) D. J. Randall, PH.n.(Southampton) May 27 to June 25 Stock Assessment M. P. Shepard, PH.n.(Toronto)·' Bioassay of Environmental Changes H. T. Bilton, B.A.(British Columbia) D. F. Alderdice, PH.D.(Toronto) Management of Skeena Salmon Behavior J. McDonald, M.A.(British Columbia) C. Groot, PHIL.DOCTORANDus(Leiden) P. J. McCart, M.A.(British Columbia) H. W. D. Smith, M.sc.(Washington) Parasitism and Disease K. V. Aro, B.A.(British Columbia) L. Margolis, PH.D.(McGi!l) G. R. Bell, PH.n.(Western Ontario) Young Salmon in the Sea T. P. T. Evelyn, PH.D.(British Columbia) R. R. Parker, PH.D.(British Columbia) From May is Chinook and Coho N. P. Boyce, B.sc.(British Columbia) H. Godfrey, M.A.(British Columbia). Pollution Experimental Hatchery M. Waldichuk, PH.D.(Washington) R. A. Barns, PHIL. DOCTORANDUS(Leiden)

MARINE COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

K. S. Ketchen (see above), ~cientist in Charge Mammals Pelagic Fish G. C. Pike, M.A.(British Columbia) F. H. C. Taylor, PH.D.(California) Allison M. Craig, B.sc.(Brltish Columbia) W. E. Barraclough, M.A.(British -Columbia) May 4 to July 4 D. N. Outram, B.A.(British Columbia) Invertebrates Groundfish D. B. Quayle, PH.n:(Glasgow) S. J. Westrheim, M.sc.(Washington) . J. A. C. Thomson, M.sc.(McGill) Theoretical Population Studies F. T. Pletcher, M.A. (British Columbia) A. S. Hourston, PH.n.(California) From July 2 K. R. Allen, M.A.(Cantab.); from June 3 Crustacea Instrument Development T. H. Butler, M.A.(Britislr Columbia) W. H. Bell, B.A.sc.(British Columbia) 13 98212-3 PACIFIC OCEANOGRAPHIC GROUP J. P. Tully, M.B.E., PH.D.(Washington), A.R.I.C., S. Tabata, M.A.(British Columbia) F.c.1.c., F.R.s.c., Oceanographer in Charge; On educational leave to July 19 seconded temporarily to Department of Mines P. B. Crean, M.A.SC. (Toronto) and Technical Surveys from November 1 C. D. McAllister, M.A.(British Columbia) W. E. Johnston, PH.D.(Wisconsin), Acting On educational leave - Oceanographer· in Charge from November 1 Marine Ecology Physical Oceanography T. R. Parsons, PH.n.(McGill) A. J. Dodimead, M.sc.(British Columbia) W. P. Wickett, M.A.(British Columbia) L. F. Giovando, PH.D.(British Columbia) R. J.. LeBrasseur, M.A.(British Columbia)

VOLUNTEER INVESTIGATORS C. J. Berkeley, F·.c.1.c. Mary Needler Arai; PH.D. (California)

Emphasis in the · research was placed on salmon, pelagic fish, groundfish, marine mammals, crustaceans, development of instruments and gear, pollution, theoretical population studies, and oceanography. The studies concern.ed mainly: • For one or more species of salmon, identification and distributio~ of stocks at sea, and forecasting size of return runs; method of orientation of smolts; routes of migrating adults, and energy expended; estimating ages and rates of growth of stocks; methods of increasing the maximum sustained yieid;' and management of stocks that mingle in international waters or provide both commercial and sport fisheries. • Abundance of herring stocks and survival of year-classes; and midwater trawl surveys to learn more about the pelagic stages of the life histories of several species. • Surveys and· population dynamics of groundfish along the coast of British \ - Columbia and in the Gulf of Alaska. • Effects of intensification of the fishery on whales in the North Pacific. • Selection of a site for introducing Atlantic lobsters to the west coast. • Refinement of an airborne radiation thermometer; design of a photoelectric fish counter; development of an electronic apparatus for recording sculptures on baleen plates; gear for sampling zooplankton· and various species of fish and for protecting trawl-caught juvenile salmon. • Advice to the Department of Fisheries. of Canada on problems in disposing 9f wastes, and effects of wastes on the environment. · • A mathematical model of a run of salmon to a complex river system. • Analysis. of zooplankton records in relation to the physical environment; productivity of phytoplankton; and physical, descriptive, and military oceanogra­ phy.

SALMON ON THE HIGH SEAS 'A fishing and tagging cruise in the Gulf of Alaska in January gave more information on the winter distribution of maturing salmon. Another in April and May near the coast helped in determi~ing more precisely the high-seas distribution

14 J of Canadian pink salfilon and in forecasting abundance· of. pink runs 2-3 months before the commercial fishing season. Studies to identify races of salmon on the high seas were intensified (see also "Parasites and Disease"). Winter research cruise. In the northeastern part of the Gulf of Alaska, sockeye were taken by longline fishing westward from 135°W and north of about ' 47°N. They appeared to be most abundant about 350 miles south of Kodiak \· Island, somewhat farther to the south and west of the main area where they were found abundant in the April and May cruises of 1962 and 1963. Pink salmon were found mainly south and east of where sockeye were taken; and cohos and chinooks only in the eastern part of the Gulf. Of 653 sockeye tagged, 3 .6 % were captured by fishermen; as far north as Bristol Bay, Alaska, and as far south as Boundary Bay near the Fraser River, British Columbia. Hence, as indicated in the 1962 and 1963 surveys, the North American stocks intermingle widely in the Gulf of Alaska. Spring research cruise. The prospects for forecasting central British Columbia runs of pink salmon were increased by longline fishing and tagging with the G. B. Reed and a chartered seiner south of 52 °N near the coast in April and May. As in 1963, captures· of tagged fish by commercial fishermen showed that in April and May those bound for British Columbia were found only in near-coastal waters. Those tagged near Vancouver Island were taken only in British Columbia, but elsewhere the stocks intermingled. Central Alaskan pinks were tagged as far east as 126°30'W and as far south as 43°36'N (latitude of southern Oregon), and southeastern Alaskan stocks as far east as about 129°W and at scattered points westward. The offshore catch of pinks· with scale patterns typical of central British Columbia stocks was about a\ third as great as in the 1962 crui.se. Incomplete records of commercial catches in the central part of the British Columbia coast suggested that they were about a third as great as in 1962, and that those in southeastern Alaska were considerably greater th_an in that year. The records of tagged fish captured by fishermen supported the evidence of a smaller run to central British Columbia than to southeastern Alaska in 1964. " Identifying stocks of sockeye. The prospect of identifying North American stocks .of sockeye on the high seas was increased. A ,south-to-north gradation was found in the numbers of circuli in the part of the scale laid down in the first year ' at sea and in the spaces· between the circuli. Some differences in life history were I L also indicated on the ~cales. Review of the scale characters for the high-seas research catches in 1962 and 1963 showed that they agreed with qie percentages of Bristol Bay and Rivers-Smith stocks in the population and, for 1962, with the small percentage of Adams River stock in the population in the Gulf of Alaska. Studies were begun on various stocks of sockeye and pink salmon in British Columbia and Alaska to find whether they may be separated by the numbers .of some, body parts. United States workers had shown that stocks of pink salmon from the Fraser River area have on the average two fewer vertebrae than stocks from north of Vancouver Island. Salmon movements between Canada and United States. In cooperation with representatives of ,the Washington Department of Fisheries and the International

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Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission, the 1959 runs of pink salmon to the Fraser River and nearby streams were studied "intensively and the 1961 runs in a more general way. The findings on the 1959 runs were published as Bulletin 15 of the International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission. The main conclusions about the 1961 runs, and the fragmentary. information available on those of recent years, were: The migration routes to the Fraser River, other Canadian streams, and State of Washington streams appeared not to vary from year to year. Some fish of each stock migrated through Queen Charlotte and Johnstone straits and others through Juan de _Fuca Strait. On each route, Canadian stocks except that of the Fraser River appeared first in all years, and were most abundant about mid August. Then the runs to State of Washington and Fraser River streams increased, the peak of abundance of the former occurring about a week before that of the latter (the end of August) . Most of the Canadian stocks except that of the Fraser migrated by the northern route, ~nd in most years they were more plentiful than the others on this route. Most of the Fraser River and practically all of the State of Washington stocks migrated by the southern route, the run to the Fraser usually being the more abundant. In odd-numbered years since 1935 the total run has ranged from about 6 to about 29 million, that for the northern route from 3 to 11 million, and that for the southern from 3 to 20 million. Since 1951 the runs to Canadian streams except the _ Fraser have ranged between 2.5 and 5 million, those to the Fraser between 2 and , -20 million, and those to State of Washington streams between 1.3 and 11 million. In cooperation with United States representatives, the movements of pink and sockeye salmon off northern British Columbia and southeastern Alaska were reviewed. In at least some years United States fishermen made large catches of British Columbia stocks, and sometimes Canadian fishermen caught pinks bound for Alaska.

REPORTING INPFC RESEARCH For salmon studies prompted by the International North Pacific Fisheries Commission, reports were practically completed on origins and distributions of sockeye, pinks, anµ chums .and on a general review of distribution of spawners in Canadian waters. Related contributions by the United States and Japanese workers bemg similarly advanced, the joint report is expected to be completed in 1965.

EARLY SEA LIFE OF SALMON Marking juveniles of the 1961 brood of Bella Coola pink salmon indicated that about 75% died during the first 40 days spent in the sea. In the remaining 14 months of sea life, 77 % of those entering the oceanic stage died from natural causes. Of the survivors returning to the coast, 85 % , or about 2,500,000, were caught by fishermen. During the first 40 days, coho smolts were considered the most important fish predators. Smaller losses were attributed to sea birds, squid, and parasitic copepods. The survival while at sea was 5 % , in comparison with 22 % for the 1960 brood. ·

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For the first 27-31 days at sea, the juveniles gained about 7% in weight daily. From then until the 45th day, when weighing was discontinued, the percentage daily gains were progressively lower. Also, when the growth rate changed, the ratio of weight to length decreased. Proximate analyses showed that the change in growth rate was associated with a decrease in protein co"ntents, and that in the weight-length ratio with a marked decrease in lipid contents. The change in lipid contents was attributed not to a change in food intake but to behavioral changes _ that suggested that this species undergoes a smolt-like change while at sea.

SKEENA SALMON The Station continued to provide information needed for management of Skeena salmon stocks. This involved, as in previous years, collecting and analyzing records of commercial catches per unit of effort, test fishing with gill nets, estimating size and distribution of the escapement, and sampling for age and size· compositions of the runs. Sockeye production at Babine Lake was studied further concerning optimulll utilization of this important production area, including whether artificial spawning grounds in the lake would increase production. Production of young sockeye. At Babine Lake; about 50 million sockeye smolts developed from about 530,000 salmon spawning in 1962. As the number spawning was only moderately large, the high production was due to above-aver­ age survival following unusually good distribution of the young throughout the .lake nursery area in 1962. Stock composition. A 3-year study showed that many of the Babine sockeye spawning stocks differed substantially in age and size compositions. Generally, the 1. I differences in composition between stocks increased with distance between spawn­ I ing areas or with difference in time of spawning, or both. In a study begun at 4-Mile Creek to find what factors govern the age at which sockeye spawn, smaller males (mostly 4-year~olds) did not compete successfully for mates with the larger (mostly 5-years-olds) males. Kokanee in relation to sockeye. A study was begun to find whether kokanee, the landlocked form of sockeye, compete for lake nursery area ~r spawning grounds with the anadromous form. At 4-Mile Creek, the sockeye and kokanee· were observed to overlap in time and area of spawning. They did not interbreed. r I X-ray studies were begun on the two. forms to find whether they may be I. I distinguished during their first year in the lake by the numbe_rs of some body parts. Movements of sockeye fry. Sockeye fry in the upper Babine River were found to move downstream in peak numbers about June 15, and they moved mostly at night. The fry were small and had recently emerged from the gravel. When they moved upstream to lake nursery areas, they moved only in _daylight and were larger.

SALMON STOCK Ass~ssMENT Analyses of age and size records of samples of salmon from commercial catches in British Columbia in 1964 were nearly completed. The records· for -the catches from 1912 to 1963 were summarized.

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Estimated age and growth. For sockeye, pinks, and chums the practice of estimating age and rnte of growth before maturity mainly on the basis of scale patterns was found to be sound. But for chinooks, because of variations mainly in the duration of freshwater life, further work was needed to find adequate criteria. Assessment of the techniques included rearing young sockeye in the laboratory to find the relation between scale formation and growth, comparing estimates of ages of chinooks by· different organizations, and examining scales of salmon of known ages. In comparisons of estimates of ages from otoliths and from scales, for both sockeye and chums from various coastal areas the agreement between the two methods averaged 93 %. Identifying species by scale patterns. To aid in identifying maturing salmon, a key based on scale patterris was developed. It allowed identification of 100% of all the sockeye, over 95% of the pinks, and 90% each of the chums and chinooks. Almost an cohos and chinooks were separable from the other three species, but only about 40% of the cohos from the chinooks.

CHINOOK AND COHO SALMON Studies on chinook and coho salmon were renewed because Canadian and United States stocks .of these species intermingle on commercial fishing grounds of both countries, both species have apparently decreased in abundance in British Columbia in recent years, and the conflict of interests between the commercial and sport fisheries has increased. ~ ~· Internaticmal .committee .. An informal committee was appointed by Canada and the United States to consider what research was needed to better regulate the fisheries for chinooks and cohos. Evaluating productibn of Columbia River hatcheries. Intensive searching and ' sampling in Canadian commercial chinook catches were begun for fish marked at Columbia River hatcheries by the United States Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The Bureau began evaluation of the production of the hatcheries in 1961, and cooperation in the program will ·add to information on modern methods of culturing fish. Numbers of the marked salmon were found in troll catches on the west coast of Vancouver Island, an.d many fewer in the northern fisheries centered at Prince

Rupert and Namu~ oNone were found in catches made in the Strait of Georgia, I including the Fraser River fishery. I Sampling commercial catches. Sampling of landings of chinooks and cohos at major British Columpia ports was intensified, to keep up to date on the composi­ tions and characteris¥cs. of the runs returning as adults and on the percentages and characteristics of the inimature fish taken in some areas. Also, many cohos were examined for marks to assess the contribution from hatcheries in Washington State. Interrelations of commercial and sport fishing. Research was begun concerning the growing conflict of. interest's between commercial and sport fisheries of the two species in British Columbia. Emphasis is being placed on biology of each species at sea, at first in if:he Strait of Georgia. The biological and social factors in the

18 two fisheries being complex, intensive studies are needed to identify stocks, to deter­ mine patterns of migration and rates of growth and survival, and to measure the environmental factors concerned.

PHYSIOLOGY OF SALMON AND TROUT Swimming performance. In sockeye salmon, sustained swimming speed was found to decrease markedly in relation to their length. In a tunnel respirometer at an acclimation temperature of 15 C, the shortest fish tested (8 cm long) averaged 52 cm/ sec for 1 hr without fatigue; the longest fish (54 cm), 143 cm/ sec. The slope of the curve relating sustained speed to length was 0.5. In yearling sockeye at 15 C the slope of the curve for sustained speed for 5 min was not significantly different from that for 1 hr. On the basis of the normal relations concerning length, sustained speed, and time, limits were determined to aid in detecting changes due to abnormal stress. Respiratory metabolism. Estimates of energy requirements for migrating adult sockeye were made possible by a study on effects of size on metabolic rates. For standard metabolism in sockeye from 3 to 1500 g in weight the slope of the curve relating rate of oxygen consumption to net weight was 0.8 and agreed closely with those for other fish. For active metabolism the value was not significantly different from 1.0 and hence was independent of size.

Adult sockeye salmon in respirometer tunnel.

Growth. Progress was made in relating growth rate of sockeye to temperature and food ration. When underyearlings were fed to satiation three times daily from June 2 to November 1 under the normal photoperiod, growth rate was greatest at 15 C. It decreased progressively at 20, 10, 5, and 24 C. At 24 C, weight decreased though length increased slightly; feeding was poor and erratic; over half the fish

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died by the 50th day. At 10, 15, and 20 C as well as at ambient temperatures of 9-15 C, the growth rate changed between the 55th and 65th days, toward the end of July. These and rel~ted studies will help to determine the effects of food ration and activity of the fish on growth rates at various temperatures and salinities. Circulation: In trout recovering from anesthetic, the rate of heartbeat rose from about 50 to 80/min after 45 min and then fell to normal, about 72, by the end of 2 hr. For unrestrained, intact fish the systolic blood pressure averaged 38.7 mm Hg. For adult sockeye salmon the heartbeat was about 45-50/min when they were at rest and as high as 90 when they were swimming at full speed. The blood pressure of the dorsal aorta rose from 47/42 (systolic diastolic) in resting fish to 55/50 during exercise. Sampling by the dye dilution-hematocrit method, considered more reliable than those used previously, indicated somewhat larger blood volumes than those usually givf)n for teleosts. Rainbow trout in sea water averaged 6.9 ml/100 g net weight and coho 6.2; in fresh water, adult sockeye averaged 5.3.

BEHAVIOR OF SALMON A technique was developed for following migrations of sockeye smolts for 24 hr day. A combination of sonar and time-lapse photography gave information on concentration and size of schools, and on speed, depth, and direction ~f move­ ments. Orientation by polarized light. Sockeye smolts were trained to respond to ,light polarized in a particular plane. Within 15 trials they learned to search for food at a light source that was plane-polarized horizontally and to ignore three sources with light that was plane-polarized vertically. These findings, along with others obtained in 1963 in Babine Lake, strongly suggested that the smolts use plane-polarized light for compass orientation. Confirmation awaited work on importance of horizontal light patterns formed on the walls of the test tanks by differential reflection and refraction of the polarized light.

SALMON PROPAGATION Survival of hatchery and natural stocks. In a comparison on survival to the smolt stage between hatchery and natural stocks of sockeye at Lakelse Lake from l 1961 to 1963, the results were inconclusive. The differences between years in conditions affecting survival evidently obscured possible differences between the stocks. Improvements in marking and sampling methods are needed to enable simultaneous assessment of survival and growth rates o~ the two stocks. I Transplanting pink salmon eggs to Newfoundland. For a second transfer of pink salmon eggs to Newfoundland, 4 million eggs were collected from Lakelse River and incubated. Shipment to Newfoundland was delayed until January - because the eyed eggs were unusually sensitive to slight shocks. Their sensitivity may have been associated with their slow development at the low temperatures of Scully Creek water, in which they were incubated. Eggs were not available from the Glendale River, as they had been in 1963, hecause of serious flooding.

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PELAGIC FISH Herring populations. The British Columbia catch of herring in 1963-64 was· 259,892 tons, almost as large as the record catch in 1962-63. A total of 219 miles of spawn was deposited, more than in any other year since 1955 and 1~% more than in 1963. In 1964, three of the populations were unusually large, four were average or above average, and two were evidently below average. The gen­ erally high level of abundance in most populations was due to a strong contribution of the 1961 year-class and a good contribution of the 1960 year-class. In a number of populations three year-classes in succession have peen above average: those of 1959, 1960, and 1961. That of 1959 was possibly the strongest and that of 1960 the weakest. Tagging and a spawn survey of .herring on the west coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands suggested that the stock was small, about 10,000 tons. Midwater trawling. Studies on echo-scattering layers in the Strait of Georgia were broadened to determine the seasonal distributions of these la)'._ers throughout the strait and the kinds of fish in them. A study was begun on echo-scattering layers in midwater on the Goose Island Bank of the continental shelf and over the continental slope in the area between Cape Scott and Cape St. James. On the continental shelf the layers, though well developed at night, were often absent during the day. They were more pronounced during both night and day off the edges of banks than on the banks themselves. The fish in them usually appeared to be bottom forms such as rockfish, hake, and pollock, and pelagic fish such as herring and eulachon. Over the continental slope, one -or more layers were always found during the day, below about 125-150 fath. At night these layers intensified and rose towards the surface, often splitting and reforming. The main fish in them were lanternfish (Lampanichthys, Diaphus, Tarletonbeania, Electrona) 2-6 inches long, though a number of deep-pelagic species were taken.

GROUNDFISH Emphasis was continued on the population dynamics of the many species of groundfish of the long-established trawl fishery off the British Columbia coast and on the resources in the Gulf of Alaska. Though North American fishermen are not exploiting the latter area, the Soviet Union and Japan are expanding their fisheries there rapidly. In near seas. Catch and effort records were taken to measure changes in abundance of the more important species (Pacific cod, petrale sole, lemon sole, rock sole, and lingcod). Catches were sampled regularly at the major ports of landings to determine the numbers ·of fish of various sizes and ages and hence changes in rates of recruitment, growth, and mortality. Some of the studies were coordinated with similar ones in the United States, under auspices of the Inter­ national Trawl Fishery Committee. The British Columbia landings were nearly the highest on record, mainly because of greatly increased abundance of Pacific (grey) cod. After several years of low recruitment, strong year-classes of this species appeared on the fishing grounds.

21 98212---4 ------

Pacific cod were tagged and released in the northern part of Hecate Strait, ~and petrale sole and lingcod off the west coast of Vancouver Island, to learn more on relationships between stocks and on growth and mortality rates. To learn more on the early life histories of important species, larvae wer~ hatched and reared in the laboratory at various temperatures and salinities. In far seas. A summer survey with the G. B. Reed off the Gulf of Alaska west of Cape Spencer, begun in 1963, was completed. Emphasis was placed on Pacific Ocean perch, Sebastodes alutus, and associated species. The perch were generally more abundant in the western part of the gulf than in the eastern. The numbers of various sizes varied with depth and from area to area, and availability of the fish varied because of the type of bottom and their semipelagic behavior. For the juveniles, "annual" rings on the otoliths were found reliable as indicators of age. The adults appeared to grow more slowly in the Gulf of Alaska than in British Columbia waters. Iri the Gulf the fish matured at a s~aller average size than in the latter region. Studies were begun on determining age and growth rate of sablefish (black­ cod), Anoplopoma fimbria, on the basis of scale and otolith characters. Bottom temperatures and the types of bottom were determined for ·various banks in the Gulf of Alaska. The technique for sampling large hauls of groundfish was improved. Under contract to the Institute of Fisheries, University of British Columbia, a study was begun on use of external characters and the numbers of various body parts in identifying races of the mos~ important species of groundfish of the North Pacific in a broad arc from Japan to the Canadian coast. The findings may help in_ determining the areas of origins of the various stocks:

MARINE MAMMALS Studies on whales were emphasized because of the recent intensification of whaling in the North Pacific. Progress was made in assessing stocks in the area on the basis of records on age, reproduction, and catch per unit of effort since 1945. This work is being done by a group of scientist~ from the USA, the USSR, Japan, and Canada set up by the International '\Yhaling Commission in 1962.

Whales. The Coal Harbour catch, taken by five companies, totaled 8801 whales: 12 blues, 140 fins, 10 humpbacks, 613 seis, and 105 sperms. Progress was made in statistical analysis of commercial catches from Coal Harbour since 1945 as a basis for assessing the stocks in the North Pacific. Correlations with oceanic conditions promised to be useful in assessing the irregular annual fluctuations in catch due to the extent to which the whales enter the area of operations from Coal Harbour. In a study prompted by the International Whaling Commission, records and specimens of various species were again collected for information on age, repro- duction rates, and feeding habits. · To aid in determining the ages of whales, an electronic apparatus was completed for recording the sculptures on baleen plates, and work was begun on' designing other apparatus for recording age from laminations in the earplugs of baleen whales and in the teeth of sperm whales.

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Fur seals. Within 200 miles of the west coast of Vancouver Island 114 fur ~eals, mostly young females, were taken with a chartered vessel from April 15 to July 1. The seals were studied in the laboratory to determine age, rates of growth and reproduction, feeding habits, and quality of skins. Studies on seals of Asiatic and American origins. showed differences in age at maturity. Specimens were obtained from Japan, the USSR, and the USA. On the Pribilof Islands, seals were studied concerning secretion of gonadotro­ phins from the anterior pituitary gland _and their role in initiating the growth of ovarian follicles and in the onset of ovulation. Sea lions. An aerial census of sea lions on all major rookeries and haul-out _grounds in British Columbia indicated a total of 4000, excepting pups, about half as many as estimated in 1956-:-57. The census was made in early June in cooperation with the Protection and Conservation Branch of the Department of Fisheries of Canada. ,The decrease was due mainly to heavy killing in 1959 and 1960, when about 4000 animals were destroyed-half of them by the Department of Fisheries for control purposes and half by commercial hunters. In 1964, commercial hunters took 445 adults and 73 pups. Harbor seals. A bounty paid on harbor seals, because they destroy fish and gear, was discontinued as their skins ai;e now commercially valuable. Under contract to the Board, the University of British Columbia began studies on determining age, rates of growth and reproduction, and quality of pelage. In some areas the seals appeared to be decreasing in numbers.

CRUSTACEA

Experimental fis~g of crabs on the Queen Charlotte Islands grounds indicated that the commercial catch in 1965 should be about the same as in 1964. Production increased in 1964, for the second year in a row. Use of an underwater TV camera to observe a crab trap in operation suggested that crabs attracted by bait move towards the trap against the tide. Tests were continued to find a suitable metal ·alloy for a weak link, or releasing device, to reduce the time that lost traps catch crabs. In a continued_ study on the life histories of commercial shrimps in British Columbia waters, egg counts were obtained for six species. Underwater photogra­ phy was used as an aid in describing the bottoms and other ecological features of !' shrimp and prawn grounds. For introducing Atlantic lobsters, probably in 1965, a site was chosen in Fatty Basin on the west coast of Vancouver Island. The choice was based on engineering, oceanographic, and biological surveys in cooperation with the Fish Culture Branch of the Department· of Fisheries of Canada and the Board's Station at St. Andrews, New Brunswick:

OTHER MARINE INVERTEBRATES A survey was begun of the marine invertebrates in the deeper water (to 1200 fath) off the British Columbia coast. In shallow water, the fauna on the Brandon Island rock wall were studied concerning abundance and zones of occurrence.

23 98212-4! ------~---- -

Oyster. In Pendrell Sound a survey of oyster beds showed that there was one major spatfall, which gave a marginal commercial set. In Ladysmith Harbour, no spatting occurred. Commercial production in British Columbia depends almost entirely on imports of seed of the Pacific oyster from Japan. Off Denman Island the percentage of diseased oysters was somewhat lower than in recent years. . ' Abalone. Through monthly sampling, spat of abalones was found on planted cultch. In Barkley Sound about 1000 abalones were tagged to determine move­ ment and growth rates. Clam. On Seal Island, an experimental area, a triennial census of butter clams showed a stock of 125 tons on 15 acres. The rate of recruitment has been low since 1935, and the mean yield of 3.5 lb/yd2 was too low for economic cropping. Paralytic poisoning from shellfish. Butter clams that were free of toxin became toxic soon after they were planted in the toxic area in the northern half of the coast of British Columbia. The amounts of the toxin in various parts of the clam were determined, up to 17 ,900 mg per 100 g of flesh being found in the siphon tips of clams in whose bodies the average was 1920 mg. Pests. Long-term studies were continued on the parasitic copepod Mytilicola sp. and the clam borer Polinices sp.

