Talian and French Prime Ministers
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Italy's Atlanticism Between Foreign and Internal
UNISCI Discussion Papers, Nº 25 (January / Enero 2011) ISSN 1696-2206 ITALY’S ATLANTICISM BETWEEN FOREIGN AND INTERNAL POLITICS Massimo de Leonardis 1 Catholic University of the Sacred Heart Abstract: In spite of being a defeated country in the Second World War, Italy was a founding member of the Atlantic Alliance, because the USA highly valued her strategic importance and wished to assure her political stability. After 1955, Italy tried to advocate the Alliance’s role in the Near East and in Mediterranean Africa. The Suez crisis offered Italy the opportunity to forge closer ties with Washington at the same time appearing progressive and friendly to the Arabs in the Mediterranean, where she tried to be a protagonist vis a vis the so called neo- Atlanticism. This link with Washington was also instrumental to neutralize General De Gaulle’s ambitions of an Anglo-French-American directorate. The main issues of Italy’s Atlantic policy in the first years of “centre-left” coalitions, between 1962 and 1968, were the removal of the Jupiter missiles from Italy as a result of the Cuban missile crisis, French policy towards NATO and the EEC, Multilateral [nuclear] Force [MLF] and the revision of the Alliance’ strategy from “massive retaliation” to “flexible response”. On all these issues the Italian government was consonant with the United States. After the period of the late Sixties and Seventies when political instability, terrorism and high inflation undermined the Italian role in international relations, the decision in 1979 to accept the Euromissiles was a landmark in the history of Italian participation to NATO. -
Paris of To-Day
UNIVERSITY OF CA RIVERSIDE. LIBRARY 3 1210 01981 1668 PARIS OF TO-DAY AN INTIMATE ACCOUNT OF ITS PEOPLE, ITS HOME LIFE, AND ITS PLACES OF INTEREST BY KATHARINE DE FOREST THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Ex Libris Jf* Frederick & Emmanuelle D'Hauthuille-Schwartz ri$tma$ PARIS OF TO-DAY PARIS OF TO-DAY AN INTIMATE ACCOUNT OF ITS PEOPLE, ITS HOME LIFE, AND ITS PLACES OF INTEREST BY KATHARINE DE FOREST Sllustratefc LONDON GAY & BIRD 22, Bedford Street, Strand 1900 All righis reserved Preface, The writer of this book is an American who exiled herself from her country, not by in- tention; for chance sent her to Paris and fetters of business kept her there. Her ex- patriation found comfort, however, in an un- usual privilege of contact with many phases of French life; which, beholding with two pairs of eyes, she has sought to translate into philosophy. For, indeed, the Old World is in many respects terra incognita to the New. The tourist knits his brows in passing like a pilgrim under the dull eyes of the Sphinx. Here, for instance, is a country which for some hundreds of years has kept a certain number of its citizens set apart, starred, medalled and uniformed as immortals—how shall that be interpreted at the beginning of the twentieth century? Old art and literature, old temples and monuments, old customs and traditions, have these a message to neolog- ists? Do they rest on eternal principles and vi PREFACE. speak of unchanging truths? This book is perhaps less a guide-book than a dream- book. -
GLOBAL HYBRID PUBLIC-PRIVATE BODIES: the WORLD ANTI-DOPING AGENCY (WADA) Lorenzo Casini *
Draft paper for the Global Administrative Law Conference on “Practical Legal Problems of International Organizations” Geneva, March 20-21, 2009 GLOBAL HYBRID PUBLIC-PRIVATE BODIES: THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING AGENCY (WADA) Lorenzo Casini * TABLE OF CONTENTS: Introduction 1. The Olympic regime and the relationship between sporting institutions and public authorities 2. The fight against doping: the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) 2.1. An equal public-private partnership: WADA’s structure 2.2. WADA’s public interest mission and its normative functions 2.3. Global hybrid public-private norms: the World Anti-Doping Code (WADC) 3. WADA and the anti-doping regime: a model for global administrative governance? 3.1. The institutional design of global private regimes: towards equal public- private partnerships? 