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Home , 7 Gold, Agostino Depretis, Andrea Ronchi, Angelino Alfano, Antonio Segni, Avvenire

Communicating Europe: Manual

Information and contacts on the Italian debate on EU enlargement in the Western Balkans

Supported by the Global Opportunities Fund – Reuniting Europe of the UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office

19 May 2008

Contents ABOUT THIS MANUAL ...... 1 A. MEDIA ...... 2

1. ELECTRONIC MEDIA: TV AND ...... 2 2. PRINT MEDIA: NATIONAL PRINT MEDIA ...... 8 2.1. The quality dailies ...... 9 2.2. Weeklies ...... 12 2.3. Press Officers of EU Institutions in Italy ...... 13 2.4. Online Media ...... 14 2.5. News Agencies ...... 14 2.6. Regional print media ...... 16 B. BUSINESS, CIVIL SOCIETY AND ACADEMIA ...... 19

1. BUSINESS ...... 19 1.1. Confindustria ...... 19 1.2. Chamber of Commerce ...... 21 1.3. Finmeccanica ...... 21 1.4. ...... 22 1.5. ENEL ...... 22 1.5. Banca d’Italia ...... 23 1.6. Trade Unions ...... 24 2. RESEARCH INSTITUTES, FOUNDATIONS AND JOURNALS ...... 25 C. POLITICS ...... 35

1. THE ITALIAN PRESIDENT ...... 36 2. GOVERNMENT ...... 37 2.1. National Parliamentary Elections 13-14 April 2008 ...... 37 3. PARLIAMENT AND POLITICAL PARTIES ...... 45 3.1. (Partito Democratico, PD) ...... 45 3.2. People of Freedom (Popolo della Libertà, PdL) ...... 46 3.3. – The Rainbow (La Sinistra – L'Arcobaleno) ...... 47 3.4. The Socialist Party (Il Partito Socialista) ...... 47 3.5. Union of the Centre (Unione di Centro) ...... 47 3.6. (La Destra) ...... 47 3.4. Parties outside the blocks ...... 48 4. JUDICIARY ...... 48

Communicating Europe: Italy Manual 1

ABOUT THIS MANUAL

Who shapes the debate on the future of EU-enlargement in Italy today? This manual is meant to provide an answer to this question through a user-friendly overview introducing key people in key institutions.

It sets out by giving some core facts about Italy, its population, economic growth, numbers and trends of foreigner resident in the country. It describes the Italian media landscape: the crucial role of TV, radio and print media ( and journals), both in and in Italian regions. It then describes the most important interest groups. At the end it offers an overview of the key political institutions, the current government, parliament and the main political parties.

Any debate in any vibrant democracy is characterised by a large number of different voices that can be heard. Nonetheless, when it comes to Italian views on enlargement, the voices included in this manual are certainly among the most influential.

Istanbul - Rome, May 2008

www.esiweb.org Communicating Europe: Italy Manual 2

A. MEDIA

This section provides an overview of relevant Italian media, editors, and journalists with an interest in the Western Balkans and EU issues. Most of the journalists in this list speak English.

1. Electronic media: TV and radio

Italians can choose from eight national TV free channels: RAI1, RAI2, RAI3, Canale Cinque, Rete Quattro, Italia Uno, La Sette and MTV. There about 800 local TV channels. Two groups control 85% of the audience and 90% of advertising revenues: Rai and .

Rai (http://www.rai.it/), a public company, started broadcasting in 1954. While up until the 1980s it was a strict preserve of the Italian government’s main , the Christian Democrats.

Mediaset (http://www.mediaset.it) has three channels and about half of the advertising revenues. It is the media group founded by . Mediaset is owned by Fininvest, of which Berlusconi is the main shareholder. Mediaset's commercial stations tilt towards entertainment and advertising, but the three evening news (Tg5, Tg4 and Studio Aperto) are competitive with the public television information.

La 7 (www..it) is considered to be the third major television network. It is a private television channel that is owned by Telecom Italia Media.

Sky Italia (www.sky.it), owned by Rupert Murdoch’s News Corp, virtually has the monopoly of the pay-TV sector in Italy. It was launched in July 2003 and created through a merge of Telepiu and Stream.

Rai International (http://www.international.rai.it/engl/index.shtml) broadcasts, throughout the world, the best of the programmes of Rai Radiotelevisione Italiana, as well as original programmes made for who live abroad and for all those who have a family link with our country or want to know more about Italy.

Since its inception in 1995, Rai International has worked under an agreement with the Italian government in order to develop the presence of public service in international radio and television broadcasting. Rai International also strives to meet the demands for information and services from Italian communities abroad.

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The Rai offices abroad

Source: http://www.ufficiostampa.rai.it/UFFICIO_STAMPA_MAIN_SEDI.aspx

The Balkans are covered by the RAI-correspondent Ennio Remondino, based in Istanbul.

Cihangir Cad. No:24 D:13 K:6, Cihangir-Istanbul phone: 0090 212 252 78 40 Fax: 0090 212 252 78 42 Mobile: 0090 555 827 04 01 E-mail: [email protected]

Two RAI programs are exclusively dedicated to the Balkans, ESTOVEST and Levante.

ESTOVEST Estovest is the section of the regional news program (Tgr) and supervision of Giovanni Marzini and Viviana Valente. Estovest is produced in Trieste by the Italian and Slovenian offices of the regional Rai office for Friuli Venezia, but other regional Rai offices contribute to the programs.

Estovest is shown on RAI3 Saturdays at 11:15am.

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“Explore the East to interpret the West, in the search for common roots. This is our work, the work of Estovest.” The program covers the Balkans and its relations with Italy, but also with new EU-members in the Baltics.

Address: RAI – Radiotelevisione italiana Sede regionale per il Via Fabio Severo, 7 34121 Trieste http://estovest.blog.rai.it/

Email: [email protected]

Levante /http://levante.blog.rai.it/)

Levante is produced by journalists from the regional Rai office in Bari. The two editors in chief are Giancarlo Spadoni and Pino Bruno. Journalists contributing are Costantino Foschini, Vito Giannulo, Raffaele Gorgoni and Giuseppe Belviso, Leonardo Casalino, Nicolai Ciannamea, Giovanni Matera, Francesco Salati (Campobasso), Damiano Ventrelli. Alessandra Forte contributes from Rome.

Giancarlo Spadoni ([email protected])

Pino Bruno ([email protected])

Levante is aired at 11.30 am every Saturday on RAI3.

The self-description of the program reads: “The Balkan regions, considered as a whole, do struggle to overcome past misunderstandings and conflicts, reaching for a European status and sometimes looking at Italy as a model. Levante describes these efforts by letting the citizens talk, or by simply listening to emerging communities.”

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Reporting from Eastern Europe including the Balkans used to be a challenging assignment, those efforts are producing innovative news packages and a professional legacy for the Italian RAI Television. Written, produced and aired by the Regional TGR- RAI TRE Bari based station, Levante is created with contributions by other RAI Regional stations.

Address: TGR Levante Rai Radiotelevisione Italiana Via Dalmazia 104 70121 Bari [email protected]

Italian News Programs

Rai 1 TG1

Tg1 is the principal Rai news program, especially the 8pm edition. Its current director is Gianni Rotta.

Gianni Riotta [email protected]

The News format Tg2 is directed by Mauro Mazza and broadcast 6 times a day. Especially during the past years Tg2 has moved politically to the centre right, Mazza being close to Alleanza Nazionale.

