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Im Bildnachweis verwendete Abkürzungen: With permission from the Geological Society of Ame- rica l – links; m – Mitte; o – oben; r – rechts; u – unten 4.65; 6.52; 6.183; 8.7 Bilder ohne Nachweisangaben stammen vom Autor. Die Autoren der Bildquellen werden in den Bildunterschriften With permission from the Society for Sedimentary genannt; die bibliographischen Angaben sind in der Literaturlis- Geology (SEPM) te aufgeführt. Viele Autoren/Autorinnen und Verlage/Institutio- 6.2ul; 6.14; 6.16 nen haben ihre Einwilligung zur Reproduktion von Abbildungen gegeben. Dafür sei hier herzlich gedankt. Für die nachfolgend With permission from the American Association for aufgeführten Abbildungen haben ihre Zustimmung gegeben: the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Box Eisbohrkerne Dr; 2.8l; 2.8r; 2.13u; 2.29; 2.38l; Box Die With permission from Elsevier Hockey-Stick-Diskussion B; 4.65l; 4.53; 4.88mr; Box Tuning 2.64; 3.5; 4.6; 4.9; 4.16l; 4.22ol; 4.23; 4.40o; 4.40u; 4.50; E; 5.21l; 5.49; 5.57; 5.58u; 5.61; 5.64l; 5.64r; 5.68; 5.86; 4.70ul; 4.70ur; 4.86; 4.88ul; Box Tuning A; 4.95; 4.96; 4.97; 5.99; 5.100l; 5.100r; 5.118; 5.119; 5.123; 5.125; 5.141; 5.158r; 4.98; 5.12; 5.14r; 5.23ol; 5.24l; 5.24r; 5.25; 5.54r; 5.55; 5.56; 5.167l; 5.167r; 5.177m; 5.177u; 5.180; 6.43r; 6.86; 6.99l; 6.99r; 5.65; 5.67; 5.70; 5.71o; 5.71ul; 5.71um; 5.72; 5.73; 5.77l; 5.79o; 6.144; 6.145; 6.148; 6.149; 6.160; 6.162; 7.18; 7.19u; 7.38; 5.80; 5.82; 5.88; 5.94; 5.94ul; 5.95; 5.108l; 5.111l; 5.116; 5.117; 7.40ur; 8.19; 9.9; 9.16; 9.17; 10.8 5.126; 5.128u; 5.147o; 5.147u; 5.149ul; 5.150; 5.151; 5.152; 5.153; 5.154r; 5.155; 5.156; 5.157; 5.158l; 5.160; 5.161; 5.162; With permission from the Proceedings of the National 5.165; 5.176l; 5.176r; 5.178; 5.179; 6.3; 6.9; 6.10r; 6.25; 6.25 Academy of Sciences (PNAS) inset; 6.26; 6.27; 6.28; 6.30; 6.32; 6.35l; 6.35r; 6.36; 6.38; 6.39; 2.10r; 2.34; 7.17; 7.20 6.43l; 6.46o; 6.47; 6.48; 6.50l; 6.50r; 6.53; 6.54l; 6.54r; 6.55l; 6.55r; 6.58r; 6.59; 6.66; 6.68; 6.69; 6.70o; 6.72; 6.75l; 6.76o; 6.76u; 6.84ol; 6.84m; 6.87l; 6.90or; 6.90ur; 6.91; 6.96l; 6.97; With permission from the American Meteorological 6.108; 6.109; 6.110l; 6.115; 6.116; 6.123; 6.128; 6.137; 6.138; Society (AMS) 6.140; 6.147; 6.153; 6.154l; 6.154r; 6.155; 6.157l; 6.157r; 3.4; 6.197o 6.158; 6.173; 6.177l; 6.177r; 6.178l; 6.178r; 6.182; 6.189l; 6.189r; 7.8; 7.10; 7.11; 7.13; 7.15; 7.16; 7.24; 7.25; 7.26l; 7.26r; With permission from Springer 7.27; 7.28; 7.29; 7.31; 7.32; 7.33r; 7.35; 7.39; 7.40ur; 7.43o; 2.2; 2.59; 4.7; 4.49;BoxDie Hockey-Stick-Diskussion Al; 7.43u; 7.44l; 7.45l; 8.3; 8.5m; 8.5u; 8.7; 8.8; 8.10ol; 8.10or; 4.66r; 4.73o; 5.7r; 5.98; 5.168l; 5.168r; 5.169l; 5.171l; 6.4l; 8.10ul; 8.10ur; 8.11; 8.12; 8.13; 8.18; 8.22r; 8.25ol; 8.25ul; 6.4r; 6.5o; 6.5u; 6.40; 6.83; 6.85; 6.94; 6.102l; 6.102r; 6.111; 9.20; 9.12; 10.5 6.112; 6.161; 6.168l; 6.168r; 6.170o; 6.170u; 6.171; 6.172; 6.175; 9.11 With permission from Wiley 2.35u; 2.42; 2.60; 2.70; 4.8; 4.12; 4.64; 4.69; 4.89; 4.90; 4.91; With permission from Nature/Springer 4.92;BoxTuning C; 5.8o: 5.8u; 5.13; 5.69o; 5.69u; 5.92l; 5.92r; 2.3; 2.4;BoxSauerstofﬁsotopen-Analyse A, F, G, H; 2.7l; 2.7r; 5.122ol; 5.122ul; 5.122r; 6.18; 6.44; 6.84u; 6.90r; 6.92; 6.102l; Box Jüngere Dryaszeit Ar, B; 2.13o; 2.14o; 2.14u; 2.20; 2.21; 6.102r; 6.104; 6.179; 7.12; 7.14; 7.21o; 7.21u; 7.22o; 7.23; 2.26; 2.27; 2.31; 2.32or; 2.39; 2.40o; 2.45ul; 2.45um; 2.45ur; 7.33l; 8.15ul; 8.15ur 2.50; 2.54; 2.56; 2.61u; 2.63; 2.68; 2.69; 4.25; 4.36; 4.56l; 4.56r; Box Die Hockey-Stick-Diskussion Ar; 4.75ol; 4.75or; 4.77ol; With permission from SAGE journals 4.77um; 4.79;BoxTuning B; 4.93r; 4.102l; 4.104l; 4.105;Box 2.65; 2.71; 4.22or; 8.14; 9.19; 9.20; 10.3 Modelle/Modellierungen Al; 5.3; 5.15; 5.19; 5.22; 5.83; 5.89; 5.101; 5.166; 5.172; 5.175; 6.11; 6.12; 6.40; 6.65; 6.82r; 6.93l; 6.93r; 6.143; 6.164o; 6.164u; 6.174; 6.176; 6.187; 6.188; 7.36; With permission from Taylor & Francis Group 7.37; 7.46; 7.48; 8.15o; 8.16; 8.17u; 8.23; 8.24; 8.26; 8.27; 4.27; 5.66o 9.1ol; 9.4l; 9.5; 9.6l; 9.6r; 9.7; 9.15; 10.6; 10.7o; 10.7u; 10.14

With permission from PAGES and the authors Niller, Hans-Peter; Bonn 2.40u; 2.41; 2.48; 2.58; 2.66; 4.2; 4.3; 4.10; 4.32l; 4.33; 4.35; 4.37ml 4.52; 4.54; 4.55; 4.58; 4.59; 4.62; 4.63o; 4.67; 4.72; 4.73u; 4.74; 4.80; 4.81; 4.82;BoxSclerochronologie B; 4.101; 5.9ol; 5.10; Schmidt, Mareike; FU Berlin 5.26; 5.81l; 5.81r; 5.96; 5.107; 5.108r; 5.144; 5.170l; 5.177ol; 6.114r 6.89; 6.186; 9.18; 10.10

In Bildunterschriften nicht erwähnte Autoren: Soubrier, Julien; University of Adelaide 9.8

Mcnaughton, Sean; NationalGeographicCreative No. Spratt, Rachel M. und Lisiecki, Lorraine E. 2016. Climate RR3-240045-1. Image 1210171 of the Past EGU: CC Attribution 3.0 License 10.13l 2.5o; 2.5u Literatur

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0 ıC-Isotherme, 267 Stalagmit, 46 Aerosole, 45, 46, 50, 51, 55, 56, 61, 82, 87, 202, 3,8 ka BP, 352 18O/16O-Verhältnis, 193 204–206, 636, 641 4kaBP,515 Sauerstoff-Isotopen-Analyse, 15 Arktis, 56, 57 4kaevent,495 •18O-Daten, 194, 267, 572 globale Konzentration, 51 4,2–4,0 ka-event, 542, 587 •18O-Kurve, 72, 130, 195, 214, 388, 558, 628 mineralische, 56, 130 4,2–4 ka BP-Episode, 528 •18O-record, 559 optische Eigenschaften, 50 4,2 ka, 624–626 Deglaziation, 30 Quartär, 47 4,2 ka BP, 195, 352 •18O-Werte, 190, 234, 258, 281, 293 Aerosolemissionen, 202 4,2 ka-Ereignis, 27, 651 der Arktis, 293 Aerosol-forcing, 59 4,2 ka-event, 43, 319, 627, 646 des Grundwassers, 490 Aerosolfracht 4,4–4,0 ka BP, 585 21Ne, 190 globale, 131 4,5–4 14Cka,496 26Al, 133, 190, 199 Aerosols and Climate, 56 4kaBP,518, 521 36Cl, 190 Aerosol-Wolken-Wechselwirkungen, 48 8,2 ka-Ereignis, 27, 28, 148, 161, 168, 335, 336, 36Cl-Alter, 413 African Humid Period (AHP), 45, 118, 381, 382, 339, 449, 506, 509, 518, 521, 542, 587, 137Cs-Daten, 146 403, 441, 496, 500, 508, 510, 515, 516, 624, 645 230Th/U-Daten, 393 527 8,2 ka-event, 30, 202, 237, 329, 331, 336, 353, African Pollen Database (APD), 156 403, 442, 495, 496, 515, 525, 526, 568, Afrika, 6, 78, 152, 623 570, 585 A Klima, 370 19.000–23.000-Jahr-Zyklus, 175, 642 AABR, 104, 265 Nordwestafrika, 520 19–23 ka-Zyklus, 71, 74 AABR-Methoden, 267 südliches, 98, 156, 165 22.000-Präzessionszyklus, 233 AAR, 104, 265 Agulhas Current, 481 23-ka-Präzessions-Sonnenzyklen, 253 AAR-Methoden, 267 Agulhas leakage, 306 40 ka-Zyklus, 642 Abfluss, 38 Agulhas-Strom, 66, 75 41.000-Jahr-Zyklus, 71, 73, 175 fluvialer, 58 Agung, 170, 318 41 ka-Zyklus, 130, 550, 557 Abflussgeschwindigkeiten Ägypten, 6 74KL, 566 Gletscher, 103 ägyptische Oasen-Depressionen, 449 100.000-Jahr-Zyklus, 175 Abflussraten, 590 AHP, 382, 450, 515, 516, 520, 526, 566, 624, 100 ka-Zyklus, 71, 73 Abgrenzung der Tropen, 92, 590 628, 654, siehe auch African Humid 100 ka-Eiszeit-Zyklus, 376 Abkühlung, 114 Period (AHP) 100 ka-Zyklus, 17, 130, 394, 396, 550, 642 neoglaziale, 306, 307 AHP-Isohyete, 521 400.000-Jahr-Rhythmen, 403 Abrocoma, 297 AHP-ITCZ, 518 400.000-Jahr-Signal abrupt paleoclimatic events, 495 Ajusco, 323, 341, 343 400 ka-Signal, 71 abrupte Klimaereignisse, 356 Akkadisches Reich, 625 404.000-Jahr-Zyklus, 73 Abschmelzen der tropischen Gletscher, 100, 108 Akkumulationsformen 3 He, 190 Absorption glaziäre, 106 10 Be, 51, 77, 78, 104, 106, 133, 190, 194 atmosphärische, 42 Akkumulationsratenmodell, 106 10 Be-Daten, 199, 293, 409, 415, 558, 564 Abtauen des Permafrosts, 113 Aktivitätszyklus 10 Be-Isotope Abtragung, 138 Sonne, 32 kosmogene, 77 Abtragungsfläche, 385, 386 Aktualitätsprinzip, 650 12 13 C/ C-Verhältnis, 36 Abtragungsprozesse, 437 Albedo, 45, 52, 66, 81, 130, 560, 645 •13 C, 187 Acari, 166 Definition, 69 •13 C-Daten, 163 Acheuléen, 134, 618 Albedo im holozänen Temperaturmaximum, 69 •13 C-Werte, 184, 438 Ackerbau, 131, 633 Albedobedingungen, 636 14 C, 77, 78, 104, 108, 190, 194, 294, 366 ACR (Antarctic Cold Reversal), 24, 25, 27, 236, Albedo-Messprogramme, 69 14 C-Alter, 193, 226, 287, 421 277, 286–288, 291, 293, 318, 443, 500, Albedo-Verhältnisse der Eiszeiten, 69 14 C-Altersbestimmung, 156, 197, 329 502, 503, 505, 506, 524, 580, 595, 596, Albert-See, 410 14 C-Daten, 146, 200, 293, 412, 416 599, 612, 645 Alcacocha-Tal, 248, 260, 266 aus der Namib-Wüste, 483 Südhemisphäre, 25 Alchornea sp., 155 14 C-Datierung, 567 ACR-Einfluss, 286 Algorithmus, 208 14 C-fingerprint, 51 active layer (Auftauboden), 112 Aljojuca, 144 14 C-Isotope Adansonia digitata, 377 Alkenone, 181, 350, 379 kosmogene, 77 aerosol optical thickness, 51 alkenone data, 345 14 U K C-Kalibrierung, 190 Aerosol-Abkühlungseffekt, 204 alkenone unsaturation index ( 370 ), 181 •18 O, 87, 148, 187, 194, 260, 345 Aerosolbelastung, 57, 58, 94, 150

735 736 Sachverzeichnis

allgemeine Zirkulation der Atmosphäre, 45, 318, Angola-Benguela-Front (ABF), 373, 383, 398, asiatischer Sommermonsun siehe auch Zirkulation der Atmosphäre 458, 481, 492, 494, 503, 540 ASM, 43 Alter Antarctic Cold Reversal, 191, 193, 196, 259, Asien, 7, 544, 620 glaziäre Ablagerung, 111 262, 496, 500, siehe ACR (Antarctic Cold Asteraceae, 378 zu alte und zu junge, 243 Reversal) asynchrone Temperaturänderungen, 500 Alter/Tiefe-Diagramm, 193 Antarktis, 20, 81, 101, 106, 152, 631 Asynchronität, 554 Altersangaben Antarktika, 450 Atacama-Wüste, 213, 627, 636 14C, AMS 14C, SED, 260 Eismitte, 102 Äthiopien, 370, 403, 449, 496, 498 Zuverlässigkeit, 245 Ostantarktis, 20 Atlantic Meridional Oscillation, siehe AMO Altersbestimmung, 110, 190, 196, 199, 503, 636 anthropogene Aerosole, 187 Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, 34 mittels 14C, AMS 14C, TL, OSL und SED, anthropogene Effekte, 88 atlantische meridionale overturning-Zirkulation, 242 anthropogene Einwirkungen siehe AMOC quartärer Klimaarchive, 190 Klima, 64 atmosperic brown clouds Revision, 466 anthropogener Einfluss, 157, 605 ABC, 60 Alterscluster, 479 anthropogener Einfluss auf die Umwelt, 349 Atmosphäre, 40 Altersermittlung anthropogenes forcing, 639, 651, 654 allgemeine Zirkulation, 43, 44 Datierung, 108 anthropogenic land cover change, 633 CO2-Gehalt, 75 Altersmittelwert, 197, 199 Anthropozän, 29, 650 Definition, 40 Altersmodell, 105, 194, 197, 199, 397, 508, 583 Definition, 17, 24 Staubgehalt, 34 Altersmodellierung, 195 Antillen, 346 Trübung, 52 Altes Königreich von Ägypten, 625 Antipassat, 370 Wechselwirkungen zwischen der Altiplano, 106, 217, 258, 271, 276, 313, 314, Antisana, 90, 240 Sonnenstrahlung und Atmosphäre, 43 316, 561 Antisana/Papallacta-Tal, 240 Zusammensetzung, 71, 81 Altiplano-Moränen, 245, 252 AOD, 48 Atmosphäre-Ozean-gekoppeltes globales Altiplano-Paläoseespiegel, 258 äolische Paläoklimaarchive, 474 Klimamodell, 202 Altiplano-Seespiegelstände, 251 äolische Prozesse, 120, 428, 475 atmosphärische Modelle, 39 Altithermal, 281 äolische Sedimente, 476 atmosphärische Zirkulation, 92, 93, 130, 131, Altos de Cuchumatanes, 339, 342 äolische Systeme, 124 204, 322, 381, 383, 517, 602, 627 Amazonas, 140, 178, 235 äolischer Formenschatz, 120 über Südamerika, 258 Amazonasbecken, 131, 241, 316, 433 äolischer Transport, 378 atmosphärischer Staub, 281 Amazonasgebiet, 210, 296 AOT, 51 Atmospheric General Circulation Model, 86 Amazonaskegel, 306 äquatoriale Tiefs, 370 Atoromachuma, 215, 308 Amazonasregenwald, 295, 651 Äquatorial-Ostafrika, 269 Atoromachuma-Gletscher, 309 Amazonas-Savannenwald-Biom, 283 Arabien, 118, 449 Auftriebswasser, 68 Amazonien, 35, 63, 106, 213, 220, 224, 231, Südarabien, 650 Auob, 427, 475 281, 294, 313, 633 Arabische Halbinsel, 389, 390, 449, 566 außertropische Westerlies, 332 eiszeitliche Aridität, 222 Arabische See, 47 außertropische Zyklonen, 322 Feuchtigkeit, 253 Arabisches Meer, 454, 497, 544, 560, 572, 573, Aussterben, 153, 165, 623 Niederschlagsverhältnisse während des 580 Australien, 8, 146, 152, 159, 165, 187, 590, 596, LGM, 221 Arafurasee, 545 620, 623 östliches, 218 Araguaia River, 233 menschliche Einwanderung, 579 westliches, 218 Araukarien-Wälder, 578 Werkzeugtechnologie, 622 amazonisches Regenwald-Ökosystem, 230 Arceuthobium-Pollen, 328 Australopithecinen, 166 Ameise, 133, 138 Archaea, 37, 176 Auswanderung, 618 amerikanische Kordilleren, 147, 148 Archiv Aminosäure-Racemisierungs-Datierung, 190 marin, glazial und terrestrisch, 71 B Ammonium des Eiskerns, 316 archivalische Daten, 172 Ba/Ca, 181 AMO, 34, 190, 307 archivalische Quellen, 532, 535, 541 Babuyan, 170 AMOC, 34, 35, 78, 106, 306, 336, 337, 347, Arctica islandica, 186 Bacteria, 176 585, 643 Argon, 40 Bahr el Ghazal, 496, 515 AMOC-Intensität, 350 Argon-Argon-Datierung, 190 Bakterien, 37 Amspoort, 537 Aricota-See, 297 Bali, 547 Analyse aride Diagonale, 102, 104, 108, 120, 242, 274, Bananal-Becken, 229 chemische, geochemische, 146 306 Bandasee, 544, 578 Anbauflächen Aridifizierung, 527, 532, 534 Bangladesch, 144 Ausweitung, 652 Aridisierungstrend, 639 Bantu question, 627 Anden, 146, 220, 354, 411, 569, 570, 636 Aridität, 98, 102, 175, 228, 282, 283, 306, 311, Bantu-Völkerwanderung, 510 Gletscher, 100, 210, 319 374, 376, 380, 383, 385, 394, 427, 431, Baobab, 534, 539 Südamerika, 106 435, 438, 439, 441, 509, 596, 605, 625 Bar el Ghazal, 519 südamerikanische, 102 im ausgehenden LGM, 443 Barchan-Dünen, 118, 519 Andenbergwald, 131 im LGM, 228, 259, 396, 406, 431, 434, 449 Barombi Mbo, 438, 441, 510 Änderungen der Seespiegel, 439 LGM-zeitliche, 446, 447 Barro-Boden, 323, 325 Andosol, 132, 325, 329 Ariditäts-Humiditäts-Wechsel, 383 Baumgrenze, 103, 157, 354, 439 Andosol-Bildung, 138, 349 Ariditätsindex, 98 Baumring, 77, 96, 98, 100, 159, 170, 316, 317 Andosol-Bodenbildung, 356 Arktis, 81 Baumringanalyse, 157, 540 Angkor-Dürre, 627 Artenreichtum, 227 Baumringchronologie, 157, 159, 161, 172, 175, Angola, 455 asiatischer Monsun, 78 314, siehe auch Dendrochronologie Angola Current, 481 Intensität, 293 Baumring-Daten, 194 Sachverzeichnis 737

