DOCSLIB.ORG

More Than Just a Lake! TOPIC Great Lake Drainage Basins AUDIENCE Grades 1-6; 10-30 Students

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
More Than Just a Lake! TOPIC Great Lake Drainage Basins AUDIENCE Grades 1-6; 10-30 Students More Than Just a Lake! TOPIC Great Lake drainage basins AUDIENCE Grades 1-6; 10-30 students SETTING By creating a map of the rivers flowing into your Great Lake, Large, open indoor space is learn how rivers form a watershed. required GOAL To understand the concept of a drainage basin or watershed, and how that concept relates to the BACKGROUND around the lake as gravity pulls water local Great Lake watershed. All lakes and rivers have a set area to the lowest point. Water draining of land that water drains into them to the lowest common point is the OBJECTIVES • Students will understand the from, called the “watershed” or simplest definition of a watershed. defining role that rivers have “drainage basin.” Drainage basins are in watershed activity important environmentally because 2. Introduction to the model • Students will be able to state whether they live inside or whatever happens within the basin of watershed outside the drainage basin of the lake can happen to the lake itself. Students gather around the “shore” their Great Lake Toxic substances spilled or placed of the lake. Explain that the blue • Older students will be able to identify the river drainage on the land or in watershed rivers yarn represents rivers. With younger basin in which they live can end up in the lake. See the Great students, demonstrate how one river Lakes Watershed Fact Sheets for ad- might look on the map as it flows MATERIALS ditional information about your local into your Great Lake. • Large floor map of your Great Lake (or an outline on the watershed. floor made with masking tape, 3. Laying out the rivers large enough for an entire PROCEDURE Give each pair of students a piece of classroom to sit around). • 10-15 short lengths (2-3 feet) blue yarn. Younger students place of blue yarn 1. All water flows downhill their “river” somewhere on the map • Ball of yarn colored other than The physical properties of water on where it flows into the lake. Make blue, at least 50 feet long Earth are the driving force behind • Long raincoat sure that they do end up at the lake. • Towel watersheds. In liquid form, water Ask some students questions about • Spray bottle filled with water always flows downhill. The following their rivers, e.g. “Any waterfalls?” or • Maps of Minnesota, Wiscon- sin, Michigan, Ontario, Illinois, activity demonstrates this principle. “How’s the fishing?” Indiana, Ohio, New York, The educator dons a raincoat to Pennsylvania, or a detailed represent the land around the lake. Older students should be given a North American atlas Standing on a towel, invite a student river card (see river names at end of to act as the rain and spray the rain- lesson). Students will have to use a coat. Ask all other students to make Great Lake map, highway map, or a prediction about where the water an atlas in order to locate their river. will end up. Students them observe Once a student, or a pair of students, the “rain” as it falls on the “land.” has found their river, they should Where did the water travel? (Down “map” it--by placing their blue yarn your raincoat/downhill) This happens Hydrology Lake Effects—The Lake Superior Curriculum Guide COSEE Greatest of the Great Lakes—A Medley of Model Lessons E7 ©The Lake Superior Center, 1998. in connection to the map, to model ing something on the ground here the actual river flow to the lake. affect the Great Lakes? If not, what would it affect? 