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Rai3 is directed since 2002 by Antonio Di Bella. Tg3 gives more room to regional news. These programs are prepared by Angela Buttiglione. They are broadcast on Rai3 at  TG Regione every day at 2pm 7.35pm and 11pm.  Il Settimanale, Saturdays at 12.25.

Rai Saxa Rubra Largo Villy de Luca, 4 Saxa Rubra 00188 - Roma e-mail [email protected]

TG5 started in 1992 directed by Enrico Mentana. Since January 2001 the interactive version Tg5.it is online. Since 3 July 2007 the director is Clemente Mimum

MILAN ROME Palazzo dei Cigni - Milano 2 Piazza dei SS Giovanni e Paolo, 8 20090 SEGRATE (MI) 00184 Roma [email protected] Tel: +39 02 21021 Tel: +39 06 77081 Fax: +39 02 21026272 Fax: +39 06 77086251

Studio Aperto started in January 1991 the time of the Gulf War. Since 11 October 2007 its director is Giorgio Mulè. Since June 2003 the interactive version stuioaperto.it is online.

MILAN ROME Palazzo dei Cigni - Milano 2 Piazza dei SS Giovanni e Paolo, 8 [email protected] 20090 -SEGRATE (MI) 00184 Roma Tel: +39 02 21021 Tel: +39 06 77081 Fax: +39 06 77083063

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Tg4 is directed by Emilio Fede since its beginning in 1992.

MILAN ROME Palazzo dei Cigni - Milano 2 Piazza dei SS Giovanni e Paolo, 8 20090 -Segrate (MI) 00184 - Roma [email protected] Tel: +39 02 21021 Tel: +39 06 77086120 Fax +39 02 21022783 Fax: +39 06 77083063

RAI’s special news channel.

RaiNews 24 is an Italian digital television channel, broadcast via satellite and DTT technology.

The creation of a public channel all-news, anticipated of the Service Contract from RAI and the Italian Ministry of Communications, was launched in 1999 with the creation of RaiNews 24. http://www.rainews24.rai.it/

Exemplary news programs during the week in Italian TV (date taken 21 April 2008)

06:00 La7 Tg La7 06:00 Rai News 24 - Morning News 06:00 Tg5 Prima pagina (Frontpage) Press review 07:30 Tg1 08:00 Rai 1 Tg1 Morning - Tg1 The ideas 08:00 Canale 5 Tg5 Morning 09:00 Rai 1 Tg 1 - Tg History 09:15 La7 Punto Tg; Coming to the point in Italy and the World. 09:30 Rai 1 Tg1 - Flash 11:30 Rai 1 Tg1 11:30 Tg4; News program directed by Emilio Fede. 12:00 Rai 3 Tg3 - Regional news 12:25 Studio Aperto, Italian and foreign news. 12:30 La7 Tg La7; Italian and foreign news. 12:30 7 Gold Tg7 13:00 Tg2 Giorno (Clemente Mimun. ) 13:00 Canale 5 Tg5 13:30 Rai 1 Tg1 13:30 Rete 4 Tg4; News program directed by Emilio Fede. 14:00 Rai 3 Tg3 – Regional; Regional news. 15:10 Rai 3 Tg3 Flash L.I.S.; Fast news. 17:00 Rai 1 Tg1

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17:00 Canale 5 Tg5 18:05 Rai 2 Tg2 Flash L.I.S. 18:30 Rai 2 Tg2 - Meteo 2; News program directed by Clemente Mimun. 18:30 Italia 1 Studio Aperto 18:55 Rete 4 Tg4; TG directed by Emilio Fede. 19:00 Rai 3 Tg3 - Regionale 19:00 7 Gold Tg7 20:00 Rai 1 Tg1 20:00 La7 Tg La7 20:00 Canale 5, Tg5 Sera - Meteo 5 20:30 Rai 2 Tg2 Sera; Tg2 by Clemente Mimun. 23:05 Rai 2 Tg2 by Clemente Mimun. 23:10 Rai 3 Tg3 - Regional news. 23:15 Rai 1 Tg1 01:05 La7 Tg La7 01:20 Canale 5 Tg5 Notte (Night) 01:25 Italia 1 Studio Aperto 03:00 Rai 3 Rai News 24 04:00 Canale 5 Tg5 Notte - Meteo 5 05:30 Canale 5 Tg5 Notte - Meteo 5 05:35 Italia 1 Studio Aperto

The Italian Radio is led by two public stations, the divisions of RAI RADIOUNO and RADIODUE (first and third in the ranking of most-listened stations) but the larger share of the audience belongs to the private networks.

Among these ones, the clear leader is Radio Deejay that belongs to “L’Espresso” group (5.8 million listeners on the average day), followed by RDS (4.8 million) and RTL (4.2 million). All these are “music” , while three “talk” radio with culture and information are (“L’Espresso” group) with 2 million listeners, RADIOTRE (RAI), with 1.9 million and RADIO24, (“Il Sole-24 ore” group) with 1.7 million. * In addition to these networks, there is a great number of local radio stations in FM.

Around 2,500 commercial radio stations broadcast in Italy. A few of them have national coverage; most are music-based. They share the airwaves with public broadcaster Rai's radio stations.

The radio news agency amis (http://amisnet.org/), which produces for 35 non- commercial radio stations has a special program dedicated to the Balkans called “Caffè Sarajevo” (http://caffesarajevo.amisnet.org/). The program is supervised by Lorenzo Anania and Andrea Foschi.

2. Print media: national print media

www.esiweb.org Communicating Europe: Italy Manual 9

There are around 175 newspapers in Italy. None of them are categorized as tabloids or yellow press. Only magazines are active on the yellow press market. Sports papers such as are by far the most popular.

The Italian press is highly-regionalised. Milan in particular is home to a large number of dailies and news magazines. Most newspapers are privately-owned, often linked to a political party or run by a large media group. Editoriale Espresso (owns and 15 regional newspapers) and RSC Editoriale (owns Il and La Gazzetta dello Sport) are the most important media groups.

2.1. The quality dailies

The most sold quality journals are La Repubblica (the Republic, http://www.repubblica.it/) and Corriere della Sera (The Evening Dispatch, http://www.corriere.it/). La Repubblica has its headquarters in Rome, the Corriere in Milan, Repubblica is politically center-left, Corriere center-right.

Italy's leading centre-left , La Repubblica has the widest presence of any Italian paper, with a national edition and nine local editions, which span the country from north to south. L'Espresso group, which owns the paper, is controlled by industrialist . In 2007 la Repubblica sold an average of 621,000 daily copies.

Editor in Chief: Ezio Mauro Vice-diretctors: Mauro Bene, Gregorio Botta, Dario Cresto-Dina (Milan), Massimo Giannini; Angelo Rinaldi (art director)

Journalists who work on foreign policy:

Federico Rampini, [email protected]

Guido Rampoldi, [email protected]

Paolo Rumiz (La Repubblica, based in Trieste, a specialist on the Balkans, the regional newspaper published by he same printing house in Trieste is “”)

[email protected]

Gruppo Editoriale L’Espresso - Via Cristoforo Colombo n.149 - 00147 Roma - Tel:+39.06.84781 La Repubblica: 0030 06 49821

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Corriere della Sera is among the oldest Italian newspapers founded already in 1876. It publishes a national and four regional editions. In 2003, its editor Ferruccio de Bortoli resigned amid a storm of controversy, with journalists and opposition politicians claiming he was forced out because of the paper's criticism of Berlusconi. The director since 2004 is Paolo Mieli. The Fiat Group, which owns -based also has a controlling interest in the group which owns the Corriere.In December 2007 the newspaper sold 662,253 copies daily.