TOLERANCE TO

PARASITES AND DISEASE

Studies on identification and taxonomy of parasites of Pacific salmon w~re continued. The life span of the stomach trematode Tubulovesicula lindbergi in chum salmon was· found to be at least 1t years. The numbers of the parasite in salmon infected about 18 .months earlier had not decreased and the parasite continued to increase in si?;e. This finding may help in determining the continent of origin of sockeye salmon on the high seas, the geographic distribution of the parasite in the latter species having been established previously, The freshwater parasite Philonema oncorhynchi was found to be scarce in the· main runs of Fraser River sockeye and common in most sockeye stocks from more northerly North American areas. This finding will help to determine whether the parasite is suitable as a marker to aid in identifying various North American stocks of sockeye when mixed in the Gulf of Alaska. Work was continued on identifying parasites of young pink salmon in the Bella Coola area, to find how important the parasites are in mortality of the salmon. In the spring of 1963 .the commonest internal and external parasites were, in turn, the trematode Lecithaster gibbosus and the copepod Caligus clemensi.

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A survey was begun of the parasites of the non-salmon fishes in the Bella Coola area. The findings will help to show the dependence of parasites of young pink salmon on other fishes in the same area, and will give further information on the roles of ecological factors and phylogenetic relationships of hosts in determin­ ing what parasites are found in a fish species. In the Qualicum River, work was begun on effects of microorganisms on development of pink salmon eggs under natural conditions. Little progress was made in finding the cause of pustules in Pacific oysters near Denman Island or of an anemic condition of chum salmon held at the Station.

DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS AND GEAR Instruments. An airborne radiation thermometer was improved, for determin­ ing the temperatures of surface waters from the air. Five of the instruments were delivered to the R.C.A.F. (see "Equipmep.t" under "Oceanography"). The in- struction manual was begun. . A photoelectric fish counter was developed and was promising in tests with sockeye smolts at a fence in Babine Lake. The -counter has ten arrays, each with six counting apertures. Other instruments designed and built, and not mentioned. elsewhere in this report, included: an infrared snooperscope for use in the hatchery at Lakelse Lake, including a power supply and aq automatic device for recording temperature; an electronic egg counter; an anemometer and thermistor chain_ for a Texas tower; and a tripod for an underwater TV camera. Gear. An off-the-quarter, surface trawl was developed for sampling young salmon on the high seas and was satisfactory in tests. · Tests with the G. B. Reed showed that a "forage" midwater trawl, with a triangular mouth 44 ft on each side, needed further improvement to be more efficient than other midwater gear. A device, or "holding bag," for protecting trawl-caught juvenile salmon from injury was promising in tests. Work was continued on developing equipment to record the horizontal and vertical mouth openings of nets while in operation. Progress was made in developing more efficient gear for sampling zooplank~ ton, and work was begun on designing apparatus for taking samples at different depths simultaneously. A pitot tube was designed to measure the net speed of trawls and other gear. Work was begun on designing another to measure the difference between' the amount of water flowing through a trawl and what would flow through the mouth if there were no obstruction.

POLLUTION Emphasis was placed on determining the marine characteristics of areas already or likely to be polluted, to provide advice to the Department of Fisheries of Canada on immediate problems in disposal of wastes; and, about equally, on effects of suspended solids in wastes on the estuarine environment.

25 ' ' Surveys were again conducted to monitor the physical conditions in the · waters near the lower malnland of British Columbia, including tpe Fraser River estuary, Burrard Inlet, and Howe Sound, and in those near Kitimat, Prince Rupert, and Ocean Falls. Surface currents in Cordova Bay were surveyed from the air ,in cooperation \\_'ith various provincial and federal agencies. The findings were used to recommend a site for an outfall of sewage from the northeastern part of the Greater Victoria area. Study on dilution and dispersion of kraft effluent from a submarine outfall for a pulp mill at Crofton indicated that the diffuser was inefficient. As a result, engineers are using better-designed criteria in planning a diffuser for a new effluent line and in modifying the existing one. The rate of water exchange was determined for the Port Moody extension of Burrard Inlet from 6 years' records. At a depth of 10 m the content of dissolved oxygen was lowest and there was no. net motion. Oceanographic records obtained in September 1962 showed that, in one tidal day, slightly more than 50% of an introduced contaminant was removed from the upper 12.5-m layer, 83 % from the next 5-m layer, and 74%from the near-bottom layer. In Alberni Harbour, continued monthly sampling showed that sedimentation and gas-production patterns were disrupted by two events in the spring. During the month of a tsunami the amount of sediment deposited increased to 120 kg/m2 (18.l % organic matter). During a 7-week shutdown of a pulp mill in the industrialized part of the harbor area, it decreased to 5.1 kg/m2 (25.1% organic matter). When the mill reopened, the spread of effluent was followed colorimet- rically. · An apparatus was developed and tested for studying oxidation of hydrogen sulphide in water.

THEORETICAL POPULATION STUDIES A mathematical model was devised to simulate a run of salmon to a complex river system. It takes the following into account: a variety of life-history ages, multiple age composition, inheritance of age at spawning, and effects of diverse types of fisheries on mixed stocks. It was used in studies usefui' in managing salmon populations and in estimating the maximum sustainable yields from mixed stock. A computer method was developed to determine von Bertalanffy growth curves for mathematical models used in studying fishery management. The method avoids some. of the limitations of graphical methods and may be used on high-speed computers.

OCEANOGRAPHY Fisheries oceanography. The physical oceanography of Burke Channel and adjacent areas was studied in further detail, concurrently with studies there on the early sea life of pink salmon. Evidence was obtained that in their seaward movement the salmon are, in part, carried by the near-surface water. Emphasis was given also to examining records of the zooplankton collected in the North Pacific from 1955 to 1963 in relation to known features and behavior of

26 ------, \

the physical oceanic environment. About 4000 samples were analyzed and an atlas was begun. Records of the stomach contents of salmon from 1956 to 1964 were compiled. Also, collections from Ocean Station ]> (50°N, 145°W) were analyzed at representative times. For phytoplankton, records were compiled on the standing crop, primary production rates, and nutrients. Examination was begun of factors that are known or considered to govern primary production in the northeast Pacific Ocean, Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound, and the Strait of Georgia. Various historical fishery records were examined in relation to meteorological as well as physical oceanographic records. For example, for central British Columbia pink salmon, multiple regression analysis showed that survival was associated with precipitation runoff and oceanic driving forces. Also, the percent­ age of adult sockeye salmon returning to the Fraser River through the northern entrance to the Strait of Georgia was found to be related to the strength of northward-flowing currents seaward off Vancouver Island during their last year of ocean life. Descriptive oceanography. Progress was made in describing the oceanography .of Dixon Entrance, in analyzing oceanographic domains in the Strait of Georgia, and in determining .factors in oceanographic· structure and behavior at Ocean Station P. To determine whether convergence and divergence in waters along the west coast of Vancouver Island were associated with daily seawater records, coastal winds, and anomaly of daily mean sea level, continuous monitoring of the temperature and salinity patterns of the waters over the continental ·shelf were found to be necessary. In cooperation with the Canada Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, arrangements wer.e made to monitor the temperatures at three points in a line from Amphitrite Point to the edge of the shelf. Monitoring. Three large-scale monitoring operations were continued. Temperature and salinity of the surface sea water were recorded daily at 14 positions, mostly lightstations, along the coast of British Columbia for the 3 lst year. The records are published annually, and statistical summaries at various intervals. At Ocean Station P, in the eastern part of the Central Subarctic Domain, bathythermograph records were taken twice daily by the weathership C.C.G.S. St. Catharines or Stonetown of the Canada Department of Transport. On the St. Catharines an oceanographer of the Group took comprehensive records at the station and various records while en route to and from it. The records are published regularly, and sumn;iaries at various times. As in previous years, charts of sea-surface temperatures and structure in the eastern North Pacific were distributed weekly to various agencies by mail, and daily to some ships at sea by radio facsimile. These charts are based on records of ~eather and sea-surface temperatures taken by all ships crossing the area, and on b'athythermograph records taken by fishery arid naval vessels, picket ships, and weatherships of Canada and the United States. The records are collected d~ily by radio through the marine meteorological network of the Naval Weather Service,

27 Royal. Canadian Navy, into an oceanographic· information service at Esquimalt, British Columbia. They are then analyzed by means of oceanographic models,pro­ vided by the Pacific Oceanographic Group to assess structure. Equipment. To aid in obtaining continuous records of sea-surface tempera­ tures, five airborne radiation thermometers were delivered to the Royal Canadian Air Force for use by the Maritime Air Command on daily patrols of the Canadian east and west coasts. The records will help to show features of structure of the sea to a depth of 100 m. The Pacific Naval Laboratory, Defence Research Board of Canada, cooperated by building equipment for continuous recording of tempera­ tures from ships, and provided units for research vessels of the Royal Canadian Navy and the Fisheries Research Board. To relate the records taken by the airborne radiation thermometer to subsurface temperature patterns, an oceanographic tower was built in Departure Bay. A thermometer was installed to scan the sea surface, and a thermistor array in the water to record the changing temperature patterns. Military oceanography. In addition to work on descriptive oceanography and monitoring, the Group took and analyzed oceanographic records as required by the Pacific Naval Laboratory. This work included a winter and summer operation in the western Arctic Ocean and five expeditions into the near Pacific Ocean.

28 ·RESEARCH LABORATORY, VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBii\ (including Technological Unit, London, Ontario)

H. L.A. Tarr, PH.o.(McGill, Cantab.), F.R.s.c., Burnett A. Southcott, B.S.A.(British Director Columbia) N. Tomlinson, PH.D.(California), Assistant Joan E. Roy, M.sc.(British Columbia) Director From Oct6ber 1 P. N. MacLeod, Executive Assistant H. A. Buttkus, M.A.(California) , From November 16 Biochemistry A. G. Comer, M.s.A.(Ontario Agricultural N. Tomlinson (see above) College) ; to August 31 H. Tsuyuki, PH.D.(Wisconsin) Engineering E. Bilinski, o.sc.AGR.(Louvain) W. E. Vanstone, PH.D.(McGill) S. W. Roach, B.A.sc.(British Columbia) J. R. McBride, M.A.(British Columbia) ' F. G. Claggett, B.A.sc. (British Columbia) R. E. E. Jonas, B.A.(Madras) Eva Roberts, B.sc.(Manitoba) Visiting Scientists Shirley E. Geiger, B.A.(British Columbia) R. P. Klett, PH.o.(Heidelberg) Under grant from National Institutes df Chemistry Health, Bethesda, Maryland M. Smith, PH.D.(Manchester) G. H. Berry, B.S.A.(British Columbia) P. J. Schmidt, B.E.(Saskatchewan) Under grant from International Pacific U. H. M. Fagerlund, M.sc.(Abo) Salmon Fisheries Commission T. G. Oikawa, M.sc.(British Columbia) T. Todoroff, PH.D.(Aachen) Under grant from International Pacific Microbiology and Food Technology Salmon Fisheries Commission H. L.A. Tarr (see above) T. Nakano, PH.D.(Tohoku) N. J. Antia, PH.D.(Zuricli) National Research Council postdoctorate J. w. Boyd, n.s.A.(British Columbia) fellow; from September 13

TECHNOLOGICAL UNIT, LONDON, ONTARIO L. C. Dugat, D.S

The research concerned mainly: • Maintaining or improVing quality of products by studies on .storage of salmon in refrigerated sea water; "chalky" halibut; vacuum-cooling of precooked tuna; storing and shipping, herring meal in bulk; storing frozen and freeze-dried fish; preserving fresh shrimp; thaw drip in fillets; unloading fish from ships; and holding yellow perch alive. • Use of electrophoresis in determining and classifying species of fish and marine mammals.

29 98212-5 • Analyses of nucleic acids in salmonids and marine invertebrates; biosyn­ thesis of DNA in salmon milts; pituitary hormones of salmon; physiology of the parr-smolt transformation and of sockeye salmon induced to feed during spawning; chemical attractants in food of young salmon; and glycolytic enzymes, in marine phytoplankton.

SALMON Storing partly frozen salmon before canning. A method was developed for storing partly frozen salmon before canning without ill effects on the canned product if the initial quality was good. Losses from "bellyburn," or digestion of the flesh lining the visceral c.~vity, were reduced. The fish were held in refrigerated sea water with added salt at temperatures between 29 and 25 F. The temperature was controlled by adjusting the density of . the brine with added salt and by regulating the running time of the compressor by a back-pressure cutout. Whole fish with much digested food in the 1 stomach and intestine were held at 25 F for 2 weeks without evidence of either bellyburn or bacterial spoilage, whereas those held in sea water at 30.5 F in the normal manner developed severe bellybum and some off-odor. The temperature of 25 F, obtained by adding salt at 4 parts in 100, was necessary to freeze the large quantity of digested food. At higher temperatures, bellyburn occurred. At temperatures petween 30.5 and 25 F, bellyburn occurred less often and later than at 30.5, as did darkening of the flesh next the visceral cavity and kidney. This darkening was evidently more severe in sockeye than in cohos. Most of the refrigeration equipment on British Columbia salmon "packers" has the capacity for freezing to 25F. To keep the red lateral muscle of the partly frozen fish from becoming rancid, air was excluded from the storage tank by filling it with water and sealing it. Factors in changes in weight of fish stored in refrigerated sea water. Evidence was obtained that metabolic processes govern the changes in weight of whole fish' ~nd of excised muscle stored in refrigerated sea water. In the' first few hours of storage, whole fish lost weight whether exhausted or unexercised; but muscle gained weight when exhausted · and lost weight when unexercised. Thereafter, · whole fish and muscle, whether unexerci~ed or exhausted, gained weight for - several days. The metabolic inhibitor DNP (2,4-dinitrophenol) inhibited loss of weight through the skin, and DNP and iodoacetate each inhibited loss in unexer­ cised muscle. Ouabain, whiGh inhibits uptake of sodium in many tissues, did not affect the changes in weight of unexercised muscle. No relation was found between . changes in osmotic pressure and either the changes in weight or the differences ' between whole fish and muscle. . •, .. Survival and death of sockeye after spawning. Soc}ceye salmon taken from the Great Central Lake migration were induced to feed after 2 weeks of captivity in fresh water. By the end of the second month practically: all of the fish offered marine zooplankton fed vigorously, and most continued to do so through spawn­ ing. Though all spent fish died, the fed fish not only surviyed longer than unfed fish but also were noticeably more active. Evidence was obtained that the quantity of

30 I' 1i I ------;

zooplankton eaten did not satisfy the requirements of the fish for proteins and vitamins and that the spawning area was also inadequate. Hence, plans were made to provide other food and expand the spawning area for frirther tests. Microscopi~al examination of the liver and alimentary tract showed marked differences between the fed and the unfed fish after death. In unfed fish the liver had degenerated extensively. and the alimentary tract had atrophied, occasiopally showing signs of degenerating. In fed fish only two of the seyen livers examined had degenerated, but the livers in the rest and the alimentary tracts in all had atrophied. In tJiese tissues, no differences were found between the unfed fish and others obtained from Great Central Lake after spawning. The levels of steroid hormones (cortisol and/ or total 17-hydroxycortico­ steroids) were determined in maturing sockeye kept in the laboratory and also in fish spawning in the wild. In blood of resting healthy fish in the laboratory, the concentrations were low both before and after spawning. Studies on effects of exercise and fright showed that the usual methods of capturing and handling salmon affect profoundly the steroid levels in the blood. · Chemical attractants. The substance in marine zooplankton that ~cts as a feeding attractant for young salmon was partly purified by paper chromatography and ion-exchange and ion-exclusion columns. The attractant, which is of low molecular weight, appeared to be an amino· acid or a peptide, or both. A number of pure amino acids were found to attract salmon but not so markedly as the partly purified extract of zooplankton.

HALIBUT Chalkiness in halibut was found to develop after death and was related to acidity of ·the flesh. It appeared when the pH reached about 6.0 or lower. The fractions· of certain proteins extractable in salt solutions were smaller in chalky than in nonchalky flesh when the condition developed after several days of storage in ice, but were similar for nonchalky and potentially chalky fish when they were caught. Presumably the change in solubility, and the accompanying precipitation of protein in the flesh, causes the chalky appearance, the. c,hange in sqlubiljty being caused by the lower pH. The lower pH was associated with a somewhat higher concentration of lactic acid ,in ch;ilky than in nonchalky muscle. . Microscopic examination of various tissues and· organs taken· at the time of catching has so far shown no differences between fish that later became chalky and those that did not. Evidence was found that the extent to which fish have fed before capture and the method of catching may each .be important in determining whether the condition develops. Preliminary tests suggested th~t freezing halibut at sea helps to reduce the commercial losses.

TUNA "Greening." Greening o{ tuna dunng canning was found to be preventable by adding a small amount of ascorbic acid at the time of canning. The greenish color is due to oxidation of hemochrome in the flesh. - Vacuum cooling of precooked tuna. In commercial trials of vacuum cooling of precooked tuna, bursting of the flesh of some fish was not satisfactorily overcome.

31 98212-5~ ------

Bursting was prevented only by precooking under a slight vacuum and so adding to the precooking time. It was not prevented by metering the condensing water to reduce the pressure during cooling at a constant rate, or by progressively reducing the steam pressure in the r~tort during the precooking.

PHYSIOLOGY Formation of free fatty acids from phospholipid in fish muscle. By a method developed to, measure much lower levels of enzyme activity than those shown by other methods, an enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids was found in the lateral line muscle of rainbow trout. This supported previous evidence that in frozen fish the formation of free fatty acids is important in deterioration. Tests had confirmed . that storing frozen fish in nitrogen practically eliminated oxidative rancidity but did not reduce the rate of formation of free fatty acids. In the new procedure, phospholipids labeled with radioactive carbon were used as the substrate and radioactivities of the various products of hydrolysis were measured. The phospholipids were labeled ·with C14 in the choline moiety by administering choline-C14 to fish. Besides free fatty acids,· the hydrolysis yielded glycerylphospliorylcholine but not phosphorylcholine or free choline. Ketone bodies in fish blood. In' adult sockeye salmon the concentration of acetoacetate in the blood was higher during spawning (1.5 mg-100 ml) than in the prespawning period (0.5 mg/100 ml). In rainbow trout the concentration was less than 1 mg/100 ml and was not appreciably affected by long periods of starvation .. Nucleic acids and related compounds. Chemical analyses of the deoxyribonu­ cleic acids (DNA) in various species of salmonids and molluscs confirmed earlier findings by physical methods. In salmonids of the genera Oncorhynchus, Salmo, and Salvelinus the DNA contained small amounts ( 1-2 % ) of 5-methylcytosine as well as the usual bases adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. In molluscs it contained only the usual four bases; in bivalves it was not as rich in guanine or cytosine as in gastropods. Deoxyribonucleic acid unusually rich in adenine and thymine (dAT), as in crab~ of the genus Cancer, was found in the horse crab, Telmessus cheiragonus. In Cancer productus and C. magister, dAT was found in all tissues. Incorporating radioactive thymidine in vitro into testes of C. productus showed that dAT occurs only in the cell nucleus. The acid-soluble nucleotides in C. productus. eggs and liver were isolated and described. Though the liver contains the nucleotides characteristic of animal tissues, the eggs are very rich in cytidine-5'-mono-, di-, and triphosphates. J In studies on enzymes of salmon tissue, nine nucleoside-5'-phosphate p­ nitrophenyl esters were synthesized. These nucleotides are substrates for phos­ phodiesterases. Studies on p-nitrophenyl esters provided a new method of synthe­ sizing nucleoside-3',-5'-cyclic phosphates, which are ·important in hormonal control of glycogen metabolism. In further studies on biosynthesis of DNA in salmon milts, both nucleoside phosphorylases and nucleoside kinases with a wide spectrum of activity were found. Systems that reduced nucleoside diphosphates to deoxynucleoside diphos- I 1i 32 I ------

phates, and formed nucleoside di- and triphosphates from the corresponding monophosphates, were also found. Another study showed that the normal route of formation of hypoxanthine in fish muscle is by deamination of adenosine and hydrolysis of the resulting inosine, direct deamination of adenine being unimpor­ tant. The enzymes that deaminate adenylic acid and adenosine in muscle appeared to be different. Pituitary hormones. A fluorometric method was developed for determining plasma cortisol to measure activity of the pituitary hormone adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) injected into fish. Also, a bioassay method was developed: injecting 9.25 international units of mammalian ACTH into a 450-g trout doubled the concentra·· tion of plasma cortisol. Parr-smolt transformation. Photoperiod and temperature were found to affect smolting of coho salmon. Yearlings were kept in fresh water under three photoperiods and two temperatures from January 1 to June 5, and deposition of guanine in the skin and decreases in the ratio weight:length3 were used as the criteria of smolting. At 8.5 C those under 16-hr photoperiods smolted in late February, those under normal photoperiods in March, and those under 8-hr photoperiods in early May. At 2.5 C the weight:length3 ratio changed little if any under any of the photoperiods though the guanine levels increased slightly by the end of the experiment. In a joint study with the Board's Station at Nanaimo, British Columbia, changes in the ratio weight:length3 and proximate analysis of the whole fish confirmed 1963 findings on chemical changes during the ep.rly salt-water life of pink salmon, as follows. For fish of standard length, from April 21 to May 29 the weights of .the whole fish, its stomach, moisture, lipid, and protein nitrogen increased. Then live weight, moisture, lipid, and protein nitrogen decreased until J.une 11, the last day of sampling. Stomach weight continued to increase until June 5 and then decreased. In the joint study, analysis of the total body lipid, which decreases markedly before the fish emigrate from coastal waters, suggested that free fatty acids and the iodine number increased during life in coastal waters and that the saponification number decreased for the first 3 weeks and then increased. Proteins and classifying fish. Determining protein patterns in inuscle ·and plood of fish by electrophoresis was found useful iii distinguishing and classifying species. The patterns for muscle myogens and blood proteins in a number of artificially induced hybrids of salmonids and in many freshwater species supported· conclusions by conventional taxonomists concerning futerbreeding in freshwater species. In these species, interbreeding is common and the variations in the patterns corresponded with variations found by conventional taxonomists. Nearly identical protein patterns for closely related species indicated great likelihood of fertile natural hybrids, as in cutthroat and rainbow trout. In contrast, in marine species examined the patterns were practically uniform within species though a few, such a~ those of sablefish, suggested interbreeding. T~e species in which the patterns were practically uniform are readily separable by conventional methods. ·

33 In certain freshwater fish, of evidently the same species (e.g. whitefish, northern pike, and sea lamprey), from different localities the patterns for muscle myogens and hemoglobins were almost identical. In others (e.g. yellow pickerel and longnose sucker), differences between localities indicated extensive inter­ breeding. In the muscle myogen patterns of a number of species of each of two families, salmonids and rock.fishes, strong resemblances within families were found. In contrast, the patterns in catfishes were markedly inconsistent, suggesting that the grouping is unnatural.

Pneumatic pump for unloading salmon.

In five species of whales the patterns for muscle myogens and blood proteins were distinctive; the myoglobin fractions differed considerably in quantity and number. In the sperm whale, one major and eight minor myoglobin zones were found; in the other four species, only one or two zones, the concentrations being much lower. In a sample of muscle tissue from a captive killer whale the myoglobin pattern strongly resembled one from a sperm whale.

CHEMICAL CHANGES IN PROCESSED FISH Roles of sugars and related compounds in browning and other undesirable changes. W9rk was begun on biochemical changes during freeze-drying of fish . The sugars ribose and glucose, which are found in the muscle of most fish after

34 death, had been shown to cause browning of heat-processed flesh, and adding an enzyme to remove them had decreased the discoloration markedly. i' When lingcod and sole were held several days after death at 0-1 C and I freeze-dried, the product gradually became yellow to brown when kept at 25-3 7 I I I C, even at a relative humidity of practically 0. During the period of discoloration, free ribose and glucose disappeared and unpleasant, pungent, ammoriiacal odors developed. Ston~ge iii'. nitrogen and removing the sugars with enzymes each markedly retarded development of the odors, and adding ribose markedly ac­ celerated it A brief study on browning and changes in flavor of shrimp showed that the , flesh .contained ribose, glucose, and the common adenine and hypoxanthine nucleotides but only traces of sugar phosphates. Homarin, previously found in · lobster meat, was also present in significant amounts.

MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON Species of phytoplankton. representing the following classes of. algae were · obtained in pure culture and all were maintained in one medium based on sea water: CJ:ilorophyceae, Ch:rysophyceae, Bacillariophyce'ae (diatoms), Dino­ phyceae, Cryptophyceae, and Cyanophyceae. Some of the species were cultured in mass without contamination by microbes, and cell-'fre.e extracts were prepared by means of acetone powders for enzyme examination. The ~nzymes acid phos­ phatase( s) and enolase were found in all the species of Chlorophyceae, Chryso­ phyceae, and Bacillariophyceae examined SO· far. No activity from alkaline phosphatase was detected in any of these species, and aldolase activity was found in all species of Chlorophyceae and Chrysophyceae but in only one of the three species of diatoms ~xamined.

FISH MEALS Bulk handling of herring meal.· Previous studies having shown that the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) controlled oxidation of oil and hence heating in herring meal; one fishmeal plant in British Columbia adopted bulk handling and shipping of BHT-treated meal. After tests with !- and 1-ton cartons at the plant, about 250 tons were shipped to the United States in bulk in railway hopper cars. Facilities were provided for storing 120 tons in bulk. As bulk handling and storage appeared desirable for all British Columbia plants, studies were continued on developing suitable handling, storing, and loading devices. Nutritional value of herring meal. Treatment of herring meal with the antioxidant BHT at the time of manufacturing maintained the caloric value at a higher level during storage than in untreated -meal. The treatment was advanta· geous for both whole and press-cake meals manufactured in different months. After meals had been stored for about a year the metabolizable energy values for chicks ranged from 1530 to 1785 cal/lb for the treated meals, and from 1400 to 1 1555 for those not treated. . In poultry rations. In the first year of a study on suppleinenting the ration of breeder hens with herring or whitefish· meal at 1 part in 10, hatchability of eggs

35 was evidently not affected. For a total of 25,800 eggs in 10 settings from January to July, average hatchability of fertile eggs was 84, 85, and 83 % , respectively, for an all-vegetable ration, a ration containing 10%- of British Columbia,her:ring meal, and one containing 10% of whitefish meal.

PRESERVING FISH When shrimp was treated with a chelating agent before being dipped in a tetracycline antibiotic, the product had fewer bacteria and was considerably superior in taste than when only the antibiotic was used. Preliminary tests had shown that metallic cations and shrimp extracts reduced the effectiveness of the antibiotic against aerobic bacteria from the surface of the flesh, and that the chelating agent ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid reduced the antagonism. Studies were ·begun on Clostridium botulinum, a putrefactive, anaerobic bacterium. The closely related species C. sporogenes was used in tests to find under what conditions yield of spores was highest. Thaw drip from fillets of sole, Pacific (grey) cod, halibut, and red snapper was reduced by treatment with sodium tripolyphosphate before freezing. For red spring salmon fillets the treatment did not retard oxidatiqn of the natural oils but, unlike sodium chloride, did not accelerate it. Studies on materials used in making cartons for frozen fish suggested that the most suitable one was patterned polyethylene with wax incorporated into it, the edges being folded rather than scored. Aluminum foil cartons were considered to have some value in making packs for institutions or of specialty products. Cartons of extruded polyethylene, with the edges scored, retarded or prevented loss of moisture from the frozen fish, but promoted development of ice crystals on the surfaces of the product. Cartons of patterned wax with polyethylene incorporated into it, the edges being scored, allowed loss of moisture and hence desiccation of the edges of fillet blocks. , Methods were devised for preparing canned smoked products for several kinds of fish, including Lake Ontario eels and Newfoundland capelin. An apparatus previously designed to measure the shear force required to cut muscle fibers was unsuitable for determining "toughness" of frozen fish. · Findings ·on various aspects of preserving fish are given also in other sections of this report.