3.2. Global private “law”: hybrid law-making processes and the interplay between global institutions and domestic authorities 3.3. Global harmonization of regulation and its discontents 3.4. The role of administrative law in private and hybrid public-private regimes: transparency, participation, due process, and review * Research Fellow, Institute for International Law and Justice (IILJ), New York University School of Law; Professor of Administrative Law, Faculty of Architecture “L. Quaroni”, University of Rome “La Sapienza”. The author warmly thanks Sabino Cassese, Sarah Dadush, Benedict Kingsbury, Euan MacDonald, Giulio Napolitano and Eran Shamir-Borer for their helpful comments. 3-12-2009 Introduction In 1960, at the opening ceremony of the Rome Olympics, when the unified German team entered the stadium for the Parade of Nations, the President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Avery Brundage, addressing himself to Giovanni Gronchi, then President of the Italian Republic, observed: “East German athletes and West German athletes in the same uniform marching behind the same leaders and the same flag”. -
The Eisenhower Administration and Italy's
IkeBrogi and Italy Ike and Italy: The Eisenhower Administration and Italy’s “Neo-Atlanticist” Agenda ✣ ecent scholarship has conªrmed that the major West European countriesR played a vital role in shaping the international system after World War II. Even the diplomacy of the much berated French Fourth Republic has now been redeemed.1 This article examines the extent to which Italy sought to improve its international position during a crucial phase of the Cold War. It also considers how the United States exploited Italy’s international political ambitions. Conventional wisdom holds that Italian leaders after World War II sur- rendered almost all of their leeway in foreign policy to Italy’s European and Atlantic partners. Italy’s humiliating defeat in the war, the task of economic reconstruction, the country’s deep political divisions, and the long record of Italy’s subordination to the great powers in Europe all posed formidable ob- stacles to any dream of diplomatic prominence. Even after an economic re- covery took hold in the 1950s, Italy’s inºuence in world politics was less than its demographic and economic size would have implied. Italy’s faction-ridden political elites, the traditional argument goes, ensured that the country always subordinated its foreign policy to domestic concerns. As an American politi- cal analyst, Norman Kogan, put it in 1957, “the key objective of Italian For- eign Policy is to protect the domestic social structure from internal dangers.” This tendency allegedly induced Italian leaders to defer to the United States, which they regarded as the best guardian of their country’s internal stability and perhaps even of their own political ambitions. -
Interventi Del Presidente Della Repubblica Sergio Mattarella
INTERVENTO DEL PRESIDENTE DELLA REPUBBLICA, SERGIO MATTARELLA, ALLA CERIMONIA DI COMMEMORAZIONE DEL 40° ANNIVERSARIO DELLA SCOMPARSA DEL PRESIDENTE DELLA REPUBBLICA, GIOVANNI GRONCHI ivolgo a tutti un saluto molto cordiale e mi sarà consentito un ringraziamento al magnifico coro di R bambini e ragazzi che hanno così ben cantato l’Inno nazionale e l’Inno d’Europa. Saluto e ringrazio il Sindaco e l’Amministrazione comunale di Pontedera che, insieme al Centro Giovanni Gronchi per lo studio del movimento cattolico, hanno promosso questa cerimonia. Saluto il presidente della Regione Toscana, che come ha poc’anzi ricordato, è stato attore, nel 1995, in qualità di Sindaco dell’epoca, della celebrazione del 40° dell’elezione di Giovanni Gronchi a presidente della Repubblica. Ringrazio il professor Mazzei per la sua interessante, profonda e completa rievocazione della figura di Giovanni Gronchi. Un saluto particolare alla signora Cecilia Gronchi e agli altri familiari, nipoti e pronipoti del Presidente Gronchi. Una risolutezza salda nella coerenza con le scelte politiche e sociali delle sue origini, ha caratterizzato la vita di Giovanni Gronchi, unico sindacalista eletto, sin qui, alla più alta magistratura della Repubblica. In termini autobiografici dirà di sé: “Devo dire che se la mia linea non ha cambiato in questi anni, dipende dal fatto che 1 sono stato prima organizzatore