Foreign Policy:

Franco Venturini, [email protected]

Il Sole 24 Ore - http://www.ilsole24ore.com/

Il Sole 24 Ore is a daily business newspaper owned by Confindustria, the Italian employers' federation. It was founded on November 9, 1965 as a merger between Il Sole, founded in 1865, and 24 Ore, founded in 1946. The headquarters are in Milan. Total circulation is about 390,000, 170,000 subscriptions. The readership is estimated with 1.2 million.

Editorial offices: 13 national, 8 international.

Il Sole 24 ORE - via Monte Rosa, 91 20149 Milano - via del Corso, 184 00186 Roma Tel. 02 3022.1 Mail: [email protected]

Editor in chief: Ferruccio de Bortoli

Reporting the EU from Italy Sergio Nava, Radio 24 Il Sole 24 Ore, Milan

Journalists working on International Affairs

Luca De Biase, [email protected]

Silvio Fagiolo, [email protected]

Adriana Cerretelli

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La Stampa (“The Press”) is published in Turin, the current owner is the Fiat Group.

It was founded in 1867 with the name Gazzetta Piemontese. In 1895 the newspaper was bought (and by then directed) by Alfredo Frassati, who gave it its current name and a national perspective. For criticising the 1924 murder of the socialist Giacomo Matteotti, he was forced to resign and sell the newspaper to Giovanni Agnelli.

Editor in chief: Anselmi Giulio, [email protected]

Lucia Annunziata, La Stampa, annunziatal@.it Carlo Bastasin, La Stampa [email protected]

Responsible for foreign policy are:

Sforza Francesca, [email protected] Gallo Claudio, [email protected] Rotondo Salvatore, [email protected] Stabile Giordano, [email protected] Verna Marina, [email protected] Zafesova Anna, [email protected]

Offices:

Turin 10126 - V. Marenco,32 tel. 011.6568111 fax. 011.655306

Rome 00187 - V. Barberini, 50 tel. 06.47661 fax. 06-486039/484885

Milan 20100 - P.za Cavour,2 tel. 02.762181 fax. 02.780049

Journalists specialized in the Balkans in other Print media:

Carlo Maria Miele (), based in Rome is focusing on the Balkans and Turkey. [email protected]

Matteo Tacconi free-lance journalist who regularly covers the Balkans for the daily Europa, his blog is: http://radiounitedeurope.blogspot.com/

Tommaso di Francesco, [email protected] phone: 0039 06 68719526

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Readership of selected dailies in Italy as measured by Audipress in 2007

Literate Population 51.042 Total Readers of Dailies 22.798 Dailies

LA GAZZETTA DELLO SPORT 3.581 LA REPUBBLICA 2.991 CORRIERE DELLA SERA 2.722 LA STAMPA 1.384 CORRIERE DELLO SPORT - STADIO 1.310 1.289 IL SOLE 24 ORE 1.149 E POLIS 832 827 718 681 LA GAZZETTA DEL MEZZOGIORNO 624 623 507 LIBERO 506 419 305 IL SECOLO XIX 571 L'UNITA' 303 IL PICCOLO 207 LIBERTA' 179

2.2. Weeklies

L’Espresso is a weekly news journal. Its current director is Daniela Hamaui, vice-directors are Claudio Lindner and Antonio Ramenghi

Headquarters in Rome: 00147 Roma Via Cristoforo Colombo 90 Phone 0039 06 84781 fax 0039 06 84787220 - 06 84787288 e-mail: [email protected]

Office in Milan: 20144 Milano Via G. De Alessandri, 11 phone 0039 02 4818350 fax 0039 02 4817000

www.esiweb.org Communicating Europe: Italy Manual 13

http://www.panorama.it/ Panorama is a weekly journal published by Mondadori, which belongs to the Berlusconi family. Parnorama sells around 500.000 copies and the readership is estimated with 2.9 million. Since October 2007 the director is Maurizio Belpietro.

The readership in millions of three important weeklies according to Audipress is:

L'ESPRESSO 2.385 FAMIGLIA CRISTIANA 2.973 PANORAMA 2.864

2.3. Press Officers of EU Institutions in Italy

Heads and Press Officers of the EU Representations in Member States

Rome: Pier Virgilio Dastoli (head) Carlo Corazza (Press Officer) Via IV Novembre 149 00187 Roma, Italia Phone +39-06.69.99.91

Milan: Roberto Santaniello (Head and Press Officer) Corso Magenta, 59 20123 Milano Phone: 39-02.467.51.41 http://ec.europa.eu/italia/

European Parliament press officer for Italian

Federico Rosetto (32-2) 28 40955 / (33) 388 1 74133 [email protected] Fax: (32-2) 28 49171 / (33) 388 1 72901

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2.4. Online Media

Italians have been slow in embracing the Internet, even if 60% of families are now online. The most visited websites are those created by “Repubblica” and “Corriere,” which are rather traditional in their design and contents.

An Internet site dedicated to foreign policy is lettera22 (http://www.lettera22.it/). Lettera22 is an association of journalists producing for websites and newspapers among them the regional papers of the Espresso group.

Lucia Sgueglia is regularly covering the Balkans. Now based in Moscow she worked before also in Kosovo.

Also Irene Panozzo regularly writes on the Balkans for lettera22.

Some blogs like the one run by former TV entertainer (http://www.beppegrillo.it/english.php ) are very successful.

2.5. News Agencies

The Italian leader in this field is ANSA (http://www.ansa.it/), a among Italian newspapers born in 1946. ANSA produces also information in English: http://www.ansa.it/site/notizie/awnplus/english/english.html . ANSA operates 77 offices in 74 countries, among them several ones in Balkan countries:

Belgrade 11000 - Brace Jugovica 5 11000 BELGRADO 0038111/3281232 0038111/3281609 [email protected]

Tirana c/o Gazeta Shqiptare Rruga Dibres 370 Tirana Albania Tel. 00355/4262646 Fax. 00355/4257933 [email protected]

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Brussels c/o I.P.C. Boulevard Charlemagne 1 (Boite 7) 1000 BRUXELLES Belgio 00322/2308192 00322/2306082 [email protected]

Adnkronos (http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/hp/) Adnkronos International (AKI) was created in 2003 as a media service dedicated to information exchange, research and dialogue between Italy, Europe and the emerging areas of Africa, the Middle East, Asia and Latin America. AKI already has a solid presence in many spheres - television production, non-fiction publishing, website design, conferences and communication - and offers its services in Arabic, English and Italian.

APCOM (http://www.apcom.net/HomePage.shtml) Founded in 2001 in partnership with Associated Press (AP).