UNLOADING FISH FROM VESSELS A hydraulic and an air-lift pump for unloading salmon and similar fish from fishing vessels each showed promise in field tests, and public service patents on 1 them were applied for. ~1 i HOLDING YELLOW PERCH I In yellow perch held under conditions simulating those used industrially, the \i values for muscle glycogen and lactic acid varied widely after death but not in ii association with one another. When the fish were held in gill nets, they lived for as I long as a week. After death, those kept in water for 2 days absorbed water to the extent of 8-10 % of their weight.

36 ·------·--

BIOLOGICAL STATION, LONDON, ONTARIO

W. A. Kennedy, PH.n.(Toronto), Director Whitefish Improvement-Chemical A. H. Lawrie, M.A. (Toronto), Assistant D. P. Scott, PH.D.(British Columbia) Director R. B. Rush, Executive Assistant Lamprey J. J. Tibbles, PH.D.(Wisconsin) Population Dynamics A. Lamsa, M.sc.(Western Ontario) G. -H. Lawler, PH.D. (Toronto) D. P. Dodge, B.S.A.(0.A.C.) S. M. Dustin, M.sc.(Michigan) Great Slave Lake W. A. Davis, B.S.A.(0.A.C.) J. J. Keleher, M.A.(Toronto) , K. A. Wilson, B.s.A.(0.A.C'.)

Lake Superior Special Consu~ant A. H. Lawrie (see above) F. E. J. Fry, PH.D.(Toronto) B. G. H. Johnson, M:.sc.(Western Ontario) · June 1-30

Emphasis in the research was placed on: • Fisheries of Lake Superior and Great Slave Lake. • Control of the sea lamprey in Lake Superior and surveys of its occurrence in Canadian streams. flowing into the Great Lakes. • Improving quality o~ whitefish by control of a Triaenophorus parasite. • Population dynamics of fish in Heming Lake, Manitoba. • Resistance of salmonids to high temperatures.

FISH OF LAKE SUPERIOR / As in 1963, there were spring and fall quotas on commercial fishery of lake trout in Lake Superior to limit catches to the quantities needed for sampling to evaluate the measures being taken to control the sea lamprey and restore lake · trout. The spring quota of 67,500 lb, dressed weight,, was virtually all caught. Of the fall quota, also 67,500 lb, only 42,500 lb were taken. Unusually inclement weather, especially in eastern Lake Superior, appeared to be largely responsible for the shortage. - Superior Shoal, closed since 1956, was reopened to commercial fishing and was heavily fished in the spring. Thunder Bay was also more heavily fished in th~ spring than for several years. These increases were evidently more than offset by the marked decrease in fishing in the fall because of inclement weather. Hence the total effort evidently decreased though it had increased notably in 1963. . On Superior Shoal, 115 fish were caught per 1000 yards of gill net lifted, about six times the lakewide average. But the fish were small, averaging 2.1 lb in dressed weight compared with 2.5 lb elsewhere. If samples from the shoal are disregarded, the average dressed weight of the marketable lake trout caught differed little from that in 1963, 2.46 lb versus· 2.43

37 98212-6 lb, but the number of marketable trout taken per 1000 yards of net lifted increased from 12.l to 15.3. As the increase in catch per net evidently offset the decrease in total effort, the catch totaled about the same as in 1963. Mature lake trout of both sexes were common in catches from Superior Shoal with experimental nets, as in recent years. As in 1963, spawning fish were apparent on offshore grounds south of Michipicoten Island. Some mature fish and a few spawners were reported from various other fishing grounds, indicati~g that spawn­ ing has resumed widely at least on a small scale. The percentage of lake troi:it wounded by lampreys was 2.5 in the fall catches at the western end of the lake, in comparison with 7 in 1963. On the offshore grounds south of Michipicoten Island there was a similar decrease. In Whitefish Bay, OIJ. the eastern part of the lake, the percentage increased to 5.5 from 2.6. Since the trout in the latter area were mainly from a single, planted year-class and have grown since 1963, the increase in wounding was probably due to the increase in size and age of the trout rather than to greater abundance of the lamprey. Elsewhere, scarring rates were much the same as in 1963. About 56% of the Canadian catch were fish that had been planted. Inshore, 75% of those caught had been planted; offshore, less than 0.02%.

CONTROL OF LAMPREY Effectiveness of control measures. Use of a lampricide has evidently reduced the numbers of the sea lamprey in Lake Superior by about 80ro. The numbers of spawning lampreys counted annually at electrical b~rriers as they moved from the lake to streams in Canada and the USA since 1956 were approximately: . . 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 Canada 2,000 2,000 i,400 2,300 . 3,900' 2,900 800 1,100 800 USA 4~,000 53,000 58,000 45,000 37,000 67,000 9,000 11,000 12,000

Eight barriers were operated in Canada; in the USA, varying numbers were operated and the counts were adjusted by estimates as necessary. The lampricide was applied in 1959 to a few streams, and in 1960 to most of the streams known to be infested, and survivors of the 1960 treatments would not be expected to leave the lake as adults and spawn in streams until 1962 or later. Since 1960, all the streams known to be infested have been treated once or more. As most of the lampreys spawn in streams along the. south shore of the lake, . the counts at barriers in the USA are a better index of total abundance in the lake than those at Canadian barriers. The USA counts averaged about 51,000 .from 1956 to 1961 and about 11,000 from i962 to 1964, or nearly 80% less. Evidence from the fishery on both sides of the lake has confirnied that the lampreys have been considerably less abundant from 1962 to 1964 than before. In Canada the percentage decrease was less than in the USA. The average count from 1956 to 1961 was about 2400 and that from 1962 to 1964 about 900, or about 63 % less. Stream surveys. In resurveys of 63 Lake Superior streams in which the lamprey had not been found, it was discovered only in one, Blende Creek. The 38 Moving lampricide by helicopter on rugged terrain. population was very small and after the stream was treated with lampricide only two dead lampreys, in the ammocoete stage, were found. In the lower Great Lakes area, streams were surveyed to determine the need of controlling the lamprey. Of 23 streams flowing into Lake St. Clair or the Detroit or St. Clair River, the lamprey was found in 1; of 474 flowing into Lake Erie, 6; of 136 flowing into southern Lake Huron excepting the two rivers in which the lamprey had previously been found to be abundant, O; of 293 flowing into Lake Ontario, 21 (5 for the first time). By chemicals. The lampricide TFM was applied to 15 Lake Superior streams. Three of these were treated for the first time, the lamprey having been discovered in them recently. One of the three was the Nipigon River, which contributes about one-fifth of the total inflow into Lake Superior. As in 1963, the synergist Bayer 73 was used on the larger watersheds and reduced the dosage of TFM needed by about 50% . Sampling by trawling. An electrified beam trawl was used for collecting lamprey ammocoetes in Batchawana, Michipicoten, and Nipigon bays and in Helen Lake, an expansion of the Nipigon River. On the basis of the catches the population in Batchawana Bay was estimated at 0.2/ 1000 square yards, practically the same as in 1963.

39 ------~ ·------

WHITEFISH IMPROVEMENT ' By control of pike. Plans were made to learn whether heavy fishing of pike in some commercial lakes would improve the quality of whitefish. Pike is the host of adults of Triaenophorus crassus, an important parasite of whitefish. In Heming Lake, a small lake in Manitoba, the parasite has not been found in pike since it was eliminated in 1957 and it has not been found in whitefish or related fish since 1959. By chemicals. Work was begun on whether whitefish may be improved by controlling T_. crassus by chemicals. (

POPULATION DYNAMICS At Heming Lake, Manitoba, a small balloon trawl was ·used to complement the seines and trap nets that had previously been the main means of catching fish for tagging. The trawl caught fish iii appreciable quantities from the deeper ·areas of the lake where other ,gear had not. As a result, the number of fish tagged, 10,260, was almost 50% more than in 1963. In all, seven species were tagged, Of the 3800 tagged fish caught by commercial fishermen, 44% had been tagged in 1964 and 33% in 1963. Of those tagged in 1964, 16.5% were caught. The percentages of recaptures were similar for spaghetti dart tags and carlin smolt ~~. I All tagged fish were finclipped, a different combination of fins being used each year. Of fi.sh marked in various years and caught in 1964, the percentages that had lost the tags were: Year of, tagging 1964 1963 1962 1961 1960 Number caught 1709 1430 734 195 11 Tags lost, % 1.8 5.7 12.5 43.1 91.0

Fences erected to keep fish in thy lake were evidently effective as only 6 of the tagged fish were found outside the lake. Since 1960, few pike have been fished in the lake and they have increased .markedly in size. ·

LETHAL TEMPERATURES While seconded to the Laboratory for Experimental Limnology, University of. Toronto, at Maple, Ontario, a staff scientist determined the resistances to high temperatures of several species of Salmonidae and their F 1 hybrids after acclima­ ] tion to each of several temperatures. Resistance to heat variec! with time of day, :i. and was greatest about 1 hr later each day than the day before. ( ' . FISH OF GREAT SLAVE LAKE Progress was made in analyzing the records taken in a 20-y.ear study of the commercial fishery in Great Slave Lake. I 40 ·1 ! ------'

ARCTIC BIOLOGICAL STATION, MONTREAL, QUEBEC*

J. G. Hunter, M.A.(British Columbia), Acting Director G. F. Hart, Executive Assistant Fisheries Biological Oceanography J. G. Hunter (see above) E. H. Grainger, PH.D.(McGill) L. Johnson, PH.D. (Leeds) A. S. Bursa, M.sc. (Krakow)

Marine Mammals D. E. Sergeant, PH.n.(Cantab.) A. W. Mansfield, PH.D.(McGill)

The research concerned mainly: • Surveys of abundance of arctic char, lake trout, and Greenland cod in arctic and subarctic w~ters. • Population dynamics of the harp seal in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the area east of Belle Isle. • Surveys of abundance of whales, migration of the grey seal, and seal carriers of the codworm on the Atlantic coast; and life history of the narwhal in arctic waters. • Analyses of plankton collections from the Labrador Sea and Davis Strait especially concerning productivity of zooplankton and distribution of phytoplank- ton. '

ARCTIC CHAR Netti/ling Lake. A survey of arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus, in Nettilling Lake, Baffin Island, suggested that the accumulated stocks of both landlocked and anadromous forms were adequate for commercial fishing for a few years. The landlocked form was abundant enough for worthwhile summer fishing only in certain areas near the mouths of rivers. Many of the fish were parasitized by Diphyllobothrium sp. The anadromous fish began returning to the lake on September 5 and were s~mpled until the survey was discontinued on September 11, because of weather. The growth rate of the char in the lake was found to be slow, and production very limited. Frobisher Bay. In Frobisher Bay the commercial catch of arctic char per unit of effort was similar to that in 1963. Fi:rom 1958 to 1963 the catch-effort ratio for the 10,000-lb quota had decreased steadily though the average size and age of the fish remained constant. The sport and subsistence catches in 1964 were estimated to be 70% below those of previous years.

* Early in 1965 the Station was moved to a new laboratory building at Ste. Anne de Bellevue, a few miles west of Montreal. . 41 Labrador. A study was begun on arctic char in the Nain area of the Labrador coast to find how the heavy fishing affects the stocks.

FISH OF GREAT BEAR LAKE In the second year of a limnological and fishery survey of Great Bear Lake the two northern arms, Smith and Dease, were examined and the morphometry plotted. Both arms had many reefs and shoals within a few feet of the surface. Titrations made at selected sites throughout the lake showed no lack of oxygen in the water, indicating a turnover of the bottom waters, but the mechanism of turnover was not evident. The temperatures below 200 m were nearly constant.

Taking water samples and temperature in Great Bear Lake, N .W.T., at 1400 ft.

Lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, were found throughout the lake. Small catches were taken with gill nets in even the deepest water and as far as 18 miles from the nearest land. Lake whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis, were fairly numerous only in more sheltered bays. Other species of fish caught included walleye, Stizastedion vitreum; northern pike, Esox Lucius; and fourhorn sculpin, Myoxocephalus quadricornis. Invertebrates were found mainly at great depth, in layers of uniform temperature.

42 'I

I MARINE FISH In the Cape Parry are.a and Cambridge Bay, exploratory fishing from the - research vessel Salvelinus was continued by gillnetting, bottom trawling, and longlining. The main fish found were cods, Gadus ogac and Arctogadus borisovi. Bottom areas suitable for cod trawling ·were scarce in the Coronation Gulf area. Use of sonar showed that the fish were very scarce except in semienclosed harbors and bays. Examination of ages of G. ogac taken from 1962 to 1964 indicated that in each year almost all of the fish were of one year-class, suggesting that abundance may fluctuate markedly from period to period. Three stations were sampled a total of 14 times to determine temperature and salinity patterns and to collect plankton samples.

MARINE MAMMALS Harp seal. In the Gulf of St. Lawrence the number pf young harp seals (w}?.itecoats) produced was estimated at 150,000. A known kill 'of 80,500 indicated that the fishing mortality was 54%. The estimate of production was based on tagging from March 1 to 11 and the percentage of tagged seals in commercial . kills, and also on an aerial photographic survey and other sightings of breeding females. ' For one group of seals photographed on 3 days the counts suggested ~hat over 65% were born between February 28 and March 4.' For the area east of Belle Isle (the Front) the production was estimated at 200,000. A kill of 179,000 young seals reported by ships alone indicated that the commerdal fishing mortality was from 80 to 90%. The estimate of production was based on percentage commercial kill of seals tagged in the period March 1 to 11, aerial photographic surveys, and other sightings of breeding females. Under this heavy fishing the Front stocks will continue to decrease despite an increase in fertility in recent years. ·. · White whale. In the northwest part of Hudson Bay, sampling of white whales from a net fishery at Whale Cove was completed. Enough information was collected to determine the vital statistics of the population. East coast whales. In the Gulf of St. Lawrence and offshore areas, several groups of observers reported 10· species of "'.hales, dolphins, and porpoises. About 800 animals were seen, including 32 herds of dolphins and porpoises. The observers included personnel of a new whale fishery off the east coast of Nova Scotia, the research vessel Ha_rengus, ·the cable ship Lord Kelvin, and the R.C.A.F. Grey seals. Tagging and marking of young grey seals, Halichoerus grypus, indicated that they had dispersed widely from their places of birth. The experi­ ments suggested that the large concentrations found at Miquelon and in scattered areas along the Newfoundland and Labrador coasts originate in the southern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and off eastern Nova Scotia. Codworm. In the Gulf of St. Lawrence the harp seal, though it spends a short period there, appeared to be the most important carrier of codworm, Porrocaecum decipiens; and grey and harbor seals were the most important elsewhere on the' 43. -,

coast. For each of various areas, the three species were estimated to account for the following percentages of the total production of eggs from seals, on the basis of the percentage of seals infested and the number of codworms per infested seal: Area Harbour Grey Harp

Southern Gulf ...... 3 14 83 Halifax to Cape North ...... 46 54 Bras d'Or Lakes ···································· 17 83 Halifax to Yarmouth ...... 100 -* Bay of Fundy ...... 100 -* Sable Island ...... 18 82

Narwhal. In Milne Inlet, northern Baffin Island, studies on biology of the narwhal were continued during the summer. Of 18 animals netted, mostly females and their calves, the stomachs contained a few squid beaks and cod otoliths but no signs of recent feeding. Observations suggested that the animals may mate during the summer migration into the inlet. Though narwhals usually travel in herds of up to 10 animals, on several occasions herds of between 100 and 200 were seen in the bay; one herd was estimated to contain at least 2000 of all sizes.

BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY Zoop,lankton. In the central parts of the Labrador Sea and Davis Strait, the regions of greatest standing crop of zooplankton, had the largest numbers of many of the larger stages of Calanus finmarchicus as well as several other species of copepods, amphipods, chaetognaths, pteropods, adult euphausiids, polycha~tes, and ostracods. In the less rich areas the most abundant groups, especially over the Greenland banks, were larvae of echinoderms, cirripedes, and decapod crus­ taceans. The areas with the greater quantities of zooplankton were generally warmer -than those with smaller quantities. Arctic species were not found in water warmer than 3 C, and Atlantic species were seldom found in , water colder than 1.5 C. These findings were based on examination of collections taken by the Canadian vessels Baffin and Sackville during the Norwestlant 2 part of an environmental survey of Greenland waters in 196.3 prompted by the International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries. The distributions were analyzed on the basis of the numbers of zooplankton in the upper 100 m. Phytoplankton. The degree of mixing and penetration of Atlantic into arctic 1 waters was shown by the distributions of various species of phytoplankton collected during the Norwestlant 2 part of the survey of Greenland waters in 1963. A number of nannoplankters were found that produced starch grains, and samples of arctic water contained up to 9 million grains in a free state per litre. No grazers were found capable of digesting the starch, and fecal pellets of the grazers contained large numbers of the gr~ins.

*A few migrant seals only; no stomachs collected. 44 Quantitative samples of. phytoplankton were collected to a depth of 2300 m from the ar~a between the Labrador Sea and Hall Basin by the Canada J?epart­ ment of Mines and Technical Surveys. The samples were the first of their kind from deep northern water. · Landlocked fiords. Work was continued on landlocked fiords as natural laboratories for studying marine productioh. Winton Bay, on the east coast of Baffin Island, was surveyed ill August. The landlocked head of this fiord was colder than _Ogac Lake, which was. studied before, and provided useful records on a number of organisms. ·

MEROMICTIC LAKES In Baker Lake a slightly saline layer of marine ongrn was found on the bottom during the winter. Though the salinity was only 50 ppm at 25 m and 342 ppm at 60 m, the proportions of the constituents showed_ an, inflow o.f sea water 'under certain conditions.

l I }

45 98212-7 (

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' BIOLOGICAL STATION,' ST. ANDREWS, N.B. (including Atlantic Oceanographic Group and Biological Substation, Ellerslie, P.E.l.) J. L. Hart, PH.o:(Toronto), F.R.s.c., Director C. J. Kerswill, PH.D.(Toronto), Assistant Director to Dec. 31 J. C. Medcof, PH.D.(Illinois), Acting Assistant Director from Sept. 9 _ In charge of Offshore Investigations to September 9 W. J. Ross, Executive Assistant Lobster Groundfish D. G. Wilder, PH.D.(Toronto) P. M. ·Powles, PH.D.(McGill) D. W. McLeese, PH.D.(Toronto) A. V. Tyler, M.A~(Toronto) D. J. Scarratt, PH.D.(Wales) From April 20- A. R. Emery, M.sc.(McGill) Oyster From l\fay 11 R. E. Drinnan, B.SC. (London) A. Prakash, PH.D.(British Columbia) On leave to May 14; Pelagic Fish transferred to A.O.G. Aug. 3 S. N. Tibbo, M.A.(Toronto) M. L. H. Thomas, M.s.A.(Toronto) R .. A. McKenzie, M.A.(Toronto) W. B. Stallworthy, PH.D. (Toronto) To June 5 June 1 to July 6 R. D. Humphreys, M.sc.(British Columbia) From July 8 Groundfish J. S. Beckett, B.A.(Cantab.) F. D. McCracken, PH.D.(Toronto) From Feb. 17 L. M. Dickie, PH.D.(Toronto) W. B. Scott, PH.D.(Toronto) A. c, Kohler, PH.D.(McGill) June 8 to July 29 , Gear Development P. J. G. Carrothers, s.M.(M.I.T.) Anadromous Fish ,Fish Behavior · M. W. Smith, PH.D. (Toronto) P. F. Elson, PH.D.(Toronto) F. H. Beamish, PH.D.(Toronto) W. R. L. Saunders, PH.D. (Toronto) Scallop D. P. Dehadrai, PH:o.(Delhi)' N. F. Bourne, PH.D.(Toronto) , National Research Council postdoctoral fellow; from Nov. 2 Fisheries Oceanography _ L. M. Lauzier, D.~c.(Laval) Pollution Atlantic Oceanographic Group J. B. Sprague, PH.D.(Toronto) Bedford Institute -of Oceanography Dartmouth, Nova Scotia Theoretical Population Studies R. W. Trites, PH.D.(British Columbia) J. E. Paloheimo, M.A.(Toronto) D. H. Loring, PH.D.(Manchester) E. L. Cadima, uc.MAm.(Lisbon); to R. F. Platford, PH.D.(Saskatchewan) July 13 A. Prakash, PH.D.(British Columbia) W. R. Knight, PH.D.(Toronto) From August 3 June 12 .to August 31 G. P. Cant, M.sc.(McMaster) To September 4 · B. L. Blackford, M.sc.(M.I.T.) Visiting Scientists D. L. Peer, M:.sc. (Saskatchewan) n.· w. MacLulich, PH.D.(Toronto) On educational leave from October 1 May 29 to June 6 J, R. Chevrier, B.sc.(Laval) A. Heusner, PH.D.(Strasbourg) To September 30 June 24 to August 21 47 9a212-n Emphasis in the research, was placed on lobster, oyster, scallop, groundfish, , pelagic fish, salmon and brook trout, gear developm~nt, pollution, theoretical Jl~ptilation studies, and oceanography. The studies concerned mainly: • Growth, survival and ecology of lobster at various stages. • Importance of climatic variations in oyster production; survey of Mal­ peque disease; rearing on a commercial scale; and control of eelgrass. • Effects of heavy fishing on catches of various groundfish per unit of effort and on the species composition of fish populations; surveys of stocks, including those of unused species; and improving fishing methods on the basis of fish behavi9r. • Analyses of landing statistics for herring, swordfis~, tuna, and sharks. • Ecology of Atlantic salmon and brook trout; improving stream habitats; stocking methods, including those in habitats adversely affected by man; and potentials of various stream habitats. , • Analyses of landing statistics for the sea scallop; growth and survival of larvae in the laboratory; and surveys of beds in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. • Severity, for fish, of mining and pulpmill pollution 1n New Brunswick rivers; and avoidance of and attraction to pollutants by fish. • A mathematical model of growth of fish populations. • Water circulation on the continental shelf and in the Oulf of St. Law­ rence; monitoring seawater temperatures; bottom fauna in the Gulf of St. Law­ rence; and chemical oceanography.

LOBSTER Lobsters were studied in the field and the laboratory to assess the effects of the fishery regulations; to study the growth, behavior, and ecology of larvae and juveniles; to improve methods of storage and shipment, including control of disease; to measure growth and survival of sublegal lobsters released by fishermen; and, if possible, to increase production. Larvae. In the field, attempts to capture deep-swimming or newly settled larvae ' were not successful. In surface fishing, density of stage IV larvae was observed to be higher at night than at any time in recent years. In the laboratory, larvae that were hatched below 15 C did not survive to stage V even when the temperature rose to 17 C during the later part of the experiment. Of larvae hatched a:bove 15 C, 26% reached stage V. Larvae avoided cold water in a vertical temperature gradient, and early larvae responded positively and briefly to ,( increase in light. Stage IV larvae started to settle when they were about a third through the stage. Bottom survey. Off Richibucto, New Brunswick, sampling by diving at 30 stations yielded relatively more very small lob_sters than bottom dragging did. The numbers of lobsters of the various sublegal sizes suggested an annual natural mortality of about 45 % . Also, the bottom was surveyed in cooperation with the Geological Survey of Canada to select a site for an artificial reef for lobsters.

48 The Pandalus II ( 46 ft), showing one of the rectangular nets used in making surface collections of the free-swimming larvae of lobsters.

Growth and survival in nature. Drilling small holes in the tail fan to study growth did not affect survival. In May of 1963, 1000 lobsters just below legal size that were tagged and 1000 that were both tagged and drilled were released off Port Maitland, Nova Scotia. The numbers of the two groups caught by fishermen within a year did not differ significantly. Of the 1000 that were drilled, only about 11 % were of legal size when caught. The experiment confirmed earlier work indicating slow growth and low survival in the Port Maitland area. Growth and survival in captivity. In 1963, growth was slow and survival low in lobsters of sublegal size that were reared at three temperatures on herring at three rates. In a test in 1964 to find whether the enzyme thiaminase caused a diet deficiency by destroying vitamin B1 , a diet of cod supplemented with beef liver decreased mortality but did not increase growth appreciably. The survivors from 1963 were fed herring, or cod supplemented with beef liver, or starved. Increase in carapace length per molt averaged 6.2, 6.5, and 3.6%, and mortality over 6t months 34, 20, and 58 %. Blood disease. In a joint study with the Board's laboratory at Halifax, N.S., lobsters carrying Gaff kya homari, the organism that causes the blood disease gaffkaemia, were free of the organism after 4 months' storage. Of lobsters newly caught off North Rustico, P.E.I., about 18% carried Gafjkya-like bacteria, but

49 laboratory tests showed that only 2.4% carried G. homari. When 1400 lobsters with Gafjkya-like bacteria were stored for 4 months in 12 groups under various temperature, oxygen, and feeding conditions, the disease did not develop ill any group. Among lobsters stored commercially, however, ga:ffkaemia epidemics oc­ curred at three points on Northumberland Strait. In the experiment the percentage moulting increased with temperature but decreased with starvation and low oxygen supply. Mortality averaged 55% and was associated mainly with moulting and cannibalism. Proposed transplant to British Columbia. A brief survey of two lagoons on the British Columbia coast in cooperation with the Board's station at Nanaimo suggested that few grounds there are well suited to lobsters. Both lagoons had a narrow zone of suitable rocky bottom around, the margin and were judged to have a very limited capacity for lobsters. Though most of the coast of British Columbia is rugged and precipitous, the Hecate Strait area warrants further study.

OYSTER Oysters were studied at the Biological Substation at Ellerslie, Malpeque Bay, P.EI., in cooperation with the Conservation and Development Service of the Department of Fisheries of Canada; which operates oyster culture stations at several other sites in the Maritimes. To determine the importance of climatic variations in oyster production, analysis of meteorological and hydrographic records for Malpeque Bay for many years was begun. As eastern Canada is near the northern limit for oysters, climate is important in regulating natural reproduction and growth. At Ellerslie the summer of 1964 was cool and dry, and the water tempera­ tures consistently below the long-term average. In line with these conditions, experimental oysters grew slower than usual and were thin in the fall. Larvae were not abundant and many died. ,Spatfall was generally light. Growth and survival of spat were poor. Several commercial-scale rearings to the settling stage were made at the oyster . hatchery built at Ellerslie by the Fish Culture Branch of the Department of Fisheries and operated jointly by the Board and the Department. The spat was put out in natural conditions. As survival and growth were generally poor, intensive culture of 'the early juvenile stages will be necessary in at least some years to provide seed oysters in quantities that will meet the potential of the industry in the· Maritimes. ' The fauna and flora of the Malpeque estuary were described in relation to physical fact?rs limiting their distribution and abundance. Practically all the oyster areas of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were found to have recovered from the recent epidemics of Malpeque disease, r~sistant populations being established in all but the northernmost areas 'of New Brunswick. Studies were begun on control of eelgrass, by either physical or chemical .means. This seaweed, whiCh is still colonizing the Maritimes after dying off some years ago, interferes with fishing and increases silting but may be important in stabilizing bottom ~aterials. Certain chemicals were found effective, but cannot be

50 recommended for use on oyster beds until more is known, of their side effects. Observations were made on growth rate throughout the Maritimes to allow ·the most effective use of control measures. The chemical BioMet TBTO, which recently was promising as a cheap and easy means of controlling shipworms in fishery installations, was shown to affect oyster growth seriously. Treating lobsters traps with the chemical did not affect the number caught.

