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Channel Form and Processes in a Formerly Glaciated Terrain

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Channel Form and Processes in a Formerly Glaciated Terrain Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 11-4-2016 12:00 AM Channel Form and Processes in a Formerly Glaciated Terrain Nathaniel Bergman The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Marco Van De Wiel The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Geography A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Nathaniel Bergman 2016 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Geology Commons, Geomorphology Commons, Geotechnical Engineering Commons, Glaciology Commons, Hydraulic Engineering Commons, Hydrology Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons, Sedimentology Commons, Stratigraphy Commons, and the Water Resource Management Commons Recommended Citation Bergman, Nathaniel, "Channel Form and Processes in a Formerly Glaciated Terrain" (2016). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 4332. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/4332 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ii Abstract Despite that many places around the world in general, and North America in particular, were glaciated during the last ice age, relatively little is known about rivers that evolved over glaciated landscapes once they deglaciated. They are commonly categorized as alluvial with a glacial legacy, and often described as simple gravel-bed or sand-bed rivers. Alternatively, they are classified as bedrock rivers because the glacial deposits have been eroded and the underlying rock is exposed. However, the glacial history of these rivers is important and my research shows that classification for them is "semi-alluvial". This work shows that classification is important, not only for scientific accuracy but for river management that must be based on a sound understanding of river form and process. Poor understanding can be costly (i.e. restoration and management that do not achieve their goals; failed infrastructure), leading to wasted resources and inefficient functioning of the river. Two major geomorphologic phases can be discerned in formerly glaciated terrains: Deglaciation which exposed the landscape to erosion when ponded meltwater was abundant and led to outburst flooding. These catastrophic floods cannot occur under the modern climate of southern Ontario. Evidence for glacial lakes is found in lacustrine deposits upstream, and on top of moraines while spillways indicate where glacial lakes drained and carved deep valleys into the terrain. Spillways reveal outburst flooding with boulder lags, terraces, flow scars and possibly mounds and berms away from the modern misfit channel. Postglacial incision and deposition during a single flood event or a single hydrological year. Human disturbance over the past two centuries, includes agriculture, channelization, millponds and weirs. The dissertation addresses two parallel paradigms in fluvial geomorphology: Which processes are responsible for most of the geomorphic work that shapes the landscape - catastrophic flood(s) or small-scale erosion and deposition that bit by bit give the channel and valley its present morphology? My work will show that the outburst flooding of Glacial Lake London (paper 1) sets the stage for the postglacial morphology and small-scale processes we see today (paper 2). The third paper attempts to explain these small-scale processes using a 1D hydraulic model that can answer dynamic questions like bankfull discharge, water surface slopes of discharges, and velocity reversal hypothesis. The findings show that the outlet of the Thames River near the neighborhood of Byron is a deeply-incised spillway channel that formed from the catastrophic drainage of Glacial Lake London during deglaciation. The dry lake bed serves today as the baselevel for the upper Thames River and its tributaries that incised and exposed the lacustrine and glacial sediments. The till exerts a strong control over channel form and resulting processes. Hydrological and sedimentary metrics often used to assess a river's condition produce contradictory results, doubting their validity without a-priory knowledge of what is the reference till river. With very little research done on semi-alluvial rivers in till, we propose that the scientific and engineering community focus on these rivers as they are quite abundant in N. America. Even so, evidence from till- bedded rivers and this study show they are quite different than alluvial and bedrock channels. iii Co-Authorship Statement This thesis contains three manuscripts. The first manuscript is entitled: "The drainage of the last Glacial Lake London, Ontario: Mapping and hydraulic modeling". This manuscript is co- authored with Marco Van De Wiel (supervisor), Steve Hicock (supervisor) and Yannick Rousseau (fellow PhD student). I conducted all fieldwork, data collection and analysis and wrote the paper under the supervision of Marco Van De Wiel and Steve Hicock who provided insight into the modeling and various glacial processes. Yannick Rousseau helped with the technical aspects of GIS work, assistance in Komoka Provincial Park and discussed aspects of the paper. The second manuscript is entitled: “Semi-alluvial stream channel crossing the interlobate Arva Moraine, Medway Creek, southern Ontario, Canada. 1: Sedimentary characteristics and morphologic change”. This manuscript is co-authored with Marco Van De Wiel (supervisor) and Steve Hicock (supervisor). I conducted all fieldwork, data collection and analysis and wrote the paper under the supervision of Marco Van De Wiel and Steve Hicock who provided insight into the various glacial processes, and helped reviewing and editing the manuscript. Marco Van De Wiel provided funding. Steve Hicock also provided logistical support for sieving of river bed gravels and interpretation of the local tills and glacial deposits. The third manuscript is entitled: "Semi-alluvial, till-bedded stream channel crossing an interlobate moraine in Southern Ontario, Canada. 2: Morphometry, hydrology and hydraulics of Medway Creek". This manuscript is co-authored with Marco Van De Wiel (supervisor) and Steve Hicock (supervisor). I conducted all fieldwork, data collection and analysis and wrote the paper under the supervision of Marco Van De Wiel and Steve Hicock who provided insight into the various modeling phases, and helped reviewing and editing of the manuscript. I will be the first author on all three publications. All paper are planned to be published in the near future. The first in a special GSA Special Paper about paleofloods while the other two in Earth Surface Dynamics journal. iv Dedication For my parents, Hannah and Adam Bergman My Dad Adam suddenly passed away during my 2nd year of the PhD in late 2011. He was the one that instilled the love of nature, outdoors and rivers in numerous hikes and road trips in Israel and North America during my childhood and teens. v Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Marco Van De Wiel and Dr. Steve Hicock who were a positive influence on this project when it seemed that it was not going to materialize after encountering significant academic difficulties. Marco always challenged me to find the best solutions to any field-encountered or modeling problems while Steve provided a perspective on glacial processes and always knew where to find the right source or person with an answer. I’m indebted to Dr. Katrina Moser for her belief in me when progress was sluggish and pushing me forward, first as department graduate chair, later in many personal talks about lakes, rivers and climate in the department and as an integral part after joining my advisory committee. Dr. Adam Yates gave interesting perspectives about rivers I had not thought of and I also appreciate his time and effort as part of my advisory committee. Yannick Rousseau, my friend, office mate, field mate and expert technical advisor on GIS and modeling was instrumental in making large leaps in all stages of work. My external reviewers Dr. Joe Desloges and Dr. Guy Plint together with my internal reviewer Dr. James Voogt improved the work significantly after my defense. Dr. Bob Jarrett advised me on Manning’s roughness and has been a huge support ever since I started my PhD. Dr. Jim O’Connor of the USGS Portland provided the data of moraine-dammed lakes. Dr. Dan Shrubsole, department chair, I thank you all for your support and advice over the years. Belinda Dodson is thanked for interesting conversations. To Dr. Peter Ashmore for initial ideas about Medway Creek. Lori Johnson, the department's graduate administrator, was my rock in all matters, personal, academic and was my best advisor and support of how to tackle all matters in Canadiana. Caroline Majeau, Suzanne Dudzic, Barbara Thomas and Lelanya Milley helped me to handle endless bureaucracy that I’m terrible in dealing with. Erika Hill was helpful on many technical matters and lab analyses. Karen Van Kerkoerle drew and improved most figures. Joe Smrekar helped on various computing issues. Tim Marchand, Melody Cairns and Rhonda Card of Ontario Parks provided the permission to work in Komoka Provincial Park. Kimi Maruoka was a huge help on many technical issues and a great friend. Finally, I am truly thankful for the
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