4. The boundary Once all the rivers are in place, ex- EXTENSIONS plain that the students will now cre- • Give older students a map of the ate an imaginary line. Standing near actual rivers of the closest Great one of the “rivers,” ask “If a raindrop Lake basin and have them dupli- falls here, where will it go/drain?” (To cate the tributaries and branches the lake). Then standing away from of the rivers that flow into their the river, ask the same question (it Great Lake. goes somewhere else, like Hudson • Discuss associated environmental Bay or down the Mississippi). So issues, such as the concept of an there is a line that separates the places “airshed” (the area from which where water will fall and drain into the lake draws airflow and thus the Great Lake from the places where air pollutants) and the potential water will fall and drain somewhere demand for pumping water out else. Use a ball of yarn to mark this of the Great Lakes for the arid boundary; walk around the lake with southwest. the yarn asking students to hold the • Use the Great Lakes Watershed yarn at the top of their rivers. Fact Sheet to create comparisons, mathematical studies, etc. 5. Implications • Discuss how the people in their For the younger students explain that town or city use the water in their they have created a model of what everyday lives. a watershed looks like. Show them • The class can become experts on a picture of the actual watershed; a nearby river or stream that is discuss how their model is similar to part of their Great Lake water- the actual. Ask the students if their shed. This could be done through school falls inside or outside of their research, talking to local scientists Great Lake’s watershed. or water related organizations and taking a trip to visit the stream. With the older students, explain that their map marks a close approxima- ASSESSMENT tion of the drainage basin of the • Ask students if they live in a Great Lake nearest them. Is their Great Lakes watershed. school inside or outside the drain- • Ask students what other water- age basin? If outside the basin, what shed they live in. drainage basin is it in? Could dump- Lake Effects—The Lake Superior Curriculum Guide More Than Just a Lake! ©The Lake Superior Center, 1998. E8 COSEE Greatest of the Great Lakes—A Medley of Model Lessons Lake Superior Watershed Fact Sheet Lake Length--350 mi (563 km) Lake Breadth--160 mi (257 km) Lake Depth--483 ft (147 m) average • 1333 ft (405 m) maximum Volume--2900 cubic mi (12,100 cubic km) Enough to cover North, Central, and South America with one foot of water. Water Surface--31,700 square miles (81,103 square km) Watershed Area--81,000 square miles (209,000 square km) % of watershed covered by lake--39% Shoreline length--2726 mi (4385 km) Water Retention Time--approximately 191 years Average Water Temperature--approximately 40° F (4.4° C) Average Winter Ice Cover--60% Number of Tributaries--336 TRIBUTARIES 1. Nipigon (ONT) 2. Aguasabon (ONT) 3. St. Louis (MN) 4. Kaministikwia (ONT) 5. Michipicoten (ONT) 6. Pic (ONT) 7. Ontonagon (MI) 8. Montreal (ONT) 9. Tahquamenon (MI) 10. Sturgeon (MI) 11. Bad (WI) 12. Pigeon (MN/ONT) 13. Little Pic (ONT) 14. Batchawana (ONT) 15. Presque Isle (MI) 16. Montreal (WI/MI) 17. Black (MI) 18. Bois Brule (WI) 19. Iron (MI) 20. Sand (WI) 21. Baptism (MN) 22. Knife (MN) 23. Cranberry (WI) 24. French (MN) 25. Lester (MN) More Than Just a Lake! Lake Effects—The Lake Superior Curriculum Guide COSEE Greatest of the Great Lakes—A Medley of Model Lessons E9 ©The Lake Superior Center, 1998. Lake Michigan Watershed Fact Sheet Lake Length--307 mi (494 km) Lake Breadth--118 mi (190 km) Lake Depth--279 ft (80 m) average • 925 ft (282 m) maximum Volume--1180 cubic mi (4920 cubic km) Water Surface--22,300 square miles (57,800 square km) Watershed Area--45,600 square miles (118,000 square km) % of watershed covered by lake--49% Shoreline length--1600 mi (2575 km) Water Retention Time--approximately 99 years Average Water Temperature--approximately 66° F (19.1° C) Summer, 36.4° F (2.47° C) Winter Average Winter Ice Cover--less than 50% Number of Tributaries--511 TRIBUTARIES 1. Manistique (MI) 2. Escanaba (MI) 3. Menominee (MI/WI) 4. Fox (WI) 5. St. Joseph (MI/IN) 6. Kalamazoo (MI) 7. Grand (MI) 8. Muskegon (MI) 9. Pere Marquette (MI) 10. Manistee (MI) 11. Root (WI) 12. Oconto (WI) 13. Peshtigo (WI) 14. Bear (MI) 15. Galena (IN) 16. Paw Paw (MI) 17. Black (MI) 18. Pigeon (WI) 19. Little Suamico (WI) 20. Pensaukee (WI) 21. Betsie (MI) 22. West Twin (WI) 23. East Twin (WI) 24. Kewaunee (WI) 25. Pike (WI) Lake Effects—The Lake Superior Curriculum Guide More Than Just a Lake! ©The Lake Superior Center, 1998. E10 COSEE Greatest of the Great Lakes—A Medley of Model Lessons Lake Erie Watershed Fact Sheet Lake Length--241 mi (388 km) Lake Breadth--57 mi (92 km) Lake Depth--62 ft (19 m) average • 210 ft (64 m) maximum