Headquarters: Rome Via di Santa Maria in Via, 6 00187 Roma [email protected] phone. 0039 06-6953.91 Fax 06-6953.9522

Brussels Rue de la Loi, 155 1040 Bruxelles [email protected] phone. 0032-2-2803.808 fax 003-2-2304.197

Agenzia Giornalistica Italia (http://www.agenziaitalia.it/) 16 offices in Italy and one in Brussels. Also news in English:

Adress: Via Cristoforo Colombo 98 00147 Roma phone 0039 06.519961 Fax 06.51996362-6-7 Internet: www.agi.it e-mail: [email protected]

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Brussels Rue de la Loi 155 1040 Brussels Phone: 0032.22300552 Fax: 0032.22300544 [email protected]

Italy in international media http://www.economist.com/countries/Italy/

2.6. Regional print media

The Italian press is highly-regionalised. Some examples are:

Alto Adige (Independent daily), Bolzano (South (Independent daily), Mantova Tyrol) http://www.gazzettadimantova.it/ http://www.altoadige.it/ Aostaoggi (Indepdendent daily), Modena Aosta http://www.gazzettadimodena.it/ http://www.aostaoggi.it/ Gazzettta di Reggio (Independent daily), (Catholic-oriented), Milan http://www.gazzettadireggio.it/ http://www.avvenire.it/ Carta (Independent daily), Pescara (communist/advocacy), Rome http://www.ilcentro.it/ http://www.carta.org Corriere delle Alpi (right-centrist), Milano (Independent daily), Belluno http://www.ilfoglio.it http://www.corrierealpi.it/ Il Giornale Diario della Settimana (Conservative), Milan (left-wing), Milan http://www.ilgiornale.it/ http://www.diario.it Il Giorno Famiglia Cristiana (Liberal), Milan (Catholic-oriented, centrist), Rome http://www.ilgiorno.it/ http://www.sanpaolo.org/fc/default.htm Il Globo Gazzetta del Sud (Conservative), Rome (Independent daily), http://www.ilglobonews.it/ http://www.gazzettadelsud.it/

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Il Manifesto (leftist) Rome (Independent), Milan http://www.ilmanifesto.it http://www.italiaoggi.it/

Il Mattino La Citta' (Centrist), (Independent daily), Salerno http://ilmattino.caltanet.it/ http://www.lacittadisalerno.it/

Il Mattino di Padova La Nazione Padova (Independent), http://www.mattinopadova.it/ http://www.lanazione.it/

Il Messaggero La Nuova di Venezia e Mestre (Centrist), Rome (Independent daily), http://www.ilmessaggero.it/indexmsgr.h http://www.nuovavenezia.it/ tm La Nuova Ferrara Il Mondo (Indepdendent daily), Ferrara (Economic weekly magazine), Milan http://www.lanuovaferrara.it/ http://www.ilmondo.rcs.it/ Il Piccolo (Independent daily), Trieste http://www.lanuovasardegna.it/ http://www.ilpiccolo.it/ La Il Popolo ( party paper), Milan Rome http://www.lapadania.com http://www.ilpopolo.it/ Il Quotidiano (Independent daily), Pavia Rome http://www.laprovinciapavese.it/ http://www.quotidiano.net/ La Sentinella del Canavese (Independent daily), Ivrea (Conservative daily), http://www.lasentinella.it/ http://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/ (Right-centrist daily), (left-centrist), http://www.lasicilia.it/ http://www.ilriformista.it La Stampa (Centrist), Turin (Conservative), Rome http://www.lastampa.it/ http://www.iltempo.it/ (Independent daily), Treviso (Independent daily), http://www.tribunatreviso.it/ http://www.iltirreno.it/ L'Arena (Daily), Verona http://www.larena.it/

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Mondo Libero Liberazione (right-centrist), (), Rome http://www.mondolibero.it http://www.liberazione.it/ Tempi Libero News (catholic-oriented right centrist), Milano (Independent), Rome http://www.tempi.it http://www.libero- news.it/libero/index.jsp (Independent daily), Trento L'Unità http://www.trentocorrierealpi.it/ (left-wing), Rome http://www.unita.it Veronaoggi (Daily), Verona MessaggeroVeneto http://www.veronaoggi.it/ (Independent daily), http://www.messaggeroveneto.it/ Papers from the regions geographically Milano Finanza close to the Balkans like Puglia, Friul, (economic-oriented), Milan etc.. http://www.milanofinanza.it http://www.primorski.it/ a Newspaper

in Slovenian printed in Trieste

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B. BUSINESS, CIVIL SOCIETY AND ACADEMIA

1. Business

1.1. Confindustria

Confederazione Generale dell'Industria Italiana - Confederation of Italian Industry. Founded in 1910 Confindustria is the lead organization representing the manufacturing, construction, energy, transportation, ITC, tourism and services industries in Italy.

It brings together 126.590 voluntary member companies of all sizes, amounting to 4.771.000 employees. The organization consists in 103 local Associations established in 18 Regional Confindustria locations, 100 Sectorial Associations, 18 National Sector Federations, and 14 Associated Members.

In promoting the interests of Italian industry over 90 years, Confindustria has assumed a leading role, becoming a reliable organization with a primary role in Italy’s economic, social and civil development.

Confindustria was a founding member of several organizations, including ISTUD (Istituto Studi Direzionali) and Assingegneria (an organization set up by Confindustria, which has since merged with OICE, L'ingegneria italiana organizzata - which in itself belongs to Confindustria).

Members of Confindustria include ANIMA, Federation of the Italian Associations of Mechanical and Engineering Industries.

http://www.confindustria.it/ http://www.confindustria.it/Conf2004/hpENG.nsf/hp?readForm&menuEspanso (English)

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President: Luca de Montezemolo

Luca Cordero di Montezemolo (*1947) is president of Ferrari and chairman of FIAT. Born in Bologna, Montezemolo studied at the University of Rome La Sapienza and at Columbia University in New York. In 1971, before completing his studies, he drove briefly for the famous and privately owned Lancia rally team. Upon completing his academic career he joined FIAT. In 1973 FIAT moved him to Ferrari, where he promptly became Enzo Ferrari's assistant.

Throughout the 1980s, di Montezemolo occupied a number of positions in the FIAT empire. In 1985, he became manager of the committee which planned and put on the 1990 World Cup Italia.

On May 27, 2004, Montezemolo became president of Italian business lobby Confindustria; days later, following the death of Umberto Agnelli on May 28, he was elected chairman of FIAT, Ferrari's mother company. Since 20 December 2004, he has also been president of LUISS ("Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali Guido Carli", Italian for "Guido Carli Free International University for Social Studies"). He is vice-president of the Bologna Football Club.

Di Montezemolo has often been linked to a career in Italian politics, but has always denied the rumours.

In May 2008 Emma Marcegaglia will succeed Luca di Montezemolo as president of Confindustria as its first ever women president. Marcegaglia is the Managing Director of the Company Marcegaglia S.p.a. and of all companies under their control. She is in the Executive Committee of the Aspen Italia Institute.

The Times called her on 28 February 2008 “Italy’s most powerful woman”:

“Her rise has aroused hopes among women's groups that Italy's macho culture is being eroded in a country where the governing elite is predominantly male and elderly and the prevailing image of women is provided by semi-naked dancers and showgirls on television variety shows.” (The Times, 28 February 2008, http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/article3448897.ece)

Previous appointments held within Confindustria: - Vice President of Confindustria for Europe - National President of Confindustria Young Entrepreneurs - President of YES (Young Entrepreneurs for Europe) - National Vice President for Confindustria Young Entrepreneurs

At a press conference after the elections on 13-14 April Marcegaglia said on 23 April 2008:

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“Today there are no longer alibis for not carrying out reforms, and in the next few days we will meet Berlusconi.” http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssIndustryMaterialsUtilitiesNews/idUSL23854752200 80423

1.2. Chamber of Commerce

In Italy, Unioncamere (http://www.chamberofcommerce.it/), of the Italian Chambers of Commerce, Industry and Handicraft, is a public law organisation for the whole Chamber Network. There are additional national components of the System, providing technical and professional services to businesses and Chambers in several areas, including: computerisation and automation (InfoCamere), training (Istituto G. Tagliacarne - AsseforCamere), internationalisation (Assocamerestero - Mondimpresa), promotion (Assonautica - Assicor), communication (Mediacamere), infrastructures (Uniontrasporti - Tecnoholding -Tecnocons), environment (Ecocerved), quality certification (Dintec), innovation (Agitec) and research (Isnart).