SCALLOP The scallop fishery has recently expanded greatly. The landings of sea scallops were expected to be about the same as in 1963 or slightly greater. Over 90 % of the landings were likely to come from the offshore fleet, which fished . mostly on Georges Bank. The Bank was fished over a greater area than before, especially in deep water. Offshore landings from Browns Bank and the southern part of the Bay of Fundy were much less ihan in 1963, but in a few trips to St. Pierre most of the catches were gpod. Though new boats were added to the fleet, its size remained about the same as in 1963 because some boats were converted to other fisheries. ' · The inshore fishery prospered and landings were expected to be greater than in 1963. Good fishing continued in the southern part of the Bay of Fundy and on small beds in the southern' part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In the Gulf of St. Lawrence, about 30,000 lb of meats with female roes attached were processed for European markets. Work was begun on whether the value of the landings can b_e increased by using female roes and other soft parts. Surveys. The main scallop beds in the southern part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. were .resurveyed. New beds were found off Boughton Island, Cape Wolfe, and Richibucto, and all these were 'fished commercially in 1964. Small beds were found off the southern end of the Magdalen Islands, and these were worth fishing by boats based in th~-Islands. Larvae. In continued laboratory studies on sea scallop larvae, initial growth was fastest at 15 C but survival was highest at 10 C. Growth and survival were not improved by antibiotics. Growth was slow in all cultures and no larvae reached the settling stage. A series of photographs was made of the early stages of the larvae.

CLAM r i. A survey was begun on clam beds at the outlet of Eel River, N.B., to find I; '"'• I . what effects a dam built across the top of the estuary to retain fresh water may have on survival of clams. The most obvious change noted so far is that the beds ate more readily accessible because the estuary is. reduced in area and the beds are exposed longer at low tide.

GROUND FISH In the last 10 years, groundfish landings from the Northwest Atlantic have increased rapidly with increasing effort by many nations, and new stocks and species have been fished. Canada still takes the largest sing!~ share of this ~atch.

51 I

Many stocks of traditional species, such as cod and haddock, ·appear to be approaching the maximum sustainable yields of sizes that have been used commer­ cially. The recent high yields from some slow-growing stocks of redfish Sebastes mentella have evidently depended heavily on stocks accumulated before exploitation began; the sustainable annual yields will probably be much lower. Minimum mesh sizes for cod, haddock, and some flatfish have helped decrease waste and may have helped maintain catches of large fish. But they are not adequate to offset the expected sharp downward trend in catch per unit of effort if fishing intensity continues to increase. The International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries prompted studies on the effects of various possible regulations to offset such a decline. · ·;5'., ;: In 1964 the Canadian fishery increased effort in ·western regions (Browns, LaHave, and Georges banks), increased ~se of stern trawlers, and increased :flexibility in fishing operations. To the end of August, groundfish fandings in the Maritime Provinces were about 13% greater than in the same period of 1963. Nova.Scotiim landings provided most of the increase, all of them being higher than in 1963 except for redfish, catfish, ~nd halibut. ·The redfish ~andings ·decreased because of a short-term marketing problem, and those of halibut and catfish from decreased effort. Haddock fandings increased because of continuing year-round effort in the western regions. Y ellowtail landings from the Banquereau region contributed to increased landings of flatfish. Canadian landings of cod from the Gulf of St. Lawrence were expected to be slightly lower than in 1963. · Cod. Cod predominated in landings from the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence area and eastern Nova Scotia~ Landings from these stocks increased markedly in the early 1950s but since about 1956 have remained steady at about 150 million lb. These increased landings, shared by Canadian and European trawlers, have notably decreased the numbers of old cod present and lowered the size ·and age of cod landed. Studies resumed in 1964 aftyr a lapse of a year showed little change in sizes of fish landed. Most of the cod were between 40 and 70 cm long, those about 49 cm long being the most common. The discards by Canadian trawlers in the Gulf of St. Lawrence were estimated at 2 % by number and 1 % by weight; large mesh and increased acceptance of smaller cod continued to reduce the discards. In the Magdalen Shallows the annual fall survey showed more 3-year-olds than usual, so that scrod landings should increase in 1965. In September, cod were evidently spread uniformly over the surveyed area without relation to bottom temperatures (0.2-11.2 C) or to_ feeding. In the Cape Breton area a winter survey with the research vessel A. T. Cameron confirmed the desirabi)ity of encouraging Canadian effort for winter concentrations of cod there. Echo'-sounder runs and hauls at selected stations . showed that cod were distributed continuously from the edge of the ice in Sydney Bight along the western edge of the Laurentian Channel and along the northern edge of the deep-water qhannel leading into Chedabucto Bay at depths of 70-125 fath. From con.centrations ··at··80-95 fath,. shown by sounders, catches of up to 9000 lb were taken in a t-hr tow.

52 Flatfish. The· flatfish studied most was the witch flounder, or greysole. This species is important for Canadian seinenetters off eastern Nova Scotia and western .Newfoundland in spring and fall and for Canadian otter trawlers off eastern Nova Scotia in winter. Off the Cape Breton coast, sampling from a research vessel showed the stocks to be of similar sizes and ages in all areas, the. 1954 year-class being most abundant. To the west, around Middle and Sable Island banks, fewer old and more \ young witch were taken, and the ·1955 and 1956 year-classes were the most )~ abundant. I·. Species ·associations. Studies were begun on sampling methods. to det1?rmine ~· effects of species on one another, and the way in which these are affected by increased fishing effort and reductions in numbers of large fish. In a series of hauls within a limited area, various species were most abundant at certain depths but the relative numbers of some species varied within uniform depths. Early analyses of records of abundance suggested that community organiza- tion helps to reduce competition. · ExjJloratory fishing. Much of the increase in Canadian groundfish landings siJ;J.ce 1950 has come from increased use of such species as redfish, American . plaice, greysole, and winter flounder. Exploratory fishing was carried out on the feasibility of continuing this kind of expansion, and biological studies were begun on some of the potential new species. On the Scotian Shelf, two species not yet used by Canada have often been taken in appreciable quantities in survey cruises with fine-mesh nets: silver hake, Mer/uccius bilinearis, and argentine, Argentina. silus. In 1963 the USSR took about 200 million lb of silver hake. In late September and October of 1964 few silver hake were taken from the Shelf in exploratory fishing with a chartered ves~el, but fairly large catches of argentines (up to 6000 lb/hr) were taken from de~per water south of Emerald and LaHave banks. The scarcity of silver hake in the fall, and eiulier observations on USSR trawl~rs, suggested that this species may be numerous in the area only in summer.

PELAGIC FISH Observations on herring and mackerel were continued but increasing empha­ sis was placed on large species, including swordfish, tuna, and commercially valuable sharks. The main studies concerned: analyses of catch statistics for all species; size and age of herring in the Bay of Fundy and of mackerel off southwest Nova Scotia; size composition of swordfish and tuna landings; and distribution arid migration of herring, swordfish, tuna, and sharks. · ' Landings .of all pelagic species to the end of September totaled 284 million lb, 20% more than in 1963. · , · · Herring. Herring landings were generally high throughout the Canadian Atlantic, and in the Bay of Fundy area they reached a record high of 129 million lb. In routine samples in the Passamaquoddy area the mean length ranged from 89 to 255 mm and the mean age from 1.0 to 3.4 years. Spring- and fall-spawned fish occurred in the ratio of about 1 :4. Catches by fishermen from 6112 tagged herring

53 were made mainly in the tagging area (Letite Pa§sage), but some were made to the eastward along the New Brunswick shore and across the Bay of Fundy to Digby. Of those marked with spaghetti-type tags, 10% were caught; of those with opercular tags, 1 % . Mackerel. Mackerel landings increased in all areas except the Bay of Fundy. The total to the end of September was 58% greater than in the same period in 1963. Sampling in southwest Nova Scotia indicated somewhat smaller fish (34.7 ) cm) than in 1963 (35.8 cm). .-.( Swordfish. To the end of August, swordfish landings were nearly 25 % higher - ·~1 than in the same period in 1963. But the catches decreased sharply in September, so that the total to September 30 was 10% lower. Swordfish taken by longline were smaller (mean weight less than 150 lb) than those harpooned (mean weight more than 190 lb) .. Stomach contents of. samples suggested that the fish fed both near the surface and at considerable depths. For longlined fish in the areas examined the ratio of females to males was about 3: 1. Tuna. Tuna catches were fourfold those in 1963. The increase was .due mainly to two 'New Brunswick purse seiners that were operated for their first full season. Landings from these vessels consisted of bluefin and skipjack tunas in the ratio of about 3: 2. Bluefins ranged in length from 66 to 182 cm and were of at least six year-classes; skipjacks, from 45 to 60 cin and not more than two _year-classes. · Shark. Though sharks are not important in Canadian fishing, the catch ·(mainly porbeagles) was more than twice that of 1963. Various species were described, and work was expanded on tagging and on recording distri,butions.

ANADROMOUS FISH The main studies on anadromous fish concern maintaining and improving stocks of Atlantic salmon and brook trout, and are largely on life in fresh water and estuaries._ They deal with relations between environment and survival and growth; ecology of the species hi nature; altering the habitat to improve produc­ tion; and the best use of hatchery products in habitats adversely affected by pollution, damming, and lumbering. Abundance of adult salmon. As in 1963, there were large runs of salmon into at least the major salmon streams of the Maritime Provinces. In both years the runs were mainly of grilse (fish of 1 sea-year). Captures in research traps on the Miramichi River gave no evidence of an increase in the percentage of large salmon (fish of 2 sea-years or more). In recent· years, 19 salmon tagged as smolts or adults in rivers of New­ foundland and southward in Canada have been reported in the commercial salmon fishery off Greenland. As this fishery takes several hundred metric tons per year and is increasing rapidly, it may adversely affect the fishery in Atlantic waters of Canada. -· Survival and growth of young salmon in salt water. In the laboratory, Atlantic salmon fry grew as fast in water of 2-12%0 salinity as in fresh water and

54 few died, especially when beginning to feed. In water of 30%0 salinity, about 70% of parr died during 1 the cold-water period. At 22%0 salinity, few died but the fish did not grow as fast as those held at 7-15%0 salinity or in fresh water. At all salinities, the parr changed to smolts at about the s~me time. Post-smolts grew best at 30%0 salinity, .but grew well in fresh water and at 7-22%0 salinity without revertitig to the typical parr appearance. Ecology and behavior of young salmon and trout in natural waters. Seeding , of the Pollett· River near Elgin, N.B., with salmon· showed that' 1 t-2 times as many smolts survived in the upper reaches as in the lower. The upper reaches are steeper than the lower, and have mainly a cobble and gravel bottom rather than a ·smooth one. Also, the parr preferred swift water in Little River, a tributary of the Northwest Miramichi. This preference partly segregated the parr from young brook trout, which preferred the quieter water of pools, and cover. Where the two species occurred together, there was little indication that they had different food preferences. Both young salmon and trout appeared to be most active, and hence most readily seen, in early morning and late evening and on cloudy days. . Salmon parr appeared to prefer certain areas in small streams. In summer they returned to these areas after having been moved experimentally as far as 1500 feet up or down river. Altering the habitat to improve production of salmon and trout. On the Margaree River in Cape Breton, N. S., censuses of young salmon at various stages suggested that the older parr had increased _in numbers as a result of control of mergansers there since 1962. But, as most Margaree salmon return after 2 or 3 years at sea, no conspicuous improvement could be expected until 1965 or 1966. A higher than usual percentage of grilse in the angling catches suggested that the smolt run in 1963 was greater than usual.· The trout-carrying capacity of the stream above the pond in. Ellerslie Brook, P. E. I., was substantially improved by installing low dams, .deflectors, and cover in 1961. The number of fingerlings and older trout in 1964 was. higher than ever before. The total catch of trout by anglers from the stream averaged 603 for the past 3 years, in contrast to 25 6 for the previous 9 years. Stocking to supplement natural production of salmon and trout. Where natural habitats for young salmon and trout have been impaired by pollution or dam construction, stocking ·the streams with smolts has, in general, given very low returns. So far, large smolts have given higher returns than small ones, smolts of grilse parentage have tended to return as grilse, and,fish of early-run parentage have tended to re-enter fresh water earlier than those of late-run parentage. The highest returns have been as follows: from 1000 smolts planted in the Miramichi River in 1963, 6.4% returned as grilse in 1964; in the Margaree River, 2000 large smolts planted in 1963 contributed 33 grilse to anglers in 1964, or nearly 8 % of the season's catch by anglers. Of :fingerlings planted since 1961 in the estuary below the pond formed on Ellerslie Brook, ·P. E. I., as many as 28% were caught by anglers; of yearlings, 31 % . From six plantings in the freshwater part of the Ellerslie system, anglers caught 1.4% of those released as fingerlings and 19% of those released as yearlings.

55 BEHAVIOR Behavior, mainly of groundfish, was studied for knowledge of use in designing fishing gear and also in surveys and tagging. Muscular fatigue. Mortalities of about 30% in haddock after capture in '- 30-min otter trawls were attributed to fatigue. Haddock surviving did not regain full swimming capacity (measured by lactic acid content of the blood) for about 4 hr. These findings may help to explain why recaptures of tagged haddock are usually low. Also, they may be important in survival of haddock that escape from large-mesh otter trawls. Swimming speeds of redfish. In a current of 45 cm/sec at 11 C, redfish swam continuously for up to 7 days. When 'the velocity was 60 cm/sec the swimming time was 12 min; when it was 135 cm/sec, about 36 sec. Daily vertical movements. Experimental hauls from 1959 to 1964 showed that, in general, catches of cod, haddock, redfish, and American plaice were lower at night than in daylight. More small haddock were taken in daylight than, at night, and apparently more large ones at night. In the laboratory, with photoperiods simulating those in nature, unfed cod moved about 20-40% as much in darkness as in light when caged singly. Groups of five moved more than single fish in darkness, but less than groups of the same size in light. Reaction to sound. In- preliminary trials, cod reacted to sounds between 125 and 4000 cycles/sec. To determine auditory capacity more accurately, a tank with little echo was built and electronic equipment was installed. '

GEAR DEVELOPMENT Trawl design was studied on - the basis of engineering principles, fish behavior, and towing characteristics of vessels. New instruments were designed and built to measure trawl performance, but await testing and development of methods 'of using them. Also, progress was made in designing a special housing for an underwater camera to be used on a trawl headline in studying fish behavior.

POLLUTION Laboratory experiments were completed on "safe" levels of metal-mining pollution for fish, and studies were continued on avoidance reactions of fish to various pollutants that occur in the Maritimes. Chemical monitoring showed that mining pollution in the Northwest Miramichi River was severe, though not so great as in 1963. Dry weather in late summer and early fall helped keep it fairly low. But the average pollution for May was in the lethal range and .had been exceeded by only two monthly averages in the previous 4 years. Laboratory studies showed that levels of mining pollution during winter may be critical for survival of fish. At winter temperatures, low concentrations of zinc caused slow, erratic mortality ·though they did not kill fish at summer temperatures'.

56 The mortality may have resulted from a combination of temperature and poison stresses on internal organs. The lo.w temperatures ,did not affect avoidance reactions of fish to zinc. Nor were detection and avoidance appreciably affected by exposure to concentration~ higher than the threshold for avoidance. Analyses of chemical surveys of the Saint John River and estuary confirmed earlier conclusions about interaction of pollution and impoundments. Pollution, mostly from an upstream pulp mill, depleted oxygen, and impoundments reduced aeration of the water and caused the effects to reach further downstream. Studies on several pollutants important in the Maritirnes showed that mill or [ municipal wastes may be barriers to fish movements, but that we cannot necessarily '- ·' . depend on the natural reactions of fish to protect them from pollution. Low concentrations of some wastes ,such as kraft pulp mill effluent, chlorine, and detergents caused avoidance reactions. But the fish did not avoid phenol, even at near-lethal concentrations, and were attracted by a near-lethal concentration of chlorine.

THEORETICAL ·POPULATION STUDIES The main studies were on the dynamics of fish populations. Sampling problems included estimating the abundance of scallops and oyster larvae and analyzing records of groundfish catches by meshes of varim;is sizes. · As an aid in understanding the mechanisms governing responses of fish populations, including competition between species, a mathematical model of growth was deyeloped. Studies on the relations between fishermen's catches per unit of effort and the abundance and distribution of fish suggested that the efficiency of the eastern Canadian trawling fleet may be improved considerably by a fish-finding service. For use of -an electronic computer newly made available by the University of New Brunswick, input and output routines were developed for processing some records on groundfish.

OCEANOGRAPHY The main studies on oceanography are on environmental factors and their variations in space and time that concern fisheries. At St. Andrews, water circulation is studied in relation to fish movements. At the Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, N.S., the Atlantic Oceanographic Group studies sub­ marine geology and geochemistry and physical, chemical, and biological oceanog­ raphy. At St. Andrews, in cooperation with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Insti­ tution, analysis of data from 17,000 drift bottles released between 1948 and 1962 showed that each sector of the continental shelf has distinctive seasonal nontidal drift patterns. Use of sea-bed dr~ters confirmed consistently southeasterly drift along the slopes of the Laurentian Channel at depths of less than 100 fath. Analysis of seawater temperatures along the Canadian Atlantic coast in 1964 showed the water to be notably cold, record low temperatures being recorded at several points. In late July, temperatures in the deep waters of the Scotian Shelf were the lowest recorded since 1950, and lower than those in the 1930s. In the Gulf of St. Lawrnece, surface temperatures were also below average. In cooperation with the marine biological station of the Province of Quebec at Grande-Riviere, the marine climate at the entrance to the Bay of Chaleur was compared with those at other points along the Canadian coast. Causes of the ;various differences were elucidated. Progress was made by the Atlantic Oceanographic Group in studying water. circulatipn and driving forces in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. A two-dimensional, eiectrical analog model of wind-driven circulation was helpful. To help in determining the distribution of fish in relation to bottom condi­ tions, charts were prepared of mean bottom temperatures and salinities by months for the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Data ·were provided by the Canadian Oceanographic Data Centre, Canada Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, Ottawa. The distribution of sediments on the Magdalen Shallows was analyzed on the basis of grain size, lithology, and composition to find the general conditions for deposition in the area. · Progress was made in developing and testing methods for studying the bottom fauna in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Work was begun on identifying biological arid other oceanographic factors that govern seasonal and local congregations , of "commercial species. In chemical oceanography, progress was made in measuring activity coeffi­ cients as a guide to estimating concentrations of various inorganic C(,lmpounds in sea water. The activity coefficients of sodium chloride and sodium sulphate solu-. · tions were measured in relation to temperature and salinity.

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RESEARCH LABORATORY, HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA (including Technological Unit, St. John's, Newfoundland, and Technological Station, Grande-Riviere, Quebec)

D. R. Idler, D.F.c., PH.D.(Wisconsin), Director C. H. Castell, M.S.A. (Toronto), Assistant Director P. M. Jangaard, M.ENG.(N.S .. Tech. Coll.), Scientific Liaison Officer; from November t I. J. Rattray (Miss), Exec~tive Assistant Proteins: Fresh and Frozen Fish Barbara A. Moore, B.sc.(Dalhousie) w. J. Dyer, PH.D.(McGill), F.C.I.C. From May 19 J. R. Dingle, PH.D.(Toronto), F.c.r.c. J. W. Cornick, M.S.A.(Toronto) D. G. Ellis, B.sc.(Queen's) Marine Natural Products Doris I. Hiltz, B.sc.(Acadia) J. A. Hines, B.,SC.(St. Francis Xavier) D. R. Idler (see above) S. Y. Lo, M.sc.(McGill); from October 13 P. H. Odense, PH.D.(Oklahoma) H. Brockerhoff, PH.D.(Cologne) H. C. Freeman, M.sc.(Acadia) Marine Lipids Beryl Truscott, M.sc.(Queen's) R. J. Hoyle, M.A.(Cantab.) R. G. Ackman, PH.D.(London) C. W. Shinners, B;sc.(St. Dunstan's) P. M. · Jangaard (see above) Heather C. Macnab, B.S.A. (Tqronto) J. C. Sipos, M.A.(Torontq) A. Saito, D.T.(Osaka); from October 23 Carol M. Bishop, B.A.(Oxon.) From September 28. Marine Microbiology M. Yurkowski, M.sc.(Saskatchewan) C. H .. Castell (see above) M. S. Mounib, PH.D.(Aberdee11); from J. E. Stewart, PH.D.(lowa) March 20 M. F. Li, PH.D.(Alberta) H. S. Shieh, PH.D.(McGill) N. Dambergs, ING.CHIM.(Nancy). K. Ronald, PH.D. (McGiB); to July 7 Processing and Products Visiting Scientist H. E. Power, B.E.(N.S. Tech. Coll.) F. . N agayama, PH.D. (Kyushu), National A. L. Wood, B.E.(N.S. Tech. Coll.) Research . Council postdoctorate fellow: to November 26

TECHNOLOGICAL STATION, GRANDE-RNIERE, QUEBEC R. Legendre, M.ENG.(McGill), Director H. P. Dussault, M.sc.(McGill) T. C. Leung, B.sc. (Dalhousie) R. W. Kohl, B.sc.(Miami); from November From May 25

TECHNOLOGICAL UNn', ST. JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND W. A. Maccallum, M.sc.(Dalhousie), Scientist in Charge J. T. Lauder, B.sc.(Memorial) Coty Lasola, B.sc.(St. Thomas) Rosamund M. Gover, B.sc.(Memorial) From May 19 From September 16 · Dorothy A. Chalker, B.sc.(Memorial) To July 10

59 The research concerned mainly: • Maintaining or improving quality of products by studies on diseases of lobster and oyster; an odorous substance in cod; irradiating scallop, haddock, and lobster meat; freeze-drying cod; superchilling cod before freezing; freezing, thawing, ·and refreezing of trawler-caught cod and redfish; holding trap-caught cod in cold water; reducing thaw drip from frozen cod; and factors inducing changes in cod and lobster tissues during processing and storage. • Properties of blood of healthy cod; wound healing; metabolism of reproductive hormones in fish; and identifying species and populations by types of proteins in the muscle and various body fluids. · • Freezing of ~almon sperm; a unit for holding and displaying live lobsters; and properties of oils from unused or underused species.

DISEASES OF LOBSTER, OYSTER, AND Con Blood disease of lobster. In a joint study with the Board's station at St. Andrews, N.B., lobsters carrying Gafjkya homari, the organism that causes the blood disease gaffkaemia, were free of the organism after 4 months' storage. Of lobsters newly caught off North Rustico, P.E.I., about 18% carried Gafjkya-like bacteria, but laboratory tests showed that only 2.4% carried G. homari. When 1500 lobsters with Gafjkya-like bacteria were stored for 4 months in 12 groups under various temperature, oxygen, and feeding conditions, the disease did not develop in any group.

Defence mechanisms against infection in lobster. A test tha~ appeared suitable for showing bactericidal activity in the blood of lobsters was developed. In preliminary trials, neither the serum nor cells showed bactericidal activity· against Gafjkya homari, the organism that causes the blood disease gaffkaemia. Evidently the serum contains substances that promote growth of this organism and so are important in its pathogenicity. But in live rabbits, many red blood cells were destroyed by the phagocytes of lobster blood. Tissue cultures for detecting infective agent of Malpeque disease of oyster. Work was begun on detecting the infective agent of Malpeque disease of oysters by use of various tissue lines, such as L-cells, Hela-c;ells, RTG-cells, and cells propagated from oyster heart explants. Experimental tissue was obtained from susceptible oysters from Cape Breton, N.S., that had been placed for 2 years in - Malpeque Bay, P.E.I., an infested area. From only one of the oysters was a cytopathogenic effect found in the tissue, and the effect disappeared in the second or third transfer from one of the cell systems to another. Presu!Jlably, the effect was due to a substance in the oyster that was toxic to the cells rather than to an infective organism. Examination of the cells of part of each oyster studied showed no lesions typical of the disease. Further work is planned. on oysters in the preliminary and advanced stages of the disease. Blood test to detect Malpeque disease in oyster. Serological tests begun to ·distinguish between oysters susceptible to Malpeque disease and those that are not susceptible showed that oysters from Malpeque Bay, P.E.I., had at least one antigen not found in susceptible oysters.

60 Relation of number of cells and protein in blood to meat yield of lobster. Blood protein values and cell counts were each found useful as indexes to the rate of muscle change during nutrition studies on lobsters, to meat yield, and to health of the animals. The blood cell and protein values were found for about 600 lobsters that were starved, fed, or freshly caught at various times of the year. The lobsters were then killed and the weight of muscle was calculated as a percentage of the live body-weight. Factors in cod skin that stimulate or inhibit growth. In assays on mouse tissue (L-cells) grown in suspension, fractions of mucoprotein prepared from cod skin ,f:;. .and presumed to contain promine stimulated growth and those presumed to contain retine inhibited it. Though promin~ and retine were known to stimulate and inhibit growth in various mammalian tissues, this is the first evidence of their presence in fish tissue. Confirmation of the findings would be important in understanding growth and wound healing · in fish and hence survival of those released after being injured or tagged.

Physiology of cod blood. The normal properties of cod blood during a peri~d .of 18 months were determined, mainly by sampling an inshore population monthly and calculating the values from more than 300 fish. The mean number of erythrocytes.was 1.618 X l06/mm3 and was the only property that varied between seasons. The counts increased before and during the spawning period (April and May) and were lowest from June to August. The packed cell volume, total hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were each much lower than in mackerel, a more active teleost. The blood pH varied little from 72, mainly when the fish were under severe stress. The volume of blood averaged 2.4% of body weight. At 7 C, a common environmental temperature for cod, the average dotting time of the plasma was nearly 9 min.

QUALITY OF J<:RESH AND FROZEN FISH Odor in cod from Labrador. Dimethyl sulphide was id~ntified as the source of the mildly objectionable odor ("blackberry") in cod caught· in some areas off Labrador at certain times of the year. Tests to identify the chemical were developed, and joint studies with the Atlantic Regional Laboratory, National Research Council of Canada, showed that several species of planktonic marine algae common in the North Atlantic contained significant amounts of dimethyl­ propiothetin, the biological precursor of dimethyl sulphide. In cod fed in the laboratory on herring containing the precursor, the thetin accumulated in the flesh but dimethyl sulphide did not. Presumably the thetin is largely proken down in nature by an intermediary zooplankton to give dimethyl sulphide and probably acrylic acid. After cod cease' feeding on food containing these materials the accumulations are evidently excreted rapidly. Experiments suggested that any accumulation of thetin causes objectional odors in certain types of cooking. Superchilled cod. In tests begun on chilling cod to -3 C the partly frpzen product so obtained lost quality more rapidly than iced fish during the first 7 days

61 ·-- ---~------~------~~------

but ~thereafter remained acceptable for at least 32 days. The frozen product prepared from the superchilled fish was acceptable, but was not of as high quality as that from high-quality iced fish. Glycolytic and associated changes in cod muscle. In aquarium.:.held cod, though much variation in metabolite concentration in muscle at death -was attributable only to variation with anatomical position within the fillet, appreciable differences were found to be due to muscular activity before death. In fish killed while completely relaxed, immediately postmortem levels of glycogen, lactate, and high-energy phosphate compounds varied little throughout the white and red muscles; the lactate levels were very low, below 30 mg/100 g, and the contents of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and creatine phosphate were high. When alarmed fish were quickly netted and killed by-stunning with little struggling, partial glycolysis was indicated by increased lactate levels, about 100 mg/100 g, and by lower content of high-energy phosphate compounds, especially in the anterior region. In general, the highest content of glycogen was found in the midsection of these fish; the average concentrations of metabolites were similar in the red and white muscles. In the white muscle of. exhausted fish, the energy reserves at death were largely and uniformly depleted. But in the red muscle the glycolytic activity during the struggle before death was negligible, as indicated by much higher levels of glycogen and nucleotide compounds. Effects of using both sodium tripolyphosphate and brine in freezing cod. Treating fillets from offshore cod with both brine and sodium polyphosphate _gave less thaw drip than treatment with brine alone, but did not improve taste panel scores or other characteristics. The thaw drip was considerably less than in previous trials with unbrined samples or those treated with sodium polyphosphate alone. The uptake of .solution was about 4% for the brine treatment and just over 5 % for treatment with the two salts, the sodium chlo~ide content being about 1 % in each and that of sodium tripolyphosphate about 0.4%. For frozen ·samples stored up to 9 months at+ 10 or -10 F, thaw drip was 2-4% after brining and.1-2% after treatment with both salts. The tail and thin portions of the fillets, treated separately up.der tlie same conditions, absorbed about twice as much of each salt as the main portions. The thaw drip for the former portions was about 1.5% after brining and 0.5% after treatment with both salts. No flavors attributable to polyphosphate were found in taste testing, but the trimmings were much too salty. In studies on effects of sodium polyphosphate on solubility and enzymic properties of myosin, this salt resembled ATP in its action. But the polyphosphate did not affect and was not split by the adenosine triphosphatase of myosin. The polyphosphate had little effect on the dependence of solubility of myosin B on ionic strength, though ATP increased the solubility of the protein system at low salt concentration. Nonbacterial deterioration. Rancidity in lean fish muscle due to oxidation of lipids: Continued studies on rancidity due to oxidation of lipids in the tissue of 11onfatty fish helped to explain why the fish become rancid only occasionally.