Volume--116 cubic mi (484 cubic km) Water Surface--9910 square miles (25,700 square km) Watershed Area--30,140 square miles (78,000 square km) % of watershed covered by lake--33% Shoreline length--871 mi (1402 km) Water Retention Time--approximately 2.6 years Average Water Temperature--approximately 71.8° F (22.1° C) Summer, 35.9° F (2.16° C) Winter Average Winter Ice Cover--100% Number of Tributaries--842 TRIBUTARIES 1. Black (MI) 2. Thames (ONT) 3. St. Clair (MI/ONT) 4. Belle (MI) 5. Clinton (MI) 6. Rogue (MI) 7. Huron (MI) 8. Raisin (MI) 9. Maumee (OH/IN) 10. Sandusky (OH) 11. Cuyahoga (OH) 12. Grand (OH) 13. Ashtabula (OH) 14. Buffalo (NY) 15. Portage (OH) 16. Toussaint (OH) 17. Vermillion (OH) 18. Black (OH) 19. Detroit (MI) 20. Rocky (OH) 21.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Recovery Strategy for Northern Riffleshell, Snuffbox, Round Pigtoe, Mudpuppy Mussel and Rayed Bean in Canada
    Recovery Strategy for Five Ontario Freshwater Mussels December 2006 Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series Recovery Strategy for Northern Riffleshell, Snuffbox, Round Pigtoe, Mudpuppy Mussel and Rayed Bean in Canada. December 2006 Recovery Strategy for Five Ontario Freshwater Mussels December 2006 About the Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series What is the Species at Risk Act (SARA)? SARA is the Act developed by the federal government as a key contribution to the common national effort to protect and conserve species at risk in Canada. SARA came into force in 2003 and one of its purposes is “to provide for the recovery of wildlife species that are extirpated, endangered or threatened as a result of human activity.” What is recovery? In the context of species at risk conservation, recovery is the process by which the decline of an endangered, threatened or extirpated species is arrested or reversed, and threats are removed or reduced to improve the likelihood of the species’ persistence in the wild. A species will be considered recovered when its long-term persistence in the wild has been secured. What is a recovery strategy? A recovery strategy is a planning document that identifies what needs to be done to arrest or reverse the decline of a species. It sets goals and objectives and identifies the main areas of activities to be undertaken. Detailed planning is done at the action plan stage. Recovery strategy development is a commitment of all provinces and territories and of three federal agencies — Environment Canada, Parks Canada Agency and Fisheries and Oceans Canada — under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk.
    [Show full text]
  • The Story of Tecumseh Look Like ? Tecumseh Lived Before Tecumseh, Which Means “Panther Across the Sky”, the Time of Photographs
    What Did Tecumseh The Story of Tecumseh Look Like ? Tecumseh lived before Tecumseh, which means “panther across the sky”, the time of photographs. was a great Shawnee leader. Historians believe he was So there is no way to know if the paintings or born in the year 1768 near what is now Springfield, sketches that claim to Ohio. Legend says that a meteor shot across the night be Tecumseh are the real thing. sky shortly after he was born. This sign from nature was used by his father, Pucksinwah, to name the new baby. Tecumseh never lived in Ross County, but he would have passed through this land many times in his younger years. His father, a Shawnee chief, was killed at the Battle of Point Pleasant in 1774 when Tecumseh was only about six years old. Chiksika, the oldest son, was with his father when he died. He promised to raise This painting was done Tecumseh as Pucksinwah would. Chiksika did a good job by Besson J. Lossing. of teaching him the many skills a young brave needed to The face was taken from a sketch done by a know. Tecumseh became well known on the Ohio French trader who had frontier as a fierce warrior and leader of his met Tecumseh. Mr. Lossing added the British tribesmen. jacket and the medal. As more settlers moved into the Northwest Territory he and other Indians became more and more upset about the loss of their land and their Indian way of life. In 1795, the Greenville Treaty was signed by chiefs of most of the Ohio Indian tribes and the United States government.