Unioncamere Offices in Brussels promote the activities carried out by the Italian Chambers system with EU institutions.

Some figures about the Chambers System: 103 Chambers of Commerce, 1 Italian Union, 19 Regional Unions, 69 Arbitration Chambers, 21 Commodity Chemical Laboratories, 42 Commodity Exchanges, 165 Branches for the local provision of services, 146 Aziende Speciali for the management of promotional services and infrastructure, 1.349 Companies and consortia in participation with public and private actors, 13 Foreign Trade Centres, 67 Info Centres, 68 Italian Chambers of Commerce abroad, 30 Italian-Foreign Chambers of Commerce.

1.3. Finmeccanica

Finmeccanica (http://www.finmeccanica.com/Holding/EN/index.sdo) is the main Italian industrial group operating globally in the aerospace, defence and security sectors, and is one of the world's leading groups in the fields of helicopters and defence electronics. It is also the European leader for satellite and space services as well as having considerable know-how and production capacity in the energy and transport fields.

Headquartered in Italy and with a vast industrial base in the UK as well as important production facilities in the rest of Europe and in the USA, Finmeccanica has a workforce of more than 60,748 people, and a revenues volume of euro mil. 13,429.

Departments

Aeronautics Helicopters Space Defence Electronics Defence systems

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Energy/Transportation Integrated Systems

Address: Piazza Monte Grappa, 4 00195 Roma

Fax: +39.06.3208621

1.4. ENI

Eni is one of the most important integrated energy companies in the world operating in the oil and gas, electricity generation and sale, petrochemicals, oilfield services construction and engineering industries. In these businesses it has a strong edge and leading international market position.

Eni is active in around 70 countries with a staff of 76,000 employees.

Chairman: Roberto Poli

Leonardo Maugeri: General Director for Strategies and Development: [email protected]

Piazzale Mattei, 1 - 00144 - Rome

Phone +39 06 59 82 1 Fax +39 06 59 82 21 41 http://www.eni.it/it_IT/home.html http://www.eni.it/en_IT/home.html

1.5. ENEL

Enel is Italy's largest power company and Europe's second- largest utility for installed capacity. It produces, distributes and sells electricity and gas across Europe, North and Latin America. After the acquisition of the Spanish utility Endesa, together with partner Acciona, Enel has now a presence in 21 countries with approx. 80.000 MW of generating capacity and serves about 50 million power and gas customers.

Enel is also the second-largest Italian distributor and vendor of natural gas, with over 2.3 million customers and a 12 percent market share. The company has 58,548 employees and operates a wide range of hydroelectric, thermoelectric, nuclear, geothermal, wind-power, and photovoltaic power stations.

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The Italian Economy Ministry holds 21.1% of the company directly and another 10.1% indirectly through state-run lender Cassa Depositi e Prestiti, leaving a free-float of some 68.8%.

Activities in Central and Eastern Europe

In Bulgaria, Enel acquired control of one of the country’s largest power plants, Maritza East 3, in March 2003. The lignite-fired facility has a capacity of 840 MW.

In Slovakia, in February 2005, Enel acquired 66% of Slovenské elektrárne (SE), the largest electricity generator in the country, and the second-largest in Central and Eastern Europe, with a generation capacity of 7000 MW, a mix of nuclear, thermal and hydro assets.

In Romania it acquired 51% of two electricity distribution companies in April 2005: Electrica Banat and Electrica Dobrogea, which supply 1.4 million customers. Further to the acquisition of Electrica Muntenia Sud, the company will double its presence in the Romanian power distribution sector, reaching about 2.5 million customers.

Chairman: Piero Gnudi

Francesco Olivieri,Senior Adviser: [email protected] http://www.enel.it/azienda_en/chi_siamo/missione/

1.5. Banca d’Italia

Banca d'Italia is the central and part of the European System of Central Banks. The bank's current governor is , who took the office on January 16, 2006.

After the charge of monetary and exchange rate policies was shifted in 1998 to the European Central Bank, within the European institutional framework, the bank implements the decisions, issues euro banknotes and withdraws and destroys worn pieces.

The main function has thus become banking and financial supervision. The objective is to ensure the stability and efficiency of the system and compliance to rules and regulations; the bank pursues it through secondary legislation, controls and cooperation with governmental authorities.

Following reform in 2005, which was prompted by takeover scandals, the bank has lost exclusive antitrust authority in the credit sector, which is now shared with Italy's Antitrust Authority.

Fabrizio Saccomanni, General Director, [email protected]

Giorgo Gomel, Director for International Relations, [email protected]

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Adress:

Via Nazionale, 91 00184 Rome Italy

Tel.: +39 06 47921 [email protected] [email protected] http://www.bancaditalia.it

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION Fax: +39 06 4792 5521 e-mail: [email protected]

1.6. Trade Unions

The Italian General Confederation of Labour (CGIL, http://www.cgil.it/) is the biggest trade union in Italy with roughly 5.5 million members closely linked to the Communist Party (PCI). Its current secretary general is Guglielmo Epifani.

Corso d'Italia, 25 00198 ROMA Tel (+39)0684761 Fax (+39)068845683 [email protected]

The Confederazione Italiana Sindacati Lavoratori (CISL or Cisl; Italian Confederation of Trade Unions; www.cisl.it) is the second largest (4.287.551 members in 2005) Confederation of Trade Unions in Italy (19 major National branch (sector) Federations). The current secretary general is Raffele Bonanni.

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2. Research institutes, foundations and journals

IAI - Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI)

The Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) was founded on 11 October 1965 on the initiative of Altiero Spinelli, its first director.

A non-profit organization, the IAI is funded by individual and corporate members, public and private organizations, major international foundations, and by a standing grant from the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

The Institute's main objective is to promote an understanding of the problems of international politics through studies, research, meetings and publications, with the aim of increasing the opportunities of all countries to move in the direction of supranational organization, democratic freedom and social justice (IAI Bylaws, Article 1).

President Stefano Silvestri

Director Gianni Bonvicini, [email protected]

Vice Presidents Roberto Aliboni Paolo Guerrieri, [email protected]

Deputy Director: Ettore Greco

The IAI publishes four times a year the English-language journal “The International Spectator”.

In the latest issue January-March 2008, one article is dedicated to South-Eastern Europe:

Alessandro Rotta: Promoting Regional Cooperation: The EU in South Eastern Europe

Promoting regional cooperation has been one of the EU priorities in South Eastern Europe since the mid-1990s. However, the EU's regional approach has often been weakened by the prevailing bilateral dimension of its policies towards SEE countries, and not adequately supported by stringent conditionality. Nevertheless, recent progress has been achieved in several specific areas of regional cooperation, such as trade, energy and parliamentary cooperation, and countries of the region are increasingly assuming responsibility on cooperation processes, as the transition from the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe to the regionally owned and led Regional Cooperation Council seems to prove.