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Addition of certain amino acids affected the rate of development of rancidity differently under different conditions. Cystine, for example, was a mild antioxidant at an acid pH i:µid strongly promoted oxidation at an alkaline pH. But cysteine strongly promoted oxidation at high acidity. Under the conditions promoting oxidation by either of these compounds, when copper was used as a catalyst the compound interacted with the added copper ions so that the rancidity was less than with cysteine alone. Other sulphur-containing compounds that by themselves promote oxidation had their effects retarded by copper. Many of these sulphur compounds produced extremely strong-smelling end-products that were readily tasted long before the normal rancid odors appeared. · ·Many other common electrolytes, including sodium chloride, also promoted rancidity. The cations were mainly responsible and, in general, activity increased with increasing position in the electromotive series. Two stages of rancidity were distinguished on the basis of the odors produced. In the first stage the odors were described as like seaweed, dried fish, hot metal, cooked egg yolk, or various other substances suggesting sulphur-con­ taining compounds. In the second stage the odors resembled those of ~ils, like cod liver oil, "rancid" oil, paint, or linseed oil. Fish with odors of the first group had TBA (thiobarbituric acid) values up to about 0.4; those with the second, 0.45- , 0.70 . . The importance of the TBA value depended on whether the rancidity ·was induced by copper or by sodium chloride. Sodium chloride decreased the pH of both heated and unheated muscle,­ Increa!)ing the concentration up to about 14% progressively accelerated the development of rancidity (as indicated by TBA values), but further incr~ases had no additional effect. Sodium chloride did not accelerate de_velopment of rancidity' in fish muscle that had been denatured by heating or by prolonged or improper frozen storage, and it markedly inhibited inducement of rancidity by copper in the range of 1-7 % . Chelating and commercial antioxidants retarded or prevented inducement of rancidity by sodium chloride. Tests for rancidity on fresh-frozen, salted, and smoked foods a~d on, poor­ quality fish products, showed. that TBA values varied considerably in importance from one product to another. Proteolytic enzymes in cod: An extraction procedure was developed that, in the first two extractions, showed that 90% of the deterioration in product quality was due to enzymes in the muscle of the fish. The proteolytic activities of ~ost other cod tissues were found to be considerably higher than those of the muscle, the ratios being as follows: blood, 0.5; skin, 1.9; liver, 30; kidney, 60; pyloric eaeca, 140; spleen, 99. An extract of the proteolytic enzyme or enzymes was found to contain at least three proteins. Breakdown of phospholipids in cod: As an aid in understanding the changes that occur in fish fillets kept in frozen storage, work was begun on the more ,active of two enzymes that presumably degrade lecithin of fish muscle into free fatty acids.

63 . / BIOCHEMISTRY OF FISH AND SHELLFISH _Identifying species after processing. The patterns of muscle albumins were determined for 12 more Atlantic fish when fresh and after freezing, by starch-gel electrophoresis. This brought- to 50 species the total of eastern Canadian fish for which distinctive gel patterns have been found. Also, distinctive gel patterns were found for 12 species by electrophoresis of the eye lens proteins, blood plasma, hemoglobins, al.ld spinal fluid. The technique will be useful in the- inspection service as well as in research. Identifying populations. To find whether starch-gel electrophoresis of various tissues may be. used to distinguish between populations of cod, work was begun on samples from four widely separated areas (St. John's, Grande-Riviere, Halifax, and St. Andrews). ' Identifying early- and late-run salmon. No differences in hemoglobin patterns were found between early- and ·1ate-run salmon from three rivers in New Bruns­ wick. Regardless of run, the plasma. protein patterns of males differed from those of females. · Cell structure. The cell structures of cod and lobster tissues were studied to recognize changes that occur during processing and frozen storage. The size of the follicle cells was found to be an index of activity of the thyroid. Work was begun on thyroid tissue of cod in relation to spawning and migration. Seasonal variations in fatty acid composition of cod. Fresh samples of cod from Terence Bay, N. S., presumably a homogeneous population, were analyzed for fatty acids to find whether seasonal variations were associated with seasonal variations in quality. For handlined small cod (60 cm, 2 kg) the seasonal variations were not significant. For large cod, trawl-caught offshore in _winter, the variations from fish to fish were considerable and work was begun to find whether they were due to degree of sexual maturation. Seasonal variations in chemical composition of cod muscle. Work was begun on the chemical composition of cod gonads to elucidate the origin and pathways of I arginine necessary for the manufacture of sperm and to study seasonal variations. in arginine contents of cod muscle. Arginine is the most abundant amino acid in the ripe milt of bony fish and usually supplies over 80% of the nitrogen in protamine, the main protein of the nuclei of sperm heads. The protamine from ripe cod gonads could not be purified by the methods used in purifying this substance from salmon, trout, or herring. Of the more modem methods used to separate proteins, gel filtration appeared to be the most promising. Effects of low salinity on live cod. To find the lowest suitable salinity of water for holding live cod, fish were placed in a tank of sea water that was gradually diluted with fresh water during several weeks. When the salinity dropped to 0.45% the fish showed some signs of agitation, but none died until it dropped to 0.25 % . Blood proteins in lobster. In studies by starch-gel electrophoresis, two types of hemocyanin were detected in lobster blood; one as a slow-moving single band

64 j

I --~----L Distinguishing cod muscle from that of haddock by the protein patterns obtained by starch-gel electrophoresis. and the other as three fast-moving ones. In the plasma, fibrinogen was found as a slow-moving, streaky band. Protein bands not found in the plasma were found in the blood cell extract, and also traces of hemocyanin. Reproduction and hormones of fish. Metabolism of eggs and sperm of salmon. Continued studies on physiological requirements for fertilization of salm­ on eggs showed that both eggs and sperm produced lactate. But the amount was small in comparison with that produced by sperm of certain mammals. Metabolism of gonads of cod: Studies on the metabolic pathways in the gonads of cod, with emphasis on the roles of hormones, gave new insight into spermatogenesis and oogenesis in fish. Conversion of pyruvate to lactate, in the presence of coenzyme A, was found for the first time in both ovaries and testes of fish under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. This reaction is characteristic of certain bacteria and a few mammalian tissues. Also, for the first time in an animal, evidence was found of the glyoxylate cycle in both ovaries and testes. As .this cycle is a link in the conversion of fat to carbohydrate, confirmation of its occurrence would help to explain how migrating fish spawn while starving and would also reveal a means for furthering survival of species. Low-temperature storage of sperm of Atlantic salmon: A 3-year study showed that the sperm of Atlantic salmon may be stored long enough to transport it from one hatchery to another instead of transferring the first. Sperm that was

65 r------

transported and stored in open containers at temperatures between 2 and 5 C was fertile after 5 days' storage. That stored in sealed containers was not viable after 8 hr. Attempts to freeze the sperm for long-term preservation showed that motility after thawing did not necessarily indicate viability. When sperin were diluted with either of two media containing dimethyl sulphoxide, one of the two protective agents commonly used in freezing mammalian sperm, they were motile and fertilized salmon eggs. But after freeziug, though some cells were motile, none fertilized eggs. When the sperm were diluted with fresh or sea water, microscopic examination showed two kinds of movement; an intensive, ebullient dispersion of the cells for a few seconds and then an oscillating and flowing movement for as long as 15 min. The first kind of movement is 'evidently necessary for fertilization of eggs. ~ Impaired hormone metabolism in moribund Atlantic cod: Atlantic cod that were dying but sexually immature were found to ,have an impaired hormone metabolism similar to that in Pacific salmon when dying after spawning. Hence the impairment is associated with approaching death rather than with maturation and spawning. The impairment is not found in spawned Atlantic salmon, most of : which survive spawning. Corticosteroid-binding proteins in fish plasma: Work was begun on the blood plasma of Atlantic salmon to find whether it contains a protein that binds, or inactivates, the corticosteroid hormones. These hormones are important in sexual maturation, adaptation of anadromous species to changes iri water salinity, and high hormone levels at approach of death. Transcortin is known to qind these hormones in some species of animals but not in ruminants. Evidence was found that the blood of salmon does contain a hormone-bind­ ing protein or proteins. Function of steroids in skat~: A method was found to help in identifying and measuring the adrenocorticosteroids in the thorny skate, Raja radiata. Injecting mammalian adrenocorticotropic hormone increased the amount of steroid in the blood. Though this skate is a suitable test fish because its adrenal gland can be removed surgically, the steroid levels in the blood plasma are normally too iow to identify and measure.

MARINE LIPIDS Origin of. marine fatty acids and their role in the -'aquatic food chain. The. branched-chain saturated fatty acids and also odd-numbered saturated fatty ae

Studies begun on cod lipids suggested that C 20 m;1d C22 monounsaturated fatty acids act as general storage of fatty materials for metabolism and catabolism. Analysis of the blubber· of a lactating grey · (Atlantic) seal supported this 66 I ------·------

suggestion. These acids are the most common fatty acids of marine life except for the polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are probably converted to palmitic acid, one of the principal fatty acids- in seal milk. Lipids of poorly utilized species. The liver of the short-finned squid, lllex illecebrosus, seasonally apmidant in Newfoundland waters, was found to be large and rich in oil. The oil of similar species is used commercially in countries such as Japan. That of Newfoundland squid is similar in composition to commercial Canadian marine oils,. but it is somewhat higher in iodine value (about 190) than depot fat oils like those of herring and would probably be more valuable if a commercial fishery were developed. As much finback whale oil was produced in a whaling exploration by_ a firm in Nova Scotia, studies were begun on the properties and fatty acid composition of the oil. The arctic population of this whale differs_ in fatty acid composition from the antarctic population, which has been studied intensively. As large-scale herring processing has increased on the east coast of Canada, a survey was begun on the fatty acid compositions of herring oils in the area. Distributions of fatty acids in animal depot fats. A method of analysis was developed to identify the fatty acids in all three positions of a triglyceride. The fatty acid distribution in depot fats of land mammals was found to be asymmet­ rical; palmitic acid accumulated in· position 1 and oleic and linoleic acids in positions 2 and 3. But in trout and lobster distribution appeared to be symmetrical. Analyses were begun of the fats of marine fish, mammals, and invertebrates.

RATE OF MoL TING OF LOBSTERS In cooperation with the Board's station at St. Andrews, a study was begun on the relation of diet, blood cell counts, and blood protein values to rate of molting.

MARINE BACTERIA I Choline metabolism. For a new species of marine bacterium, Achromobacter sp., a'pathway of choline metabolism was found that was not previously known for other bacteria or for animal tissues. Choline was first oxidized to form betaine. Progressive demethylation then produce,d dimethylglycine, sarcosine, and glycine; formaldehyde being formed from a methyl group at each step. An unknown mechanism then yielded serine and deamination liberated ammonia and yielded pyruvic acid. ·

HANDLING OF Coo, OTHER FISH, AND LOBSTER Trap cod from Newfoundland. Trap cod from Newfoundland were studied further to determine the methods of handling before- and after death that are most suitable for maintaining quality in storage, and the storage conditions and times - that allow marketing of the pack at optimum quality. The main findings in the year's tests ~ere as follows: Changes in weight of gutted fish under various conditions of iced· and uniced storage were not more than 1 % , but for fillets cut from these fish the changes ranged from 3% after storage for 8 hr to 8% after 48 hr.

67 Losses in weight of fillets cut from gutted fish iced at sea or held uniced for 9 hr inc:r;eased with advancing season of catch. They were_ lower in the fillets iced at sea. The moisture content in fillets decreased with advancing season of catch. It was notably lower in fillets prepared from iced fish. before rigor than in those prepared in rigor. In samples prepared in mid season, but not at the end of the season, chilling in sea water at 29 F gave better texture in frozen storage than did chilling in flaked ice; initia}. quality of the fish was highest at the end of the season. Generally, cold-stored fillets frozen in rigor in mid season were tougher than those prepared at the start or at the end of the season. The pH and thaw drip of the fillets depend~d, on the season of catch, and poorer texture and higher thaw drip were associated with lower pH before freezing and after frozen storage. Freezing did not affect the glycogen levels in fillets. The levels in those from rested, anesthetized cod immediately before freezing did not differ appreciably from those after storage at -10 F for 24 hr, but decreased about 10% after storage for 2 weekS. The levels were lowest at the first of the season and highest at mid season. Holding cod alive lowered the glycogen levels in fillets of fish taken in mid season (when the texture is normally of lowest quality). The levels in fish held alive for 8 hr were higher than in those held alive for 14 days. The levels in fish taken at the end of the season and· treated similarly were negligible. When mid season fish were held alive for 3 or 14 days at 42 F and stored with ice for 24 hr, the pH of the fillets was near neutral (6.75); for those held alive for 8 hr, the pH was 6.32. As found earlier, holding midseason fish.alive at 42 F improved the texture of the fillets. When the initial texture was good (i.e. in fish taken at the end of the season), live holding gave no improvement. The mealy texture previously associated with fish frozen before rigor was found in landings taken throughout the season. A taste panel judged this objection­ able feature to be less pronounced after a few months' storage at.-10 F, and then graded samples higher than those frozen in rigor. Cold-storage quality of once- and twice-frozen trawler-caught cod and redfish . .For both once- and twice-frozen fillets of cod prepared before or in rigor at sea on ·the research vessel A. T. Cameron, the texture was only fair after freezing and after 3 months' storage. For both once- and twice-frozen skinless fillets of redfish (Sebastes mentella) prepared before or in rigor at sea, quality was excellent after freezing and after 3 months' storage. When dielectric and water-thawing processes were used to thaw redfish for a · second freezing. the fillets were equally s,atisfactory, but with the dielectric process there was risk of overheating the fish. Unit for holding live lobsters. A unit for holding lobsters alive and displaying them in restaurants was designed, built, and tested. The unit makes it practical to have fresh lobster on the menu in many restaurants in the Atlantic provinces dur­ ing the fishing season.

.68 Anesthetic for lobsters. Methyl pentynol, a hypnotic drug, was found to be an effective anesthetic for lobsters at concentrations of 5-6 ml/liter of sea-water. It caused paralysis and death at concentrations of 8 ml/liter and higher.

PRODUCTS AND PROCESSING Pasteurization by irradiation. For pasteurizing lobster claw and tail meats by gamma radiation from Co 60, 75,000 rad was more effective than 150,000 or 250,000 rad and caused less change in flavor and texture. This treatment increased the keeping time in ice from 14-21 days to 28-35 days. Irradiation at the higher doses reduced quality to fair or borderline because of loss of the sweet, fresh flavor and of slight toughening and drying, but on ice the treated meats remained at this level for more than 30 days. In iced meats, whether irradiated or not, the texture changes were more

) pronounced and developed more rapidly in the tails than in the claws. Meats held at -28 C remained highly acceptable throughout the 42 days of the experiment. For the irradiated meats •the period before a rapid rise in TMA ( trimethyl­ amine) values was twice as long as normal for fresh marine products. Also, irr.adiation delayed the rise in pH. The meats used were commercially processed and cooked, and sealed in polyethylene bags. Scallop and haddock were also irradiated satisfactorily. Preparing protein concentrate from poorly utilized species. Work was begun on evaluating several poorly utilized ,species for use in making fish protein concentrate. The appearance of samples made from skate and dogfish suggested that these species might be used in this way. Freeze-drying. The only fishery products so far marketed successfully by freeze-drying without mixing or creaming are shrimp and crabmeat. Progress was - made in methods of freeze-drying cod. The quality of the product was found to depend on -the drying conditions as well as the condition of the raw fish. The more important variables are; condition before and after rigor; thickness of the slices; and pressure, temperature, and rate of freezing. Samples freeze-dried before rigor required a long time for reconstitqtion, and only thin (t-inch) slices yielded a product of good quality. Those processed after rigor were reconstituted much more quickly and slices even ! inch thick yielded a product of good quality. Increase in the time-temperature conditions to which the dry portions of the fish were exposed decreased quality. Cod steaks were highest in quality when the temperature was not higher than 60 C. The rate of freezing did not greatly affect the quality of cod steaks, but slow-frozen ones absorbed more water· on reconstitution than did quick-frozen ones. Freeze-drying was found to denature nearly all the actomyosin in cod muscle, but affected the muscle albumins only slightly. The free fatty acid content rose severalfold. Other constituents such as nonprotein hydrogen and total lipids were not,greatly altered, Other finding_s. Findings of cop.cem in processing are also given in other sections of this report.

69

BIOLOGICAL STATION, ST. JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND W. Templeman, o.B.E., PH.D.(Toronto), F.R.s.c., Director A. M. Fleming, M.A.(Toronto), Assistant Director; seconded to Office of the Chairman, from September 1 V. M. Hodder, M.Sc. (Memorial), Acting Assistant Director from September 1 0. E. Wheeler, Executive Assfstant Newfoundland Inshore Cod, Redfish Groundfish Sampl~ng, and Statistics E. J. Sandeman, M.sc.(Memorial) A. M. Fleming (see above) A. T. Plnhom, M.sc.(Memorial) ·Pleuronectids T. K .. Pitt, M.A.(Toronto) Labrador, Northern Newfoundland, Groundfish Biology and Distribution and Offshore Cod W. Templeman (see above) ' A. W. May, M.11c.(Memorial) Commercial Invertebrates On educational leave from September · H. J. Squires, PH.D.(Durham) R. Wells, B.A.(Memoriai) ' Salmon · ·Haddock and Mathematical Statistics A. A. Blair, PH.D.(Toronto) V. M; Hodder (see above) A:. R. Murray, B.A.(Saskatcliewan)

Emphasis in the research was placed on cod and other groundfish, salmon, lpbster, squid, and hydrography. The studies concerned mainly: • Catches per unit of effort, distributions, and contributions of year-classes for cod, haddock, redfish, American· plaice, and .greysole. • Life history of the Atlantic salmon, and introduction _of pink salmon to Newfoundland. • Tagging of lobsters and analyses of commercial landings. • Forecasting abundance of squid inshore. • Temperature and salinity patterns for the Labrador ·Current and the continental shelf off Newfoundland.

Con Inshore fishery, Newfoundland and Labrador. Catch ahd effort statistics were collected and samples from commercial catches by various gears were examined. In the northern inshore area the work was centered at Dumpling Harbour in Labrador and at St. Anthony and Twillingate on the northeast Newfoundland coast. Collections were also made during a tagging cruise to northern Labrador. Significant numbers of 5-year-old cod appeared in the southern Labrador trap fishery, but not many of this age were taken by jiggers in either" .the north or the south. The jigger catches were almost entirely of fish 7 years old or more, whereas the gillnet fishery in southern Labrador took fish mainly 9 years old or more. At St. Anthony, fish taken in traps were 5-8 years old and those taken by handline

71 were largely 7-year-olds. Nine- and 10-year-old fish were well represented in the gillnet catches. At Twillingate, fish taken in traps were small and young and those by other gears were larger and of various ages. Catch per man has generally decreased since 1956 on the northeast New­ foundland coast and since 1959 in Labrador, in association with increasing offshore fishing of cod by European trawlers. In the -southeastern Newfoundland area, the work was centered at Bonavista, ' St. John's, Trepassey,- and Burin. In the tr;:i.p fi~hery at :f3onavista and St. John's the numbers of cod of various ~engths indicated that most of the fish were 4-6 years old but 7-year-olds were also important. In the trap fishery at Burin the fish were very small, 4-year-olds evidently being· the µ10st important. In the handline fishery at Bonavista nearly all were 5- to 7-year-olds but a few were 4 years old. In the longline fishery at Bonavista and Trepassey the fish were older, 6- to 8-year-olds evidently being the most in,iportant. In the gillnet fishery at Burin and Trepassey the 'fish were also older, the. most important evidently being 7 years old or more. Experimental gillnetting: In May and early June the research vessel Marinus fished with synthetic gillnets in St. Mary'~ and Placentia bays in the usual com­ mercial fishing areas. The nets were of° 6~- and 7-inch mesh and the depth of fishing ranged from 11 to 76 fath. The catches were generally better in St. Mary's than in Placentia Bay; In St. Mary's Bay slightly more were caught with the 6~-mesh. The larger-mesh net caught slightly larger and older fish than the smaller. About 70% of the cod caught with each size of mesh were males. Survey of young cod: The annual survey on inshore distribution and abun­ dance. of cod up to 2 years old was carried out from September 5 to October 22. Beaches in areas used in previous surveys were seined with a small-meshed Danish seine, the codend being lined with fine-meshed nylon. In all, 157 sets were made on beaches from St. Mary's Bay to the northern part of Notre Dame Bay. From 1 to 576 small cod were taken in 94o/a of the sets. Those in their first year (zero cod) made up 22% of the total for all areas and 1+ cod 78%. The number of zero cod suggested only moderately good survival and settlement of the 1964 year-class, but that of 1+ cod suggested good survival of the 1963 class.

Offshore surveys. Spawning and postspawning cod were not abundant on th~' southeastern tip of Hamilton Inlet Bank in late March and early April though many had been found there in April and May of 1963. The fish were presumably spawning further northward, where surveying was impossible because of ice. But small cod, mainly immature and below commercial size, were _abundant. Catches by the research yessel A.T. Cameron in surveys of the Grand and St. Pierre banks in June were generally small; they approached commercial quantities only at depths of about 40 fath at bottom temperatures of 0.4-1.4 C. Also, catches were generally small, seldom more than 1000 lb, on Flemish Cap in September, in the eastern Grand Bank area in October, and off Labrador and the northwest Newfoundland Shelf area in October and November. All these catches were made in 30 min of ptter trawling on bottom with a No. 41 net towed at 3~ knots.

72 \' I !

Tagging. In a study on cod movements between inshore and offshore areas, 13,400 cod were tagged. The numbers of tags returned by inshore fishermen from tagged fish released in offshore deep-water areas suggested that heavy fishing in recent years on deep-water spawning schools may appreciably reduce the inshore stocks in summer and fall.

HADDOCK / Surveys. The haddock area on the southern half of the Grand Bank was surveyed by otter trawling in early June with the research vessel A.T. Cameron. In 82 drags at depths ranging from 25 to 150 fath, only, t:tiree catches (685, 440, and 320 lb) were over 200 lb. At most of the fishing stations on the slope and adjacent bank art?as the water temperatures were favorable for haddock. On St. Pierre Bank, in a similar survey in mid June, only five catches were significant (350-1450 lb). These were obtained along the western slope at 80 fath, where th.e temperature of the water near the bottom was 6 C or higher and that of the overlying iayer was near 0 C. Fishing for haddock on this bank has been insignificant since 1957, when the very abundant 1949 . year-class was exhausted. Length and age of Grand Bank' stock. The numbers of haddock of various lengths and ages taken in the June survey showed that about 70 and 15% were 2- and 3-year-olds, respectively, and below commercial size. Haddock of the abundant 1955 and moderately abundant 1956 year-classes, which were p~edomi­ nant in the surveys of 1959-61, were insignificant in 1964. As the catches per unit of effort since 1962 have been considerably lower than those of previous years in both number and weight, the 1961 and 1962 year-classes were not abundant. For example, the average number of haddock per drag was 79 in 1962, 72 in 1963, and only 32 in 1964; in 1960 it was 579. Trends in the commercial fishery. Since the commercial haddock fishery began to increase in 1945, landings have fluctuated widely. They were highest in 1955 and have decreased rapidly since 1961. The highs and lows (in millions of pounds), and the percentages taken by Canadian trawlers, were: '

1945 1949 1953 1955 1959. 1961 1963

High 173 230 176 Low 19 94 77 32 Canada, % 8 - 19 33 41 64 38 64

The highest landfo.gs by Canadian trawlers, 108 million lb, were taken in 1956. Though heavy exploitation has contributed to the present scarcity, the basic cause is low survival qf young. The last abundant year-class was that of 1955, which predominated in the catches dnring 1960-62. Hence, the haddock fishery must continue poor until a good brood is recruited to the stock.

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RED FISH A survey of redfish (Sebastes mentella) in the Canadian area was continued on two northern lines of stations, beginning' in early ·April. Then, on the more northerly line near the northern edge of the mouth of Hawke Channel, all redfish · were below 200 fath and catches of 8700, 2100, and 2300 lb ·were taken at 250, 300 and 350 fath. On a Pn.e on Funk Island Bank at about latitude 51 °45'N, fished on April 6-7, 7100 lb were taken at 120-125 fath at 3.2 C, 1400 lb at 300 fath, and 1800 lb ~t 350 fath. The two catches at the greater depth were only about a third as great as those at the same depth in the same locality in April of 1963, and the decrease may be due to commercial fishing by European trawlers at these depths in this general area in 1963. · . In September a survey on Flemish Cap, on two lines of stations at 100-400 fath, showed the center of abundance to be rather deep, the largest catches being taken at 250"":230 fath. To the north of Flemish Cap a catch of 4660 lb was taken at 300 fath, and on the eastern slope of the Cap catches of more than 2400 lb were taken at 250, 300, and 350 fath. The southeast slope of the Grand Bank was surveyed from November 20 to 30 on four lines of stations. The largest catches were taken on the most southerly line (eastern side at the tail of the bank). At 100 and 125 fath on this line, catches of about 2000 lb were taken but the fish were very small, averaging only 0.3 and 0.6 lb. But at 200 fath the catch weighed 10,500 lb and the fish were of good commercial size, averaging 1.3 lb. On the th~ee other lines (to 47°.00'N} the largest catches were taken at 175 or 200 fa th and were usually between 1000 and 2000 lb. Growth equations were determined for S. mentella males and females ·from 1 the following areas and for S. marinus males and females for the last· two: Hermitage Bay, Gulf of St. Lawrence, southwest slope of the Grand Bank, Flemish Cap, and Hamilton Inlet Bank ..