Baumring-Temperatur-Rekonstruktion, 601 als Paläoklimaarchiv, 133 Burundi, 168 Baumring-Wachstums-Modell, 157 fossiler, 131 Büßerschnee, 105 des Nevado de Colima, 356 Mikrobiologie, 133 Byrd Station, 259 bedded slope deposits, 241, 244, 247, 250, 252, tropischer, 132 Byrd-Gletscher (Antarktis), 206 254, 262, 267, 409 Umweltbedingung, 131 Belize, 150 Boden/Lufttemperatur, 163 C Benguela, 126 Bodenabtrag, 280 C3/C4-Pflanzen, 157 Benguela Current, 398 Bodenbakterien, 439 C3/C4-Verhältnis, 153, 154 Benguela-SST, 539 Bodenbildung, 106, 131, 175, 325, 403, 422, C3-Pflanzen, 153, 154, 282 Benguela-Strom, 32, 66, 122, 398, 481, 527, 424, 426, 434, 526, 527, 550 C3-Vegetation, 436 538, 539 Bodenbildungsphasen, 431 C4-Grasland, 550 Benguela-Upwelling, 385 bodenbiologische Gesellschaften von C4-Pflanzen, 154, 282, 358, 384, 390, 481 Benthos, 176 Organismen, 140 C4-Vegetation, 381, 436, 440, 441 Bergsturz, 107, 108, 110, 111, 246, 297 Boden-Chronosequenzen, 325 CAB (Congo Air Boundary), 373, 527 Bergwind, 122, 126, 399 Bodenentwicklung, 300 Ca-Gehalt, 395 Beringia, 620, 621 Bodenerosion, 175 Calcalcocha, 248, 266 Besiedlung, 298, 602 Bodenerosionsprozesse, 360 Calcrete, 133, 134, 417, 421, 422, 433, 465, 550, Amerikas, 168 Bodenfeuchte, 131 592 Geschichte, 135 Boden-food web, 138 Caliche, 133, 325 Bevölkerungskollaps, 355, 361 Bodenfrostaktivität, 96 Cangaghua, 6, 218, 219, 323 Bevölkerungswachstum, 652 Bodentemperatur, 163 Caprivi, 464 Bewässerung, 534 Bodentiere, 140 Carajas, 224, 229 Bewölkung, 69, 107, 375 Bodenwasser, 39 Carbonatlösung, 376 Bewuchs, 300 Bogotá, 156 Cariaco, 46, 47, 49, 181, 272, 280, 281, 283, Bhar-el-Ghazal, 453 Bohrkern 285, 321, 324, 333, 343, 344, 348, 350, Bhutan, 107, 545 Auswahl der Bohrstellen, 181, 184 355, 358, 359, 365, 366, 628, 629 Biafo-Gletscher, 568 Bohrtechnik, 182 Sedimente, 335 Bibliothek Palafoxiana, 640 mariner, 122, 126, 492 Carnivore, 163 BIG DATA, 208 Bohrloch-Lokalitäten, 152 Cayambe, 170, 240 Big Island, 606 Bohrlochtemperatur, 151, 601 Ccarhuaraso, 273, 276 Biochronologie, 153 Bolivien, 85, 96, 101, 102, 108, 111, 115, 117, CCSM3 (Community Climate System model Biodiversität, 90, 231, 469, 620 199, 213, 215, 237, 242, 300, 311, 316, version 3), 203 Biogeographie, 94 353, 567 Cd/Ca, 181 biologische Diversität, 227 Glazialchronologie, 242 Verhältnis, 339 biologische Pumpe, 68 Gletscher, 5 Celebessee, 544 der Ozeane, 65 LGM-Klimarekonstruktion, 254 Cerrado, 229 Biomarker, 146, 147, 159, 163, 285, 379, 399, Bølling-Allerød, 251, 253, 559 Vegetation, 224 445 Deglaziation, 24 Cerro Aracar, 271, 273 als Klimaarchiv, 159 Termination I, 25 Cerro Azul, 170 Biomarkerproxy, 163, 441 bomb spike-Kalibrierung, 104 Cerro Hudson, 170 Biomasse, 138 Bonampak, 359 CH4, 102, 104, 196, 632 Produktion, 177 Bond-Zyklus, 32, 176, 285, 338 CH4-Daten, 23 Verbrennung, 55, 56, 58 Borneo, 7, 106, 151, 159, 178, 502, 546, 547, CH4-Schwankungen, 82 Biome 580 Chaco, 228, 295 6ka,68 Speläothem, 502 Chari-Flusssystem, 515 Biomrekonstruktion, 596 Stalagmiten-•18O-records, 585 Charquini-Süd-Gletscher, 308, 310, 311 Eiszeit, 68 Bortensander, 108, 110, 554 Chesapeake Bay-Impakt, 86 Biomineralisation, 186 Bosumtwi, 153, 453 Chevrons, 126, 127 Biomineralisationsforschung, 153 Boteti, 464 Formen, 188 Biosphäre, 60, 62 Botletle, 429, 467, 468 Chew Bahir, 500 Biostratigraphie, 153 Botletle-Schlucht, 467 Chichancanab-See, 363, 366 Bioturbation, 133, 148, 170, 425, 463 Botswana, 118 Chichén Itzá, 359, 365 bipolare Klimawippe, 21, 84, 191, 645 Botuverá, 280 Chicxulub-Impakt, 17, 86 Bismarck-See, 544 Botuverá-Höhle, 151, 234 Chile, 267 BIT-Index, 523, 536 Braamhoek, 528 Chimborazo, 105, 172, 235, 240, 241, 246 BJ8-03-31MCA, 601 Brahmaputra, 567 Ecuador, 12 Bjerknes-Feedback, 36 branched GDGT, 163 Chimborazo-Carihuarazo-Vulkanmassiv, 239 Black carbon, 205 Brasilien, 133, 140, 148, 151, 224, 520 China, 55, 60, 129, 151, 224, 259 Aerosole, 56 NE-Brasilien, 313 Chinampas-Anbau, 652 black/brown carbon (BC), 58 Nordostbrasilien, 223 chinesischer Kulturwandel, 632 Blattwachs (leaf wax), 159, 181, 441 Südbrasilien, 222 Chironomidae, 165 Blockgletscher, 114, 200, 237, 241, 271, 273, Brewer-Dobson-Zirkulation, 36 Chironomid-basierte 277, 332, 439 Bristlecone pine, 159, 161 Temperaturrekonstruktionen, 168 Glacier-derived rock glaciers, 103 brown clouds, 55 Chirripó, 339, 341 talus-derived rock glaciers, 103 browser, 166, 574 Chlorophyll, 66 Bodélé, 515 Brunhes/Matuyama (B/M)-Grenze, 130 Konzentrationen, 68 Bodélé-Depression, 60, 449 Brunhes-Epoche, 394 Chobe, 377, 429, 464, 529, 624 Boden, 94, 131, 169, 407 Burdekin, 600, 602 Choquelimpie, 274 738 Sachverzeichnis

Choqueyapu-Vergletscherung, 246 Coleoptera, 166 Moräne, 106 Chronologie, 252, 287, 331, 393, 457, 464, 466 Collpa-Tal, 261, 264 Permafrost, 113 der Altiplano-Paläoseen, 258 Common Era, CE, 51, 204 von Gletscherbewegungen, 218 der Dünenaktivitätsphasen, 426 Computermodelle, 80 Datierungsmethoden, 190, 191, 403 der Extinktion, 623 Computermodellierungen, 88 Datierungsprobleme der Moränen, 417 der quartären Entwicklung der Sahara, 402 Computersimulationen, 376 Dauerfrostboden, 112 des letzten glazialen Zyklus, 190 Congo Air Boundary, siehe CAB (Congo Air de Vries-Zyklus, 78 Chronostratigraphie, 242, 252, 261, 263, 264, Boundary) Dead Tree Vlei, 531 388, 407, 461 Conquista, 296 Dead Vlei, 418 der äolischen Bildungen, 596 Consuelo, 280 debris-flow-Prozesse, 510 der tropischen peruanischen Anden, 261 conveyor belt, 34, 43, 84 Deception Island, 170 der Vergletscherungen, 498 Ozean, 33 Deckschichten, 239 Chuquiananta, 273, 277 Cooper Creek, 590, 592 Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR), C-Isotopenverhältnisse Corbassièregletscher, 108 69 der n-Alkane des Wachses der Cordillera Apolobamba, 108 Deglacial Climate Reversal (DCR), 25 Pflanzenblätter, 436 Cordillera Blanca, 105, 245, 299, 307, 310 Deglaziation, 23, 29, 35, 36, 84, 106, 118, 259, Clay Castle Silts, 485 Cordillera de Cocuy, 288 261, 269, 276, 283, 292, 337, 344, 346, CLIMAP Project Members, 82, 85, 107, 212, Cordillera de Mérida, 265, 273 450 220, 234, 444 Cordillera de Talamanca, 338, 341 Antarktis, 21 CLIMAP-LGM-Rekonstruktion, 281 Cordillera Huayhuash, 291–293 CO2-Änderungen, 16 CLIMAP-Rekonstruktion, 85 Cordillera Neovolcánica, 321, 336 Pleistocene/Holocene Transition, CLIMAP-SST-Differenz, 345 Cordillera Quimsa Cruz, 101, 105, 108, 309 Termination I (T I), 17 CLIMAP-SSTs, 445 Cordillera Real, 220, 309 Termination I, 21 Climate Field Reconstructions (CFRs), 204 Glazialstratigraphie, 251 Deglaziationsdatierung, 200 climate forcing, 79, 87 Cordillera Real, Bolivien, 247 Deglaziationsphasen, 74 anthropogen, 24 Cordillera Vilcabamba, 286, 297 Deglaziationszeit, 21 Climatological Database for the World’s Oceans, Cordillera Vilcanota, 261, 262, 268 Dendrochronologie, 157, 567, siehe auch 172 Coropuna, 264, 269, 286 Baumringchronologie CLIMBER-Modell, 5 Coropuna-Vulkan, 291 dendrochronologische Daten, 316, 353, 569 CLOUD-Experiment, 641 Coseguina, 170 dendrochronologisches Prinzip, 159 clustered dendritic dunes, 424 Costa Rica, 267, 343 dendroklimatische Daten, 355 CMIP5-Modelle, 184, 201, 206–208 LGM-ELA-Depression, 340 dendroklimatische Forschung in den Tropen, CO2, 12, 24, 34, 36, 38, 40, 46, 49, 56, 60, 62, Cotopaxi, 235, 236, 240 159 86, 87, 102, 104, 106, 113, 131, 133, 179, coupled General Circulation Models (GCM), 38 Dendroklimatologie, 157 201, 632, 639, 641 Crescent Island Crater, 532, 535 Denisovan, 620, 622 Absenkung, 654 critical zone, 131 Depression der ELA, 85, 234, 242 Änderung, 81 Croûte calcaire, 133 Depression der oberen Waldgrenze, 85 Anstieg, 161 Cryptotephren, 170 Depression der SSTs, 584 Anstieg nach dem LGM, 82 Cuando, 429, 430 De-Rif-Daten, 506, 509 Daten, 23 Cuchumatanes, 341 De-Rif-hyrax-midden, 506, 527 Deglaziation, 23, 30 Cueva del Diamante, 218, 280 Desaguadero, 216, 217, 254 Düngung, 157 Curacoa-Insel, 603 Desert Flash Flood Series, 536, 537 Eisbohrkerne, 18 CWP (Climate Warm Period, Postindustrielle Deuterium, 39, 87 Emission, 160 Erwärmungsphase), 585 Diatomeen, 37, 156, 179, 321, 379, 395, 402, Freisetzung, 118 Cyanobakterium, 176 532 Gehalt, 179, 204 Cyperaceae, 378 Süßwasser-, 376, 379 Haushalt, 16, 36, 84, 87, 130, 181, 633 Dinocyst, 181, 379, 503 Klimasensitivität, 81 D Dinoflagellat, 37, 179, 181 Konzentration, 235, 398 •D von Blattwachs, 163 Diprotodon optatum, 592 Kreislauf, 38, 131, 140 D/O, 31, 32 Diversifikationsprozess, 228 Ozean, 65 Ereignisse, 18, 192, 216 Diversität der Pollen-Taxa, 349 Partialdruck, 85 Event, 20, 129, 176, 196, 285 Djebel Meidob, 497 Photosynthese, 68 Zyklus, 21, 47, 558, 646 DNA, 168 Quelle, 118 Dakhla-Becken, 449 aDNA-Forschung, 169 Senke, 118, 202 Dalton-Minimum, 48, 78 Daten, 622 Speicherung, 161, 218 Dammgletscher, 111 Forschung, 618 Zyklus, 576 Dante Cave, 511, 528 Dome C, Antarktis, 260 CO2atm, 106 Dark Ages Cold Period, 307 Dome Fuji-Eiskern, 79, 445 Gehalt, 441 Darling-Murray-Flusssystem, 594 Dongge-Höhle, 49, 151, 234, 559, 560, 572, Konzentrationen, 643 Darwin’sches Modell, 184 573, 585 Kurve, 396 data assimilation methods, 206 downwelling record, 445 Datenbank Ozean, 34 Reduzierung während der Glaziale, 131 Käfer, 168 Dromaius-Eierschalen, 595 Coccolithophoren, 179, 181 Datierung, 96, 113, 132, 197, 385, 458 Drotsky-Höhle, 148, 463, 464, 511 Cochabamba, 254 der Klimaschwankungen, 285 Drumlins, 564 Cocoliztli-Epidemien, 361 der Moränen, 239 Düne, 98, 120, 137, 284, 411, 421, 457, 471, 479 Coipasa, 253, 276, 316 des LGM mit SED, 249 Alab, 120 Cold Air Cave, 151, 502, 527, 532 mariner Bohrkerne, 193 als Paläoklimaarchive, 424 Sachverzeichnis 739