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The editor is Ettore Greco, the journal can be contacted at: [email protected] Address:

Istituto Affari Internazionali

Via Angelo Brunetti, 9 00186 Roma

Tel.: 39/06/3224360 Fax: 39/06/3224363 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.iai.it/ http://www.iai.it/index_en.asp (English)

Cespi - Centro Studi di Politica Internazionale

CeSPI was founded in 1985 as an independent association with its headquarters in the historic centre of Rome. The Centre covers research, consultancy, training and promotion of various important topics of international relations.

The four major research fields are:

- International Cooperation, development financing and peacbuilding - Decentralized Cooperation, territorial partnership and local development - Human mobility, transnationalism and co-development - Migration policies and society models

This research nourishes the reflection about the EU’s foreign relations and Italy’s foreign policy.

In the section Europa aperta (http://www.cespi.it/europaaperta.html, Open Europe) also the Balkans are treated in the framework of EU enlargement, stabilization of a region close to EU member states and regional country studies.

The research area Italy in the world (http://www.cespi.it/Italiamondo.html) focuses on the international role of Italy and the foreign economic policy. http://www.cespi.it/home.html

Books:

A. Stocchiero (ed.),Alla ricerca del sistema Italia nei Balcani occidentali (In search of the Italy system in the Western Balkans, CeMiss, Roma 2007

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J.L. Rhi-Sausi e G. Vacca, (eds.), Perché l'Europa? Rapporto 2007 sull'integrazione europea (Why Europe? Report 2007 about the , il Mulino, Bologna, 2007

Recent Publications

2008 • Just mediating between needs and fears? Ambiguities and potential of the EU’s Migration Policy, di Ferruccio Pastore Schengen, Europol e immigrazione, di Ferruccio Pastore e Flavia Piperno

2007 • La politica migratoria italiana a una svolta : Ostacoli immediati e dilemmi strategici, di Ferruccio Pastore • Welfare for whom? The impact of care drain in Romania and Ukraine and the rise of a transnational welfare by Flavia Piperno • Madri Migranti. Le migrazioni di cura dalla Romania e dall’Ucraina in Italia: percorsi e impatti sui paesi di origine, di Eleonora Castagnone, Michael Eve, Enza Roberta Petrillo, Flavia Piperno, Programma MigraCtion a cura di CeSPI e FIERI • Biglietti diversi, destinazione comune. Indagine sul mercato dell'emigrazione irregolare dal Marocco centrale verso l'Italia e la Spagna, di Lorenzo Coslovi, CeSPI Working Paper, n. 32/2007 • Brevi note sull’immigrazione via mare in Italia e Spagna, di Lorenzo Coslovi

Aspen Institute Italia is an international non-profit association dedicated to an in-depth discussion and a high level exchange of information and values. The Aspen community is composed of Sustaining and Ordinary Members, Friends of Aspen and, as of 2002, the Aspen Junior Fellows. From their contribution the Institute gathers the resources for its functioning as specified in the By Laws. The Aspen international network includes offices – independent albeit coordinated – in the US, , Germany, Japan, India and Romania. The Aspen Institute was founded in the United States in 1950 by a group of American intellectuals and businessmen; in Italy the Institute was created in 1984 and has its headquarters in Rome and an office in Milan.

Rome Piazza SS. Apostoli, 49 T. +39 06 4546891

The Director is Marta Dassù , [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] http://www.aspeninstitute.it http://www.aspeninstitute.it/Aspenweb/Aspenweb.nsf/Home?OpenForm&Lingua=E& Area=00000 (English)

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Aspen Institute Italia publishes Aspenia, a multidisciplinary journal with articles by Italian and international figures on a variety of issues of strategic interest for the Institute’s members and for a broader audience of international leaders.

Aspenia is edited by Marta Dassù and Lucia Annunziata. Italo Lupi is the Art Director.

Published with Il Sole 24 ORE, Italy’s foremost financial newsgroup, the Italian version comes out four times a year and is sold at newsstands and in bookstores throughout the country. The English issue comes out twice a year and is distributed to think tanks, embassies, universities and the like all over the world.

CENSIS - Centro Studi Investimenti Sociali,

Censis was founded as a social study and research institute in 1964, becoming a legally recognised Foundation in 1973 through Presidential Decree. It enjoys the support and participation of several large public and private institutions, is located in Rome, and the staff is composed approximately by 30 researchers and 15 research assistants.

During the past 40 years it has carried out studies, provided consultancy, developed models and submitted proposals in the area of socio- economic processes and policies, more than 1.000 projects, most of which conducted on behalf of Italian and foreign institutional organisations. It has gained the reputation of being one of the most prestigious national research institutes in social sciences and economics.

The Censis approach can be traced back to the 1950's, when economic growth required Italy to identify new methods of social research and social investment. In later decades, Censis employed its analytic skills and affirmed its presence in a series of vital areas and issues, often recognizing general trends before other observers:

* in the 1960's - a focus on welfare, including welfare strategies and management, with special attention to its dynamics and demand and the nature of supply; * in the 1970's - a focus on the "underground" economy and its role in Italian socio- economic development; * in the 1980's - a focus on the process of economic modernisation and its impact on the overall development of Italian society, including attention to its internationalising effects;

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* in the 1990's - a focus on the increasingly "dense" social and economic structure, in order to relate historical trends to the present transformations and the challenges of the future.

Giuseppe Roma, Direttore CENSIS, [email protected]

Recent Publication

L'Europa - Una sfida continua (Europe – A constant challenge) 10 April 2008 http://www.censis.it/277/372/6411/6487/6488/6490/content.asp

Address

Piazza di Novella, 2 - 00199 Roma

Tel. +39.06.860911

Fax +39.06.86211367 http://www.censis.it/

ISDEE - Institute of study and documentation on the European Community and Eastern Europe, Trieste

The history of ISDEE may be considered somewhat unusual in comparison with other Italian institutes concerned mainly with international relations. Founded as an independent institute at the end of the 1960s on the initiative of a number of scholars, businessmen and politicians in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, ISDEE was designed to make a contribution to overcoming the marginalisation of Eastern Italy that had come about at the end of the Second World War with the installation of communist regimes and command economies in most of the nearby Central, Eastern and South-East European countries. For more than 20 years the relations that traditionally existed between Eastern Italy and these countries had been severely curtailed.

The work of the Institute is focused on an assessment of the various geoeconomic and geopolitical opportunities available to Italy and its North-Eastern regions, in terms of both the EU enlargement to include Central and Eastern Europe and the more complex question of the stabilisation of the Balkans.

In its work the Institute gives primary consideration to the requirements of its Members, especially the Regional government of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, its main source of financing. However, over the years there have been a broad range of tasks assigned to ISDEE and forms of collaboration developed with other institutions and bodies (the Italian Prime Ministerial Office, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and other ministries, the Central European Initiative, the , Chambers of Commerce and various public and private companies).

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And a series of long-standing cooperative relations have been established with universities in Italy and abroad, research institutes in the countries with which ISDEE deals and specific Italian institutions and international organisations.

In a national context still marked by shortcomings in the study of international political and economic relations, ISDEE is the longest-standing specialised institute still active in the study and documentation of Eastern Europe. By the same token, its bi-monthly journal “Est-Ovest” stands in Italy as the only vehicle of analysis and dialogue on Eastern Europe to have been published regularly for the last thirty years and more. http://www.isdee.it/italian/default.asp http://www.isdee.it/english/Default.asp

Magna Carta Foundation

Magna Carta is a foundation dedicated to research and studies in four thematical areas: foreign policy, research and instruction, welfare, economy and market.