AMERICAN PLAICE In the eastern Grand Bank area, catches oi'A.inerican plaice fro~ the A, i. Cameron by otter trawling were much· smaller in darkness than in daylight. With 24-inch steel rollers on the footrope the average catches were· similar to those with 14-inch rubber rollers, but greater than with 6-inch rubber ones. The downward trend since the middle 1950s in the catch per unit of effort was reversed in 1963 though the total effort increased. In 1963 the catch per hour's fishing by Newfoundland trawlers on the Grand Bank was 1680 lb and the total effort 22,000 hours; the corresponding figures for 1962 were 1370 lb and 18,000 hours.

GROUNDFISH STATISTICS AND SAMPLING In 1964 the total weight of the main commercial groundfish landed in Newfoundland was about 6% lower than in 1963. Of the total 74% was cod, 2% haddock, 8 % redfish, 15 % American plaice and greysole, and 1 % pollock, wolffish, and halibut.

74 ------1------

The co'd fishery was generally poor, the landings being 9%lower than.in 1963. The haddock landings were very low, the total being 23 % lower than in 1963. Redfish landings were 16% lower than in 1963, but those of American plaice and greysole totaled 34% higher than in 1963 because of the scarcity of haddock and the shift in effort to American plaice. Halibut, pollack, and wolffish were usually caught incidentally in fishing for other species.

PELAGIC FISH Small herring, about 10 cm long, were very abundant in the coastal waters of eastern New;foundland, being reported from St. John's, Conception Bay, Trinity Bay, and Bonavista. The age of a few specimens brought to the station was 1+, suggesting that the 1.963 year-dass was large.

ATLANTIC SALMQN . In a .study 'of the life history of Atlantic salmon of the Little Codroy River from 1954 to ·1963, about 0.8% of finclipped smolts returµed as adults. The percent~g~ was about the same each .year though

75 PINK SALMON Of the 2.15 million fry of pink salmon that went to sea in 1963 from the North Harbour River from eggs planted in 1962, 22 adults were identified from the commercial fishery between July 16 and August 28 and several unconfirmed captures were reported. These salmon were taken from the head of St. Mary's Bay. From September 13 to 27, 25 were observed in North Harbour River; evidently some of these spawned, as 6 dead males and 10 spent females were collected. In a thorough search of nearby rivers in cooperation with the Department of Fisheries of Canada, two were seen in Haricot River.

Planting eggs of pink salmon from British Columbia in North Harbour River, St. Mary's Bay, in January.

Eggs from Lakelse River in British Columbia, provided by officers of the Board's station at Nanaimo, were planted in January 1965 instead of November 1964. A total of 3.4 million were planted at 400/ft2 • The mortality in transit was 0.2%.

LOBSTER In the Bay of Islands, 1755 tagged lobsters were released at the beginning of the fishing season. During the season, commercial fishermen caught 50% of them. A nylon dart tag was retained by several lobsters through a molt. It was inserted either dorsally or ventrally into the second abdominal segment, and 1O lobsters so tagged were held and fed in wire cages in Lark Harbour from July 20 to September 24. Of the four that molted, three retained the tag.

76 In Port au Port Bay 54% of the lobsters caught by fishermen were 1st-year males and females, compared with 58% in 1963. Lobster growth being assumed to be similar in the areas concerned, the percentages of 1st-year males in four west coast areas from St. George's Bay to the Bay of Islands were estimated to be 46, 54, 61, and 12. The stomach contents were mainly polychaete worms, periwinkles (Littorina sp.), and crabs (Cancer irroratus) in 218 lobsters examined from Port au Port Bay and the Bay of Islands. Female lobsters were examined for size of eggs and development of embryos to help in determining the seasonal pattern of maturation and development in Port au Port Bay. Trapping on offshore shoals and a single scuba dive in an unfished bay yielded no lobsters.

SQUID On the basis of a survey of the southwestern slope of the Grand Bank in the' spring, an unusually great ab11ndance of squid later in the year in the Newfound­ land inshore area was forecast in June. In the survey the research vessel A. T. Cameron took large catches of squid by otter trawling between May 29 and June 14. Catches were as high as 1300 lb/! hr,drag though squid are not readily caught in quantity by a bottom otter trawl. Catches were taken at 50-150 fath, the largest being taken at 100 fath.

HYDROGRAPHY As usual, temperature and salinity patterns were recorded for six hydrographic sections across the Labrador Current and the continental shelf from southern Labrador to the southern Grand Bank area between July 23 and August 23. At a station 2 miles off Cape Spear near St. John's, readings were taken once to several times monthly throughout the year.

IRISH Moss On the west coast of Newfoundland, beds of Irish moss were found in very shallow water by diving during lobster surveys. In Port au Port Bay the moss was probably abundant enough for commercial harvesting .

., I

I' 77 ,,..-- I

PUBLICATIONS AND REPORTS The Board's scientific publications (Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada and Bulletins) increased in volume continuously from 1954 to 1964. The average length of papers decreased, but the number submitted ,in 1964 was about three times that in 1954 and 25% greater than in 1963. In the same period the number of scientific papers by Board authors in non-Board journals doubled. The increases concerning the Journal were due to increases in number and productivity of Boa.rd staff and also to increased use of the Journal by scientists in Canadian universities, in provincial government departments, and in various other countries. Seven Bulletins were issued in 1964, most being of concern to the fishery industries as well as to scientists. The Studies series (a collection of reprints of articles published by Board scientists in other scientific and technical periodicals) was bound in two volumes for the first time. The Ann'ual Report was issued in much the same form as in recent years. Circulars, directed to the fishery industries, were distributed by most of the establishments. I An issue of the Journal was. dedicated to one of Canada's most distinguished I fisheries scientists, the late Dr W. A. Clemens. Students and associates of Dr i Clemens contributed the papers, and the issue was the largest ever published. A •I similar commemorative issue, in honor of Dr A. G. Huntsman, was scheduled to -~ I appear early in 1965. :1 As in 1963, the Journal published the paper that won the North American Wildlife Soc!ety award for the best scientific paper on :fisheries published on this continent. In 1963 the award was given to Dr W. E. Johnson and Mr C. Groot of 11 the Board's station at Nanaimo for a paper on migration of young sockeye salmon. I In 1964 it was won by Drs W. L. Hartman and R. F. Raleigh of the U.S. Bureau ! of Commercial Fisheries, Biological Laboratory, Auke Bay, Alaska, for a paper on i the tributary homing of sockeye salmon. The issue numbers of various publications and reports of the Board, other than the Annual Report, were: Journal, Vol. 21, 1 to 6; Bulletins, 142 to 148; Studies, 818 to 860; Statistical Series of Circulars for the Biological Station, Nanaimo, 13; Circulars of the Pacific Oceanographic Group, Biological Station Nanaimo, 1964-1 to 1964-11; Circulars of the Research Laboratory, Vancouver, 30 to 33; General Series of Circulars of the Biological Station, St. Andrews, 42 and 43; Circulars of the Research Laboratory, Halifax, 14 to 19. The Annual Report, the Review, Bulletins, and the Journdl are available to anyone by purchase. Issues as they appear are listed, with prices, in the daily checklists published by the Queen's Printer, and also ,in the monthly and annual catalogues of Canadian Government publications. Applications for purchase of publications should be made to: The Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Canada. Circulars may be obtained from the Board est~blishment that issues them, ,. while the supply lasts. Separates of articles not published by the Board (Studies and others) are not for sale, but may sometimes be obtained from the authors;

78 Enquiries c~ncerning exchange of publications should be addressed to: Editor, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Sir Charles Tupper Building, Confederation Heights, Ottawa 8, Canada. In addition to publications for general distribution, the Board prepares · Manuscript Reports primarily for its own use. These are not available for distribution outside the Board, but interested persons may consult them at the I libraries of the Board's stations on arrangement with the Director of the station. There follows a listing of articles in the above publications of the Board as well as other articles by Board scientists. The following abbreviations are used: MS Rept. Biol.-Manuscript Report, Biological Series, of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. MS Rept. Technol.-Manuscript Report, Technological Series, of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. MS Rept. Oceanogr. and Limnol.-Manuscript Report, Oceanographic and Limnological Series, of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. FRBS No.-Articles in the Studies series.

PUBLICATIONS AND REPORTS FOR 1964 Primary Publications of Board Research Reports chiefly on investigations financed by the Board, published in recognized scien­ tific journals, .and based on hitherto unpublished data.

AcARA, A. 1964. On the vertical transport velocity on Line "P" in the eastern subarctic Pacific Ocean. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(2): 397-407. ACKMAN, R. G. 1963. Structural correlation of unsaturated fatty acid esters through · graphical compari~on of gas-liquid chromatographic retention times on a polyester substrate. J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc., 40(10): 558-564. [FRBS No. 824] 1963. An analysis of separation factors applicable in the gas-liquid chromatog­ raphy of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters on a polyester substrate. J. Am. OH Chemists' Soc., 40(10): 564--567. [FRBS No. 825] 1963. Observations on the gas-liquid chromatography of n-monoalkenes with reference'.to the systematic identification of esters of unsaturated fatty acids throµgh separation factors and log retention time plots. J. Chromatog., 12: 271-276. [FRBS No. 833] .

-ACKMAN, R. G., and R. D. BURGHER. 1963. Component fatty acids of the milk of the :i I grey (Atlantic) seal. Canadian J. Biochem. Physiol., 41: 2501-2505. [FRBS No. 840] 1~64. Employment of ethanol as a solvent in sma)l scale catalytic hydrogen­ ations of methyl esters. J. Liquid Res., 5: 130-132. [FRBS No. 845] 1964. Cod liver oil: Component fatty acids as determined by gas-liquid chromatography. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(2): 319-326. 1964. Cod flesh: Component fatty acids as determined by gas-liquid chro­ matography. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can~da, 21(2): 367-371. -1964. Cod roe: Component fatty acids as determined by gas-liquid chromatog­ raphy. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(3): 469-476.

79 ----·------

ACKMAN, R. G., R. D. BURGHER, AND J. c. SIPOS. 1963. Quantitative gas-liquid chro­ matography of the higher fatty acids. Nature, 200(4908): 777-778. [FRBS No. 838] ACKMAN, R. G., AND P. M. JANGAARD. 1963. Identification of the major polyunsaturated C1a acids of marine oils by GLC separation factors on normal and organosilicone polyesters. J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc., 40(12): 744-745. [FRBS No. 861] ACKMAN, R. G., P. M. JANGAARD, R. J. HoYLE, AND H. BRoCKERHOFF. 1964. Origin of marine fatty acids. I. Analyses of the fatty acids produced by the diatom Skeletonema •, costatum. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(4): 747-756. ACKMAN, R. G., AND J. C. SIPOS. 1964. Ketoacid polymers as gas-liquid chromatography substrates. J. Chromatog., 13: 337-343. [FRBS No. 847] 1964. Pilchard oil: An analysis -for component fatty acids with particular reference to the C24 chain length. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(4): 841-843. 1964. Application of specific response factors in the gas chromatographic analysis of methyl esters of fatty acids with flame ionization detectors. J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soc., 41(5): 377-378. [FRBS No. 883] - 1964. Flame ionization detector response for the carbonyl carbon atom in :j .1 the carboxyl group of fatty acids and esters. J. Chromatogr., 16: 298-305. [FRBS No. 921] ANTIA, N. J., AND C. Y. LEE. 1964. The determination of "free" amino sugars in sea water. Limnol. Oceanogr., 9(2); 261-262. [FRBS No. 871] BARRACLOUGH, W. E. 1964. Contribution to the marine life history of the eulachon Thaleichthys pacificus. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(5): 1333-1337. BARRACLOUGH, w.. E., ET w. w. JOHNSON. 1964'. Nouveau chalut pelagique pour le hareng. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, No. 104, 26 p. BELL, W. H., AND N. P. FoFONOFF. 1963. Stilling well design. B.C. Prof. Eng., 14(12): 8-11. [FRBS No. 857] BERKELEY, E., AND C. BERKELEY. 1964. Notes on some pelagic and some swarming Polychaeta taken off the coast of Peru. Canadian J. Zool., 42: 121-134. [FRBS No. 830] 1963. The proboscis of Lycastopsis catarractarum Feuerborn. Canadian J. Zool.~ 41: 907-908. [FRBS No. 831] BILINSKI, E. 1964. Biosynthesis of trimethylammonium compounds in aquatic animals. IV. Precursors of trimethylamine oxide and betaine in marine teleosts. ·1. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(4): 765-771. BILINSKI, E., AND R. E. E. JoNAs. 1964. Utilization of lipids by fish. II. Fatty .acid oxidation by a particulate fraction from lateral line muscle. Canadian J. Biochem., 42: 345-352. [FRBS No. 832] . BILTON,' H. T., D. W. JENKINSON, AND M. P. SHEPARD. 1964. A key to five species of Pacific salmon (genus Oncorhynclzus) based on scale characters. J. Fish. Res. Bd . . Canada, 21(5): 1267-1288. BOYD, J. W., AND B. A. SOUTHCOTT. 1964. Ultraviolet irradiation of circulating refrigerated ,. fish storage brines. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(1): 37-43. BRETT, J. R. 1964. The respiratory metabolism and swimming performance of young sockeye salmon. 'J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(5): 1183-1226. 1963. The energy required for swimming by young sockeye salmon with a comparison of the drag force ori a dead fish. Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, Ser. 4, Sect. III, 1: 441-457. [FRBS No. 896] BROCKERHOFF, H., AND R. J. HOYLE. 1963. On the structure of the depot fats of marine fish and mammals. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 102: 452-455. [FRBS No. 819]

80 BROCKERHOFF, H., R. J. HOYLE, AND K. RONALD. 1964. Retention of the fatty acid distribution pattern of a dietary triglyceride in animals. J. Biol. Chem., 239: 735-739. [FRBS No. 864] BROCKERHOFF, H., M. YURKOWSKI, R. J. HOYLE, AND R. G. ACKMAN. 1964. Fatty acid distribution in lipids of marine plankton. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(6): 1379- 1384. BUTLER, T. H. 1964. Records of shrimps (order Decapoda) from British Columbia. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(2): 419-421. 1964. Redescription of the parasitic isopod Holophryxus alaskensis Richardson, and a note on its synonymy. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(5): 971-976. 1964. Growth, reproduction, and distribution of pandalid shrimps in British Columbia. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(6): 1403-1452. CAMPBELL, N. J. 1964. The origin of cold high-salinity water i~ Foxe Basin. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(1): 45-55. CASTELL, C. H., AND JILL MACLEAN. 1964. Rancidity in lean fish muscle. II. Anatomical and seasonal variations. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(6): 1361-1369. 1964. Rancidity in lean fish muscle. III. The inhibiting effect of bacterial activity. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(6): 1371-1377. CRAIG, A. M. 1964. Histology of reproduction and the estrus cycle in the female fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(4): 773-811. DAMBERGS, N. 1964. Extractives of fish muscle. 4. Seasonal variations of fat, water­ solubles, protein and water in cod (Gadus morhua L.) fillets. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(4): 703-709. DICKIE, L. M. 1963. Estimation of mortality rates of Gulf of St. Lawrence cod from results of a tagging experiment. (North Atlantic Fish Marking Symposium, Woods Hole, Mass., May 1961) Int. Comm. Northwest_ Atlantic Fish., Spec. Publ. No. 4, p. 71-80. [FRBS No. 853] DODIMEAD, A. J., FAVORITE, AND T. HIRANO. 1962. Salmon of the North i>!lcific Ocean. Part II. Review of oceanography of the subarctic· Pacific region. Int. North Pacific Fish. Comm. Bull. No. 13, 195 p. [FRBS No. 860] DRINNAN, R. E. 1964. An apparatus for recording the water-pumping behaviour. of lamellibranchs. Netherlands J. Sea Res., 2(2): 223-232. [FRBS No. 891] DRUMMOND, G. I., M. w. GILGAN, E. J. REINER, AND MICHAEL SMITH. 1964. Deoxyri­ bonucleoside-3', 5' cyclic phosphates. Synthesis and acid-catalysed and enzymic hydrolysis. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 86: 1626-1630. [FRBS No. 865] DYER, W. J., H. BROCKERHOFF, R. J. HoYLE, AND D. I. FRASER. 1964. Polyphosphate treatment of frozen cod. I. Protein extractability and lipid hydrolysis. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(1): 101-106. ~ DYER, W. J., D. I. FRASER, R. G. MACINTOSH, AND M. MYER. 1964. Cooking method and palatability in frozen cod fillets of various qualities. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(3): 577-589. ELSON, P. F. 1964. Rapport entre le predateur et sa proie, ou entre les oiseaux inchtyo­ ph~ges et le saumon de l'Atlantique (accompagne d'un supplement sur les principes fondamentaux de controle du harle). Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, No. 133, 96 p.

FoFONOFF, N. P. 1963. Precision of oceanographic dat~ for sound-speed calculations. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 35(6): 830-836. [FRBS No. 855]

81 I---:------,------! I I I I I FORRESTER, C. R. 1964. Laboratory observations on embryonic development and larvae I of· the Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, I 21(1): 9-16. I 1964. Demersal quality of fertilized eggs of rock sole (Lepidopsetta bilineata Ayres). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(6): 1531-1532. 1964. Rate of development of eggs of rock sole (Lepidopsetta bilineata Ayres). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(6): 1533-1534. HoGENKAMP, H. P. C. 1964. Structure and chemical reactions of the cobamide coenzymes. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 112(2): 552-564. [FRBS No. 915] IDLER, D. R., H. C. FREEMAN, AND B. TRUSCOTT. 1964. Steroid hormones in the plasma j of spawned Atlantic salmon (Sa/mo salar) and a comparison of their determination I by chemical and biological assay methods. Canadian J. Biochem., 42: 211-218. 'i [FRBS No. 856] ' I IDLER, D. R., T. TAMURA, AND T. WAINAI. 1964. Seasonal variations in the sterol, fat and unsaponifiable components of scallop muscle. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21 (5): 1035-1042. JANGAARD, P. M., R. G. ACKMAN, AND R. D. BURGHER. 1963. Component fatty acids of the blubber fat from the common or harbor seal Phoca vitulina concolor De Kay. Canadian J. Biochem. Physiol., 41: 2543-:2546. [FRBS No. 839]

JEAN, YVES. 1964. Seasonal distribution of cod (Gadus morhua L.) along the Canadian Atl~ntic coast in relation to water temperature. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(3): 429-460. JITTS, H. R., C. D. McALLISTER, K. STEPHENS, AND J. D. H. STRICKLAND. 1964. The cell division rates of some marine phytoplankters as a function of light and temperature. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(1): 139-157. JOHNSON, W. E. 1964. Quantitative aspects of the pelagic, entomostracan zooplankton of a multibasin lake system over a 6-year period. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol., 15: 727-734. [FRBS No. 885] JoNAs, R. E. E., AND E. BILINSKI. 1964. Utilization of lipids by fish. III. Fatty acid oxidation by various tissues from sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) .. J. Fisl;i. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(3): 653-656: · · · KELEHER, J .. J. 1964. Angling license sales from Northwest Territories, Canada, with special reference to Great Slave Lake. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(3): 643-645 .. KENNEDY, AUSTINA V., AND HELEN l. BATTLE. 1964. Cyclic changes in the gonad of the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). Canadian J. Zoo!., 42: 305- 321. [FRBS No. 829] KETCHEN, K. S. 1964. Preliminary results of studies on growth and mortality of Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) in Hecate Strait, British Columbia. J: Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(5): 1051-1067. KOHLER, A. CARL. 1963. Use of tagging data in Subarea 4 cod growth investigations. (North Atlantic Fish Marking Symposium, Woods Hole, Mass., May 1961), Int. Comm. Northwest Atlantic Fish., Spec. Pub!. No. 4, p. 66-70. [FRBS No. 852] 1964. Variations in the growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(1): 57-100. 1964. Movements of halibut on the Nova Scotian and Grand Banks. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21( 4): 837-840. LARKIN, P. A. 1964. Canadian lakes. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol., 15: 76-90. [FRBS No. 908] LARKIN, P. A., AND C. A. ELBOURN. 1964. Some observations on the fauna of dead 'wood in oak trees. Oikos, 15 ( 1): 79-92.

82 LARKIN, P. A., AND A. S. HOURSTON. 1964. A model for simulation of the population biology of Pacific salmon. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Ganada, 21(5): 1245-1265. LARKIN, P. A., R. F. RALEIGH, AND N. J. WILIMOVSKY. 1964. Some alternative premises for constructing theoretical reproduction curves. J. Fish.. Res. Bd. Canada, 21 (3): 477-484. LARKIN, P. A., AND W. E. RICKER. 1964. Further information on sustained yields from fluctuating environments. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(1): 1-7. LAWLER, G. H. 1964. Further evidence of hardiness of "silver" pike. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(3): 651-652. 1964. Incidence of Ligula intestinalis in Heming Lake fish. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(3): 549-554. - 1964. A northern pike, Esox lucius, with an accessory fin. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(6): 1547. LEBRASSEUR, R. J. 1964. Stomach contents of blue shark (Prionace glauca L.) taken 'in the Gulf of Alaska. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(4): 861-862. LEBRASSEUR, R. J., AND R. R. PARKER. 1964. Growth rate of central British Columbia pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(5): 1101...: 1128'. McALLISTER, C. D. 1963. Measurements of diurnal variation in productivity at Ocean Station P. Limnol. Oceanogr., 8(2): 289-292. [FRBS No. 828] McALLISTER, C. D., N. SHAH, AND J. D. H. STRICKLAND. 1964. Marine phytoplankton photosynthesis as a functioO" of light intensity: a comparison of methods. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(1): 159-181. McALLISTER, D. E., AND E. I. S. REEs. 1964. A revision of the eelpout genus Melano­ stigma with , a new genus and' with comments on Maynea. Nat. Mus_.· Canada, Bull. No. 199., Contrib. Zool., 1963, Pap. No. 5, p. 85-110. [FRBS No. 826] McBRIDE, J. R., U. H. M. FAGERLUND, M. SMITH, AND N. TOMLINSON. 1964. Olfactory perception in juvenile salmon. II.. Conditioned response of juvenile sockeye salmon (O'ncorhync~us nerka) to lake waters. Canadian J. Zool., 42: 245-248. [FRBS No. 846] MACCALLUM, W. A. 1964. Temperatures ,and thaw drip associated with electronic thaw­ ing of N~wfoundland cod. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(4): 719-726. MAcCALLUM, w. A., DOROTHY A. CflALKER, J. T. LAUDER, ·P.H. ODENSE,' AND D. R. IDLER. 1964. Poiyphosphate treatment of .frozen cod.. 3. Taste panel evitl.uation, chemical assessment. and thaw-drip in once-frozen Newfoundland trap-caught cod. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(6): 1397-1402. · MAcCALLUM, w. A., AND D. G. ELLIS. 1964. ·water-thawing of frozen cod blocks. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(1): 115-131. MACCALLUM, W. A., H. S. SHIEH, DoROTHv A. CHALKER, W. J. DYER, AND D. R. IDLER. 1964. Polyphosphate treatment of frozen cod. 2. Effect on drip, yield, lipid hydrolysis, and protein extractability in twice-frozen Newfoundland summer trap and fall cod. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(3): 539-548. McCRACKEN, F. D. 1963. Selection by codend meshes and hooks on cod, haddock, flatfish, and redfish. (The Selectivity of Fishing Gear, Special Scientific Meeting, Lisbon, 1957.) Int. Comm. Northwest Atlantic Fish., Spec. Publ. No. 5, p. 131-155. [FRBS No. 850] 1963. Comparison of tags and techniques ·from recoveries of Subarea 4 cod tags. (North Atlantic Fish Marking Symposium, Woods Hole, Mass., May 1961), Int. Comm. Northwest Atlantic Fish., Spec. Puhl. No. 4, p. 89-100. [FRBS No. 854] 83 MAclNTYRE, W. G., AND R. F. PLATFORD. 1964. Dissolved calcium carbonate in the Labrador Sea. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(6): 1475-1480. McKENZIE, R. A. 1964. Observations on herring spawning off southwest Nova Scotia. J. ·Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(1): 203-204. 1964. Smelt life history and fishery in the Miramichi River, New Brunswick. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, No. 144, 77 p. McKENZIE, R. A., AND S. N. TmBo. 1964. A morphometric description of porbeagle (Lamna nasus) from Canadian Atlantic waters. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(4): 863-864. 1964. A morphometric description of blue shark (Prionace glauca) from Canadian Atlantic waters. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21 ( 4): 865-866. MACLEAN, JILL, AND c. H. CASTELL. 1964. Rancidity in lean fish muscle. I. A proposed accelerated copper-catalyzed method for evaluating· the tendency of fish muscle to become rancid. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(6): 1345-1359. MCLEESE, D. W. 1964. Oxygen consumption of the lobster Homarus americanus Milne­ Edwards. Helgolaender Wiss. Meeresuntersuch., 10(1-4): 7-18. [FRBS No. 927] MACLEOD, ROBERT A., R. E. E. JONAS, AND E. ROBERTS. 1963. Glycolytic enzymes in the tissues of a salmonoid fish (Salmo gairdnerii gairdnerii). Canadian J. Biochem. Physiol., 41: 1971-1981. [FRBS No. 866] MANSFIELD, A. W. 1964. Phoques de l'arctique et de l'est du Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, No. 137, 34 p. MANZER, J. I. 1964. Preliminary observations on the vertical distribution of Pacific salmon (genus Oncorhynchus) in the Gulf of Alaska. J. Fish. Res. Bd., Canada, 21(5): 891-903. MARGOLIS, L. 1964. Paurorhynchus hiodontis Dickerman, 1954 (Trematoda: Buce­ phalidae) : a second record involving a new host and locality in Canada. Canadian J. Zool., 42(4): 716. [FRBS No. 869]

MARTIN, W. R., AND YvES JEAN. 1964. Winter cod tagging off Cape Breton and on offshore Nova Scotia Banks, 1959-62. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(2): 215-238. MAY, A. W. 1964. An asymmetrical pair of cod otoliths. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(2): 413-415. MEDCOF, J. C. 1963. Puzzling clay tubes from the sea bottom. Canadian Field­ Natur., 77(4): 214-219. [FRBS No. 835]

MEDCOF, J. C., AND NEIL BOURNE. 1964. Causes of mortality of the sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus). Proc. Nat. Shellfisheries Ass., 53: 33-50. [FRBS No. 910] MEDCOF, J. C., AND J. S. MACPHAIL. 1964. A new hydraulic rake for soft-shell clams. Proc. Nat. Shellfisheries Ass., 53: 11-32. [FRBS No. 909] MILNE, D. J. 1964. [With Appendix by H. Godfrey.] The chinook and coho salmon fisheries of British Columbia. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, No. 142, 46 p. NEAVE, F. 1964. Ocean migrations of Pacific salmon. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(5): 1227-1244. 1961. Pacific salmon: Ocean stocks and fishery developments. Proc. Ninth Pacific Sci. Congr., 1957, Vol. 10, p. 59-62. [FRBS No. 899] NORTHCOTE, T. G., AND W. E. JoHNSON. 1964. Occurrence and distribution of sea water in Sakinaw Lake, British Columbia. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(5): 1321-1324. OUTRAM, D. N., AND F. H. C. TAYLOR. 1964. A quantitative estimate of the number of Pacific h~rring in a spawning population. J. Fish. Res. Bd. ·Canada, 21(5): 1317-1320.

84 PARKER, R. R. 1964. Estimation of sea mortality rates for the 1960 brood-year pink salmon of Hook Nose Creek, ,British Columbia. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(5): 1019-1034. PARKER, ROBERT R., EDGAR C BLACK, AND PETER A. LARKIN. 1963. Some aspects of fish-marking mortality. Int. Comm. Northwest Atlantic Fish., Spec. Pub!. No. 4, p. 117-122. [FRBS No. 842] PARKER, R. R., AND L. MARGOLIS. 1964. A new species of parasitic copepod, Caligus i:lemensi sp. nov. (Caligoida: Caligidae), from pelagic fishes in the coastal waters of British Columbia. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(5): 873-889.