Barchan, 121 Einfluss der Menschheit, 94, 142, 169, 296, 636 El Niño, VII, 35, 36, 43, 75, 80, 84, 142, 172, Draa, 120 Einfluss der nordatlantischen 175, 185, 188, 203, 213, 314, 362, 538, Längsdüne, 120 Klimaschwankungen, 542 550, 654 linear dune, 120 Einfluss der Sonne auf das irdische Klima El Niño-Ereignisse, 315 Lineardüne, 120 climate forcing, 78 historische, 314 Longitudinaldüne, 120, 121 Einstrahlung, 75 El Niño-Periodizität, 314 Namib, 122 Einwanderung, 621 ELA, 103, 104, 108, 115, 118, 237, 332, 338, OSL-Alter, 122 nach Australien, 622 343, 344, 409, 561, 580, 608, 609, 611 paläoklimatische Interpretation, 137 Einwanderungsgeschichte, 575 Absenkung, 439 Profil, 552 Einwanderungswellen der Hominini, 620 Sensivität, 104 Riesendüne, 121 Eisabfluss, 206 ELA-Depression, 264, 336, 339, 410, 584 seif dune, 120 Eisausdehnung, 106 ELA-Rekonstruktionen, 254, 264, 282, 339, Sterndüne, 121 Eisbergbildung, 150 411, 417 Transverse Düne, 121 Eisbergdrift, 175 für das LGM, 266 Wanderung, 422 Eisberge, 350 elevation-dependent warming (EDW), 45 dune over-washing, 426, 430 Eisbewegungsrichtung, 106 El’gygytgyn-Seesedimente, 644 Dünenaktivitätsindix, 479 Eisbohrkern, 18, 20, 29, 74, 77, 82, 87, 104, 110, Eltanin-Impakt, 86 Dünenalter, 536 160, 194, 196, 257, 316, 638 Eltanin-Megatsunami, 14 Dünenaufbau, 423, 425 •18O-Werte, 316 Emiliania huxleyi, 179, 181 Dünenbildung, 96, 389, 390, 458, 475, 478, 490, Anden, 104 Emu, 595 533 Antarktis, 20 Enamel, 625 Dünenbildungsphasen, 422, 424, 425, 431, 526, Byrd, 339 Enamelum/Zahnschmelz, 153 550, 594, 595 Daten, 150, 175, 194 End member modelling, 382 Dünengebiete des südlichen Afrika, 418 Datierung, 104 Endsee, 413 Dünengenerationen, 422, 427 des Sajama, 254 Energiehaushalt, 81 Dünengenese, 121 GRIP, 339 globaler, 40, 41, 45, 71 Lineardüne, 121 Grönland-, 348 Ennedi, 516 Dünenkörper, 124 ice core records, Eiskern-records, 18 ENSO Dünenmobilität, 401 Moräne, 237, 238 Aktivität, 307 Dünenmuster, 120, 121 Tropen, 29 Chronologien, 313 Dünensysteme, 280, 376 Eis-Chronologie, 106 Ereignisse, 172 als Paläoklimaarchiv, 124 Eisen, 335 Intensität, 315 Duricrust, 133, 134, 361, 403, 636 Düngung, 130 Oszillationen, 315 paläoklimatische Deutung, 133 Düngung der Meere, 68 Phänomen, 311 Duripan, 323 Kreislauf, 68 Signal, 314 Dürre, 41, 191, 356, 357, 359, 360, 366, 532, Eisflussmodell, 87, 104 Verhalten im LGM, 606 535, 536, 539, 628, 631 eisfreier Korridor, 621 ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation), 35, 43, Dürreepisoden, 354 Eiskeilbildung, 113 62, 78, 88, 105, 157, 175, 213, 218, 224, Dürreperiode, 157, 358, 360, 625 Eisschild, 84, 98 306, 352, 570, 598–600, 605, 646 Dürrezeiten, 365 antarktischer, 104 Entwaldung, 38 Dye 3, Grönland, 260 Eisstausee, 237, 336, 645 Entwicklung der Rohstoffe, 195 Eisvolumen Eozän E Antarktis, 101 Eiszeit, 70 Early-Mid-Holocene Dryness, 285 auf der Erde, 641 EPICA, 20, 27, 104, 126, 130, 131, 170, 442, Earth Observing System (EOS), 52 Gebirgsgletscher, 101 443, 511, 585, 645 Earth System Models, 131 Grönland, 101 Bohrkern, 216 Easterly Waves, 518 Eiszeit, 14, 40, 56, 71, 309, 317 Epidemien, 357 Ecuador, 85, 90, 105, 110, 117, 170, 172, 213, Energiehaushalt, 40 equilibrium climate state, 641 235, 237, 286, 291, 311, 585, 587 Kleine, siehe Kleine Eiszeit equilibrium line altitude, siehe ELA Glazialchronologie, 239 LGM, 47 Equus-Höhle, 491, 528, 529 Glazialstratigraphie, 240, 241 präquartär, 14 Erazo-Profil, 227 Gletscher, 5 Quartär, 14 Erdachse Kleine Eiszeit, 7 Eiszeit (Würm, Weichsel, Wisconsin), 17 Schiefe, 641 Edelgasanalysen, 281 Eiszeitalter, Ursache, 86 Erdbahnelemente, 71, 86, 306, 641 Edelgasbestimmung, 148 Eiszeitbereitschaft, 641 Erdbahngeometrie, 70 Edelgas-Paläotemperatur, 85 Eiszeitenende, 71 Erdbahnparameter, 81 Edelgas-Temperatur, 148 eiszeitliche Aridität Amazoniens, 222 Erdbeben, 106 Edelweiß-Moräne, 120, 219, 240, 243, 259, 271, Eiszeitzyklus, 75, 104 Erderwärmung 274, 277, 282 Ekliptik, 73 Reduzierung, 651 Edelweiß-Muster, 271 Ekliptikschiefe, 71, 72, 74, 75 Erdmagnetfeld, 104 Edelweiß-Vulkane, 276 Holozän, 75 Erdrutsche, 250 Edentaten, 283 Eksteenfontein, 500, 501, 503, 505, 506 Erdsystem, 205 Edeyen Ubari, 118 ektropischer Einfluss, 555 Erdsystemmodelle, 201, 208, siehe auch Modell Edward-See, 410 Ekuma, 471, 473 Erongo, 377 Eem, 20, 152, 204, 380, 427, 618 El Año del Hambre, 355 Erosion North Greenland Eemian (NEEM) ice El Chichón, 57, 170, 318 zoogene, 471, 473 drilling Projekt, 17 El Condor Cave, 218 Erosionsformen Temperatur, 18 glaziäre, 106 740 Sachverzeichnis

Erosionsmuster, 271 Fischfossilien, 534 gematched, 191, 559, siehe auch matching Erosionsphasen, 556 Fischgesellschaften, 538 General Circulation Model (GCM), 506, siehe Erosionsraten, 245, 271 Flach- und Schelfmeere, 84 auch Modell Eruptionen, 276 Flechten, 133, 289, 307 genetic bottleneck, 578 Erwärmung, 88, 114 flip-flop-Mechanismus, 202 Genyornis newtoni, 595 Antarktis, 496 floating chronology, 146 Geoarchive, 96 Arktis, 56, 58 floodout deposits, 536 geologisch-geomorphologische, 281 Erde, 46 Flora, 153 palynologische, 281 Europa, 56 Flores, 547, 573, 585, 587, 622 zeitlich hoch auflösende, 96 global warming, 117 Florisbad, 528 GeoB 1023, 458 Klimawandel, globaler Temperaturanstieg, Flowstone, 229, 385, 386, 399, 401, 463 GeoB1023, 456, 527 33 Flussablagerung als Geoarchiv, 140 GeoB1023-5, 501, 503 nach dem LGM, 455 Flusseinzugsgebiete, 232, 381 GeoB1025, 428 Etoscha, 418, 473, 511, 529 Flusspferd, 520 GeoB1711, 385, 503 als Erosionsform, 470 Flusssystem, 379 GeoB1711-4, 504 Entstehung, 471 Flussterrassen, 141, 230, 376, 427, 432, 550, 572 GeoB4501, 538, 539 Pfanne, 464, 470–472, 474 Flussterrassen-System, 140 GeoB4502, 538 Eukaryoten, 37 Flutereignisse, 602 GeoB6518, 433, 443 European Lake Drilling Programme, 143 fluviale Ablagerung, 142, 527 GeoB9307, 446, 450, 498, 527 eustatische Meeresspiegelschwankungen, 71, 84 fluviale Aktivität vor (und in) dem Geochemie stabiler Isotope, 159 Eutrophierung, 65 Mittelpleistozän, 590 geochemische Biomarker, 161 Evaluation der Methoden, 233 fluviale Bildungen, 224 geochemische Daten, 86 Evaporation, 222 fluviale Formen und Ablagerungen, 411 geochemische Indices, 572 Evapotranspiration, 39, 62 fluviale Paläoklimaarchive, 474 geochemische Prozesse, 178 Evolution, 228 fluviale Prozesse, 477, 512, 526 geochemische Signale, 179 Exhumierung, 199, 250 fluviale Sedimente, 453, 475, 476, 485, 598 geochronologische Methoden, 190 Expositionsalter, 200 fluviale Systeme, 178 Geocryology, 112 Expositionsgunst, 266 fluvialer Eintrag, 378 GeoForschungsZentrum, 187 Extinktion, 623 fluvialer Sedimenteintrag, 144 Geoindikator, 96 der Großsäuger, 624 fluvialer/äolischer Eintrag, 379 geoklimatische Grenze, 580 extreme Flutereignisse, 486 fluviales System, 96 geomagnetische Feldintensität, 532 Exzentrizität (Excentricity), 71, 73, 395, 397, fluvialgeomorphologische Prozesse, 510 geomagnetischer Schild, 528 441, 442, 499, 616, 642 food web, 37 GEOMAR, 187 Eyjafjöll-Eruption, 170 Foraminiferen, 85, 87, 177, 179, 443 Geomarker, 163 Eyre-See, 596 Forschungssatellit, 51, 52 Geomorphodynamik, 280 fossil feces, 168 Aktivität, 438 F fossile Böden, 434, siehe auch Boden Prozesse, 415, 446 falsche Interpretation der Befunde, 298 Fossilien, 152 Geomorphologie, 94, 427 Fauna, 165, 281 Frischwasser-Impuls, 337 (vergleichende) Beobachtungen, 299 Amazoniens, 227 früh- und mittelholozäne aride Phase, 297 Aktivität im Kalahari-Gebiet, 470 von Flores, 574 früh- und mittelholozäne Siedlungsplätze, 514 Befunde, 422 Faunenaustausch, 283 frühholozäne Gletschervorstöße, 298 Beobachtungen, 416, 457 Faunenelemente Fulgurite, 125 Forschungsergebnisse, 280 früh- und mittelholozäne, 516 Funza, 183, 214 gesamtmorphologische Situation, 269 Faustkeil, 134 Bohrkern, 220 Karte, 460 feedback, 33 Klimazyklus, 214 Kartierung, 253, 567 Klima, 71 Pollenprofil, 215, 233, 265 Kartierung des Zongo-Tals, 249 Mechanismen, 651 Fuquene, 147, 280 Klimaarchive, 376 Ozean-Atmosphäre, 33 Fußballspieler, 202 Paläoklimaarchive, 431 von solaren Einflüssen, 640 Fynbos, 506 pedologische Studien, 381 Fehleinschätzung, 142, 260 Pollen, 504 Prozesse, 649 fehlerhafte paläoklimatische Folgerungen, Prozesse für das LGM, 648 242 G records, 376 Fehlinterpretation, 108, 125, 157, 199 galactic cosmic rays, 69, 87, 649 relativ-stratigraphische Karte, 459 Felsbilder, 7, 165, 172, 176, 370, 521 Galapagosinseln, 314, 315, 585, 587, 605 Situation, 245, 248, 261, 407 Ferrasol, 132 Gambia, 403 Studien, 481, 496 Ferricrete, 133, 134, 550 Ganges, 545 Geomythologie, 172 feuchte Warmzeiten, 390 Ganges-Brahmaputra-Mündung, 144 Geoökologie, 94 Feuchtgebiet, 82 GCM (General Circulation Model), 38, 340, vernetztes System, 654 tropisches, 82 siehe auch Modell geophysikalisches Eiszeitmodell, 641 Feuchtigkeit im MIS 2, 489 Gcwihabe (Drotzky’s) Cave, 529 Georgetown, 229 Feuchtigkeitstransport, 560 Gebirgsvergletscherung, 106, 107 geowissenschaftliche Probleme in ariden und zum Altiplano, 253 Geländearbeit, 242 semiariden Gebieten, 402 Feuchttropen, 92, 510 Geländebeobachtungen, 247 getuned, 193, 285, 645, siehe auch tuning Feuer, 618 Geländestudien, 470 getunt, 629, siehe auch tuning Feuer-Wunde, 157 Geländeuntersuchung, 300 Gewitter, 45 Fichte, 326 Gelber Fluss, 174 Gezira-Bewässerungssystem, 66 Firnverdichtungsmodell, 106 Gelisolifluktionsprozesse, 250 Ghana, 438 Sachverzeichnis 741

Ghunsa-Tal, 117 Stände, 570 Golf von Guinea, 451, 497, 498, 511 Gidikwe Ridge (Strandwall), 463–466, 469 Struktur, 103 Golf von Mexiko, 336, 346 GISP, 18, 170, 259, 272, 285, 443, 446, 559 Vo l u m e n , 570 Golfstrom, 86, 202, 336 glacier-derived rock glacier, 114, 118 Vorfeld, 586 GPR (ground penetrating radar), 125 Gladysvale-Höhle, 399, 401 Vorfeldbereich, 289 Gramadulla, 418, 419 Glatthangbildung, 107 Zunge, 108 Gramineae, 378 Glazial, 15, 74, 383, 396, siehe auch Eiszeit Gletscherabschmelzen, 353 Gran Sabana, 283, 284 Kaltzeit, 12 Gletscherausdehnung grazer, 166, 574 Glazial- und Interglazialzeiten, 175 neoglaziale, 308 Great Barrier Reef, 185–188, 600, 602 glazial/interglaziale Klimaschwankungen, 431 Gletscherbewegung, 108 Great Selima Sand Sheet, 391 Glazial-/Interglazial-Zyklus, 392 Gletscherchronologie Greenhouse gases, siehe Treibhausgas Glazialchronologie, 170, 248, 254, 261, 274, frühholozäne, 297 Gregory Lake, 591 280, 285, 292, 298, 306, 329, 333, 336, Gletschereis, 101, 234, 370 Gregory-Lake-System, 594 343, 403, 411, 554–556 Genese, 102 Grenzen der irdischen Landschaftsgürtel, 91 des Himalaya, 561 Gletscherfluktuation, 96 grèzes-litées, 115 des Iztaccíhuatl-Massivs, 331 gletscherfreie Zeit, 300 Grönland, 18, 101, 102, 106, 152, 631 des Jungquartärs in den Tropen, 367 Gletschergleichgewichtslinie Arktis, 18 des Nevado de Toluca, 332 ELA, 106 Eiskern GISP2, 283 des oberen Hunza-Tals, 562 Firnlinie, 103 Eisschmelze, 58 des Spätglazials für Kolumbien, 286 Gletscherhaushalt, 111 Greenland Ice Core Project für das Khumbu Himal, 562 Gletscher-Klima-Modell, 254 GRIP, 18 für das südlichste Südamerika, 292 Gletscherschmelze Greenland Ice Sheet Project für Ecuador, 239 Tibet, 56 GISP, 18 für Himalaya, 567 Gletscherschwankung, 99, 101, 102, 106–108, Greenland Stadial 1 [GS-1], 25 für Karakorum, 561, 567 111, 235, 283, 285, 316, 339, 353, 578 Greenland Stadial Termination I, 25 für Ladakh und Zanskar, 565 des Neoglazials, 298 GRIP, 18, 131, 170, 645 holozäne, 567 holozäne, 101 GRIP-Eiskern, 192 in Bolivien, 242 Gletscherverhalten im Neoglazial, 349 GRIP-Kurve, 191 LGM-zeitliche, 561 Gletschervorstoß, 234, 288, 408, 557, 569, 610 Interstadiale, 194 Mexikos, 331 an der Wende YD/Holozän, 286 Zeitskala, 196 glazialer Zyklus, 38, 555 im MIS 3, 561 Großrechner, 70 Glazialerosion, 216, 546 im Spätglazial und Frühholozän, 237 Großsäuger, 165, 623 glaziales Klima, 38 in Bolivien, 336 Großsäugerfauna, 574 Glazialgeologie, 106 in Mexiko, 336 Ground-Penetrating-Radar (GPR), 125, 422 glazial-interglazialer Zyklus neoglazialer, 303, 304, 569 Grundwasser, 148 CO2, 37 Gliederung der Tropen nach Lauer, 92, 93 Alter, 148 Glazialmorphologie, 106 Global Change, 2 der Sahara, 197 Befunde, 254, 260, 288, 409 Global Charcoal Dataset, 65 fossil, 148 Höhenstufen, 582 global dimming, 101 Spiegel, 527 Interpretation, 413 global forcing, 642, 645 Guano, 168 Karte, 271, 292, 332, 333, 335, 583 Global Lake Status Data Base, 351 Guatemala, 142, 343 Karte eines Ausschnitts der Cordillera Real, Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost Guliya, 79, 259, 557, 559 248 (GTN-P), 112 kühles Hochglazial (LGM), 557 Kartierung, 403 globale Erwärmung, 35, 36, 40, 49, 50, 60, 70, Guyana, 227 Situation, 286 78, 84, 86, 91, 93, 94, 100, 113, 163, 188, Gypcrete, 385, 417, 423, 592 Skizze, 416 201, 202, 204, 638, 652 Gypsisol, 132 Studien, 621 globale Klimamodelle, 641 Glazialstadien, 564 globaler biogeochemischer Kreislauf, 177 H Glazialzeiten, 74, 439 globaler Eishaushalt, 175 H1-Ereignis, 279, 280, 338, 455, 458, 502, 526, CO2, 68 globaler Stickstoffhaushalt, 82 559 glaziäre Ablagerungen und Formen, 106, 110 globaler Temperaturanstieg, 295 Habitatveränderung, 96 als Klimazeugen, 108 globaler Wasserkreislauf, 36 Haiti, 355 Gleissberg-Zyklus, 78 globales Eisvolumen, 72 Haleakala-Vulkan, 607 Gletscher, 294, 502 globales Förderband Hangformung, 274 Abschmelzen, 598 Ozean, Strömungen, 33 Hangschutt, 437 Anden, 192 globales Klima, 37 Hangschuttdecke, 96 der Antarktis, 102 für die präindustriale Zeit, 352 Hangsediment, 133, 301, 527 der tropischen Anden, 215 Globales Netzwerk der Baumringweiten-Daten, periglaziäres, 133 des Kilimandscharo, 195 161 stratfiziertes grobes, 238 im ACR, 292 Globalisierung, 654 Haplomastodon, 284 Massenbilanz, 103 Globigerinoides ruber, 179 Harappa, 626 Randtropen, 103 GLSL – green-light stimulated luminescence, Harmattan, 55 Rückzug, 105, 199 198 Hartwassereffekt, 358 Sauerstoffisotopenverhältnis, 15 Glyptodon, 284 Hauchab, 486 Schliffe, 564 Gobabeb, 636 Häufigkeitsdiagramme, 424 schuttbedeckt, 100 Gravels, 483 der Dünenalter (auf der Grundlage von 14C- Schwund, 107, 308 Golf von Aden, 455, 520 und Lumineszenzdaten), 122 Spuren, 580 Golf von Bengalen, 144, 544, 560 Hauptkomponentenanalyse, 161 742 Sachverzeichnis