sindacale e poi uomo politico”. Nella esperienza intrapresa dal giovane attivista cattolico pontederese, l’attività sindacale, le organizzazioni popolari, il vissuto delle comunità civili, possono insegnare alla politica l’intelligenza diretta delle idee e degli interessi sul campo. Segretario generale del sindacato di ispirazione cattolica Confederazione italiana dei lavoratori, dal 1920 al 1922 e poi, ancora, nel 1926 sino alla soppressione delle libertà da parte del regime fascista, Giovanni Gronchi fu, accanto ad Achille Grandi, tra i protagonisti discreti nel 1944 del Patto di Roma, che sancì lo sforzo di unità sindacale delle diverse anime delle organizzazioni dei lavoratori pre-fasciste. -
Marriages of the French and the English Armies
disease. All diseases caused or aggravated by insufficient Deaths food rations also increased the mortality rate. Nor is this Dr. Sabatié, chief physician of the complementary hospital the only result of these acts. Young boys and girls have not of the Polytechnic School, is dead. developed normally; hence immediate steps should be taken Dr. Henri Chéron, former chief of the obstetric clinic of to these conditions. Calmette addressed an remedy urgent the Paris medical faculty, died at the age of 50. He was to the authorities to remedial measures appeal adopt urgent born in Paris, the son of a gynecologist of repute, and had at once, distributing substantial food to the children and the devoted himself to and radium constant medical tuberculosis particularly roentgen therapy. young, giving care, fighting in He was the founder of the Oeuvre du both notification and treatment. philanthropique radium, every possible way, by by and was charged with the work of giving such treatment to Transport of Wounded by Aeroplane the sick poor. He represented the radiotherapists at numer¬ ous French and international congresses. It is to the first trial of the of interesting report plan Dr. H. professor on the med¬ the wounded General Bernheim, honorary Nancy transporting by aeroplane. Paeymirau ical faculty, died in Paris. He was the author of a well was wounded on the Moroccan a shell recently front, frag¬ known work on hypnotism besides many purely medical ment striking him in the region of the heart. He was trans¬ studies. Bou-Denib on ported by aeroplane to in eastern Morocco the Raising the Birth Rate Algerian front, thus avoiding the shaking to which automobile transportation would have subjected him. -
Statement by Giovanni Gronchi (5 March 1946)
Statement by Giovanni Gronchi (5 March 1946) Caption: On 5 March 1946, before the National Council, Giovanni Gronchi, Italian Minister for Industry, gives an initial review of the efforts made to revive the Italian economy and outlines the aid granted to the country by UNRRA. Source: Discorsi parlamentari: Gronchi, Giovanni. Roma: Senato della Repubblica-Segretariato Generale- Servizio Studi, 1986. 601 p. p. 201-220. Copyright: (c) Translation CVCE.EU by UNI.LU All rights of reproduction, of public communication, of adaptation, of distribution or of dissemination via Internet, internal network or any other means are strictly reserved in all countries. Consult the legal notice and the terms and conditions of use regarding this site. URL: http://www.cvce.eu/obj/statement_by_giovanni_gronchi_5_march_1946-en- 951fa14f-a137-4479-8838-1f504797dce7.html Last updated: 05/07/2016 1/10 Statement by Giovanni Gronchi (5 March 1946) In response to two questions regarding industrial production from National Council members Della Giusta, Molinari and Giavi (National Council, sitting of 5 March 1946) PRESIDENT: The Minister for Trade and Industry has the floor. GRONCHI: Minister for Trade and Industry. I welcome this opportunity to set out, albeit briefly, what the current and previous governments have done to rebuild our industries, and what we are now intending to do, in so far as we are able. Mr Della Giusta’s question perhaps sets the debate in a wider context, namely the general direction that our economic and industrial policy should take. I am not sure whether this is the most appropriate forum for responding to the questions that he has raised. -
Il 4 Novembre a Vittorio Veneto (A Cura Di Ido Da Ros)