":". PARSONS, T. R. 1963. A new method for the microdetermination of chlorophyll c in sea water. J. Marine Res., 21(3): 164-171. [FRBS No. 924] PARSONS, T. R., AND J. D. H. STRICKLAND. 1963. Discussion of spectrophotometric determination of marine-plant pigments, with revised equations for ascertaining chlorophylls and carotenoids. J. Mafine Res., 21(3): 155-163. [FRBS No. 923J PITT, T. K. 1964. Fecundity of the American plaice Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabr.) from Grand Bank and Newfoundland areas. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(3): 597-612. PLATFORD, R. F. 1964. The activity product of ferric hydroxide by turbidimetry. Canadian J. Chem., 42: 181-183. [FRBS No. 827] POWER, H. E., D. I. FRASER, W. NEAL, W. J. DYER, C. H. CASTELL, H. C. FREEMAN, AND D. R. IDLER. 1964. ·Use of gamma radiation for the preservation of scallop meat. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(4): 813-826.

POWER, H. E., D. I. FRASER, W. NEAL, W. J. DYER, AND C. H. CASTELL. 1964. Gamma irradiation as a means of extending the storage life of haddock fillets. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(4): 827-835. POWER, H. E. 1964. Characteristics and nutritional value of variou.s fish protein con­ centrates. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(6): 1489-1504. PRAKASH, A., AND A. H. VISWANATHA SARMA. 1964. On the occurrence of "red water" phenomenon on the west coast of India. Current Sci. (India), 33(6): 168-170. [FRBS No. 916] QUAYLE, D. B. 1964. Distribution of introduced marine Mollusca in British Columbia waters. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(5): 1155-1181. REES, E. I. S. 1963. Marine birds in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Strait of Belle Isle during November. Canadian Field-Natur., 77(2): 98-107. [FRBS No. 836] 1964. Nessorhamphus ingolfianus Schmidt, an oceanic eel, recorded in Cana­ dian continental waters. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(l): 209-211. RICKER, W. E. 1959. The species of Isocapnia Banks (lnsecta, Plecoptera, Nemouridae). Canadian J. Zoo!., 37: 639-654. [FRBS No. 843] 1964. Ocean gi:owth and mortality of pink and chum salmon. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(5): 905-931. ROACH, s. w., F. G. CLAGGETT, AND J. s. M. HARRISON. 1964. An air-lift pump for elevating salmon, herring, and other fish of similar size. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(4): 845-849. ROBERTS, E., AND H. TsUYUKI. 1963. Zone electrophoretic separation of five phospho­ glucomutase acth~ities from fish muscle. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 73: 673-676. [FRBS No. 820] RONALD, K., H. c. MACNAB, J. E. STEWART, AND B. BEATON. 1964. Blood properties of aquatic vertebrates. I. Total blood volume of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L. eanadian J. Zool., 42: 1127-1132. . [FRBS No. 898] 85 [------

1 RONALD, A. P., AND w. A. B. THOMSON. 1964. The volatile sulphur compounds of oysters. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(6): 1481-1487.

Ross, HERBERT H., AND WILLIAM E. RiCKER. 1964. New species of winter stonefiies, genus Allocapnia (Plecoptera, Capniidae). Trans. Illinois State Acad. Sci., 57(2): 88-93. [FRBS No. 872] SANDEMAN, E. J., AND E. I. S. REES. 1963 .. Some notes on the tagging of redfish, Sebastes marirtus (L.), from deep water. Int. Comm. Northwest Atlantic Fish., Spec. Publ., No. 4 p. 300-305. [FRBS No. 877]

SAUNDERS, J. W., AND M. W. SMITH. 1964. Planting brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis [Mitchill]) in estuarial waters. Canadian Fish Culturist, No. 32, p. 25-30. [FRBS No. 868] SAUNDERS, RICHARD L., AND JoHN H. GEE. 1964. Movements of young Atlantic salmon in a small stream. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(1): 27-36. I ScARRATT, D. J. 1964. Abundance and distribution of lobster larvae (Homarus americanus) in Northumberland Strait. J. Fish. Res. ~d. Canada, 21(4): 661-680. Scorr, D. P. 1964. Thermal resistance of pike (Esox lucius L.), muskellunge (E. masquinongy Mitchill), and their Fi hybrid. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21 (5): 1043-1049. SHEPARD, M. P., F. C. WITHLER, J. McDONALD, AND K. V. ARo. 1964. Further infor­ mation on spawning stock size and resultant production for Skeena sockeye. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(5): .1329-1331.

SIPOS, J. C., AND R. G. ACKMAN. 1964. Association of dimethyl sulphide with the "blackberry" problem in cod from the Labrador area. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(2): 423-425. SMITH, L. S., AND G. R. BELL. 1964. A technique for prolonged blood sampling in free-swimming salmon. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(4): 71l-717. SMITH, MICHAEL. 1963. Deoxyribonuoleic acids in crabs of the genus Cancer. Biochem. · Biophys. Res. Commun., 10(1): 67-72. [FRBS No. 823] 1964. Deoxyribonucleic acids of Crustacea. J. Mol. Biol., 9(1): 17-23. [FRBS No. 895] 1964. Synthesis of deoxyribonucleoside-3',5' cyclic phosphates by base-catalysed transesterification. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 86(17): 3586. [FRBS No. 91,4] 1964. The amino-acid composition of bacteria and its possible relation to taxonomy. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(3): 641.,.-642. SMITH, MICHAEL, AND D. B. QUAYLE. 1963. Deoxyribonucleic acids of marine mollusca. Nature, 200(4907): 676. [FRBS No.· 844] SMITH, M. w., AND DONALD K. RUSHTON. 1964. A study of barachois ponds in the Bras d'Or Lake area of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. Proc. Nova Scotian Inst. Sci. 1962-63, Part 1, 26: 3-17. [FRBS No. 911] SPALDING, D. J. 1964. Comparative feeding habits of the fur seal, sea lion, and harbour seal on the British Columbia coast.. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, No. 146, 52 p. 1964. Age and growth of female sea lions in British Columbia. J.- Fish. Res. Bd. Canada,. 21(2): 415-417.

SPARROW, R. A. H., P. A. LARKIN, AND_ R. A. RUTHERGLEN. 1964. Successful introduction of Mysis relicta Loven into Kootenay Lake; British Columbia. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(5); 1325-1327.

86 ·:-.--

SPRAGUE, J. B. 1964. Lethal concentrations of copper and zinc for young Atlantic salmon. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(1): 17-26. · 1964: Highly alkaline . water caused by asbestos-cement pipeline. Prog. Fish­ Culturist, 26(3): 111-114. [FRBS No. 913] SPRAGUE, J. B., AND R. L. SAUNDERS. 1963. Avoidance of sublethal mining pollution by Atlantic salmon. Proceedings of the 10th Ontario Industrial Waste Conference, Ontario Water Resources Commission, p. 221-236. [FRBS No. 881] SQumEs, H. J. 1964. Pagurus pubescens and a proposed new name for a related species in the Northwest Atlantic (Decapoda: Anomura). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canaoa, 21(2): 355-365. 1964. Neotype of Argis lar compared with Argis dentata (Crustacea: De­ capoda). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(3): 461-467. STEWART, JAMES E., AND JOHN W. CORNICK. 1964. Lobster (Homarus americanus) tolerance for tris buffer, sodium fluoride, and sea water extracts of various woods. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(6): 1549-1551. TABATA, S. 1964. lnsolation in relation to cloud amount and sun's altitude, p. 202-210. In Studies on Oceanography, 1964. Hidaka Anniversary Volume, 560 p. Inter­ national Academic Printing Company, Ltd.~ Tokyo. [FRBS No. 919] TAMURA, T., B. TRUSCOTT, AND D. R. IDLER. 1964. Sterol metabolism in the oyster. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(6): 1519-1522. TAMURA, T., T. WAINAI, B .. TRUSCOTT, AND D. R. IDLER. 1964. Isolation of 22-dehydro­ cholesterol from scallop. Canadian J. Biochem., 42: 1331-1337. [FRBS No. 879] TARR, H. L. A. 1964. Formation of ribomononucleotides from purine and pyrimidine bases and 5'-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate by a salmon milt extract. Canadian J. Biochem. Physiol., 42(5): 575-581. [FRBS No. 849] 1964. Formation of purine ·and pyrimidine nucleosides, deoxynucleosides, and the corresponding mononucleotides by salmon milt extract micleoside phosphorylase and nucleoside kinase enzymes. Canadian J. Biochem. Physiol., 42 ( 11) : 153 5- 1545. [FRBS No. 897] 1964. Incorporation of radioactive purine and pyrimidine bases and of thy- -. midine into the deoxyribonucleic acid of salmon milts. Canadian J. Biochem. Physiol., 42(1): 51-57. [FRBS No. 818] 1964. Control of bacterial spoilage of fish, p. 135-139. In Developments in Industrial Microbiology, Vol. 5; American Institute of Biological Sciences, Washing­ ton, D.C. [FRBS No. 889] TARR, H. L. A., AND A. G. COMER. 1964. Deamination of adenine and rela:ted' com­ pounds and formation of ·deoxyadenosine and deoxyinosine by lingcod mu8cle enzymes. Canadian J. Biochem. Physiol., 42(11): 1527-1533. [FRBS No. 894] TAYLOR, F. H. c: 1963. The stock-recruitment relationship in British Columbia herring populations. Rapp. Proces-Verbaux Reunions, Conseil Perm. Int. Exploration Mer, 154: 279-292. [FRBS No. 873] TEMPLEMAN, WILFRED. 1963. Otter-trawl covered codend and alternate haul mesh­ selection experiments on redfish, haddock, cod, American plaice and witch flounder: girth measurements of haddock, cod and redfish and meshing of redfish in the New­ foun'dland area. Int. Comm. Northwest Atlantic Fish., Spec. Publ. 'No. 5, p. 201-217. [FRBS No. 874] 1963. Comparison of returns from different tags and methods of' attachment rised in cod tagging in the Newfoundland area, 1954 and 1955. Int. Comm. North­ west Atlantic Fish., Spec. Publ. No. 4, p. 272-287. [FRBS No. 875]

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TEMPLEMAN, WILFRE_D, AND A. M. FLEMING. 1963. Distribution of Lemaeocera branch­ ialis (L.) on cod as an indicator of cod movements in the Newfoundland area. Int. Comm. Northwest Atlantic Fish., Spec. Publ. No. 4, p. 318-322. [FRBS No. 878]

TEMPLEMAN, WILFRED, AND T. K. Prrr. 1963. Comparison o.f returns from different tags and tagging methods for cod tagged in the inshore area, St. John's and Fogo, ·New­ foundland, 1950. Int. Comm. Northwest Atlantic Fish., Spec. Publ. No. 4, p. 294- 299. [FRBS No. 876] THOMAS, M. L. H., AND H. R. MCCRIMMON. 1964. Variability in paper electrophoretic patterns of the serum of landlocked sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(2): 239-246. TOMLINSON, N., S. E. GEIGER, AND W. W. KAY. 1964. Apparent onset of rigor mortis in steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) in the absence of Joss of adenosinetriphosphate from the ordinary muscle. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(4): 857-859. TOWNSLEY, P. M., AND M. L. HUGHES. 1964. Early stages in the recovery to injury in the dorsal fin of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(2): 347-354. TsUYUKI, H. 1963. A convenient method of casting polyacrylamide gels. Anal. Biochem., 6(2): 203-205. [FRBS No. 821] 1963. Multiple elution of protein zones from starch gel electrophoretically. Anal. Biochem., 6(2): 205-209. [FRBS No. 822] TsuYUKI, H., P. J. SCHMIDT, AND M. SMITH. 1964. A convenient technique for obtaining pituitary glands· from fish. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(3): 635-637. TULLY, J. P. 1964. Oceanographic regions and assessment of temperature structure in the seasonal zone of the north Pacific Ocean. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21 ( 5) : 941-970. 1964. Oceanographic regions and processes in the seasonal zone of the North Pacific Ocean, p. 68-84. In Studies. on Oceanography, 1964. Hidaka Anniversary Volume, 560 p. International Academic Printing Company; Ltd., Tokyo. [FRBS No. 917] VANSTONE, w. E., EVE ROBERTS, AND H. TSUYUKI. 1964. Changes in the multiple hemoglobin patterns of some Pacific salmon, genus Oncorhynchus, during the parr­ smolt transformation. Canadian J. Physiol. Pharm., 42(6): 697-703. [FRBS No. 884]

VERNON, £; H., A. S. HoURsToN, AND G. A. HOLLAND. 1964. The migration and exploitation of pink salmon runs in and adjacent to the Fraser River Convention Area in 1959. Int. Pacific Salmon Fish. Comm., Bull. No. 15, 296 p. [FRBS No. 862J WAINAI, T., T. TAMURA, B. TRuscorr, AND b. R. IDLER. 1964. The application of gas chromatography to the identification of the sterols of scallop. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(6): 1543-1546. WALDICHUK, M. 1964. Dispersion of kraft-mill effluent from a submarine diffuser in Stuart Channel, British Columbia. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(5): 1289-1316. 1962. Some water pollution problems connected with the disposal of pulp mill wastes. Canadian Fish Culturist, No. 31, p. 3-34. [FRBS No. 892] 1964. Daily and seasonal sea-level oscillations on the Pacific Coast of Canac;Ia, p. 181-201. In Studies on Oceanography, 1964. Hidaka Anniversary Volume, 560 p. International Academic Printing Company, Ltd., Tokyo. [FRBS. No. 918] 1964. Foams in' kraft pulp and newsprint effluents. Parts I and II. Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry, 17(7): 40-45; 17(8): 47-51. [FRBS No. 907]

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WESTRHE~M, S. I. 1964. Rockfish (Sebastodes brevispinis) in British Columbia waters. I. Fish, Res. Bd. Canada, 21(4): 855-856. WICKE'IT, W. P. 1964. An unusually late-spawning British Columbia chum salmon. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(3): 657. WILLIAMSON, GORDON R. 1963. Newfoundland barachois yields two giant trout. Atlantic Salmon J., No. 2, p. 18-20, August. [FRBS No. 837] WYLIE, V., AND M. SMITH. 1964. Nucleotides of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg). Canadian I. Biochem. Physiol., 42(9): 1347-1351. [FRBS No. 880] YABLOKOV, A. V., AND D. E. SERGEANT. 1963. [Cranial variation in the harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus Erxleben, 1777).] Zoo!. Zh., 42(12): 1857-1865. [FRBS No. 870, Transl. No. 485]

Interpretive Reports

Published, articles interpreting scientific information of interest to the Board and directed to industry, government, including international commissions, scientists and technical specialists, and the general public .. ANoN. 1963. The research program. Progress in 1961 in Canadian research on problems raised by the Protocol. Int. North Pacific Fish. Comm., Ann. Rep., 1961, p. 29-47. [Prepared by A. W. H. Needler and the ·staff of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C.] [FRBS No. 859] ANON. [Compiled and edited by C. J. Kerswill.] 1963. Investigation and management of Atlantic salmon and trout. The research program. Trade News, 16(1): 5-12. [FRBS No. 893] ANON. 1964. Investigation and management of Atlantic salmon and trout. The research program. Trade News, 17(1): 4-15. [FRBS No. 905] 1964. The research program. A. Progress in 1962 in Canadian research on problems raised by the Protocol. Int. North Pacific Fish. Comm., Ann. Rep., 1962, p. 30-53. [FRBS No. 925] 1964. The research program. A. Progress in 1963 in Canadian research on problems raised by the Protocol. Int. North Pacific Fish. C<;Jmm., Ann. Rep., 1963, p. 40-59. [FRBS No. 926] · ANON. [Edited by A. M. Fleming.] 1964. Fishery investigations and groundfish landings, Newfoundland, 1963. Restricted report prepared primarily for the Newfoundland fishing industry, 26 p. · ACKMAN, R. G. 1964. Structural homogeneity in unsaturated fatty acids of marine lipids. A Review. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(2): 247-254. AcKMAN, R. G., AND P. M. IANGAARD. 1964. Fisheries By-Products 1950-1963. A selected list of publications from the laboratories of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Halifax T1

89 ' r = I I !/ ·I I I BoYD, J. W., B. A. SOUTHCOTT, AND D. PETRIE. 1964. Influence of type of freezer­ carton materials on moisture loss from frozen fish during storage. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Vancouver Technol. Res. Lab. Circ., No. 31~ 8 p. CARTER, NEAL M. 1964. Obituary-H. N. Brocklesby. J. Fish. Res. Bd. _Canada, 21(2): 409-412. I CASTELL, C. H. 1964. A report to the fishing industry on the significance of botulism in the Canadian fisheries. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Halifax Technol. Res. Sta. Lab. Ne'Y Ser. Circ. No. 14, 11 p. CLAGGETT, F.' G. 1964. Bulk handling of B.C. whole herring meal. Fish Re!!. Bd. Canada, Vancouver Technol. Res. Lab. Circ., No. 32, 7 p~ DYER, W. J. 1964. Basic quality changes in frozen seafood .. American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 6(5): 40-42. [FRBS No. 867] ELSON, P. F. 1964. The control of the merganser on salmon waters. Atlantic Salmon J., No. 2, p. 42-43. ELSON, P. F., AND C. J. KERSWILL. 1964. Forest spraying and salmon angling. Atlantic Salmon J., No. 3, p. 20-29. [FRBS No. 920] FORRESTER, C. R., AND K. S. KETCHEN. 1964: The Strait of Georgia trawl fishery. Western Fisheries, 67(4): 38-43 (third of four parts); 67(5): 36-40 (final of four parts). HODDER, V. M. 1964. Prospects for the Newfoundland squid fishery in 1964. Trade News, 17(1): 16-18. [FRBS No. 906] IDLER, D. R., w. A. MACCALLUM, DOROTHY A. CHALKER, AND J. T. LAUDER. 1964. Effect of environmental and/or physiological factors on quality. Part I. Newfoundland trap cod. In Rudolf Kreuzer [ed.] The technology of fish utilization. Contributions from research. Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, 1965, p. 98-101. KASK, ;r. L. 1963. Fisheries in the year 2000. Canadian Fisherman, p. 42-45, June 1963. [FRBS No. 848] KENNEDY, W. A. 1964. The great lakes of the world. Verh. Int. Verein. Limnol., 15: 57-58. [FRBS No. 863] KETCHEN, K. S. 1964. Measures of abundance from fisheries for more than one species. Rapp. Proces-Verbaux Reunions. Conseil Perm. Int. Exploration Mer, lSS: 113-116. [FRBS No. 922] LANTZ, A. W. 1964. Fish processing plant, Mutwal, Ceylon. Fish. News Int., 3(1): 59-61. 1964. Fish cold storage plant, Mutwal, Ceylon. American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Journal, 6(8): 38-40. [FRBS No. 882] LARKIN, P.A. 1964. Review of: "Mechanisms in biological competition." Symposia of, the Society for Experimental Biology in Quarterly Review of Biology, 39(1): 84-85. LARKIN, P. A., AND W. E. RICKER [ed.]. 1964. Canada's Pacific marine fisheries-past performance and future prospects, p. 194-268. In Inventory of the Natural Resources of British Columbia. 15th British Columbia Natural Resources· Conference. [FRBS No. 851] LAUZIER, L. M., AND N. J. CAMPBELL. 1963. Canadian research report, 1962. Subareas 4 · and 5 [or the ICNAF Convention Area], Oceanography. Int. Comm; Northwest Atlantic Fish., Redhook 1963, Part II, p. 22-25. [FRBS No. 888]

90 MACCALLUM, W. A., AND D. G. ELLIS. 1963. Water thawing of frozen blocks of eviscerated, headed cod. Canadian Fisherman, 50(12): 61-66. [FRBS No. 834] 1964. Water thawing of block frozen, gutted cod. Fish. News Int., 3(1f: 56-57. 1964. Thawing cod in water. World Fishing, 13(2): 56-59, Febru.ary. 1964. Water thawing blocks of eviscerated headed cod. Fish. Merchant and Processor, January/February.

McCRACKEN, F. D., AND P. J. G. CARROTHERS. 1964. Report on second meeting of Subcommittee 9: "Textile products for Fishing Nets." Canadian Textile J ., 81 (1): 41-42. McLAREN, IAN. 1964. Marine life in arctic waters. p. 93-97. In I. Norman Smith [ed.] The unbelievable land. Queen's Printer, Ottawa. MCLEESE, D. W., AND D. G. WILDER. 1964. Lobster storage and shipment. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, No. 147, 69 p.

MANN, D. S., D. W. MCLEESE, AND L. R. DAY. 1964. Salt-water system at the St. Andrews Biological Station of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, p. 125-130. In Sea­ water systems for experimental aquariums. U.S. Fish Wildlife Serv., Res. Rep. No. 63. [FRBS No. 912]

MARTIN, W. R. 1963. Canadi~n Research Report, 1962. Subareas 4 and 5 [of the ICNAF Convention Area], Biology. Int. Comm. Northwest Atlantic Fish. Redbook 1963, Part II, p. 14-21. [FRBS No. 887] 1964. Research on improvement of fishing methods. [Federal-Provincial Con­ ference on Fisheries Development, January 20-24, 1964, Ottawa.] C~adian Fish. Rep., No. 3, p. 51-53. [FRBS No. 903] MILNE, D. J. 1964. [With Appendix by H. Godfrey.] The chinook and coho salmon fisheries of British Columbia. Western Fish., 68(5): 18, 1 20, 23-24, 26, 28, 31; 68(6); 36-37, 39-44, 46-48; 69(1): 34, 37-39. NORTHCOTE, T. G., AND P: A. LARKIN. 1964. Western Canada, p. 451-485. In Limnology _in North -America. Chap. 16. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. PARSONS, T. R. 1963. Suspended organic matter in sea water, p. 205-239. In Progress in Oceanography, Vol. 1. Pergamon Press, New York. [FRBS No. 858] POWER, H. E. 1964. A report to the fishing industry on the characteristics of fish protein concentrates made from various raw materials. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Halifax Technol. Res. Lab., New Ser. Circ. No. 15, 2 p. 1964. A report to the fishing industry on the problem of excess moisture in fish. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Halifax Technol. Res. Lab., New Ser. Circ. No. 16, 3 p. )964. A report to the fishing industry on the use of radiation for the preserva­ tion of marine products. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Halifax Technol. Res. Lab., New Ser. Circ. No. 18, 2 p. · QUAYLE, D. B. 1964. Marine borers in B.C. coastal waters. Canada Dep. Forestry, Publ. No. 1044, p. 1-10. RICKER, W. E. 1964 .. The need for habitat, p. 29-38. In J. R. Dymond [ed.] Fish and Wildlife: A Memorial to W. J. K. Harkness. Longmans Canada Limited, Toronto. ROACH, S. W., AND F. G. CLAGGETT. 1964. Salmon Packing: equipment and operation. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Vancouver Technol. Res. Lab. Circ., No. 30, 7 p. SLAVIN, JosEPH., AND w. A. MACCALLUM. 1964. North American experience in chilling and freezing fish on board vessels.' Fishing Gaz., 81(13): 96, 98-103.

91 ------·-- " I ;I I I SMITH, G. F. M. 1964. Exploration. [Federal-Provincial Conference on Fisheries Devel­ i opment, January 20-24~ 1964, Ottawa.] Canadian Fish. Rep., No. 3, p. 35-37. I [FRBS No. 901] SMITH, G. F. M., AND A. L. PRITCHARD. 1964. Population management. [Federal­ Provincial Conference on Fisheries Development, January 20-24, 1964, Ottawa.] Canadian Fish. Rep., No. 3, p. 39-42. [FRBS No. 902] SMITH, G. F. M., AND W. E. RICKER. 1964. Availability of fish. [Federal-Provincial Conference on Fisheries Development, January 20--24, 1964, Ottawa.] Canadian Fish. Rep., No. 3, p. 25-29. [FRBS No. 900) SMITH, M. W. 1963. The Atlantic Provinces of Canada, Chap. 18, p. 521-534. In David G. Frey [ed.] Limnology in North America. The University of Wisconsin Press. [FRBS No. 841) SPRAGUE, JoHN B., AND w. VICTOR CARSON. 1964. Changes in mining pollution of the Northwest Miramichi River from June 30, 1960, to the end of 1963. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, St. Andrews Biol. Sta. Gen. Ser. Circ. No. 42, 4 p. STEWART, JAMES E., AND JoHN w. CORNICK. 1964. A report to the fishing industry regarding the tolerance of lobsters for fluoridated water and for various woods. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Halifax Technol. Res. Lab. New Ser. Circ. No. 17, 2 p. TAYLOR, F. H. C. 1964. Life history and present status of British Columbia herring stocks. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, No. 143, 81 p. TEMPLEMAN, WILFRED. 1963. Canadian research report, 1962. Subareas 2 and 3 [of the ICNAF Convention Area]. Int. Comm. Northwest Atlantic Fish., Redbook 1963, Part II, p. 3-13. [FRBS No. 886] 1963. Summaries of research, 1962. Subareas 2 and 3 [of the ICNAF Con­ vention Area]. Int. Comm. Northwest Atlantic Fish., Ann. Proc. 1962-63, Vol. 13, p. 29-35. [FRBS No. 890] '-- 1964. Summaries of research and status of fisheries for Subarea 3, 1963. Int. Comm. Northwest Atlantic Fish., Ann. Proc., Vol. 14, p. 35-38. TrnBo, S. N., AND R. A. McKENZIE. 1964. Tunas and bonitos, Northwest Atlantic. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, St. Andrews Biol. Sta. Gen. Ser. Circ. No. 43, 4 p. (Trade News, 17(2): 7-10.) TOMLINSON, N., S. E. GEIGER, AND E. DOLLINGER. 1964. Chalky halibut. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Vancouver Technol. Res. Lab. Circ. No. 33, 8 p. WILDER, D. G. 1964. Lobster conservation. Fish. Counc. Canada, Bull. October 1964, p. 4-6.

Data Records

Unpublished preliminary reports containing data with incomplete or no analysis. They constitute repositories of relatively large amounts of data which should eventually appear in published form. The Board's Manuscript Report Series are intended for internal u~e, have a limited distribution, and should not be quoted without permission from the Director of the issuing ~stablishment. ANON. MS, 1964. Data Record, Franklin and Darnley Bays, N.W.T. Canadian Oceanogr. Data Centre, Data Rec. Ser. No. 2, 47 p. ANON. MS, 1964. Data Record, Southern Labrador to northern Grand Bank. Canadian Oceanogr. Data Centre, Data Rec. Ser: No. 3, 68 p.