Hawaii, 8, 85, 159, 606, 607, 610 holozäne Klimaschwankungen, 585 Indischer Ozean, 444, 449, 450, 456, 457, 489, LGM-zeitliche ELA-Depression, 609 in der SE-asiatischen Inselwelt, 585 544, 547, 560 Heinrich holozänes Klima, 356 indischer Subkontinent, 550 Ereignis, 31, 193, 343, 395, 397, 441, 445, holozänes Klimaoptimum, 43, 325, 335, 380, indisches Gangesgebiet, 55 557 508 indo-pazifischer warmer Pool, 106 Ereignis 1, 283, 469 Holzkohle-Konzentrationen, 349 Indus, 570 Ereignis I, 24 Holzkohle-records, 281 Indus-Kultur, 518, 626 Event, 25, 32, 35, 129, 176, 202, 344, 348, Homeb Silts, 482, 483, 485, 486, 492 Indus-Stadium, 554 349, 436, 524, 646 Hominid Corridor Research Project, HCRP, 392, Industrialisierung, 150 Event 1, 496, 499–501, 560, 585, 594 617 Industriezeitalter, 646 Heinrich 1, 253 Hominini, 49, 64, 163, 374, 390, 573, 574, 616, Inka, 628 Heinrich-1-Ereignis, 277 617, 620, 623 Inklination, 71 Heinrich-1-Event, 339, 350, 353 Einwanderungswellen, 620 Inlandeis, 84, 111 HS, 506 Hominini-Besiedlung, 622 Inlandeisbedeckung in Tibet, 110 HS1 (Heinrich-Stadial 1), 293 Hominini-Biodiversität, 620 INQUA Dunes Atlas Chronologic Database, 125 Lage, 196 Hominini-Evolution, 616 INQUA-Dünen-Datenbank, 418 Lage 1, 449 Homo erectus, 573, 574, 618 Insekten, 156, 165, 172 Stadial, 24, 47, 445 Homo floresiensis (,Hobbit‘), 622 als Klimaindikatoren, 167 Stadial 1, 516 Homo naledi, 617 Insolation, 45, 71, 72, 74, 75, 87, 101, 150, 151, Heraceum-Bildungen, 165 Homo sapiens, 573, 575, 595, 618, 620, 624 204, 285, 294, 296, 297, 356, 358, 374, Herbivore, 154, 163, 471, 481, 494 Ausbreitung, 620 376, 380, 382, 392, 395, 397, 398, 401, Aussterben, 579 Einfluss, 578 440–442, 450, 454, 455, 493, 496, 497, Heshang Cave, 151 Einwanderung nach Australien, 622 499, 511, 524–526, 530, 542, 555, hillwash, 434 Homo sapiens sapiens, 623 558–561, 567, 585, 587, 594, 641–643 Himalaya, 7, 102, 107, 545, 551 Horingbaai-Schwemmfächer, 430, 431, 434, 435 Änderung, 75 Himalaya-Flüsse, 556 Hoti-Höhle, 148, 388–390, 449, 453 Dominanz, 350 Himalaya-Tibet-Orogen, 558 Huascarán, 259, 260, 318 forcing, 294, 524, 527, 533 Himba, 626 Eiskern, 195, 558 Schwankung, 218, 229, 233 Histogramme der Altershäufigkeit, 505 Kordillere, 257 instrumentelle Aufzeichnung, 96 historische Aufzeichnung, 54, 98, 160, 172, 317, Huayna Potosí, 96, 105, 244, 248 interbreeding, 622 351, 353, 356, 357, 533, 540 Huayna-Potosí-Westgletscher, 309, 312 Interglazial, 15, 74, 87, 383, 389–392, 396, 402, Hoanib, 483, 537 Huguang-Maar, 146, 559 410 Tal, 488 Hulu- und Dongge-Höhlen, 524, 585 Warmzeit, 12 Hoarusib, 485 China, 27 interglaziale Feuchtphasen, 431 Hochbecken von Mexiko, 323 Hulu, 234, 292, 558–560, 572 interglaziale Perioden, 393 Hochdruckgürtel, 45 Humboldt, A. v., 8, 12, 201 Intensität, 74 Hochflächenmoränen, 245, 259, 261, siehe auch Humidität, 98, 175, 306, 374, 376 Interglazialzeiten, 74, 392, 439 Moräne abnehmende, 594 International Continental Scientific Drilling Hochglazial, 85 Huminsäuren, 358 Program (ICDP), 146 SST, 85 Hunza-Tal, 561 Interzeption, 225 Hockeyschläger-Kurve, 88, 159, 160 Hurrikan, 142, 188 IPCC, 2, 4, 33, 35, 52, 55, 61, 69, 75, 82, 85, 87, hohe zeitliche Auflösung, 157 Hydrographie, 94 88, 183, 184, 202, 203, 208, 234, 640, Höhengliederung der Vegetation, 214, 584 hydroklimatische records, 587 650 Höhengrenzen, 210, 652 hydrologische Klimaarchive, 529 Aerosol, 60 Höhenstufe der Andosol-Bild, 325 hydrologisches Gleichgewicht, 225 IPCC AR4 A1B-Szenarium für AD 2100, 362 Höhenstufung, 236 hygrische Klimakurve, 500 IPCC-Klimamodell-Simulationen, 201 Höhle, 148, 213 hygrische Schwankungen, 267 IPCC-Modelle, 69 Höhlensedimente, 148, 191, 358 hygrische Situation IPICS, 104 Borneo, 47 Veränderungen, 510 Irawadi, 573 Holozän, 74, 87, 93, 150, 260, 288, 294, 307, hyrax midden, 505, 511, 527, 532, 539 Irian Jaya, 582 317, 319, 329, 367, 380, 389, 397, 402, Hyrax-Kot-Daten, 504 Iris-Effekt, 39 416, 427, 436, 441, 447, 449, 456, 469, IRSL (Infrared Stimulated Luminescence), 198 508, 528, 540, 566, 599, 612, 643, 649 I Island, 170 Definition, 17 Ice rafted detritus, 350 Isotope frühes, 363 Ice rafted material, 175 radioaktive, 104 Gliederung, 27 ice-cored moraine, 115, 241, 246, 251, 252, 256, stabile, 39, 379 in Mexiko, 348 271, 277, 409 Isotopenveränderungen, 39 Kulturentwicklung, 624 ice-layer counting, 190 Isotopenverhältnis, 131, 165 Temperatur, 49 Ichnofazies, 168, 169, 483 Isotopenzusammensetzung, 390, 433 holozäne Chronologie, 529 Ichnofossilien, 168 Israel, 151, 195 holozäne Gletschervorstöße, 251 Ilampú, 244, 248, 254 Isthmus von Panama, 86 holozäne hydrologische und geomorphologische Illimani, 101, 105, 252, 257, 286, 298, 302, 316, ITC, 45 records, 511 318 ITCZ, 41, 43, 46, 47, 49, 51, 55, 150, 181, 204, holozäne Klimaentwicklung, 599 Illiniza, 240 224, 253, 277, 280, 283, 296, 306, 325, holozäne Klimaoptimum Ilopango, 170, 631, 632 333, 343, 356, 357, 362, 373, 381, 389, Mexico, 138 Inca Huasi-Seephase, 252 392, 398, 399, 427, 434, 440, 441, 445, holozäne Klimaphasen, 296 Indien, 60, 354, 545, 572 447, 474, 475, 497, 498, 500, 509, 527, holozäne Klimarekonstruktion, 526, 530 geologische Skizze, 550 Sachverzeichnis 743

531, 549, 560, 566, 590, 594, 599, 605, Karakorum, 103, 111, 548, 551 Werke der darstellenden Kunst, 172 607, 612, 627, 629, 646 Kargletscher, 112 Klimabedingungen ITCZ in Mesoamerika, 321 Karibik, 80, 185 interstadiale, 376 ITCZ-Variabilität, 285 karibische Inseln, 320, 338 vom Altquartär, 246 ITCZ-Verlagerung, 122, 285 Karten, 172 Klimadaten, 96, 174 ITCZ-Wanderung, 524 Kartierungen von asiatischen Höhlen, 150 Iztaccíhuatl, 161, 170, 323, 328, 329, 331, 335, der glazialgeologischen/geomorphologischen Klimaentwicklung, 301, 319 338, 353 Formen, 273 der Zukunft, 636 der glaziären Formen, 265 und Kulturentwicklung, 532 J Kathmandu, 545 von Kalahari, 509 Jäger- und Sammler-Kulturen, 624 Katira, 229 von Sahara, 509 Jahreslagen im Eis, 104 Katmai, 49 Klimaerwärmung, 204, 361 Jahrringbreite, 159 Kenya, 164 Klimafluktuationen, 51, 307, 360 Jahrringchronologie, 157 Kernwaffenversuche, 318 des nördlichen Südamerika, 346 Japan, 172, 580 Kesselgletscher, 111, 570 Klima-forcing, 529 Java, 85, 618 Khmer, 627, 628 Klimaforschung, 96 Javasee, 544, 601 Khowarib Gorge, 484, 488 Klimagang, 58 Jetstream, 45 Khumbu Himal, 561, 563 der Erde, 86 Jüngere Dryas, 47, 110, 191, 197, 241, 253, 258, Kikai Island, 570 und Kulturentwicklung, 358 292, 445, 454, 496, 500, 560, 645 Kilimandscharo, 6, 7, 50, 100–102, 146, 195, und Sonnenaktivität, 532 Jüngere Dryaszeit, 24, 25, 31, 84, 104, 167, 168, 370, 377, 406, 408, 409, 413, 415, 450, Klimageschichte 251, 259, 260, 262, 265, 269, 276, 283, 454, 498, 523, 533 ostafrikanische, 440 286, 292, 306, 331, 332, 339, 349, 442, Eiskern-record, 524 Klimagradient, 254 496, 641, siehe auch YD und Younger Glazialchronologie, 411 Klimagürtel, 439 Dryas Moränen, 412 Klimaindikator, 102 Younger Dryas, YD, Deglaziation, 24 Kinabalu, 580 Klimaklassifikation, 91, 92, 544 jungquartäre Moränensequenzen, 265 Kirschblüte, 172 Klimakurve jungquartäre Temperaturverhältnisse, 163 Kivu-See, 521 Sahara, 142 jungquartäre Vergletscherungen, 268 Kleine Eiszeit, 34, 36, 43, 49, 79, 82, 88, 100, Klimamodell, 21, 33, 38, 39, 51, 52, 58, 62, 63, Junin, 147, 280 101, 105, 115, 152, 161, 168, 172, 174, 68, 75, 85, 88, 106, 126, 131, 201, 203, Junin-See, 262, 269 188, 257, 262, 298, 301, 307, 309, 317, 204, 213, 218, 439, 595, 652 Junin-Täler, 260 318, 328, 335, 336, 348, 351, 353–355, Bewölkung, 58 Juniperus, 161 365, 441, 484, 496, 527, 528, 530, 532, biologische Prozesse, 62 533, 535, 537–540, 542, 567, 568, 570, CCSM3, 286 K 587, 600, 625, 632, 636, 639, 646, siehe Deglaziation, 21 Kalahari, 122, 125, 137, 148, 157, 411, 418, auch LIA intermediärer Komplexität, 202 422, 424, 425, 427, 428, 431, 457, Gletscherbewegungen, 311 Ökosystemveränderung, 63 459–462, 464, 466, 470, 474, 478, 479, Gletschervorstöße, 313 Simulation der Konvektion, 39 489, 492, 502, 511, 526–528, 541 Humidität, 108 Vulkanismus, 51 Dünen, 397 Moränen, 332 Klimamodellentwicklung, 203 im LGM, 471 Moränenstadien, 309 Klimamodellierer, 172, 204 pluviale Phasen, 457 tiefste Temperatur, 152 Klimamodellierung, 46, 48, 69, 105, 130, 142, Salzpfannen, 480 Kleinsäuger, 165, 494 636 Synopse für die spätquartäre Entwicklung Klima, 45, 98, 373 Supercomputer, 204 der Südwest-Kalahari, 479 des Eiszeitalters, 72 Klima-Ökosystem-Mensch-Interaktionen, 624 Täler, 479 des LGM, 85 Klimaoszillationen, 294 Kalibrierung, 153, 161 Rekonstruktion, 96 Klimaproxy, 98 von Eiskerndaten, 105 solarer Einfluss, 77 Klimaproxydaten, 160 Kalkkrusten, 418 und biologische Evolution, 616 Klimarekonstruktion, 106, 110, 122, 126, 142, Kalkkrustenrelief, 417, 421 und Migration, 654 149, 156, 161, 272, 319, 366, 435, 439, Kältejahr, 157 Zentralafrikas, 436 470, 474, 525, 535 kältestes Jahrhundert, 152 Klima- und Besiedlungsgeschichte, 512 des tibetischen Hochlands, 569 Kalttropen, 92, 645 Klima- und Landschaftswandel, 641 klimarelevante Daten, 172 Kaltzeit, 36, 431, 586 Klima- und Vegetationszonen, 370 Klimarhythmus, 188 Kalt/Warm-Zyklus, 399 Klimaänderung, 5, 8, 22, 51, 70, 75, 91, 100, Klimaschwankung, 6, 31, 96, 110, 112, 219 Sauerstoffisotopenverhältnis, 15 102, 106, 163, 628, 651 der letzten Jahrtausende, 306 kaltzeitliche Abtragungsprozesse, 575 Arktis, Antarktis, 22 der letzten Jahrtausende im Siedlungsgebiet kaltzeitliche Bildung, 323 El Niño, 35 der Maya, 362 Kaluyo-Tal, 108, 111, 246, 254, 301 hygrische, 118 geomorphologische Reaktionen, 599 Kamerun, 137, 161, 435, 438 Toba-Eruption, 51 glazial-interglaziale, 550 Kamikaze, 188, 633 Ursache, 70, 104 im Quartär, 431 Kammeis zukünftige, 96 im tropischen Südamerika, 231 needle ice, 115 Klimaanomalie während des Termination I, 502 Kanémien, 448 mittelalterliche, 307 Klimasensitivität, 12, 69, 202, 204, 208, 636 Kangphu Kang-Massiv, 107 Klimaarchiv, 96, 98 Klimasimulation, 33, 294 Känguru, 595 der Meeressedimente, 184 hydrologisches System, 39 känozoische Ära, 70 in Südamerika, 213 Modell, 18 Kapflora, 504 Vernetzung der natürlichen Klimaarchive, 98 Klimasystem, 31, 75, 87, 92, 170, 190, 208 744 Sachverzeichnis