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Superior South Watershed Monitoring and Assessment Report
    Summary Monitoring and Assessment Lake Superior-South Watershed Why is it The undeveloped nature of the Lake Superior-South Watershed, along Minnesota’s North Shore within the Lake Superior Basin, is undoubtedly a key reason for the high important? water quality found in most parts of the watershed. This watershed covers 624 square miles of St. Louis and Lake counties, with nearly half of the land under state ownership (42%). Almost 90% is forested. The watershed is home to several small cities and supports diverse species of wildlife and fish populations. It contains 1,067 miles of streams of which 800 are designated as coldwater. Its immaculate waters produce some of the state’s highest-quality stream trout fisheries. The watershed is a valuable resource for drinking water, habitat for aquatic life, recreational opportunities and timber production. Key issues Overall, water quality conditions are good and can be attributed to the forest and wetlands that dominate the watershed’s land cover. Many stream segments have exceptional biological, chemical, and physical characteristics and should be considered for additional protections to preserve their high quality. The top five stream resources include: McCarthy Creek, Unnamed Creek (West Branch Little Knife River), Gooseberry River, Stewart River and Captain Jacobson Creek. Problem areas do occur but are typically limited to the lower reaches of streams where stressors from land use practices may accumulate. Impairments are likely a function of both natural and human-caused stressors. Historical and recent forest cover changes, along with urban/industrial development, draining of wetlands and damming of streams are likely stressors affecting biological communities within the watershed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Thames River, Ontario
    The Thames River, Ontario Canadian Heritage Rivers System Ten Year Monitoring Report 2000-2012 Prepared for the Canadian Heritage Rivers Board Prepared by Cathy Quinlan, Upper Thames River Conservation Authority March, 2013 ISBN 1-894329-12-0 Upper Thames River Conservation Authority 1424 Clarke Road London, Ontario N5V 5B9 Phone: 519-451-2800 Website: www.thamesriver.on.ca E-mail: [email protected] Cover Photograph: The Thames CHRS plaque at the Forks in London. C. Quinlan Photo Credits: C. Quinlan, M. Troughton, P. Donnelly Thames River, Ontario Canadian Heritage Rivers System, Ten Year Monitoring Report 2000 – 2012 Compiled by Cathy Quinlan, Upper Thames River Conservation Authority, with assistance from members of the Thames Canadian Heritage River Committee. Thanks are extended to the CHRS for the financial support to complete this ten year monitoring report. Thanks to Andrea McNeil of Parks Canada and Jenny Fay of MNR for guidance and support. Chronological Events Natural Heritage Values 2000-2012 Cultural Heritage Values Recreational Values Thames River Integrity Guidelines Executive Summary Executive Summary The Thames River nomination for inclusion in the Canadian Heritage Rivers System (CHRS) was accepted by the CHRS Board in 1997. The nomination document was produced by the Thames River Coordinating Committee, a volunteer group of individuals and agency representatives, supported by the Upper Thames River Conservation Authority (UTRCA) and Lower Thames Valley Conservation Authority (LTVCA). The Thames River and its watershed were nominated on the basis of their significant human heritage features and recreational values. Although the Thames River possesses an outstanding natural heritage which contributes to its human heritage and recreational values, CHRS integrity guidelines precluded nomination of the Thames based on natural heritage values because of the presence of impoundments.