Il 4 Novembre a Vittorio Veneto (a cura di Ido Da Ros) Presentiamo una sorta di albo d’oro degli oratori ufficiali che si sono succeduti ai microfoni di Piazza del Popolo per la celebrazione del 4 Novembre, anniversario della Vittoria e giornata dell’Unità nazionale e delle Forze armate. In testa alla graduatoria – a partire dal secondo dopoguerra - troviamo l’on. Tina Anselmi e il colonnello Lorenzo Cadeddu, entrambi con quattro presenze, seguiti dagli onorevoli Carlo Bernini e Marino Corder e dal generale comandante il 1° Fod Giovanni Ridinò con tre presenze; lo stesso numero che può vantare Bernardo Mattarella, padre dell’attuale Presidente della Repubblica. Sono sei i Capi di Stato ad aver presieduto la cerimonia nella nostra città: Giovanni Gronchi, Giuseppe Saragat, Sandro Pertini, Francesco Cossiga, Oscar Luigi Scalfaro e Giorgio Napolitano. Tre, invece, i Presidenti del Consiglio: Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (nel 1919), Amintore Fanfani e, per due volte consecutive, Aldo Moro. La prima celebrazione del 4 Novembre risale al 1919 e vide appunto la presenza del Capo del Governo Vittorio Emanuele Orlando e dell’ex Presidente del Consiglio, Luigi Luzzatti. Nel periodo compreso tra le due guerre mondiali la Festa fu in parte “oscurata” anche a Vittorio Veneto dalla vicinanza cronologica dell’anniversario della Marcia su Roma (28 ottobre), che il regime celebrava in grande stile. Meritano comunque di essere ricordate le celebrazioni del Decennale e del Ventennale, svoltesi alla presenza rispettivamente del re Vittorio Emanuele III (1928) e del principe Umberto di Savoia (1938). Dopo la tragica parentesi della Seconda Guerra Mondiale, le celebrazioni ripresero in quest’ordine: 1948: Maurizio Lazzaro di Castiglioni, generale di Corpo d’Armata e Francesco Franceschini, deputato vittoriese. -
A Particularly Tragic Case of Possible Alzheimer's Disease, That Of
Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 71 (2019) 399–404 399 DOI 10.3233/JAD-190225 IOS Press Editorial A Particularly Tragic Case of Possible Alzheimer’s Disease, that of Marshal Petain´ Jadwiga Attier-Zmudka1 and Jean-Marie Serot´ 1,∗ Department of Geriatrics, CH de Saint Quentin, Saint Quentin, France Accepted 1 July 2019 Abstract. After World War I and more particularly in June 1940, the prestige of French Marshal Philippe Petain,´ considered as the winning general the battle of Verdun, was very high. He became President of Council while the French army was unable to stop the German offensives. But five years later he was sentenced to death for high treason. By rereading his bibliography from a medical perspective, it is possible to find multiple suggestive events and to affirm a posteriori Petain´ suffered from a neurodegenerative disorder, whose first signs appeared in the 1930s, suggestive of Alzheimer’s disease, which had an impact on French politics. The modern medical knowledge of this disease casts a new light on the behavior of Petain during the last war. Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, neurocognitive syndrome, Petain´ INTRODUCTION Before and during the Second World War, the term “senility” was part of the popular language, Neurocognitive syndromes affect mostly elderly had a pejorative connotation, and was largely used people; they can often alter family environment and by physicians to describe the set of cognitive and sometimes have tragic consequences. The case of physical deterioration that occurs with aging. “Senil- Philippe Petain´ is particularly illustrative. He was ity” was considered as a physiological condition and made Marshal of France in 1918 after his decisive role “dementia” as a natural consequence of aging [1]. -
APPENDICE I - ' ' ' -Il