Flip-Flop, 32 Kongur, 551 Laguna La Gaiba, 230, 295 Variabilität, 33 Kongur Shan, 567 Laguna Pallcacocha, 313–316, 587 klimatische Extremereignisse, 172 Konkurrenzkampf, 624 Laguna Playa Grande, Vieques, Puerto Rico, 188 klimatische Schneegrenze, 103, 111, 216 Kontamination, 169 Lake Abhe, 453, 526 ELA, 103 kontinentale und marine Eismassen, 71 Lake Agassiz, 26, 29, 336 klimatische Umbrüche, 616 Kopfkapseln, 167 Lake Albert, 444 klimatisches System, 96 Koppieskraalpan, 475, 477 Lake Assom, 510 Klima, Klimasystem, 30 Koprolithe, 168, 169 Lake Baringo, 444 klimatisches Wechselwirkungssystem Korallen, 98, 160, 175, 184, 186, 450, 580, 602, Lake Barombi Mbo, 438, 443 Klimasystem, 31 638 Lake Bosum, 496 Klimavariabilität, 114, 294, 317 Bildungen, 314 Lake Bosumtwi, 376, 438, 441, 442, 496, 497, in Afrika, 373 Bleiche, 185 502, 512 natürliche, 651 Forschung, 185 Bosumtwi, 146 Klimaverhältnisse, 590 Riff, 4, 184, 456 Lake Challa, 454, 455, 511, 523, 524, 526, 527, Klimavorhersagbarkeit der Modelle, 208 Riffbildung, 452, 456 533, 536 Klima-Vulkanismus-Beziehungen, 48 Riffwachstum im LGM, 457 Challa, 146 Klimawandel, 8, 38, 40, 70, 87, 160, 187, 202, Skelette, 187, 570 Lake Chichancanab, 629 204, 430, 529, 623 Sterben, 65, 185 Lake Chilwa, 499, 511 Anden, 5 Wachstum, 356, 456 Lake Consuelo, 227 Erforschung, 5 Korallensee, 545 Lake Edward, 444 neoglazialer, 306 Korallenterrassen, 191 Lake Eyre, 590–592, 594–596, 600 Symbol, 100 Kordilleren-Eisschild, 621 Lake Frome, 592, 594, 596, 598 treibende Kräfte, 641 Korngrößenverteilung, 504 Lake Gregory, 596 und Anpassung, 652 Korrelation gleichalter terrestrischer wie auch Lake Lahontan und Besiedlung, 515 mariner Sedimentabfolgen, 170 Lahontan, 147 Klimawechsel, 540 Korrelationsanalysen, 366 Lake Magadi, 444 Klimazeugen, 96 Korrelationsforschung, 616 Lake Mahoma-Stadium, 415 periglaziäre, 114 Korrelierung, 96, 102, 191 Lake Malawi, 444, 455, 502, 526, 527, 578 Klimazone, 131 der Glazialchronologie, 279 Drilling Project, 393, 394 nach Köppen/Geiger, 373 von Peak zu Peak, 402 Malawi, 146, 164 nach Troll/Paffen, 373 kosmische Strahlen, 56, 75, 77, 78, 87, 196, 319 Lake Massoko, 443, 446, 499, 526, 527 Klimazukunft, 184, 208, 643, 646, 650, 651 kosmogene Isotope, 77, 190 Lake Mulan, 594 Klimazyklus, 31, 86, 137, 141 kosmogene Nuklide, 133, 199, 366 Lake Naivasha, 431, 444, 538 quartärer, 323 Krakatau, 170, 318 Lake Nakuru, 444 Klippschliefer, 166, 168 Kreislauf, biochemischer, 131 Lake Natron, 444 kohärente Chronologien, 190 kritische Evaluierung, 25, 311, 475 Lake Ngami, 529 Kohlenmonoxid Krokodil, 520 Lake Ojibway, 336 CO, 65 Krustenbildung, 120 Lake Ossa, 377 globale Konzentration, 64 Kryptotephra, 170 Lake Rukwa, 526 Kohlenstoff Analysen, 190 Lake Tana, 502 gesamtorganischer, 395 Kublai Khan, 188, 632 Lake Tanganyika, 455, 502 organischer, 177 Kubu Island, 377 Lake Tritrivakely, 400, 511 Kohlenstoffgehalt Kuiseb, 118, 168, 169, 418, 419, 485, 486, 531 Lake Tswaing, 526 der lebenden Biomasse, 61 Kulturentwicklung, 360 Lake Turkana, 444 Kohlenstoffhaushalt, 61, 175 im Holozän, 624 Lake Valencia Kohlenstoffisotope, 616 Kulturlandschaft, 360 Valencia, 147 Kohlenstoffisotopmuster von Kulturwandel, 632 Lake Victoria, 444, 502 Eichen-Baumringen, 163 Kunene, 122, 471, 503, 537 Lake Woods, 594, 596 Kohlenstoffkreislauf, 33, 82, 202 Kunst, 619 Lake Xere Wapo, 605 global, 68 Kurkur-Wadi, 388, 393 Lake Yao, 144, 377 Kohlenstoffspeicher Kuruman, 432 Lake-Challa-Proxydaten, 524 der tropischen Regenwälder, 62 Küstenänderungen, 560 Lake-Eyre-Seespiegelkurve, 594 Kökkenmödinger, 168 Küstenlinien, 561 Laki, 49, 170, 355 Kollaps der Maya-Zivilisation, 362 Kuwae, 170, 172 Land Mammal Age (LMA), 494 kolluviale Bildungen, 224 KZAI-01, 510, 512 Landbedeckungsklassifikation, 373 Kolluvium, 137 Landnutzung, 59, 131, 187 paläoklimatische Interpretation, 137 L Landoberfläche, 374 Südaustralien, 137 La Gaiba, 280 Lang’s Cave, 572 Kolumbien, 26, 265, 343 La Malinche, 323, 326, 328, 329, 331–333 Längsdünen, 462, siehe auch Düne Gletscher, 5 La Niña, VII, 36, 43, 88, 131, 175, 213, 253, innerer Aufbau, 124 Vergletscherungen, 265 277, 311, 599, 601 System, 592 Kombination von Simulationen und Daten, 206 La Niña-Jahr 2010–2011, 218 lapse rate, 45, 613 Kongo, 134 Lachamp-Ereignis, 190 Laramkkota-Gletscher, 215, 313 Kongo-Becken, 374, 381, 410, 411, 431, Ladakh (Himalaya), 201 Last Glacial Maximum, 17, 98, 220, 233, 500, 433–435, 438, 439, 443, 455, 495, 502, Laetoli, 618 siehe LGM 509, 511 Lagarostrobos franklinii, 601 MIS 2, 17 Kongo-Regenwald, 632 Lago de Valencia, 283 Lateinamerika, 210 Kongo-Tiefsee-Fächersystem, 383 Lago Quexil, 343, 345 Lateritkruste, 134 Sachverzeichnis 745

Latin American Pollen Database (LAPD), 156 OSL-Alter, 470 marine Klimaarchive, 605 Laurentischer Eisschild, 205, 621 Linzhu-Höhle, 559 marine Klimazeugen, 174 Leang Timpuseng, 176 Lipide, 161, 439, 443 marine Mikroorganismen, 177, 181 Lebenszyklus der Organismen, 186 Little Ice Age, siehe LIA marine ODP-658, 378 Lechuguilla-Höhle, 640 Llanos, 283 marine Organismen, 176 Leithorizonte, 170 LLGM (local last glacial maximum), 239 marine oxygen isotope stratotype, 190 Lesotho, 541 LLGM-ELA, 254 marine Paläoklimaarchive, 183, 184 Lethlakeng-Aquifer, 493 Logbuch, 172, 176 im SE-Atlantik, 503 LGM, 115, 174, 222, 259, 260, 266, 281, 319, Longitudinaldünen, 120, 432, siehe auch Düne Umweltveränderung, 175 324, 343, 344, 366, 380, 397, 401, 403, Löss, 98, 129, 130, 135, 551 marine records, 439, 557 408, 410, 415, 422, 424, 427, 433, Ablagerung, 126, 135 marine Sedimentdaten, 399 435–437, 439, 441, 442, 445–449, 453, Bildungen, 228, 403 marine Sedimente, 77, 98, 421 456–458, 461, 467, 470, 474, 475, 479, Landschaft in China, 128 Interpretation, 381 484, 486, 489, 491, 508, 524, 540, 554, Proﬁl, 129, 137 marine Sedimentkerne, 130, 138, 279, 433, 435, 578, 586, 596, 598, 605, 612, 649 Proﬁle im Kaschmir, 553 542 arides, 400 Sequenzen, 191 marine Sedimentsequenzen, 175 im tropischen Südamerika, 281 Verbreitung, 128 marine Terrassen, 188, 430, 435 in Neuguinea die Schneegrenzen, 578 Zyklostratigraphie, 130, 550 mariner Bohrkern, 142, 184, 441, 443 in Peru, 243 Lüderitz, 122 mariner Kern, 493, 638 Korallenriffwachstum, 457 Luftchemie, 170 marker, 106 letzteiszeitliche Maximalvergletscherung, Lumineszenz-Altersbestimmungen, 121, 555, Marker-Boden, 327 551 596 MARUM, 187 letztes Hochglazial, 558 luminosity, 75, 80 Massenbewegung Temperatur, 18 Lunettedünen, 424, 425, 427, 428, 464, 472, glazial-induziert, 110 trocken-kaltes, 336 475, 591, siehe auch Düne Massoko-See, 498, 521, siehe auch Lake um 30 ka BP, 260 Lydekker-Linie, 547, 622 Massoko Vergletscherungen, 439 Lynch-Krater, 146, 578, 595, 605 Mastodon, 283, 623 LGM (Maximum der glazialen Bedingungen), matching, 21, 104, 106, 195, 259, 260, 385, 391, 281 M 457, 558, 636 LGM (Ogolien), 403 Mäander-Generation, 140 Methoden, 195 LGM-Abkühlung, 605 Mababe, 529 Matuyama, 403, 410 LGM-ELA, 242, 264, 265, 269, 339, 409, 578, Mababe-Depression, 429, 464, 467 Matuyama-Brunhes (M–B), 196 610, 612 Machu Picchu, 627 Maui, 607 LGM-ELA-Depression in Costa Rica, 340 Madagaskar, 84, 127, 370, 399, 402, 443, 624 Mauna Kea, 263, 606–608, 610, 612, 613 LGM-ELA-Rekonstruktionen, 403 Madeira-Fluss, 230, 234 Mauna Loa, 606 LGM-Gletscher, 254 Mae Hong Son (MHS), 159 Mauna-Kea-Glazialchronologie, 609 LGM-Gletschervorstöße, 291 magnetische Suszeptibilität (MS), 79, 130, 137, Maunder-Minimum, 78, 79, 157, 309, 311, 319, LGM-Moränen, 269, 409 194, 218, 251, 314, 315, 347, 348, 350, 352, 532, 535, 537, 538, 540, 567, 569, vermeintliche, 271 443, 446 636 LGM-SST, 455 magnetische Variabilität der Sonne, 56 Mauretanien, 118, 407, 512 LGM-Temperaturdepression, 411 magnetisches Reversal, 130 Mauritius, 431 LGM-Temperatur-Rekonstruktionen, 347 Mahi River, 572 Mawenzi, 409, 417 LGM-Vergletscherung, 248, 262, 578 Maisernte, 356 Maya, 321, 342, 625, 627, 628 LGM-zeitliche Aridität, 253, 440, 441 Makanaka, 608 Maya-Chronologie, 631 LGM-zeitliche Ausdehnung der Makapansgat, 489, 501, 535, 536, 538 Maya-Hiatus, 631 Vergletscherung, 406 Makarikari, 377, 388, 399, 418, 457, 469, 471, Maya-Kulturen, 345, 357, 359, 629 LGM-zeitliche ELAs, 582 473, 492, 529 Niedergang, 365, 630 LGM-zeitliche Klimarekonstruktion, 213, 254, Becken, 466 Maya-Landwirtschaft, 358 265, 480, 491 Ngami/Okavango-Gebiet, 458 Mayan Ice Cap, 339 LGM-zeitliche SSTs, 241 Paläosee, 457, 463, 465 MBT/CBT, 282 LGM-zeitliche Staubeinträge, 259 Pfannen, 118, 429, 462, 465, 474, 479, 489 MCA, 530, 585, 602, 605, 612, 628 LGM-zeitliche Vergletscherung, 240, 261, 267, Strandlinie, OSL-Alter, 464 MCM (Macrophysical Climate Model), 340 277, 409, 411 Makassar, 600 McMurdo-Trockentäler, 200 LGM-zeitlicher Klimawandel der Okavango– Malawi, 392, 400, siehe auch Lake Malawi MD 962094, 382, 385, 428 Makgadikgadi–Zambezi-Region, Malawi-See, 393–395, 431, 440, 445, 449, siehe MD02-2503, 609, 610 458 auch Lake Malawi MD03-2707, 497 LGM-zeitliches Klima der Namib-Wüste, 481 Mamane-Baumscheibe, 159 MD60, 601 LIA, 534, 538, 572, 585, 600, 601, 605, 612, Mammut, 623, 624 MD96-2087, 503, 504 651, siehe auch Kleine Eiszeit Mann, Michael, 160 MD96-2094, 492, 503, 504 LIA-Gletscher, 309 MARGO Project Members, 86, 107 MD79257, 527 LIA-Moränen MARGO-Daten, 183 MD962094, 499 am Carstensz Mountain, 586 marine Bohrkerne, 382, 456, 458 Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), 307, 350, Lichenometrie, 310 marine Chronologie, 149 355, 639 Analyse, 307 marine Daten, 174, 446 Medieval Quiet Period (MQP), 639 limnische Sedimente, 316, 516 marine Geoarchive, 500 Medieval Warm Anomaly (MWV), 88 Limpopo, 539 Marine Isotope Stages (MIS), 14, 175 Medieval Warm Period, 528, 529, 533, 572, Lineardünen, 418, 420, 422, 424–428, 430, 431, marine Kerne, 194, 449, 478, 510, 520, 577 siehe auch MWP 433, 470, 591, 595, 596, siehe auch Düne marine Kerne G6-4, 578 Medieval Warm Period (MWP), siehe MWP 746 Sachverzeichnis

medivial climate anomaly, siehe MCA midden, 165, 166, 168, 297 Modellierung, 12, 34, 35, 40, 45, 51, 52, 85, 86, Meereis, 57 Umweltgeoarchiv, 168 88, 94, 98, 99, 143, 150, 187, 190, 201, Albedo, 57 Migration 205, 206, 235, 288, 300, 337, 340, 380, Einfluss, 56 als Anpassung, 654 479, 489, 506, 510, 542, 605, 640, 645, Meereisausdehnung Migrationsbewegungen, 652 650, 651 Meereisrückgang, 204 Mikrobe, 113 der Gletscherbedeckung, 612 Südozean, 82 Mikrofossilien, 86, 153 der hydrologischen Energiebilanz, 297 Meereisbedeckung, 131, 307, 347, 558 Mikronährstoff, 126 Niederschlag, 45 Meeresoberflächentemperaturen (SST), 175, Mikronesien, 605 numerische, 100 321, siehe SST (Sea Surface Mikroorganismen, 37 Modellsimulationen, 376, 527 Temperature) Milankovitch, 641 Modellstrukturen, 69 Meeressedimente, 98 Frequenz, 394 Moderate Resolution Imaging Meeresspiegel, 101, 188, 218, 576, 605 Theorie, 70, 71, 86, 106, 176, 645 Spectroradiometer (MODIS), 52 Rekonstruktion, 28 Zyklus, 71, 508, 610 MODIS, 52 Meeresspiegelabsenkung, 84, 131, 232, 452, Milben, 532 molecular clocks, 190 545, 547, 622 Milluni, 248 molekulares Fossil, 159 Meeresspiegeländerungen, 184, 188, 638 Tal, 247, 260, 263 Mollusken, 475, 476 Meeresspiegelanstieg, 32, 33, 188, 643 Minchin, 222, 223, 270 Molopo, 424, 427, 474–477, 479 Ozean, 29 Ming-Dynastie, 172 Molukkensee, 544 Meeresspiegelhochstände, 435 Miozän, 129 Mongolei, 130 Meeresspiegelrekonstruktion, 193 Miragoane-See, 356, 358 Monsun, 32, 46, 47, 49, 51, 84, 105, 157, 306, Meeresspiegelschwankungen, 430 MIS (marine isotope stages), 192 373, 375, 398, 402, 408, 454, 509, 514, Meeres-/Seespiegelschwankungen, 106 MIS 1, 643 516, 524, 526, 548, 550, 554, 558, 561, Meeresströmungen, 36, 40, 384, 398, 456, 458, MIS 2, 236 585, 592, 598, 612, 626, 633, 642, 643 497 LGM, 108 Intensität, 319 Mega-Eruptionen, 172 MIS 3, 102, 399, 415, 426, 427, 435, 438, 449, nacheiszeitliches tropisches monsunales Megafauna, 283, 595, 623 457, 481, 554 Zirkulationssystem, 498 Landmegafauna, 284 MIS 4, 108, 608 Südwestmonsun, 374 Megaherbivoren, 165 MIS 4/5-Grenze, 51 westafrikanischer, 43 Megapaläoseen, 610 MIS 4–2, 578 Monsunasien, 159, 545 Megatherium, 284 MIS 5, 387, 416, 426, 449, 469, 557, 559, 578, Monsuneinfluss, 354, 570 Melanesien, 605 590, 592 Monsungebiet, 51 MELM, 104, 264 MIS 5e, 188, 389, 591 Monsungeschichte, 148 meltwater pulse, 343, 496 MIS 6, 397, 399, 426, 578, 608 Monsunindex, 390, 392, 511, 558 1A Deglaziation, 24 MIS 7, 387, 578 Monsunklima, 545 Termination I, 25 MIS 7–6, 590 Monsunniederschläge, 56, 60, 150, 234 Menschen MIS 7a, 389 Monsunregenzone, 390 prähistorische Aktivitäten, 64 MIS 9, 389 Monsunrekonstruktionen, 449 Menschheitsentwicklung, 174, 374, 616, 618, MIS 11, 385, 387, 403, 406, 421, 427, 431, 576, Monsunsystem, 105, 447, 524, 556, 587 619 595, 639, 642–644 Monsunverstärkung, 285 Sprache, 618 Paläoklimaarchive, 645 Monsunzirkulation, 445, 489, 549, 557, 558, Menschheitsgeschichte, 547 Mittelalter, 174 560, 561, 571 menschlicher Einfluss, 651 warme Periode, siehe MWP Moräne, 96, 98, 105–108, 111, 198, 201, 339 Mera, 229 Mittelamerika, 319, 338, 366 14C datiert, 108 Pollenprofil, 282 Mittelholozän, 27, 351, siehe auch Holozän Aufbau, 108 Profil, 222, 226 aride Phase, 295 der Kleinen Eiszeit, 311, 332 Mérida Glaciation, 265 Aridität, 297 der quartären Gletschervorstöße, 237 Meridional Overturning Circulation D MOC, Klima des tropischen Amerikas, 340 des ACR, 289 siehe MOC Mittelpleistozän, 318, 323, 389, 431, siehe auch des Mount Kenia, 412 Mesoamerika, 354, 625 Pleistozän formfrische, 300 Mesopotamien, 625, 626 Vergletscherungen, 411 Ground Moraines, 251, 256 Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC), 86 Moa, 623 neoglaziale, 313, 410 meteorologische Variablen, 297 MOC, 32, 343, 525, 560 prä-LGM-zeitliche, 245 meteorologischer Messwert, 98 Moçambique, 455 schwarze, 300, 308, 309, 311 Methan (CH4), 37, 82, 106, 113 Modell, 2, 35, 36, 43, 52, 75, 80, 81, 88, 93, 96, Verbreitung, 610 Methoden 122, 133, 161, 174, 179, 180, 186, 190, Moräneausdehnung, 409 der geomorphologischen Analyse, 199 207, 294, 336, 337, 399, 497, 609, 633, Moränenalter, 199 der Probennahme, 182 639, 641 mittelpleistozänes, 120 Fehlerquellen, 196 CO2-Haushalt, 16 Moränenbildung, 199 physikalische und chemische, 96 des irdischen Klimas, 201 Moränendatierung, 542 Mexiko, 85, 113, 115, 144, 157, 170, 235, 287, ENSO, 43 Moränengruppen, 267 319–321, 343, 351–353, 357, 360 Klimamodell, 35 Moränenschutt, 132 Becken von, 320, 324 komplexe Erd-System-Modelle, 205 Moränensequenz, 247, 274 Gletscherbewegungen im Spätquartär, 338 pollenbasiert, 156 Moränensystem, 108 Klimaentwicklung, 348 modellbasierte Umweltrekonstruktionen, 186 Moränenwälle Mg/Ca-Werte, 183, 184, 187, 283, 345 Modellentwicklung, 205 Aufbau, 298 Mid-Brunhes Event (MBE), 82, 576, 595, 639, Modellergebnisse, 640 Erhaltung, 273 642 Größe und Form, 292 Sachverzeichnis 747