    [Show full text]
  • Nipigon Bay Area of Concern Status of Beneficial Use Impairments September 2010
    Nipigon Bay Area of Concern Status of Beneficial Use Impairments September 2010 Nipigon Bay is in the most northerly area of Lake Superior. The Area of Concern takes in a large portion of Nipigon Bay and the Nipigon River, the largest tributary to Lake Superior, and the communities of Red Rock and Nipigon. There are Ontario Power Generation dams on the Nipigon River for the generation of hydroelectricity. The area supports a variety of wetlands and bird populations, including one of four known pelican colonies in Ontario. The watershed forests on both sides of the Nipigon River have been allocated for forest harvesting. Environmental concerns in the Nipigon Bay Area of Concern are related to water level and flow fluctuations in Lake Nipigon and the Nipigon River from the generation of hydroelectricity. These fluctuations affect stream bank stability, sediment load and fish and wildlife habitat. Other concerns include the accumulation of wood fibre, bark and other organic material from past log drives, and effluent discharges from a linerboard mill (which closed in 2006) and the municipal sewage treatment plants in Nipigon and Red Rock. PARTNERSHIPS IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Nipigon Bay was designated an Area of Concern in 1987 under the Canada–United States Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. Areas of Concern are sites on the Great Lakes system where environmental quality is significantly degraded and beneficial uses are impaired. Currently, there are 9 such designated areas on the Canadian side of the Great Lakes, 25 in the United States, and 5 that are shared by both countries. In each Area of Concern, government, community and industry partners are undertaking a coordinated effort to restore environmental quality and beneficial uses through a remedial action plan.
    [Show full text]
  • N Shore L. Superior: Geology, Scenery
    THESE TERMS GOVERN YOUR USE OF THIS DOCUMENT Your use of this Ontario Geological Survey document (the “Content”) is governed by the terms set out on this page (“Terms of Use”). By downloading this Content, you (the “User”) have accepted, and have agreed to be bound by, the Terms of Use. Content: This Content is offered by the Province of Ontario’s Ministry of Northern Development and Mines (MNDM) as a public service, on an “as-is” basis. Recommendations and statements of opinion expressed in the Content are those of the author or authors and are not to be construed as statement of government policy. You are solely responsible for your use of the Content. You should not rely on the Content for legal advice nor as authoritative in your particular circumstances. Users should verify the accuracy and applicability of any Content before acting on it. MNDM does not guarantee, or make any warranty express or implied, that the Content is current, accurate, complete or reliable. MNDM is not responsible for any damage however caused, which results, directly or indirectly, from your use of the Content. MNDM assumes no legal liability or responsibility for the Content whatsoever. Links to Other Web Sites: This Content may contain links, to Web sites that are not operated by MNDM. Linked Web sites may not be available in French. MNDM neither endorses nor assumes any responsibility for the safety, accuracy or availability of linked Web sites or the information contained on them. The linked Web sites, their operation and content are the responsibility of the person or entity for which they were created or maintained (the “Owner”).
    [Show full text]
  • Petition to List US Populations of Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser Fulvescens)
    Petition to List U.S. Populations of Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) as Endangered or Threatened under the Endangered Species Act May 14, 2018 NOTICE OF PETITION Submitted to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on May 14, 2018: Gary Frazer, USFWS Assistant Director, [email protected] Charles Traxler, Assistant Regional Director, Region 3, [email protected] Georgia Parham, Endangered Species, Region 3, [email protected] Mike Oetker, Deputy Regional Director, Region 4, [email protected] Allan Brown, Assistant Regional Director, Region 4, [email protected] Wendi Weber, Regional Director, Region 5, [email protected] Deborah Rocque, Deputy Regional Director, Region 5, [email protected] Noreen Walsh, Regional Director, Region 6, [email protected] Matt Hogan, Deputy Regional Director, Region 6, [email protected] Petitioner Center for Biological Diversity formally requests that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (“USFWS”) list the lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) in the United States as a threatened species under the federal Endangered Species Act (“ESA”), 16 U.S.C. §§1531-1544. Alternatively, the Center requests that the USFWS define and list distinct population segments of lake sturgeon in the U.S. as threatened or endangered. Lake sturgeon populations in Minnesota, Lake Superior, Missouri River, Ohio River, Arkansas-White River and lower Mississippi River may warrant endangered status. Lake sturgeon populations in Lake Michigan and the upper Mississippi River basin may warrant threatened status. Lake sturgeon in the central and eastern Great Lakes (Lake Huron, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River basin) seem to be part of a larger population that is more widespread.