Director: Roberta Lacava

http://www.magna-carta.it/ http://www.magna-carta.it/temi/politica_internazionale (International Relations)

Istituto per l’Europa Centro-Orientale e Balcanica (IECOB, Institute for Central Eastern, and Balkan Europe)

In December 1995, scholars from different European and American Universities - connected through the "Europe and the Balkans International Network" - founded IECOB in Bologna. The Institute is situated in Forlì, in headquarters provided by the Alma Mater-University of Bologna at Forlì Campus. The relations with the University have become stronger with the passing of years.

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Aims:

Promotion and coordination of research, studies, research centres, and international exchange initiatives among scholars all in favour of European cooperation and integration

Promotion of the education of young people from the EU, as well as Central, Eastern and Balkan Europe, and also promotion of the training of consultants, experts and teachers

Provision to Italian companies of useful information on the latest changes in the area of Central-Eastern and Balkan Europe through research surveys (on specific countries) and constant monitoring

Encouragement to the study of the European languages of the Institute’s Area of concern

Dissemination of cultural knowledge and sensitivity increase through bilateral and multilateral approaches, in view of the EU Enlargement Eastwards, the new neighbourhood policies, the development of twinning strategies and the intensive relations among schools and teachers.

The "Europe and the Balkans" International Network was established by 12 scholars from 4 countries (Italy, United Kingdom, Greece and Denmark) in 1993, thanks to the financial support of the (Human Capital and Mobility Program).

Since then, the Network has greatly expanded and currently includes over 150 scholars from 25 European countries, the United States and Canada.

Research Projects

Mediterranean Voices (EuroMed)

Mediterranean Voices: Oral history and Cultural Practice in Mediterranean Cities

The EuroMed Consortium in Beirut

Integrating the Balkans in the European Union (IBEU)

Functional borders and Sustainable Security: Integrating the Balkans in the European Union (IBEU)

President Guido Gambetta

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Director Stefano Bianchini [email protected] Tel: 0543-36304/23000 Fax: 0543-377088

Vice Director Francesco Privitera [email protected] Tel: 0543-36304/23000 Fax: 0543-377088

Research, Training and Planning Corso della Rebubblica, 88A 47100 Forlì, Italy Phone +39 0543 36304 Phone +39 0543 23000 Fax +39 0543 377088

Administration, Library and Publications Via Sigismondo Marchesi, 12 47100 Forlì, Italy Phone +39 0543 21995 Fax +39 0543 23351

E-mail: [email protected] http://137.204.115.130/

Osservatorio sui Balcani

Observatory on the Balkans is a project promoted by the Peace Bell Foundation and the Forum Trentino for Peace and Human Rights. It is sponsored by the Council Department for International Solidarity of the Autonomous Province of Trento and by the Municipality of Rovereto.

Founded in 2000 in response to the demand for knowledge and debate with people, associations and institutions which had for years promoted peace and social cohabitation in the Balkans; today the Observatory organises a workshop about in- between Europe and offers a view on the Balkans, Turkey and Caucasus.

There is a topical dossier dedicated to Kosovo: http://www.osservatoriobalcani.org/article/frontpage/175

Director is Luisa Chiodi ([email protected])

Adress:

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Piazza San Marco, 7 38068 Rovereto (TN) - Italia

Telefono: +39 0464 424230 Fax: +39 0464 424299 Email Segreteria: [email protected] Email Redazione: [email protected] http://www.osservatoriobalcani.org/

http://limes.espresso.repubblica.it/category/limes/

Limes is the leading Italian journal on geopolitics. It was founded in 1993 by Lucio Caracciolo who is still its editor-in-chief. Caracciolo writes in the section “Il Punto” on geopolitcs worldwide, including regularly on the Balkans: http://limes.espresso.repubblica.it/category/caracciolo/ilpunto/

28 March 2008 edition was dedicated to Kosovo: http://limes.espresso.repubblica.it/2008/03/25/kosovo- non-solo-balcani/?p=535

Contributors to the volume are:

Rosario Aitala, Arjan Konomi, Hashim Thaçi, Albin Kurti, Fabio Mini, Fausto Biloslavo, Emanuela C. Del Re, Albert Rakipi, Dusan Janjic, Pavle Rak, Carlo Bellinzona, Paolo Quercia, Gian Pietro Caliari, Francesco Strazzari, Margherita Paolini, Ennio Remondino, Alessandro Rotta, Matteo Tacconi, Eric Robert Terzuolo, Mauro De Bonis, Giovanni Del Re, , Michael Steiner, Ferran Requejo, Marc Sanjaume, Irene Zissimos, Massimiliano Ferrara, Giulio Venneri, Dario D’Urso, Miodrag Lekic, Laurent Franciosi, John Agnew.

The supplement Limesplus, printed in Serbian/Bosian/Croatian is focused on South Eastern Europe.

Bijan Zarmandili, [email protected]

Italian Intelligence Magazine

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Director Franco Gabrielli

Editor Francesco La Motta

Direction, Editorial Office and Secretariat Via G. Lanza, 194 – 00184 Rome

http://www.sisde.it/ http://www.sisde.it/gnosis/MainDbE.nsf/HomePages/H13

Recent articles about Balkan topics:

Issue 1/2008 (January-March)

Issue 3/2007 (July-September 2007)

http://www.sisde.it/Gnosis/Rivista12.nsf/ServNavigE/57 Rinascita Balcanica

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The Rinascita Balcanica is a network of journalists working in the Balkans providing independent information on the region. There are two portals, rinascitabalcanica.com in Italian and EvropaNacija.com in Serbian. The information are gathered regionally and elaborated in the Rinascita offices in Bosnia Herzegovina, Serbia and Romania and translated into Italian and Serbian.

Director : Ugo Gaudenzi Vice Director: Michele Altamura Editor in chief: Novellino Fulvia

Headquarters Via G. Vasari, 4 00196 Rome Phone 0039 06.3218203/06.97274714 Fax 0039 06.45426180 [email protected] http://www.rinascitabalcanica.com/

3. Books/Articles on Italy in English

Paul Ginsborg, A History of Contemporary Italy, 1990.

Paul Ginsborg, Italy and its Discontents, 2001.

Vera Zamagni, The Economic 1860 – 1990, 1997.

C. POLITICS

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This section gives an overview of the major governmental institutions and relevant political players in government, parliament and the political parties.

Italy is a parliamentary republic with a bicameral system. The President of the Republic is the Head of State. Presiding over the Government is the Prime Minister, who is the Head of Government. Each legislature lasts five years. The electoral system is a majority one with a 25% proportional quota.

The republic is one and indivisible and recognises and promotes local autonomies; the State and are independent and sovereign each according to its own laws, and their relations are regulated by the Lateran Pacts. All religions are equally free before the law. Italian law conforms to the rules of generally recognised international law.

Italian Constitution (full text in English) http://www.servat.unibe.ch/law/icl/it00000_.html

Linguistic minorities are present and recognised in Italy including German, Albanian, Slovenian, Ladino and Catalan, Provençal and Franco-Provençal.