Morphologie, 245 natürliches forcing, 172 Nuklearkonflikt, 75 morphodynamische Aktivität, 437 Neandertaler, 620 numerische Klimamodelle, 202 morphogenetische Zonen, 499 needle ice, 115 numerische Modellierungen, 100 morphostratigraphische Altersansprache, 112 NEEM, 170 Morro dos Seis Lagos, 230 Negev-Wüste, 388–390 Mount Elgon, 416 Neoglazial, 237, 285, 298, 299, 302, 317, 325, O Mount Kenia, 375, 403, 406, 408–411, 413, 417, 353, 362, 367, 570, 646 O3, 40 444, 498, 523, 525 Beginn, 528 obere Baumgrenze, 582 Glazialchronologie, 411 Chronologie, 299 obere Waldgrenze, 220 Mozambique, 84 Gletschervorstöße, 336, 411, 523, 582 Depression, 328 MPT, siehe Pleistozän Moränen, 636 LGM, 85 MS (Magnetic Susceptibility), 79 NEOTOMA Paleoecology Database, 156 Oberflächenaltersdatierung, 190, 239, 259, 406, MSA (Middle Stone Age), 165 Nepal, 117, 545 407, 415, 423, 555, 567, 568, siehe auch Mt. Everest, 545, 551, 568 Nettoprimärproduktion, 218 SED (Surface Exposure Dating) Mt. Giluwe, 580, 583 Neue Welt, 620, 623 SED, 138 Mt. Kinabalu, 546, 578 Neuguinea, 7, 106, 191, 341, 354, 547, 578, 582 von Moränen des Milluni- und Zongo-Tals, Mt. Trikora, 580 Mount Carstensz, 7 253 Multiproxy-Analyse, 146 neoglaziale Moränen, 585 Oberflächen-Expositionsaltersbestimmung (SED Annäherungen, 96 Neukaledonien, 159, 605 – Surface Exposure Dating, 198 Parameter-Netzwerk, 98 Neuseeland, 110, 170, 580, 624 Oberflächenformen, 403, 409 Murray-Darling-Becken, 598 Deglaziation, 27 Oberflächenlufttemperatur, 492 Murray-Dünen-Region, 591 YD, 25 Oberflächentemperatur der Meere, 84 Murray-Gebiet, 595 Nevado Coropuna, 269 Oberflächentemperaturänderungen, 88 Murzuk-Becken, 118, 388, 389, 392, 402, 449, Nevado de Colima, 323, 354 Oberflächenwasser, 65 498 Nevado de Toluca, 115, 323, 331, 332, 336 Ozean, 33 Muschelschalen, 186 Nevados-de-Putre, 273 obliquity forcing, 294 Muztag Ata, 551, 567 Ngami-See, 429, 457, 458, 464, 467 ODP658, 566 MWA, 600, 601 Ngandong-Terrasse, 572 ODP658/659, 510 MWP, 317, 318, 365, 535, 572, 632 NGRIP, 47, 194, 292, 293, 511, 524, 555, 558, ODP806B, 583 Mystery Interval, 346 585, 609 ODP820, 578, 579, 595 •18O, 258 ODP1078C, 458 N Bohrkern, 216 ODP1084B, 503, 504 N2O, 40, 82, 102 Eiskern, 47 ODP1084b, 527 Nährstoffangebot, 379 NH4, 40 Ogolien, 448 Nährstoffe durch Sahara-Staubeintrag, 131 Niederschlag, 38, 51, 56, 107, 131, 212, 397, OIS (Oxygen Isotope Stages), 192 Nährstoffhaushalt, 177 435, 492 Okavango, 429, 464, 467, 469, 511, 526, 529, Nährstoffkreislauf, 37 bei globaler Erwärmung, 650 535 Nahrungskette, 179 in den Tropen, 41 Okavango-Delta, 429 Nahrungsspielraum, 651 lokal, 66 Okavango-Makarikari-Region, 533 Namib, 118, 122, 125, 172, 382, 386, 388, 392, Niederschlagsanomalien, 175, 315 Oki-Phase, 276 411, 423, 430, 431, 485, 486, 526, 527, Niederschlagsreduzierung, 227 Okondeka, 474 531, 537, 539, 600, 650 Niederschlagsrekonstruktion, 314, 365, 524, 541 Ökosystem, 92, 131, 146, 153, 163, 176 Namib Sand Sea, 418 Niederschlagsschwankungen Afrikas, 153 Namib-Erg, 411, 419, 420, 422, 424, 481 in der Cariaco-Region, 359 des Sees, 147 Namibia, 148, 370, 520 Niederschlagstrend limnisches, 146, 147 holozäne Klimaentwicklung, 527 Tropen, 60 tropisches, 156 Namibküste, 434 Niederschlagsverhältnisse, 354, 584 Ökosystemänderungen, 228, 595 Namibtäler, 537, 538 Amazoniens während des LGM, 221 Ökozonen des südlichen Afrika, 166 Namibwüste, 96, 141, 148, 474, 481, 482, 488, Niger, 84, 451 Okwa, 466, 467, 475, 479, 480, 489, 535 636 Nil, 535 Talsystem, 429 14C-Daten, 481, 483 Nilfluten, 392, 402, 530, 535 Olduvai-Becken, 616 Ablagerungen von extremen Fluten in Nilsedimente, 530 Ollagüe-Vulkan, 271, 276 Tälern, 490 Niltal, 402, 449, 498, 514, 528 Oman, 148, 151, 195, 388–390, 453 Alter, 422 Nilwasser, 625 OMPARE2013, 183 Klimaarchive, 492 Noble gases, 345 One Rabbit Famine, 170 Namushasha, 124, 426, 429–431 Nordafrika, 389 Opal, 379 Nanga Parbat, 554, 568, 570 Paläoklima-records, 382 Opalkörper, 156 NAO, 78, 352 Randtropen, 510 optisch stimulierte Lumineszenz, 190 Ereignis, 157 Nordamerika, 150, 621, 623 Oranje, 484, 537, 538 Napo-Refugium, 230 Nordatlantik, 32, 150, 350, 561, 573 orbital cycles, 34 Narabeb, 415, 419–421 allgemeine Zirkulation, 346 orbital forcing, 71, 187, 294, 318, 343, 350, 352, Narmada River, 572 Ozean, 32 509, 554, 587, 592, 642, 644, 650, 651 Nasca-Kultur, 627 nordatlantische Klimaschwankungen, 253 Orbitale Insolations-Anomalien, 74 Geoglyphen, 636 Nordhemisphäre Orbitale Konstellation von Sonne und Erde, 72 Nata, 467 Aerosol-forcing, 59 orbitale Parameter, 642 natural climate variability, 652 North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), 43 orbitales und solares forcing, 208 natürlichen Variabilität Nossob, 427, 432, 433, 475, 476 Orbiting Carbon Observatory, 62 Klima, 35 Ntem-Tal, 510, 512 organischer geochemischer Proxy, 455 748 Sachverzeichnis

OSL (Optically Stimulated Luminescence), 198, Paläoklimaarchiv, 48, 135, 167, 217, 235, 317, Panama, 185, 338, 356 463, 567 326, 370, 412, 470 Pantanal, 233, 281, 295 Alter, 423, 426, 429, 478 äolischer Sedimente und Formen, 120 Papallacta, 241, 244, 245, 287 Alter der äolischen Ablagerungen, 475 äolisches, 474 Papua New Guinea, 582 Daten, 146, 416, 425, 426 der Tropen, 143 paraglacial, 218 Datierung, 118 des tropischen Australasiens, 578 paraglaziäre (paraglacial) Abtragung und Proben, 420 Dünen, 529 Akkumulation, 118 Ossa, 441 fluviales, 571 paraglaziäre Geomorphologie, 118 Ostafrika, 6, 100, 101, 156, 163, 170, 172, 195, geomorphologisches, 434, 435, 458, 470, 490 Parameterisationen, 201 313, 370, 374, 392, 393, 400, 403, 406, geomorphologisch-sedimentologisches, 590 Páramo, 85 411, 431, 439, 443, 447, 455, 498, 521, limnisches, 322 Páramo-Vegetation, 219, 220 531, 534, 616, 618, 625 marines, 379, 650 Paraná, 282 Glazialchronologie, 406 mit großer zeitlicher Spanne, 214 Parapatrie, 469 Klimarekonstruktionen, 406 mit großer Zeitspanne, 376 Parinacota, 270, 271, 276 ostafrikanische Dürrephasen, 533 terrestrische, 148 Passat, 36, 122, 383, 384, 590, 607 ostafrikanische Hochländer, 354 terrestrisches, 294, 319, 457, 638 Nordostpassat, 374 ostafrikanischer Eiszeit-Klimazyklus, 392 Paläoklimaforschung, 187 SE trade wind index, 492, 504 Ostrakoden, 395, 534 Paläoklimageoarchiv, 170 Passatwind, 36, 253, 285, 348, 378, 384, 399, Ouki, 252 Paläoklimaindikatoren, 96 427, 456, 501 Out-of-Africa, 619, 620, 654 Paläoklimaproxy, 147, 195, 337, 366, 370, 489, Stärke, 122 Migration, 617 535 Patagonien, 131, 292 Oxygen Isotope Stage (OIS), 14, 175 glaziäres, 107 Pátzcuaro, 147, 321, 322, 324, 355, 357 Ozean, 33, 68, 71, 87, 88, 174 im südlichen Afrika, 491 Pazifik, 36, 293, 547, 560, 587, 605 allgemeine Zirkulation, 75 Paläoklimarekonstruktion, 212, 370, 438, 446 tropischer, 605, 613 Atmosphäre-feedback, 646 des südlichen Afrika, 489 PDO, 307 Atmosphäre-Modell, 38 des tropischen Südamerika, 225 Pebble Tool, 134 Atmosphäre-System, 31, 356 für das südliche Afrika im LGM, 493 Pedogenese, 551 Atmosphäre-Zirkulation, 204 saharische, 512 pedostratigraphische records, 471 Chemismus, 81 und Dünenbildung, 122 Pedra Furada Rock Shelter, 621 Ökologie, 37 paläoklimatische Deutung Peking-Mensch, 618 Ozeanien, 605 des Längsdünensystems, 125 PEP-II-Transekts, 596 Produktivität, 379 ehemaliger Gletscherstände, 107 Periglazialgebiete, 85 Salinität, 36 paläoklimatische Information, 111, 131 periglazialmorphologisch, 447 Sauerstoffisotopenverhältnis, 15 paläoklimatische Interpretation, 288, 411 Periglaziär, 103, 112 Strömungen, 379 der SWDs, 536 Hangformung, 409 Zirkulation, 21, 306, 434 paläoklimatische Rekonstruktion, 504 Hangsedimente, 349 Ozon, 40 paläoklimatischer Aussagewert, 120 Klimazeugen, 129 Ozonosphäre, 93 Paläoklimatologie, 96 Paläoklimaproxy, 481 Paläoklimazeitskala, 190 Phänomene, 234 Paläoklimazeugen, 489 Prozess, 219, 291, 415 P paläolimnologische records, 147 Schutthorizont, 329 P178-15P, 455 paläomagnetische Zeitskala, 192 Überformung, 271, 276 Pacific Decadal Oscillation, 307, siehe auch Paläomagnetismus, 196, 403 Periodizitäten von •18O und •13C, 159 PDO Paläo-Makarikari-See, 475 Permafrost, 107, 112–115, 118, 169, 214, 237, PDO, 88 Paläoniederschlag, 520 238, 251, 332, 336, 454, 624, 639 Pacliash-Gletscher, 215 Paläoniederschlagsabschätzung, 516 als Klimaarchiv, 113 PAGES 2k, 99, 100 Paläontologie, 152 Anden, 114 Pakhuis Pass, 503 Paläoökosystem, 165 in den Tropen, 114 palaeoenvironmental DNA (PalEnDNA), 168 Paläosee, 391, 402, 406, 457, 462, 470, 519, 594 Mexiko, 114 Palaeotempestology-Forschung, 188 des bolivianischen Altiplano, 252 Neuguinea, 114 Paläoanthropologie, 616 im MIS, 388 Ostafrika, 114 Paläoböden, 131, 133, 138, 218, 227, 234, 281, Paläosol, 133, 135 Permafrostbedingung, 117 322, 326, 329, 391, 403, 411, 413, 557, Paläo-SSS, 187 Permafrostboden, 113 595 Paläo-SSTs, 187 Permafrostforschung, 112 Paläobodensequenzen, 376 Paläostrandlinien, 523 Permafrostgrenze, 115, 210, 237 Paläodrainagesysteme, 447, 516–518 Paläoströmung, 153 Lage ü. NN, 117 Paläodünensysteme, 281 Paläotemperaturen, 110, 114, 115, 151, 163, Permafrosttemperaturregime, 114 Paläofauna, 197 341, 349 Permafrostverbreitung, 114 Paläofeuer, 68 Paläoumwelt-Rekonstruktion, 142 Permafrostzeugen, 114, 115 Paläoflusssystem, 516 paläozoologische Daten, 494 Persischer Golf, 566 Paläoflut, 538, 540, 571, 600 Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project Peru, 105, 120, 195, 213, 215, 257, 311, 341, Paläoflutforschungen in Indien, 572 (PMIP), 94 353, 585 paläo-geomorphologischer Prozesse Paleosol, 133, siehe auch Paläoböden Gletscher, 5 Rekonstruktionen, 480 Paläosol, 133 Moränen, 245 Paläohydrologie, 142 PALSAR-Radarbilder, 379 paraglaziäre Prozesse, 118 paläohydrologische records, 293, 526 Palynologie (Pollenanalyse), 154, 344 peruanische Anden, 587 paläohydrologische Veränderungen, 513 Palynomorph, 154 Petén Iztá, 349, 355 Paläoklima, 153, 403 Pamir, 199 Petén-Iztá-See, 343, 346 Sachverzeichnis 749