    [Show full text]
  • Rivers at Risk: the Status of Environmental Flows in Canada
    Rivers at Risk: The Status of Environmental Flows in Canada Prepared by: Becky Swainson, MA Research Consultant Prepared for: WWF-Canada Freshwater Program Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the valuable contributions of the river advocates and professionals from across Canada who lent their time and insights to this assessment. Also, special thanks to Brian Richter, Oliver Brandes, Tim Morris, David Schindler, Tom Le Quesne and Allan Locke for their thoughtful reviews. i Rivers at Risk Acronyms BC British Columbia CBM Coalbed methane CEMA Cumulative Effects Management Association COSEWIC Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada CRI Canadian Rivers Institute DFO Fisheries and Oceans Canada EBF Ecosystem base flow IBA Important Bird Area IFN Instream flow needs IJC International Joint Commission IPP Independent Power Producer GRCA Grand River Conservation Authority LWR Low Water Response MOE Ministry of Environment (Ontario) MNR Ministry of Natural Resources (Ontario) MRBB Mackenzie River Basin Board MW Megawatt NB New Brunswick NGO Non-governmental organization NWT Northwest Territories P2FC Phase 2 Framework Committee PTTW Permit to Take Water QC Quebec RAP Remedial Action Plan SSRB South Saskatchewan River Basin UNESCO United Nations Environmental, Scientific and Cultural Organization US United States WCO Water Conservation Objectives ii Rivers at Risk Contents Rivers at Risk: The Status of Environmental Flows in Canada CONTENTS Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Water Quality Trends at Minnesota Milestone Sites
    Water Quality Trends for Minnesota Rivers and Streams at Milestone Sites Five of seven pollutants better, two getting worse June 2014 Author The MPCA is reducing printing and mailing costs by using the Internet to distribute reports and David Christopherson information to wider audience. Visit our website for more information. MPCA reports are printed on 100% post- consumer recycled content paper manufactured without chlorine or chlorine derivatives. Minnesota Pollution Control Agency 520 Lafayette Road North | Saint Paul, MN 55155-4194 | www.pca.state.mn.us | 651-296-6300 Toll free 800-657-3864 | TTY 651-282-5332 This report is available in alternative formats upon request, and online at www.pca.state.mn.us . Document number: wq-s1-71 1 Summary Long-term trend analysis of seven different water pollutants measured at 80 locations across Minnesota for more than 30 years shows consistent reductions in five pollutants, but consistent increases in two pollutants. Concentrations of total suspended solids, phosphorus, ammonia, biochemical oxygen demand, and bacteria have significantly decreased, but nitrate and chloride concentrations have risen, according to data from the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency’s (MPCA) “Milestone” monitoring network. Recent, shorter-term trends are consistent with this pattern, but are less pronounced. Pollutant concentrations show distinct regional differences, with a general pattern across the state of lower levels in the northeast to higher levels in the southwest. These trends reflect both the successes of cleaning up municipal and industrial pollutant discharges during this period, and the continuing challenge of controlling the more diffuse “nonpoint” polluted runoff sources and the impacts of increased water volumes from artificial drainage practices.
    [Show full text]
  • LAND USE and WATER RESOURCES in the MINNESOTA NORTH SHORE DRAINAGE BASIN Carol A. Johnston, Brian Allen, John Bonde, Jim Sal6s
    LAND USE AND WATER RESOURCES IN THE MINNESOTA NORTH SHORE DRAINAGE BASIN Carol A. Johnston, Brian Allen, John Bonde, Jim Sal6s, and Paul Meysembourg Natural Resources GIS Laboratory (NRGIS) NRRI Technical Report NRRI/TR-91/07 July 1991 Research funded by the Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources INTRODUCTION Rivers and streams are an important feature of the Minnesota North Shore. A dozen state parks and waysides lie at the mouths of rivers that cascade down the steep slopes of Minnesota’s northern highlands into Lake Superior,-carving beautiful waterfalls out the basalt bedrock. But the rivers that drain the 5778 km2 North Shore drainage basin provide more than scenic beauty, delivering nutrients and other materials to Lake Superior. Lake Superior’s tributaries provide about half of its annual water input (Bennett 1978), more than 90% of its total dissolved solids, and 68% of its phosphorus (Upper Lakes Reference Group 1977). Moreover, the water from these tributaries is delivered to the nearshore zone, in which Lake Superior’s biological communities are concentrated (Rao 1978, Munawar and Munawar 1978, Watson and Wilson 1978). Since these communities of bacteria, algae, and zooplankton form the basis of the food web, the productivity and integrity of Lake Superior’s waters are heavily dependent on water supplied by the North Shore drainage basin. While some of the materials delivered by rivers and streams are essential to aquatic life, excessive inputs of sediment and nutrients can cause nonpoint source pollution, the flow of pollutants from land to water in stormwater runoff or from seepage through the soil.