vi APPENDICE I - ' ' ' -il PRESIDENTI DELLA REPUBBLICA ENRICO DE NICOLA, Capo prov visorio dello Stato dal 28 giugno 1946 al 24 giugno 1947 dal 25 giugno al 31 dicembre 1947 ENRICO DE NICOLA, Presidente della Repubblica ; dal 1° gennaio 1948 all'11 maggio 1948 LUIGI EINAUDI, Presidente della Repubblica dall'll maggio 1948 >"..". r ?.-.' V-r^v;*-"^"^ - •«• « ***•••>*• , . :ir.'-.•.:••.• L T • ~ i : ~ . ..' -» "• »-1 -?. ' *- / >^1 • - A •; li ENRICO DE NICOLA 82. • ' ? LUIGI EINAUDI PRESIDENTE DELLA CAMERA DEI DEPUTATI GIOVANNI GRONCHI. dall'8 maggio 1948 PRESIDÈNTE DEL SENATO DELLA REPUBBLICA IVANOE BONOMI dall'8 maggio 1948 GIOVANNI GRONCHI -J-Ì IVANOE BONOMI PRESIDENTI DELLA CAMERA DEI DEPUTATI DALLA I ALLA XXVI LEGISLATURA VINCENZO GIOBERTI dall'8 maggio al 20 luglio 1848 e dal 16 ott. 30 die. 1848 IL . LORENZO PARETO dal 1° febbr. al 30 marzo 1849 III. LORENZO PARETO dal 30 luglio al 20* nov. 1849 IV . PIER DIONIGI PINELLI dal 20 die. 1849 al 25 aprile 1852 UHBANO RATTAZZI dall'll maggio 1852 al 27 ott. 1853 CARLO BON-COMPAGNI dal 16 al 21 nov. 1853 V ... CARLO BON-COMPAGNI. dal 19 die. 1853 al 16 giugno 1856 CARLO CADORNA.. dal 7 genn. al 16 luglio 1857 VI .. CARLO CADORNA. dal 14 die. 1857 al 14 luglio 1858 URBANO RATTAZZI. dal 10 genn. 1859 al 21 genn. 1860 VII . GIOVANNI LANZA dal 2 aprile al 28 die. 1860 VIII URBANO RATTAZZI. dal 18 febbr. 1861 al 2 marzo 1862 SEBASTIANO TECCHIO dal 22 marzo 1862 al 21 magg. 1863 GIOVANNI BATTISTA CASSINIS dal 25 maggio 1863 al 7 sett. 1865 IX. -
Communicating Europe: Italy Manual
Communicating Europe: Italy Manual Information and contacts on the Italian debate on EU enlargement in the Western Balkans Supported by the Global Opportunities Fund – Reuniting Europe of the UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office 19 May 2008 Contents ABOUT THIS MANUAL ...................................................................................................................... 1 A. MEDIA ...................................................................................................................................... 2 1. ELECTRONIC MEDIA: TV AND RADIO ......................................................................................... 2 2. PRINT MEDIA: NATIONAL PRINT MEDIA ..................................................................................... 8 2.1. The quality dailies .............................................................................................................. 9 2.2. Weeklies ........................................................................................................................... 12 2.3. Press Officers of EU Institutions in Italy ............................................................................ 13 2.4. Online Media ................................................................................................................... 14 2.5. News Agencies ................................................................................................................ 14 2.6. Regional print media ..................................................................................................... -
Susan Foley, the Christmas Tree Becomes French
The Christmas Tree Becomes French 139 The Christmas Tree Becomes French: From Foreign Curiosity to Philanthropic Icon, 1860-1914 Susan Foley On December 25, 1874, republican Deputy (later Senator) Léon Laurent-Pichat recorded in his diary: “After lunch to the Châtelet [theater], to the Christmas of the Alsatians and Lorrainers. In a box [loge] with Gambetta, Adam, Castelnau, Tiersot, Tirard; L[ouis] Blanc, Barni and his wife next to us. A big crowd.”1 The presence of these republican dignitaries and Alsatian sympathizers indicates that this was an event of some significance.2 So, too, does the longevity of the event. It was inaugurated in 1872 to distribute aid to the children of refugees who flooded into France following France’s defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, and the subsequent cession of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany. The “Christmas tree of the Alsatians and Lorrainers,” as the event was generally called, continued annually in Paris until 1918, when Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France, and irregularly thereafter.3 Today, however, the event has been almost entirely forgotten. While the Christmas tree features prominently in histories of Christmas customs in a number of Western societies, this is not the case for France. The tree did not have a traditional Susan Foley is Principal Fellow in the School of Historical and Philosophical Studies at the University of Melbourne. Her books include A Political Romance: Léon Gambetta, Léonie Léon and the Making of the Third Republic (2012, with Charles Sowerwine). She is currently working on a study of Léon Laurent-Pichat and his family during the Second Empire and early Third Republic.