Petén-Iztá-Seesediment-Stratigraphie, 347 Polylepis, 314, 316 Reaktionszeiten der Klimaproxys, 550 Pfannen, 418, 424, 479 Polynesien, 605 Recycling der Niederschläge, 213, 336 Pfannenrand-Dünen, 471 Pomerape, 271, 276 Referenz-Chronologien, 193 Pflanzendomestifikation, 354 Poopo, Coipasa und Uyuni (POCOYU), 252 Reflexion Pflanzenlipide, 433 Popigai-Impakt, 86 Aerosole und Reflektion der solaren Pflanzen-Makrofossilien, 156 Popocatépetl, 170, 323, 329 Strahlung, 58 Photosynthese, 68, 154, 163, 218 Porites-sp.-Korallen, 600 Reflexionsgrad global, 68 Postglazial, 142 Sediment, 47, 285 phytogeographische Einheiten, 384 potenzielle Evapotranspiration, 98 Refugien, 222, 379, 435, 516 Phytolith, 131, 156, 157, 384 prähistorische Kunst, 172 Regenwald, 153, 222, 283, 574, 596 Phytoplankton, 60, 66, 68, 87, 131, 176, 179 Prä-LGM, 267 Regenwald-Angiospermen, 578 Phytoplanktonblüte, 65 Prä-LGM-Alter, 246, 252, 254, 263, 266, 271 Regenwälder der Andenhänge, 583 Phytoplanktonkonzentrationen, 65 Prä-LGM-Moränen, 257 Regenwaldkrise, 510 Pichincha-Vulkan, 242 Prä-LGM-Vergletscherungen, 580 Regenwaldrefugien, 227, 230, 436, 438 Pico de Orizaba, 113, 172, 323 Prä-LGM-Vergletscherungsgeschichte, 247 Regenwaldrodungen, 178 Pinatubo, 49, 57, 170, 318 Prä-LGM-zeitlicher Talgletscher, 308 Regenzeit, 370, 438, 646 Pinus aristata, 161 Präzession (precession), 71, 74, 201, 396, 397, Regolith, 131 Pinus hartwegii, 326 441, 445, 490, 500, 509, 557, 587, 592, Reinterpretation der SED-Alter, 261 Pinus longaeva, 159 620, 641, 642 Reiskultivierung, 622, 625 Pinus-Prozentanteile, 349 Holozän, 75 Rekonstruktion Pithecanthropus erectus, 574 Präzessionseinfluss, 550 biologischer Proxys, 168 Plankton, 37 Präzessionsinsolation, 299, 394 der Biotope, 521 planktonisch, 176 Präzessionsinsolations-forcing, 441, 526 der LGM-zeitlichen Paläowinde, 122 planktonische Algen, 37 Präzessionszyklus, 234, 378, 442, 524, 556 der mittleren Jahresniederschläge, 528 Pleistozän, 71, 73, 396, 417, 573, 574 precession forcing, 294 eiszeitlicher Temperaturbedingungen, 114 Definition, 12, 17 Primärproduktion, 178 langer Zeitreihen, 392 Pleistozän-/Holozän-Grenze, 437 Probennahme, 122, 196, 198 von Temperatur- und Niederschlagstrends, Pleistozän-/Holozän-Wende, 329 Prognosen, 641 246 pleistozäne Gletscher, 338 Proxy Reliefformen, 407 Pliozän, 417 für Meeresoberflächentemperaturen, 181 Reservoir-Alter, 524 Pliozän/Pleistozän-Grenze, 14, 380 Proxy- bzw. Stellvertreterdaten, 98 resilience, 654 Pluvial, 8, 457 Proxy- und Modelldaten, 497 Ressourcen PMIP2-Simulation, 93, 351, 510 Proxyauswahl, 161 Überbeanspruchung der natürlichen R., 652 PMIP-LGM-Simulation, 445 Proxydaten, 87, 96, 161, 172, 281, 285 Restpopulationen, 624 Pocoyu (Poopo-Coipasa-Uyuni), 222 der Speläotheme, 148 Rhizocarpon, 307 Podocarpus sp., 159, 226, 376 terrestrische, 282 Rhizocarpon-geographicum-Flechten, 310 Pohakuloa, 609, 612 Proxyparameter Ries-Einschlag, 86 Pohakuloa-Tal, 607 organisch-geochemische, 147 Río Atuel, 108 Polarbär, 163 Proxytemperatur-records, 282 Río Curi Leuvú, 108 Polarregion Prozess Río Negro, 230 Albedo, 66 an den Hängen, 301 Río-Acre-Becken, 230 Pollen, 155, 156, 165, 280, 317, 345, 379, 402, fluvial, 140 Río-Kaluyo-Tal 527 periglaziäre (solifluidale), 107 glazialmorphologische Skizze, 250 in marinen Sedimenten, 155 Ptolemäussee, 516, 518 Río-Mocha-Tal, 241, 246 MAT-Methode, 156 Río-Zongo-Tal, 247 Verwitterungseinfluss, 155 Q Rising Star Cave, 617 WA-PLS-Methode, 156 Quantifizierungen, 651 Ritacuba-Negro-Gletscher, 288–290 Pollen-%-Diagramm, 155 Quartär, 12, 29, 70, 410 rock hyrax (Klippschliefer), 165 Pollen/Klima-Kalibrierung, 156 Definition, 12, 17 Roman Warm Period, 307 Pollenauswertungen, 281 Klimaschwankungen, 641 Rondonia, 224 Pollendaten, 163 quartäre events in Indien und Arabien, 554 Rössing-Höhle, 96, 148, 386, 388, 416, 421, Pollendatenbank, 156 quartäre glaziale Stadien, 241 431, 481, 492 Pollendiagramm, 378, 443 quartäre Klimaänderungen, 94 Roter-Kamm-Impakt-Krater, 424 Polleneintrag, 222 quartäre Klimaschwankungen, 210 Rotes Meer, 457 Pollenerhaltung, 155 in den Tropen, 610 Rub-al-Khali, 118, 526 Pollengehalte, 397 quartärer Klimawechsel, 129 Rückkoppelung, 38 Pollengruppen, 345 Quelccaya, 105, 262, 267, 301, 307, 310, 318 im quartären Klimasystem, 397 Pollenproduktion, 155 Eisbohrkern, 315 im System Atlantische Meeresströmungen – Pollenprofil, 85, 322, 325, 326, 328, 343, 376, Eiskappe, 317 Klima, 306 399, 438, 441, 496, 561 Gletscher, 298 Klima, 69 vom Lynch-Krater, 579 Qunf Cave, 151, 526 Klima und Evolution, 620 vom Titicacasee, 223 Klima-C-Kreislauf, 38 Pollen-records, 500 R Ruß, 60 marine, 376 Radiolarien, 180 Ruwenzori, 164, 370, 409, 415, 417, 455 Pollenspektrum, 155 Radioluminescence, 198 Glazialchronologie, 411 Pollentransport, 155 rainforest crisis, 443, 512, 626, 627 Pollentransportmodell, 384 Rare Earth Elements (REE), 126 S Pollenverteilung, 381 Rarotonga, 600 Sacred Lake, 164, 411, 455 750 Sachverzeichnis

Sahara, 94, 118, 172, 374, 379, 391, 392, 447, Schwefel-record, Eiskerne, 631 SHI-9014, 578 502 Schwellenwert, 202, 645, 651 Sibirien, 113, 623 Aridifizierung der heutigen Sahara, 380 Schwemmfächer, 108, 247, 250, 254, 301, 314 Siedlungsgang und Klimawandel, 636 Aridität, 512 schwimmende Chronologien, 96 Sierra Nevada, 324 green, 512 Sclerochronologie, 186 Sierra Nevada del Cocu, 271 grüne, 374, 516 Sea Level Pressure (SLP), 604 Silcrete, 133 Ost-Sahara, 405, 497 Sea Surface Salinity (SSS), 71 Simbabwe, 529, 540, 541 Sahara-Sahel-Grenze, 376, 382 Sea Surface Temperature (SST), 71 Simpson Desert, 591, 592 Saharastaub, 178 SE-Atlantik, 126, 382, 458 Simulation, 86 Sahel, 41, 60, 84, 496 Sebcha, 118 Modellierung, 86 Flüsse, 495 SED (Surface Exposure Dating), 108, 199, 218, Sinterbildungen Sahelanthropus tschadensis, 617 245, 247, 251, 252, 254, 256, 259–262, Intensität, 388 Sahul, 84, 545, 573, 582, 595, 596, 622 269, 277, 279, 287, 289, 291, 292, 319, Siwalik, 573 Sajama, 251, 259, 318, 628 339, 343 Siwalik Hills, 550, 551 •18O-record, 251 SED(TCN)-Altersbestimmung, 556 Skalierung, 267, 277 Eisbohrkern, 246, 315 SED-Alter, 199, 246–248, 252, 260, 262, 263, Skalierungsschemata, 243 Eiskappe, 317 266, 286, 287, 292, 299, 409, 561, 562 Skardu-Becken, 111 Eiskern, 298 Interpretation, 242 slackwater deposits (SWD), 96, 141, 142, 169, Vulkan, Bolivien, 256 SED-Altersbestimmung, 251, 252, 254, 257, 482, 484, 536, 592, 602 Sajsi-See, 253, 276 261, 269, 292, 294, 298, 319 Smilodon, 284 Salar de Uyuni, 214, 217, 223 von Moränen, 267 Snail Shell und Bukit Assam Caves, 151 Salinas-Seephase, 252 Sediment, 131 SO-14-08-05, 591, 596 Salinitätsänderungen, 532 der Ozeane, 175 SO-14-08-15, 596 Salomonsee, 544 des Titicacasees, 251 SO2, 170 Salzgehalt der Meere, 84 marines, 428 Software, 208 Samalas, 59 verschiedener Seen, 342 solar dimming, 58 Sambesi, 84, 418, 445, 450, 498, 511, 520 Sedimentation von organischem C, 68 Sonne, 38 Sambia, 470, 529 Sedimentationsrate, 174 solar forcing, 71, 75, 78–81, 87, 187, 309, 317, San, 626 Sedimentkerne 366, 454, 528, 572, 587, 605, 639, 640, San Francisco-Tal, 252 marine, 376 645, 646, 649–651 Sanbao Cave, 234, 559, 572, 642 Sedimentologie, 567 solar radiation, 75 San-Juan Bosco, 226 Sediment-records, 143 Solarstrahlung, 43, 71, 72, 75, 80, 86, 202, 318, Santa Maria, 170 See 347, 349, 350, 352, 362, 366, 508, 528, Sapropel, 379, 382, 390, 392, 403, 516 des Rift Valley, 440 532, 535, 536, 538, 570, 585, 625, 632, SASM, 280 warmzeitliche pluviale, 639 649, 650 Satellit, 51, 52 Seekreide, 518, 519 gesamte, 75 Satellitensensoren, 66 Seesedimente, 98, 143, 169, 233, 343, 351, 355, Holozän, 78 Satschén-Gletscher, 571 394, 411 Solifluktion, 115, 415 Sauerstoff, 40 lakustrine Carbonate, 391 Sommerinsolation, 445, 532 stabile Isotope, 39 Seespiegel, 392, 401, 431, 498, 538 Sommermonsun, 187, 498, 518, 547, 554, 559, Sauerstoffisotopen, 15, 152, 160, 170, 178, 180, im LGM, 397 560, 566, 570, 572, 599, 632 181, 190, 192, 378 LGM, 148 Sonne, 75, 77, 80, 86, 87 Interpretation, 15 LGM-zeitliche, 297 thermische Diffusionswellen, 14 Säuger, 153 Schwankungen, 447 Sonnenaktivität, 77, 157, 194, 366, 569, 627, Nahrungsansprüche, 166 Seespiegel- und Salinitätsänderung, 96 633, 650 Säugetierfauna, 282, 380 Seespiegeländerungen, 195, 234, 295, 321, 453, Sonneneinstrahlung, 306 Savanne 523, 536 Insolation, 70 Ausweitung, 222 Seespiegelhochstand, 101 Sonneneruptionen, 75 Savannenboden, 156 Ostafrika, 101 Sonnenflecken, 78, 538, 625 Savannenbrand, 63–65 Seespiegelrekonstruktionen, 395 Wolf-, Spörer-, Maunder- und Dalton Savannenwald, 624 für das Makarikari-Becken, 467 Minima, 78 scheinbare Synchronität der Ereignisse, 319 Seespiegelschwankungen, 99, 374, 440, 469, Sonnenfleckenaktivität, 542, 573, 636 Schiefe der Ekliptik (Obliquity), 71, 73, 642 496, 526, 532, 590, 598 Sonnenfleckenkurve, 532 Schlamm des Pátzcuaro, 357 Sonnenfleckenminima, 535, 570 hemipelagischer, 382 und Sonne, 535 Sonnenfleckenzyklus, 75, 538 Schmelzwasser, 84, 100, 560 Seespiegelstände, 216, 382, 394, 512, 594, 596, Sonnenoberfläche, 77 Schmelzwasserabflussbahnen, 337 610 Sonnenstand (Tropen), 58 Schmelzwassereinspeisung, 343 Schweizer Jura, 80 Sonnenstrahlung, 40, 58, 94, 101 in den Nordatlantik, 336 Seestadien Sonnenwind, 69, 75, 77, 79, 87, 202, 641 Schmelzwasserereignisse, 347 holozäne, 448 Sonnenzyklus, 88, 206, 253 Schnee- und Eisbedeckung, 45 spätpleistozäne, 448 Sorata-Tal, 245 Schneegrenze, 85, 91, 108, 210, 214, 269, 341, Seezustandsrekonstruktionen, 281 Soreq Cave, 151, 195 454 Sénégal, 403 Sossus Vlei, 125, 418, 481, 531 ELA, 103 Sensitivität Southern Annular Mode, 600 LGM, 85 der tropischen Ökosysteme, 378 spanische Armada, 632 Schuttbedeckung, 309 des Klimas, 636 Spätglazial, 102, 142, 167, 260, 281, 406, 474, Schwarzwasserfluss, 230 Gletscher, 100 486 Schwebfracht, 178 Seychellen, 188 in Amazonien, 222 Sachverzeichnis 751

Spätglazial/Holozän-Übergangszeit, 283 Standard-Pollen-Summe, 220 Pazifikküste, 313 spätglaziale Entwicklung der Vergletscherungen, Standortbedingung, 157 Physiogeographie, 212 241 Starkregenereignis, 314 Sommermonsun (SAM), 277 spätglaziale Gletscherschwankungen, 292, 411 statistische Methode, 96, 172 Temperaturanomalien, 318 spätglaziale Gletschervorstöße, 291 Staub, 50, 120, 126, 130, 260, 280, 396, 399 YD, 25 spätglaziale klimatische Asymmetrie, 505 äolischer, 376, 382 Sudan, 388 spätglaziale Moränen in Eiskernen, 126 Sudanzone, 496 Alter, 287 interplanetarischer, 86 Südatlantische Konvergenzzone, 213 spätglaziale Umweltverhältnisse, 298 Staub-Aerosole, 126, 131 Südchinesisches Meer, 544, 560 spätglazialer Gletschervorstoß, 263 Staubdaten, 130 Südhemisphäre, 192 Spätholozän, 27, 349 Staubdeposition, 60, 131 Südostasien, 544, 572 Spätholz, 159, 163 kaltzeitliche, 131 Südsahara, 650 spätpleistozän-frühholozäne Fauna, 521 Staubeintrag, 178, 195, 380, 449, 595, 641 südwestliches Afrika, 385 Spätquartär der Ost-Sahara, 165 Staubfracht in Kaltzeiten, 131 Sukzession, 156 spätquartäre Vergletscherung der mexikanischen Staubkreislauf, 50 Sulawesi, 176, 547, 574, 585, 587 Vulkane, 331 Staubphasen, 257 Sulfat SPCZ (South Pacific Convergence Zone), 549 Staubquellen, 55, 131, 473 vulkanisches, 106 speciation, 228 Staub-record, 129 Sulfataerosole, 56 SPECMAP-Kurve, 193, 642 Staubsedimente Sulusee, 544 Speläothem, 49, 96, 98, 148, 170, 218, 233, 294, Amazonien, 130 Sumatra, 85 389–391, 431, 449, 458, 481, 492, 498, Ozean, 68 Sunda, 84, 545, 547, 573, 582, 585, 595, 596, 511, 516, 535, 557, 570, 572, 575, 584, Staubtransport, 38, 47, 504, 616 622 592, 596, 600, 605, 639 kaltzeitlicher, 130 Super-Interglazial MIS 11, 643 •18O-Kurve, 556 SE-Atlantik, 122 Surface Exposure Dating (SED), 242, siehe auch •18O-Werte, 150, 151, 224, 358 Staub-Trajektorien, 501 SED (Surface Exposure Dating) Bildung, 385, 388, 391, 392, 481 Weg, 127, 596 surges, 103, 106 Chronologie, 629 Steinlagen, 133 Surucucho, 147 Daten, 149, 403 Steinpflaster, 126, 138 Süßwasserdiatomeen, 376 Lagen, 366 Steinsohlen, 133 Süßwasserzufuhr in den Nordatlantik, 506 Laminierung, 149 Sterndünen, 118 SW African humidity index, 504 records, 190, 366 Stickstoff, 40 Swakopmund, 122 Wachstum, 148 Stoffkreisläufe, 178 Swakop-Tal, 483 Speziation, 469, 620 stoneline, 133, 134, 224, 434, 437 SWD, 537, 538, siehe auch slackwater deposits Sporen, 154 Strahlstrom, 560 (SWD) Spörer- und Wolf-Sonnenflecken-Minima, 366 Strahlung, 40, 41, 51, 59, 69, 107, 205 Daten, 537 Spörer-Minimum, 78, 573 solare, 48, 74 synchrones Gletscherverhalten, 236 Spurengas, 40, 56, 71 Strahlungsbilanz, 69, 170, 233 Synchronisation von Isotopen-records, 196 Treibhausgas, 56 Strahlungs-forcing, 538 synoptische klimatische Situation, 566 Squall Lines, 518, 523 Strahlungshaushalt, 41, 45, 50, 202, 636 Synthese der Paläoklimazeugen, 281 Sr/Ca data, 187, 345 globaler, 56, 60, 61 System Erde, 45 SSS (Sea Surface Salinity), 84, 600 Strandlinien, 188, 457, 462 Szenarien der anthropogenen SST (Sea Surface Temperature), 36, 82, 84–86, Strandterrassen, 439 Klimabeeinflussung, 201 106, 183, 194, 258, 283, 296, 341, 348, Strandwall, 463, 465, 470, 471, 473 379, 399, 401, 431, 434, 441, 444, 454, stratified screes, 115 T 456–458, 492, 538, 577, 583, 600, 601, stratified slope deposits, 115, 237–239, siehe Tacora-Vulkan, 271, 277 609 auch bedded slope deposits Tafel-Eis der Karibik, 341 Stratigraphie, 96, 106 tabular ice, 101 der Sulu-See, 585 Stromatolith, 146, 392, 444, 457 Taifun, 188, 550, 632 des Indischen Ozeans, 445 Strömung, 33 Taima-Taima, 324 des WPWP, 578 Ozean, 33 Taklamakan, 127 im Golf von Mexiko, 337 Strömungsgeschwindigkeit der Luft, 120 Talbildung in den zentralen Anden, 259 LGM, 85 Strzelecki-Wüste, 591, 595 Talepu-Hominin-Lokalität, 575 von der Sargasso-See, 573 Sturmablagerungen, 603 Talformanalysen, 271 SST-Absenkung, 301 Sublimation, 101 Talgletscher, 111 SST-Gradienten im Pazifik, 253 submarine Rutschungen, 184 Talgletscherlängen, 262 SST-Karte, 605 Subsidenz, 609 talus-derived rock glacier, 114, 118 SST-Rekonstruktion, 585 Subtropen, 92 Tamanrasett-Paläo-Flusssystem, 381 St. Paul Island, 624 China, 556 Tambora, 48, 59, 170, 318, 356 Stadiale, 376, siehe auch Eiszeit, Kaltzeit Subtropenhoch, 370 Tephra, 601 Stage 11 problem subtropische Front, 75 Tanganjika, 400, 431, 444 MIS 11, 71 Südafrika, 66, 84, 151, 159, 381, 397, 411, 499, Tanganjika-See, 393, 394, 445, 498, 511, 521, Stalagmiten, 148, 229, 365, 385–387, 463, 559, 536 siehe auch Lake Tanganyika 577, 629 Umweltrekonstruktion, 539 Tansania, 618 •18O-records, 577 Westküste, 478 Tarawera, 170 Oman, 46 Zirkulationssysteme, 527 Tasmanien, 598 record von Belize, 363 Südamerika, 26, 168, 170, 175, 294, 621, 623 Tassili, 176 Stampriet-Aquifer, 489, 493, 529 Andenbereich, 102 Tauca, 217, 223, 253, 258, 270, 276 Standardisierungsverfahren, 96 Monsun, 213, 218 TCP-Dürren, 366 752 Sachverzeichnis