    [Show full text]
  • Canada's Rivers at Risk
    Canada’s Rivers at Risk Environmental Flows and Canada’s Freshwater Future Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Canada’s River’s at Risk WWF-Canada acknowledges the valuable Cover page Rivers contributions of the river scientists, advocates, Large photo © Garth Lenz / WWF-Canada Skeena © Mike Ambach / WWF-Canada and managers from across Canada who lent Dam © Ontario Power Generation Mackenzie © Tessa Macintosh / WWF-Canada their time and insights to this report. Special Sunset © Becky Swainson Fraser © Michel Roggo / WWF-Canon 2 Summary thanks to Becky Swainson for synthesizing vast Irrigation © Photodisc Athabasca © Jiri Rezac / WWF-UK volumes of information into the technical study Parliament © Jupiter Images Nipigon © Gord Ellis on which Canada’s Rivers at Risk is based, and Dry earth © Photodisc Grand © GRCA photo by Carl Hiebert 4 Introduction Ottawa © Alex Indigo to Brian Richter, Oliver Brandes, Tim Morris, Table of contents South Saskatchewan © Rob Huntley David Schindler, Tom Le Quesne and Allan Locke © Garth Lenz / WWF-Canada for their thoughtful reviews. WWF-Canada also St. Lawrence © Dave Finger wishes to acknowledge Sarah Weber of Lightning Summary Saint John © Gilbert Van Ryckevorsel / WWF-Canada 6 Environmental Flows: Threats and Impacts © Garth Lenz / WWF-Canada Editorial and the staff at Mystique Creative for Conclusion their work on the final product. Introduction © Garth Lenz / WWF-Canada © Greg Stott / WWF-Canada Finally, WWF-Canada gratefully acknowledges Back cover 8 Skeena River John McCutcheon for his long-standing commit- Environmental Flows © Garth Lenz / WWF-Canada ment to freshwater protection in Canada. We also Large photo © Frank Parhizgar / WWF-Canada thank the Pat and John McCutcheon Charitable Dam © Patricia Buckley / WWF-Canada 10 Mackenzie River Foundation and Ted Hogarth for providing financial Irrigation © Patricia Buckley / WWF-Canada support to this project.
    [Show full text]
  • Brule Rainbow/Steelhead History
    Brule River Sportsmen’s Club, Inc. 2020 June OVER 500 MEMBERS DEDICATED TO THE IMPROVEMENT AND PRESERVATION OF THE BRULE Brule Rainbow/Steelhead History by Dennis Pratt The story begins with the railroad This type of rainbow (called the Shas- the Brule River and many other western finally reaching the town of Brule in ta strain) was a true non-migrating strain Lake Superior tributaries for nearly a 1885. Previously, the only way to reach first collected by the U.S. Fish Commis- decade before the State of Wisconsin the famous Brule River brook trout fish- sion from the McCloud River, a headwa- developed its own steelhead stocking ery (located mainly from Brule to the ters tributary of northern California’s program at the Salmo Fish Hatchery in headwaters) was via forest trail with a Sacramento River. Bayfield, Wisconsin. wagon or horse. Numbers of anglers Those fish were distributed to states A total of 3.7 million rain- dramatically increased with this new, throughout the nation. Nicholas placed bow/steelhead have been stocked in the easy access, and it soon became apparent these first rainbows in the Brule headwa- Brule. Many strains originating from that a decline in the brook trout fishery ters and a few other nearby tributaries. streams in northern California, Oregon, was inevitable as anglers began over- He continued to stock for a couple more and Washington were used. Over the whelming the fishery. years, getting each year’s supply by rail last 130 years, survivors of those various Brook trout reproduction simply from the Madison, Wisconsin hatchery.
    [Show full text]