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ANON. MS, 1964. Data Record, Scotian Shelf. Canadian Oceanogr. Data Centre, Data Rec. Ser. No. 4, 39 p. ANON. MS, 1964. Data Record, Ocean weather station P, north Pacific Ocean. Canadian Oceanogr. Data Centre, Data Rec. Ser. No. 5, 105 p. ANON. MS, 1964. Data Record, Scotian Shelf. Canadian Oceanogr. Data Centre, Data Rec. Ser. No. 6, 44 p. ANoN. MS, 1964. Data Record, Gulf of St. Lawrence. Canadian Oceanogr. Data Centre, __ Data Rec. Ser. No. 8, 137 p. ANON. MS, 1964. Data Record, Scotian Shelf to tail of Grand Banks. Canadian Oceanogr. Data Centre, Data Rec. Ser. No. 11, 104 p. ANON. MS, 1964. Data Record, Hudson Bay project-1961. Canadian Oceanogr. Data Centre, Data Rec. Ser. No. 12, 115 p. ANON. MS, 1964. Data Record, Great Bear Lake, N.W.T.-1963. Canadian Oceanogr. Data Centre, Data Rec. Ser. No. 13, 98 p. ANoN. MS, 1964. Data Record, ICNAF Norwestlant-2 Survey, Canada. Canadian Oceanogr. Data Centre, Data Rec. Ser. No. 14, 185 p. ANON. MS, 1964. Data Record, ocean weather station P, North Pacific Ocean. Canadian Oceanogr. Data Centre, Data Rec. Ser. No. 15, 95 p. ANON. MS, 1964. Data Record, Scotian Shelf, Cabot Strait and Continental Slope. Canadian Oceanogr. Data Centre, Data Rec. Ser. No. 16, 53 p.

ANON. MS, 1964. Data Record, southern Labrador and G~and Banks-1963. Canadian Oceanogr. Data Centre, Data Rec. Ser. No. 17, 139 p. · ANON. MS, 1964. Data Record, Eastern Arctic-1960. Canadian Oceanogr. Data Centre, Data Rec. Ser. No. 18, 204 p. ANON. MS, 1964. Data Record, Gulf of St. Lawrence. 1Canadian Oceanogr. Data Centre, Data Rec. Ser. No. 19, 205 p. ANoN. MS, 1964. Data Record, ocean weather station P, North Pacific Ocean, February 22 to April 25, 1964. Canadian Oceanogr. Data Centre, Data Rec. Ser. No. 20, 123 p. ANON. [Prepared by the Canadian Section of the International North Pacific Fisheries Commission.] MS, 1964. Report on trawling operations of the Canadian research vessel G. B. Reed in the Eastern Gulf of Alaska from July 2 to August 5, 1963. MS Rep. Biol., No. 767, 40 p. ANON. [Prepared by the Canadian Section of the International North Pacific Fisheries Commission.] MS, 1964. Report on trawling operations of the Canadian research vessel G. B. Reed off Kodiak Island from August 20 to September 22, 1963. MS Rep. Biol., No. 768, 50 p. BELL, W. H. MS, 1964. Radiation thermometry in the atmosphere (with ·addendum). Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Pacific Oceanogr. Group· Circ., 1964-6, 36 p. BILTON, H. T., E. A. R. BALL, AND D. W. JENKINSON. MS, 1964. The, age, sex and size composition of sockeye in the catch and escapement at Rivers Inlet in 1963. MS Rep. Biol., No. 772, 18 p. BLACKFORD, B. L. MS, 1964. Electrical analogs in physical Oceanography. MS Rep. Oceanogr. Limnol., No. 184, 27 p. BLACKFORD, B. L., AND Y. W. TSANG. MS, 1964. Average wind-stress data for the Gulf of St. Lawrence. MS Rep. Oceanogr. Limnol., No. ~83, 64 p.

93 r------,------....;

BUTLER, T. H. MS, 1964. Re-examination of the results of past attempts to introduce ·Atlantic lobsters on the British Columbia coast. MS Rep. Biol., No. 775, 7 p. DICKIE, L. M. MS, 1964. The homogeneity of Canadian samples for lengths and ages of commercially-caught cod and haddock. MS Rep. Biol., No. 787, 5 p. MS, 1964. On· the interpretation of recent trends in cod and haddock landings of the eastern Scotian Shelf. MS Rep. Biol., No. 796, 5 p. FLEMING, A. M. MS, 1964. Discarding of fish in the commercial fishery for Canada (Nfld.) in 1963. Int. Comm. Northwest Atlantic Fish., Annual Meeting, June 1964, Ser. No. 1356, Doc. No. 60, 2 p. MS, 1964. [Canada (Newfoundland) statistics of fishing effort and landings from the ICNAF Convention Area for 1962 by Division, months and gears.] Int. Comm. Northwest Atlantic Fish., Statist. Bull., Vol. 12. FLEMING, A. M., A. W. MAY, AND C. J. ELMS. MS, 1964. [Canada (Newfoundland) length frequencies of cod, (ICNAF Subarea 2) commercial and research samples, (ICNAF Subareas 3 and 4) commercial samples, 1962.] Int. Comm. Northwest Atlantic Fish., Sampling Yearbook for 1962, Vol. 7. GmvANDo, L. F. MS, 1964. The Shipborne Recording Thermometer: Continuous recording of sea-surface temperature for fisheries studies. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Pacific Oceanogr. Group Circ., 1964-5, 18 p. HODDER, V. M. MS, 1964. Assessments of the effects of fishing and of increases in the mesh size of trawls on the major commercial fisheries of the Newfoundland area (ICNAF Subarea 3). MS Rep. Biol., No. 801, 116 p. HOLLISTER, H. J. MS, 1964. 1963-1964 Winter and spring seawater temperatures at selected British Columbia shore stations, October 1963 to April 1964. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Pacific Oceanogr. Group Circ., 1964-7, 4 p. MS, 1964. Sea surface salinities at British Columbia coastal stations, January-May 1964. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Pacific Oceanogr. Group Circ., 1964-10, 7 p. MS, 1964. Surface seawater temperatures along the British Columbia coast, May­ August 1964. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Pacific Oceanogr. Group Circ., 1964-11, 5 p. MS, 1964. Observations of seawater temperature and salinity on the Pacific Coast of Canada, Vol. XXIII, 1963. MS Rep. Oceanogr. Limnol., No. 160, 81 p. MS, 1964. Classification of monthly mean sea surface temperatures and salinities at shore stations along the British Columbia and adjacent American co~sts, 1915-1962. MS Rep. Oceanogr. Limnol., No. 177, 119 p. JOHNSON, B. G. H. MS, 1964. Bio-assays of rivers tributary to the Canadian side of Lakes Superior and Huron with selective lampricides, 1960-61. MS Rep. Biol., No. 769, 139 p. KELEHER, J. J. MS, 1964. Round weight conversion factors for Great Slave Lake fish. MS Rep. Biol., No. 773, 19 p. MS, 1964. Data on size of fish from 1956-1962 winter Great Slave Lake com­ mercial fishery. MS Rep. Biol., No. 774, 84 p. MS, 1964. Data on size of fish from 1963 winter Great Slave Lake commercial fishery. MS Rep. Biol., No. 778, 28 p. MS, 1964. Data on size of fish from 1963 summer Great Slave Lake commercial fishery. MS Rep. piol., No. 779, 58 p.

/ MS, 1964. Data on size of fish from 1962 summer Great Slave Lake commercial fishery. MS Rep. Biol., No. 780, 51 p. MS, 1964. Data on size of fish from 1961 summer Great Slave Lake commercial fishery. MS Rep. Biol., No. 782, 49 p.

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KELEHER, J. J. AND C. G. HAIGHT. MS, 1964. Survey of Great Slave Lake domestic fishery in 1959 and 1962. I. 1962 census and fish supply in North Arm. MS Rep. Biol., No. 800, 71 p. KELEHER, J. J., AND PAULINE E. SAUNDERS. MS, 1964. Description of Great Slave Lake commercial fishing vessels in 1963. MS Rep. Biol., No. 764, 39 p. KENNEDY, V. S., AND P. M. POWLES. MS, 1964. Plankton collections from the western Gulf of St. Lawrence and central Nova Scotian Banks, 1958-1962. MS Rep. Biol., No. 799, 58 p. KoHLER, A. C. MS, 1964. Notes on groundfish discards data, Canada (Maritimes). MS l Rep. Biol., -No. 795, 6 p. LAUZIER, L. M. (Contributor). MS, 1964. The sea-bed drifter. A new instrument which indi­ cates the current near the sea-bed. MS Rep. Oceanogr. Limnol., No. 182, 3 p. LAUZIER, L. M., J. G. CLARK, AND A. W. BROWN. MS, 1964. Canadian drift bottle program, 1960-1963, Atlantic coast. MS Rep.-Oceanogr. Limnol., No. 178, 24 p. LEBRASSEUR, R. J. MS, 1964. Data record. A preliminary checklist of some marine plankton from the northeastern Pacific Ocean. MS Rep. Oceanogr. Limnol., No. 174, 14 p. MS, 1964. Data record. Collections of fish taken in Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl from n~rtheastem Pacific Ocean 1958-59. MS Rep. Oceanogr. Limnol., No. 175, 26 p. LEBRASSEUR, R. J., AND W. BARNER. MS, 1964. Midwater trawl salmon catches in northern Hecate Strait, November 1963. MS Rep. Oceanogr. LP:nnol., No. 176, 13 p. LoucKs, R. H. MS, 1964. A note on some slicks observed in Juan de Puca Strait. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Pacific Oceanogr. Group Circ. 1964-1, 3 p. MS, 1964. A qualitative assessment of ocean currents across Line P between July 15 and August 5, i963. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Pacific Oceanogr. Group Circ., 1964-2, 5 p. MS, 1964. Notes on running means. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Pacific Oceanogr. Group Circ. 1964-4, 5 p. MACPHAIL, J. S. MS, 1964. Survey of Eel River Cove, N.B., soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria) population. MS Rep. Biol., No. 763, 18 p. MS, 1964. The fishing efficiency of the clam hack and mortalities incidental to fishing. MS Rep. Biol., .No. 784, 29 p. I MS, 1964. Second survey of Eel River Cove, N.B., soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria) population. MS Rep. Biol., No. 793, 12 p. McCRACKEN, F. D. MS, 1964. Minimum mesh sizes and equivalents for different materials to meet ICNAF regulations. MS Rep. Biol., No. 798, 9 p. McCRACKEN, F. D. AND D. N. FITZGERALD. MS, 1964. Estimates of incidence of larval nematodes in cod fillets from the southern Canadian mainland ,to 1963. MS Rep. [ Biol., No. 781, 10 p. McDONALD, J. G. MS, 1964. Skeena Salmon Management Committee, Ann. Rep., 1963. MS Rep. Biol., No. 785, 47 p. MILNE, D. J. MS, 1964. [Prepared by H. Godfrey]. Sizes and ages of chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and 1coho (O. kisutch) salmon in the British Columbia troll fisheries (1952-1959) and the Fraser River gill-net fishery (1956-1959). MS Rep. Biol., No. 776, 43 p.

NEAVE, F., J. I. MANZER, H. GODFREY, AND R. J. LEBRASSEUR. MS. 1964. High-seas salmon fishing and tagging by Canadian vessels in 1963. MS Rep. Biol., No. 766, 38 p.

95 NEAVE, F., J. I. MANZER, M. P. SHEPARD, AND H. T. BILTON. MS, 1964. Distribution and relative abundance of pink salmon in offshore waters, 1964, with special reference to Central British Columbia stocks. MS Rep. Biol., No. 786, 29 p. PACIFIC OCEANOGRAPHIC GROUP. MS, 1964. Data record of bathythermograms observed in the Northeast Pacific Ocean during the Gulf of Alaska salmon tagging program, April­ June 1963. MS Rep. Oceanogr. Limnol., No. 169, 57 p. PALOHEIMO, J. E. MS, 1964. Comparison of performance of response and non-response vessels. MS Rep. Biol., No. 788, 3 p. MS, 1964. Fishing power studies. MS Rep. Biol., No. 789, 2 p. MS. 1964. Species association in commercial"catches. MS Rep. Biol., No. 790, 2 p. POWLES, P. M. MS, 1964. American plaice in 4T. MS Rep. Biol., No. 797, 3 p. QUAYLE, D. B. MS, 1964. The effect of kraft mill effluent on the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) with particular reference to Crofton, B.C. MS Rep. Biol., No. 765, 32 p. RICKER, W. E. MS, 1964. Distribution of Canadian stoneflies. MS Rep. Biol., No. 770, 70 p. R9BERTSON, D.- G. MS, 1964. Oceanographic observations from weatherships C.C.G.S. "St. Catharines", Cruise p-63-4, September 10 to October 28, and C.C.G.S. "Stonetown", October 22 to December 9, 1963. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Pacific Oceanogr. Group Circ., 1964-3, 11 p. MS, 1964. Surface temperatures along Line P and at Ocean Station P. FRBC, POG Circular, 196'1-9. 6 p. MS, 1964. Oceanographic observations from weatherships C.C.G.S. "St. Cath­ arines", and C.C.G.S. "Stonetown" during the period December 3, 1963 to May 21, 1964. FRBC, POG Circular, 1964-8, 11 p. SPRAGUE, J. B. MS, 1964. Toxicity of pollution to aquatic life-a summary of research in Canada. MS Rep. Biol., No. 771, 19 p. MS, 1964. Chemical surveys of the Saint John River, tributaries, impoundments, and estuary in 1959 and 1960. MS Rep. Oceanogr. Limnol., No. 181, 59 p. SPRAGUE, J. B., AND W. V. CARSON. MS, 1964. Chemical conditions in the Northwest Mira­ michi River during 1963. MS Rep. Oceanogr. Limnol., No. 180, 62 p. STEPHENS, K. MS, 1964. Data record. Productivity measurements in the Northeast Pacific with associated chemical and physical data, 1958-1964. MS Rep. Oceanogr. Limnol., No. 179, 185 p. TERHUNE, L. D. B. MS, 1964. Construction of the Hecate Model. MS Rep. Oceanogr. Limnol., No. 172, 69 p. MS, 1964. Construction of a large plastic bag-for in situ studies of marine photo­ synthesis. MS Rep. Oceanogr. Limnol., No. 173, 29-p. THOMSON, J. A., AND E. J. R. LIPPA' MS, 1964. British Columbia landings of trawl-caught groundfish by month, by major and minor statistical area, Vol. 12, 1963. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Nanaimo Biol. Sta. Statist. Ser. Circ., No. 13, 71 p. Trnno, S. N. MS, 1964. Review of Canadian herring fishery and research in the ICNAF area 1963. MS Rep. Biol., No. 791, 4 p. MS, 1964. Review of Canadian fishery and research on large pelagic fish in the ICNAF area in 1963. MS Rep. Biol., No. 792, 5 p. Trnno, S. N., AND R. A. McKENZIE (Contributors). MS, 1964. A bibliography of herring (Clupea harengus) in the northwest Atlantic. A compilation of references submitted by Canada, USSR,- and USA. MS Rep. Biol., No. 794, 16 p. WELLS, R. 1964. Fish eggs and larval collections by C.G.S. Baffin and C.N.A.V. SackviUe off West Greenland, 1963 (Norwestlant II) Int. Comm. Northwest Atlantic Fish., Annual Meeting, June 1964, Ser. No. 1349, Doc. No. 53, 4 p. 96 Articles Published by the Board on NonBoard Research

BARY, B. McK. 1964. Temperature, salinity and plankton in the eastern North Atlantic and coastal waters of Britain, 1957. IV. The species relationship to the water body; its role in distribution and in selecting and using indicator species. J. Fish.- Res. Bd. Canada, 21(1): 183-202. BASLOW, MoRRis H. 1964. Neurosine, a new oligopeptide isolated from the brain of fish and other cold-blooded vertebrates. I. Identification and partial characterization. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(1): 107-113. BLACK, EDGAR C., AND ANNE R. CONNOR. 1964. Effects of MS 222 on glycogen and lactate levels in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(6): 1539-1542. CHEW, K. K., A. K. SPARKS, AND S. C. KATKANSKY. 1964. First record of Mytilicola orientalis Mori in the California Mussel Mytilus californianus Conrad. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(1): 205-207. CONNOR, ANNE R., CARL H. ELLING, EDGAR C. BLACK, GERALD B. COLLINS, JOSEPH R. GAULEY, AND EDWARD TREVOR-SMITH. 1964. Changes in glycogen and lactate levels in migrating salmonid fishes ascending experimental "endless" fishways. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(2): 255-290. GILMARTIN, MALVERN. 1964. The primary production of a British Columbia fjord. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21 (3): 505-538.

HARTMAN, WILBUR L., AND ROBERT F. RALEIGH. 1964. Tributary homing of sockeye salmon at Brooks and Karluk Lakes, Alaska. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(3): 485-504. HESTER, FRANK J. 1964. Effects of food supply on fecunqity in the female guppy, Lebistes reticulatus (Peters). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(4): 757-764. HITZ, CHARLES R. 1964. Observations on egg cases of the big skate (Raja binoculata Girard) found in Oregon coastal waters. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 21(4): 851-854. HOAR, W. S. 1964. W. A. Clemens-An Appreciation. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(5): 869-872. . HOUSTON, ARTHUR HILLIER. 1964: On passive features in the osmoregulatory adaptation of anadromous salmonids to sea water. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(6): 1535-1538.

HUBBS, CARL L., AND NORMAN J. WILIMOVSKY. 1964. Distribution and synonymy in the Pacific Ocean and variation of the Greenland halibut, Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(5): 1129-1154. HUNTER, JoHN R., AND WARREN J. WISBY. 1964. Net avoidance behavior of carp and other species of fish. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(3): 613-633. JOHN KENNETH R. 1964. Illumination, vision, and schooling of Astyanax mexicanus (Fillipi). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(6): 1453-1473. JOHN, KENNETH R., AND MICHAEL HAUT. 1964. Retinomotor cycles and correlated be­ havior in the teleost Astyanax mexicanus (Fillipi). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(3): 591-595. KABATA, Z. 1964. Redescription of Lernaeopoda centroscyllii Hansen, 1923. (Copepoda: Lernaeopodidae). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(4): 681-689. LINDSEY, C. C. 1964. Problems in zoogeography of the lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(5): 977-994. McALLISTER, D. E. 1964. Distinguishing characters for the sculpins Cottus bairdii and C. cognatus in eastern Canada. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(5): 1339-1342.

97 McHARDY, R. A. 1964. Marine ostracods from the plankton of Indian Arm, British Columbia, including a diminutive subspecies resembling Conchocia alata major Rudja­ kov.. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(3): 555-576. 1964. A vacuum-assisted subsampler for use with small planktonic organisms. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(3): 639-640. MclNERNEY, JoHN E. 1964. Salinity preference: an orientation mechanism in salmon migration. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canaqa, 21(5): 995-1018. McNAUGIIT, DONALD C., AND ARTHUR D. HASLER, 1964. Rate of movement of popula­ tions of ;Daphnia in relation to changes in light intensity. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(2): 291-318. McNEIL, WILLIAM J. 1964. Redd superimposition am;l egg capacity of pink salmon spawn­ ing beds. J. Fish. Res. Bd. ,Canada, 21(6): 1385-1396. Mum, BARRY S. 1964. Vital statistics of Esox masquinongy in Nogies Creek, Ontario. II. Population size, natural mortality, and the effect of fishing. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(4): 727-746. NICOL, J. A. C. 1964. Reflectivity of the chorioidal tapeta of selachians. J. Fisli. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(5): 1089-1100. NORTHCOTE, T. G., MILDRED S. WILSON, AND D. R. HURN. 1964. Some characteristics of Nitinat Lake, an inlet on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. J. Fish. Res. Bd. ·Canada, 21(5): 1069-1081.

PATASHNIK, MAX, A~ HERMAN s. GRONINGER, JR. 1964. Observations on the milky con­ dition in some Pacific Coast fishes. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(2): 335-346. PFEIFFER, WOLFGANG, AND T. F. PLETCHER. 1964. Club cells and granular cells in the skin of lamprey. J. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(5): 1083-1088. RosENBLATT, RICHARD H. 1964. A new gunnel, Pholis clemensi, from the coast of western North America. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(5): 933-939. SAUER, CHARLES, D. 1964. Bathythermograph data on aperture cards: a new approach to an old problem. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(3): 647-650. SWIFT, D.R. 1964. Activity cycles in the brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). 2. ·Fish artificially fed. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(1): 133-138. TRASON, WINONA BETHUNE. 1964. Ascidians of the Canadian Arctic Waters. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(6): 1505-1517. VLADYKOV, V ADIM D. 1964. Quest for the truebreeding area of the American eel (An­ guilla rostrata LeSueur). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(6): 1523-1530. VROOMAN, ANDREW M. 1964. Serologically differentiated subpopulations of the Pacific sardine, Sardinops caerulea. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(4): 691-701. WATLING, HAROLD, AND HOWARD H. HILLEMANN. 1964. The development of the olfactory apparatus of the grayling (Thymallus arcticus). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(2): 373-396. WORTHINGTON, L. V. 1964. Anomalous conditions in the slope water area in 1959. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 21(2): 327-333.

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INDEX TO PROFESSIONAL STAFF BY ESTABLISHMENT Scientist Establishment Ackman, R. G. Halifax Alderdice, D. F:. Nanaimo Allen, K. R. Nanaimo Antia, N. J. Vancouver Arai, Mary Needler Nanaimo Aro, K. V. Nanaimo

Barns, R. A. Nanaimo Barraclough, W. E. Nanaimo Beamish, F. W. H. St. Andrews Beckett, J. S. St. Andrews Bell, G. R. Nanaimo Bell, W. H. Nanaimo Berkeley, C. J. Nanaimo Berry, G. H. Vancouver Bilinski, E. Vancouver Bilton, H. T. Nanaimo Bishop, Carol M. Halifax Blackford, 'B. L. St. Andrews Blair, A. A. St. John's :f3ligh, E. G. Office of the Chairman Bourne, N. F. St. Andrews Boyce, N. P. Nanaimo Boyd, J. W. · Vancouver Brett, J. R. ' Nanaimo Brockerhoff, H. Halifax Bursa, A. S. Montreal Butler, T. H. Nanaimo Buttkus, H'. A. Vancouver

Cadima, E. L. St. Andrews Cant, G. P. St. Andrews Carrothers, P. J. G. St. Andrews Castell, C. H. Halifax Chalker, Dorothy A. St. John's Chevrier, J. R. St. Andrews Claggett, F. G. Vancouver Comer, A. G. Vancouver Cornick, J. W. Halifax Craig, Allison M. Nanaimo Crean, P. B. Nanaimo

Dambergs, N. Halifax Davis, W. A. London Dehadrai, P. V. St. Andrews Dickie, L. M. St. Andrews 99 ------~- -~ ------·------:------,:;.._

Scientist Establishment Dingle, J. R. Halifax Dodge, D:. P. London Dodimead, A. J. Nanaimo Drinnan, R. E. St. Andrews Dugal, L. C. Vancouver Dussault, H. P. Halifax Dustin, S. M. London Dyer, W. J. Halifax

Ellis, D. G. Halifax Elson, P. F. St. Andrews Emery, A. R. St. Andrews Evelyn, T. P. T. Nanaimo

Fagerlund, U. H. M. Vancouver Fleming, A. M. St. John's Freeman, H. C. Halifax Fry, F. E. J. London

Geiger, Shirley E. Vancouver Giovando, L. F .. Nanaimo Godfrey, H. Nanaimo Gover, Rosamund M. Halifax Grainger, E. H. Montreal Groot, C. Nanaimo

Hachey, H. B. Office of the Chairman Hart, J. L. St. Andrews Hayes, F. R. Office of the Chairman Heusner, A. St. Andrews Hiltz, Doris I. Halifax Hines, J. A. Halifax Hodder, V. M. St. John's Hourston, A. S. Nanaimo Hoyle, R. J. Halifax \Humphreys, R. D. St. Andrews Hunter, J. G. Montreal

Idler, D. R. Halifax

Jangaard, P. M. Halifax Johnson, B. G. H. London Johnson, L. Montreal Johnson, W. E. Nanaimo Jonas, R. E. E. Vancouver

·Keleher, J. J. London Kennedy, W. A. London Kerswill, C. J. St. Andrews Ketchen, K. S. Nanaimo Klett, R. P. Vancouver Knight, W. R. St. Andrews Kohl, R. W. Halifax Kohler, A. C. St. Andrews

100 ------·· ------

Scientist Establishment Lamsa, A. London · Lantz, A. W. Vancouver Larkin, P. A. Nanaimo Lasala, Coty Halifax Lauder, J. T. St. John's Lauzier, L. M. St. Andrews Lawler, G. H. London Lawrie, A. H. London LeBrasseur, R. J. Nanaimo Legendre, R. Halifax Leung, T. C. Halifax Li, M. F. Halifax Lo, S. Y. Halifax Loring, D. H. St. Andrews

McAllister, C. D. Nanaimo McBride, J. R. Vancouver MacCallum, W. A. St. John's Mccart, P. J. Nanaimo McCracken, F. D. St. Andrews McDonald, J. Nanaimo McKenzie, R. A. St. Andrews McLeese, D. W. St. Andrews MacLulich, D. A. St. Andrews Macnab, Heather C. Halifax Mansfield, A. W. Montreal Manzer, J. I. Nanaimo Margolis, L. Nanaimo Martin, W. R. Office of the Chairman · May, A. W. St. John's Medcof, J. C. St. Andrews Moore, Barbara A. Halifax Mounib, M. S. Halifax Murray, A. R. St. John's

Nagayama, F. Halifax ( Nakano, T. Vancouver Neave, F. Nanaimo

Odense, P. H. Halifax Oikawa, T; G. Vancouver Outram, D. N. Nanaimo

Paloheimo, J. E. St. Andrews Parker, R. R. Nanaimo Par~ons, T. R. Nanaimo Peer, D. L. St. Andrews Pike, G. C. Nanaimo Pinhorn, A. T. St. John's Pitt, T. K. St. John's Platford, R. F. St. Andrews Pletcher, F. T. Nanaimo Power, H. E. Halifax

101 Scientist Estflblishment Powles, P. M. St. Andrews Prakash, A. St. Andrews Pritchard, G. I. Office of the Chairman

Quayle, D. B. Nanaimo

Randall, D. J. Nanaimo Ricker, W. E. Office of the Chairman Roach, S. W. Vancouver Roberts, Eve Vancouver Rogers, J. A. Office of the Chairman Ronald, K. Halifax Roy, Joan E. Vancouver

Saito, A. Halifax Sandeman, E. J. St. John's Saunders, J. W. St. Andrews Saunders, R. L. St. Andrews Scariatt, D. J. St. Andrews Schmidt, P. J. London Scott, D. P. St. Andrews Scott, W. B. Montreal Sergeant, D. E. Vancouver Shepard, M. P. Nanaimo Shieh, H. S. Halifax Shinners, C. W. Halifax Sipos, J. C. Halifax Smith, G. F. M. London Smith, H. W. D. Nanaimo Smith, L. S. Nanaimo Smith, M. Vancouver Smith, M. W. St. Andrews Southcott, Burnett A. Vancouver Sprague, J. B. St. Andrews Squires, H. J. St. John's Stallworthy, W. B. St. Andrews Stevenson, J. C. Office of the Chairman Stewart, J. E. Halifax

Tabata, S. Nanaimo Tarr, H. L. A. Vancouver Taylor, F. H. C. Nanaimo Templeman, W. St. John's Thomas, M. L. H. St. Andrews Thomson, J. A. C. Nanaimo Tibbles, J. J. London Tibbo, S. N. St. Andrews Todoroff, T. Vancouver Tomlinson, N. Vancouver Trites, R. W. St. Andrews Truscott, Beryl Halifax Tsuyuki, H. Nanaimo Tully, J. P. ·St. Andrews Tyler, A. V. Vancouver 102 --~------·----·------·--·

Scientist .Uthe, J. F. Vancouver

Vanstone, W. E. Vancouver

Waldichuk, M. Nanaimo Wells, R. St. John's Westrheim, S. J. Nanaimo Wickett, W. P. Nanaimo Wilder, D. G. St. Andrews Wilson, K. A. London Withlet, F. C. Nanaimo Wood, A. L. Halifax

Yurkowski, M. Halifax

·I

103