Teak-Chronologie, 159 terrestrischer Eintrag, 381 Treibhausgas, 18, 21, 33, 36, 40, 46, 48, 52, 55, tektonische Aktivität, 321 terrestrisches Klimaarchiv, 87, 88, 319, 439, 520 65, 68, 81, 101, 102, 105, 113, 202, 294, Telapón, 323 TEX86, 164, 282 636, 645 Telata-Gletscher, 298, 300, 301 Index, 163, 441 CO2, 18, 21 Temperatur, 51 Temperatur-Kurve, 449 Emission, 160 der Tiefenwasser, 86 Texcoco, 320 Erwärmung, 204 LGM, 86 See, 324 Gehalte, 632 LGM-zeitliche, 439 Th/U-Alter, 148 GHG, 81 Temperatur- und Hydrologie-records, 400 Thailand, 159 Konzentrationen, 202, 206 Temperatur/Tiefen-Profile im Permafrost, 152 THAR, 104, 264, 267 Savannenbrand, 65 Temperaturabnahme Tharr, Wüste, 550, 558 Tres Lagunas, 279 während des LGM, 332 THC, 34, 84, 86, 202 Tridacna gigas, 186 Temperaturabschätzung, 161 The Day After Tomorrow (Film), 35 Trinil auf Java, 618 Temperaturabsenkung, 234 Theorie der Hydraulischen Geometrie, 140 Tritrivakely, 399, 402, 431, 443 LGM, 106 thermischer Gradient, 151 Trockengebiet, 129 Vulkaneruptionen, 57 thermohaline Zirkulation (THC), 26, 32, 71, 84, Trockenklimate, 373 Temperaturänderung, 114, 117, 281 86, 202 Trockentropen, 92, 294 Permafrost, 113 Thermokarst-See, 118 Tropen, 40, 92, 98, 129, 133, 140, 167 Temperaturanomalie, 48, 175, 355, 646 Thermokline, 605, 606 Abgrenzung, 92–94 für das 8,2 ka event, 337 Ozean, 36 Aerosol, 65 Temperaturdepression, 215, 220, 241, 253, 267, Thermolumineszenz, 198, 200 Definition, 373 339, 343, 439, 444, 481, 578, 583 Tiahuanaco, 627 der Neuen Welt, 165 im LGM, 370 Tianmen-Höhle, 559 Gliederung nach Lauer, 92 LGM-zeitliche, 455, 578 Tibesti, 142, 403, 449, 498, 517 Heinrich-event, 32 während des LGM, 345 Tibet, 117, 545, 551, 569 Jahrringe, 157 Temperaturentwicklung, 82 letzteiszeitliche Vergletscherung, 555 Klima, 4 Temperaturerniedrigung, 239 Tiefdruckgürtel, 45 quartäre Klimaschwankungen, 610 im LGM, 609 Tiefenwasser Verschiebung des nördlichen Tropengürtels, Temperaturgradient, 131, 239, 439, 605, 609 Ozean, 33 94 Temperaturhöhengradient Temperatur, 86 volcanic forcing, 59 lapse rate, 45 Tierpopulationen, 227 wechselfeuchte, 447 Temperaturindikatorwert, 110 Tikal, 627 Tropengebirge, 112 Temperaturkurve, 195, 631 till, 5 Tropengletscher, 112 Temperaturproxy, 393, 645 Timorsee, 545 Tropengrenze, 91, 94, 544, 590 •18O, 20 Timta-Höhle, 560 im Holozän, 94 Temperaturrekonstruktion, 264, 353 Tiquié-Fluss, 230 Tropenzone mit Biomarkern, 164 Tirari-Wüste, 590, 591, 595 Ausdehnung, 650 Ostafrika, 164 Titan, 46, 335, 350, 365 Tropical Temperate Troughs (TTT), 492, 494, Temperaturschwankung Titicaca, 235, 280 525, 539, 602 glazial-interglaziale, 576 Titicacasee, 6, 146, 214, 215, 220, 252, 253, tropische Anden, 102, 105 Temperaturtrend, 206 269, 296, 299 tropische Eisbohrkerne, 85 Temperaturunterschied, 46 Sedimente, 282 tropische Gletscher, 100, 102 Nord/Südhemisphäre, 46 Seespiegel-Rekonstruktionen, 297 tropische Klimate, 36, 149 Temperaturverhältnisse im Permafrost, 114 Seespiegelschwankungen, 296 tropische Klimazeugen, 105 Tepetate, 218, 323, 325, 361 Tiwanaku(Tiahuanaco)-Kultur, 628 tropische westafrikanische Küsten, 520 Tepexpan, 320 Tláloc, 323, 326 tropische Zyklone, 93 Tephra, 106, 132, 155, 170, 194, 239, 315, 329, Tláloc-Statue, 352 tropischer Atlantik, 259, 435 403, 580, 607 Toba-Sedimente, Mexiko, 218, 323, 325, 327 tropischer Pazifik, 292, 293, 613 Tephren, 170 Toba-Vulkanausbruch, 49–51, 54, 172, 576, 578 tropischer Regenwald, 155, 178, 202, 381 Terminal Classic Period (TCP), 359, siehe auch TOC-Gehalte, 399 Reduzierung, 433 TCP-Dürren Ton, 133 tropischer Wald, 157 Termination, 30, 206, 285, 397, 558, 642 Tonminerale, 379 tropisches Gebirge, 85, 115 Termination I, 163, 283, 286, 319, 336, 344, Toona ciliata, 159 tropisches südamerikanisches Klima, 210 367, 435, 449, 450, 495, 496, 498, 499, Total Solar Irradiance (TSI), 43, 59, 75, 87, 190 Tsauchab, 418, 419, 481, 511, 531 503, 506, 508, 516, 526, 540, 551, 580, Totes Meer, 518, 523 Tschad, 131, 144 586, 595, 596, 612, 621, 623, 645, 651 Totorillas, 235 Tschadbecken, 449, 533 Allgemeine Zirkulation der Atmosphäre, 498 Toxodonten, 283 Tschadsee, 146, 352, 447, 448, 451–453, 515, im südlichen Afrika, 502 Transferfunktionen, 281 520, 529, 534 Klimaschwankungen, 502 transient climate sensitivity (TCS), 641 Paläo-Mega-Tschadsee, 515 Temperaturanstieg, 640 Transpiration, 62 Paläo-Tschadseen, 451 Termination II, 24 der Pflanzen, 38 TSI (Total Solar Irradiance), 639 Termiten, 133, 134, 138 Transversaldüne, 120, siehe auch Düne Tsodilo Hills, 176, 458, 462, 464, 492, 529 terra-firme-Wald, 296 Travertin, 229, 391 Tsondab, 419 Terrassen, 433, 551 Travertinterrassen, 393 Tsunami, 86, 126, 188 Bildung, 141 Treibhauseffekt, 40, 43, 82, 93, 106 Tswaing, 396–401, 428, 480, 491, 511, 528 terrestrische Befunde, 285 des CO2, 87 Tulparaju-Gletscher, 304 terrestrische Klimazeugen, 100 Tuni, 248, 254 terrestrische records, 281 Sachverzeichnis 753 tuning, 21, 106, 190, 193, 195, 216, 223, 259, Venezuela, 26, 106, 141, 314, 343 Wallace-Linie, 547, 573, 622 385, 391, 457, 636 Gletscher, 5 Walvis Ridge, 382 synchrones globales Verhalten, 191 Seesedimente, 356 Wanderungen der Flora und Fauna, 545 tuned, 397, 398 Verbrennung von Biomasse, 68 Wanderungen Out-of-Africa, 620 YD, 26 Verdunstung, 38, 66, 297 Warm/Kaltzeit-Rhythmus, 394, 616, 651 Turbidity-Ströme, 180 Tropen, 39 Wärmehaushalt, 64 TWINSPAN, 220 Vergletscherung, 103, 170, 260, 370, 403, 410, Ozean, 33 Twyfelfontein, 176, 370 607 warming hiatus, AD 1999–2014, 207 Tzabnah, 359 Ausmaß, 318 Warmtropen, 92, 645 Tzabnah-Höhle, 365 der peruanischen Anden, 264 Warmzeit, 36, 431, 586 der venezolanischen Anden, 265 Warrawoocarra-Schwelle, 594 U des Himalaya-Tibet, 551 Warve, 96, 143, 239 U/Ca-Verhältnisse, 187 detaillierte Kartierung, 243 Wasserdampf, 40, 43, 81, 213, 518, 522, 561, U/Th-Altersbestimmungen, 227, 453 Hochasiens, 110 639, 650 U K0 37 (alkenone unsaturation index), 85, 183, 282 in Ladakh, 557 Wasserführung der Flusssysteme, 222 Übergang in Lahul, 557 Wassergehalt der Probe, Thermolumineszenz, von pleistozänen zu holozänen Makanaka, 607 198 Klimabedingungen, 346 Makanaka-, 611 Wasserhaushalt, 140, 222 vonSchneezuEis,102 während des globalen LGM, 276 Wasserkreislauf, 38, 39 Überschwemmungssee, 141 Waihu-, 608 tropischer, 557 Ufermoräne, 108 Vergletscherungsphase, 240, 242 Wasserstoff Uganda, 164 Vergletscherungsstil stabile Isotope, 39 Uitenhage, 493 Wandel, 554 Wassertemperaturen, Rekonstruktion mittels ultraviolette B-Strahlung, 85, 582 Verlagerung der Siedlungen, 514 mariner Mikroorganismen, 181 Uluru (Ayers Rock), 591 vernetztes geoökologisches System, 654 Weber-Linie, 547 Undavi, 248, 301 Verschiebung des nördlichen Tropengürtels, 94 Weichtiere tropischer Regionen, 165 Untergrundverhältnisse, 94 Vertebraten, 165 Weißer Nil, 406 Upwelling, 187, 285, 379, 399, 449, 456, 477, Verwitterung, 131, 132, 199, 245, 247, 250, 262, Weißwasserfluss, 230, 232 478, 497, 503, 605 403 Weltbevölkerung, 651 Intensität, 122 Viehhaltung, 652 Weltklimakonferenz, 651 Ozean, 24, 34 Vietnam, 159 Welt-Klima-Programm, 201 Upwelling-Proxy, 181 Vikarianz, 227 Welwitschia mirabilis, 423, 540 Ursache Viktoria-See, 410, 529, 535, siehe auch Lake Wende YD/Holozän, 287 der Klimaänderungen, 104 Victoria Werkzeuge, 618 Ursachen-Wirkungs-Geflecht Virus, 37, 176 West Pacific Warm Pool, 549, 577, 595 von orbital forcing, Glazialzyklen, CO2 und Vogelarten, 227 Westafrika, 55, 133, 403, 443, 496 Proxydaten, 75 neotropische, 231 westafrikanische Vegetationszonen, 382 Ursache-Wirkungs-Geflecht, 360 volcanic forcing, 48 Westindien, 130 US National Academy of Sciences, 160 vorindustrielle Zeit, 93 Westwindzone, 306, 502 U-series, 188 Vorzeitform, 120 Wetter, 45, 651 USGS HydroSHEDS database, 381 Vostok, 170, 195, 259, 559 Wetter-/Witterungsereignis, 170, 205, 632 UV-B-Strahlungsverhältnisse, 584 CO2-Chronologie, 216 Whiterock Cave, 572 Uyuni-See, 271 Eisbohrkern, 246 wiggle-match-Datierung, 524 Vulkaneruption, 51, 57, 58, 104, 150, 157, 170, Windkanter, 126 V 632 Windrichtung, 126, 497 Valencia-See, 283 vulkanische Aerosole, 88 Windschliff, 118, 120, 126 Valsequillo, 321, 621 vulkanische Aktivität, 321 Windstärke, 478 Vanuatu, 170, 172, 605 vulkanische Aschen, 170 im LGM, 477 Várzea, 140 vulkanische Ereignisse, 59, 96, 633 Windsystem, 122 Vegetation, 45, 60, 69, 153 vulkanische Eruption, 48, 51, 54, 86, 170, 356 Wintermonsun, 129, 187, 547, 570 afroalpine, 410 Aerosol, 48, 54 Winterniederschläge, 474 Höhen- und Trockengrenzen, 234 vulkanische Sulfate, 106 Winterregen, 469, 479, 480, 489, 491, 492, 494, Modellierungen, 281 Vulkanismus, 43, 69, 106 500 Zentralafrikas, 436 Vulkanismus und Klima, 58 Wintertemperaturanomalie-Änderungen, 174 Vegetationsänderung, 63, 155, 376, 633 vulnerability, 654 Wirbelsturmfrequenz, 188 während des Spätquartärs, 584 Wirbeltier, 138 Vegetationsbedeckung, 63, 131 W Witterung, 45, 217, 632, 651 Vegetationsgrenzen, 294 Wachstumslinien, 386 Wolf-Minimum, 78 Vegetationsgürtel, 379 Wachstumsperiode, 154 Wolken, 40, 45, 48, 50–52, 81, 202, 204 Vegetationshöhenstufen, 454 Wachstumsstrukturen der Muschel, 186 Wolken-Albedo, 46 Vegetationsrekonstruktionen, 376 Waffen, 619 Wolkenbildung, 87 Vegetationsstufen, 220, 227, 582 Wahiba Sand Sea, 390 Wolkenbildung durch Bleibestandteile, 58 Vegetationszerstörung, 165 Waldbedeckung Wolkendecke, 604 Vegetationszone, 156, 521 eiszeitliche, 82 Wolkenobergrenze, 93 im LGM, 444 Waldgrenze, 91, 215, 339 Wonderkrater, 480, 481, 529 Vegetationszusammensetzung, 165 Waldrodung, 345 Wüste, 120, 129, 130, 132, 138, 392, 471 VEI, 58 Walker-Zirkulation, 549, 550, 616 venezolanische Anden, 79, 298 Wallacea, 354, 622 754 Sachverzeichnis

X Yok Balum Cave, 150 Zirkulation der Ozeane, 12, 31, 306 Xiaobailong, 556, 559–561 Younger Dryas, 272, 446, 626 Zirkulationsmuster, Südamerika, 212 Yucatan, 86, 325, 329, 338, 343 Zivilisation Y Einfluss von Klimaänderungen, 357 Yangtze, 174 Z Pharaonen, 515 Yardang, 126 zeitlich hochauflösende Daten, 143 Ziway Shala, 195, 449, 453 YD, 25, 26, 31, 187, 236, 277, 283, 285, 286, zeitlich hochauflösendes Profil, 148 Zongo, 105, 216, 244, 245, 248, 263, 264, 298, 288, 293, 295, 298, 318, 329, 336, 338, Zeitscheibe, 535, 536 300, 301, 612 344, 353, 367, 433, 441, 443, 445, 449, Zeitserien, 149 Zooplankton, 37 456, 458, 495, 498, 500, 503, 505, 506, Zeitskala, 636, 651 Zu-jung-Alter, 291 509, 515, 521, 524–526, 558, 559, 561, Zenitalregen, bei zukünftiger Erwärmung, 650 Zyklone, 84 580, 585, 587, 596, 598, 612, 645, 651, Zentralafrika, 431, 438 tropische, 601 siehe auch Jüngere Dryas, Younger Dryas Zentralamerika, 320, 355 Zyklus, 12 Einfluss, 286 Zentralmexiko, 325 der Glazial-/Interglazialzeiten, 610 Ereignis, 580 Temperaturentwicklung, 339 marine isotope stage, MIS, 16 Ursache, 26 Zirkulation der Atmosphäre, 40, 96, 398, 564 Yellowwood-Baumscheibe, 159 allgemeine, 43 springer.com

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