The Arbëreshë, of whom there are around 100,000 in and in central , the result of past migrations, are speakers of the Arbëresh dialect of Albanian. About 80,000 Slovene-speakers live in the north-eastern region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia near the border with Slovenia.

In the region of central-south Italy some 4,000 people speak Molise Croatian. These are the Molise Croats, descendants of a group of people who migrated from the Balkans in the Middle Ages.

1. The Italian President

Giorgio Napolitano (*1925) was elected President of the Republic on May 10th 2006. Napolitano graduated in law from Naples University in December 1947. Since the 1950s he has been active in politics and a leading politician of the Communist Party. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the first time in 1953, and with the exception of the 4th Parliament he was a Member of Parliament until 1996, always re-elected in the Naples constituency. From 1989 to 1992 he was a Member of the .

Since 1995 he has been the President of the Italian Council of the European Movement. On 23 September 2005 he was appointed life senator by the President of the Republic, . His latest book “Dal PCI al socialismo europeo: un'autobiografia politica” (From the PCI to European Socialism: a Political Autobiography) was published in 2005.

As the Head of State, the President of the Republic represents the unity of the nation and has many of the duties previously given to the king of Italy. The president serves as a point of connection between the three branches of power: he appoints the executive,

www.esiweb.org Communicating Europe: Italy Manual 37 and is the president of the judiciary. The president is also the commander-in-chief of armed forces.

The President of the Republic is elected by an electoral college consisting of both houses of Parliament and 58 regional representatives for a seven-year term. While it is not forbidden by law, no president has ever served two terms.

Name Took Office Left Office Party I [1] 1 January 1948 12 May 1948 II 12 May 1948 11.May 1955 Italian Liberal Party III 11 May 1955 11.May 1962 IV 11 May 1962 6 [2] Christian Democracy Italian Democratic Socialist V 29 December 1964 29 December 1971 Party VI 29 December 1971 15 June 1978[3] Christian Democracy VII Alessandro Pertini 9 July 1978 29 June 1985[4] VIII 3 July 1985 28 April 1992[5] Christian Democracy IX 28 May 1992 15 May 1999[6] Christian Democracy X Carlo Azeglio Ciampi 18 May 1999 15 May 2006 [7] No party affiliation [8] XI Giorgio Napolitano 15 May 2006 Present http://www.quirinale.it/presidente/altrelingue/inglese/presidente-en.htm

2. Government

2.1. National Parliamentary Elections 13-14 April 2008

Silvio Berlusconi celebrated an election comeback triumph putting him back in charge for a third term as Italy’s Prime Minister.

Berlusconi’s centre right Party of Liberty with the smaller partners Northern League and the Southern Italian Mpa won 46.8 percent of the votes.

Walter Veltroni’s centre-left Democratic Party with its partner Italy of Values reached 37.6 percent. The only other party who jumped over the threshold is the Centre Union, which reached 5.6 percent. The other formations could not gain a single seat in parliament, this is especially surprising for the leftist Rainbow coalition of communist and green parties. This means that for the first time in post-war

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Italy, no communist party is present in parliament. This is equally true for the Socialist Party and the Right. This reduces the number of parties in parliament dramatically from 26 to 6.

Of a total of 630 seats the party distribution is:

370 PDL - Northern League

246 Democrat Party – Italy of Values

14 Minority Parties

The Italian election law foresees that the party, which has most votes in the election gets at least 340 seats in parliament to secure a broad majority.

At the same time there were also elections to the upper house, the Senate. The results were:

Berlusconi’s coalition has 168 seats, the opposition 138. As in the Chamber of Deputies only 3 party formations reached the Senate plus 5 politicians from regional parties.

Prime Minister

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Silvio Berlusconi is the current , a position he held already twice in 1994-1995 and 2001-2006. He is the leader of the political movement, a party he founded in 1993.

Ministers of the Fourth Berlusconi Government (since 13 May 2008)

Franco Frattini Foreign Minister Minister of the Interior Minister of Economy

Angelino Alfano Minister of Justice Minister of Defence Minister of European Affairs

Luca Zaia Minister of Agriculture Minister of Reforms Minister of Streamlining

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Claudio Scajola Guido Sacconi Minister of Economic Minister of the Environment Minister of Welfare, Health Development and Labour

Gianni Letta Undersecretary Minister of Equal Minister of Infrastructure Opportunities

Sandro Bondi Alfredo Vito Minister of Cultural Heritage Minister for Relations with Minister of Youth Policies the Parliament

Raffaele Fitto Minister for Relations with Minister of Public Ministser of Policy the Regions Administration and Realization Innovation Here is a list of all ministries and state secretariats, with respective contact details:

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Prime Ministership Indirizzo: Palazzo Chigi - Piazza Colonna, 370 - 00187 ROMA Tel: (+39) 06.67791 Website: www.governo.it

Foreign Affairs Piazzale della Farnesina, 1 - 00194 ROMA Tel: (+39) 06.36911 Website: www.esteri.it E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Interior Palazzo Viminale Via 7, 00184 ROMA Tel: (+39) 06.4651 Tel. Ufficio stampa: +39 0646533777 Website: www.interno.it

Justice Via Arenula, 70 - 00186 ROMA Tel: (+39) 06.68851 Website: www.giustizia.it E-mail: [email protected]

Economy and Finances Via XX Settembre, 97 - 00187 ROMA Tel: (+39) 06.47611 Tel. Ufficio Stampa: (+39) 06.47614606 E-mail: [email protected] Website www.mef.gov.it, www.tesoro.it E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

Economic Development Gabinetto del Ministro - Via Molise, 2 - 00187 ROMA tel: (+39) 06.42043486 -06.420434000 fax: (+39) 06.47887964 Ufficio stampa: (+39) 06.420434661 - fax (+39) 06420434315 Website: www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it E-mail: [email protected]

Education, Universities and Research Piazzale Kennedy, 20 - 00144 ROMA Tel: (+39) 06.58491 Website: www.miur.it E-mail: [email protected]

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Viale Trastevere, 76/a - 00153 ROMA Tel: (+39) 06.58491 Sito: www.pubblica.istruzione.it E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] (+39) 06 58492377

International Trade Viale Boston 25 - 00144 ROMA Tel: (+39) 06.59931 URP: (+39) 0659932800 Website: www.mincomes.it E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

Labour, Health and Social Policies Via Veneto 56 - 00187 ROMA Tel:(+39) 06.481611 Press: (+39) 0648161451-2 Website: www.lavoro.gov.it E-mail: [email protected]

Via Giorgio Ribotta 5 - 00144 Roma Tel. (+39) 06.5994.1 Sito: www.ministerosalute.it E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Via Fornovo, 8 - 00192 ROMA Tel: (+39) 06.36751 Sito: www.solidarietasociale.gov.it

Social Solidarity Via Fornovo, 8 - 00192 ROMA Tel: (+39) 06.36751 Website: www.solidarietasociale.gov.it E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

Defence Gabinetto - Via XX Settembre, 8 - 00187 ROMA Tel: (+39) 06.4882126/7 Palazzo dell'Esercito - Via XX Settembre, 123 - 00187 ROMA Tel: (+39) 06.47351 Palazzo della Marina - Piazza della Marina - 00196 ROMA Tel: (+39) 06.36801 Palazzo dell'Aeronautica - Viale dell'Università, 4 - 00187 ROMA Tel: (+39) 06.49861 Website: www.difesa.it E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

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Agricultural, alimentary and forestal policies Via XX Settembre, 20 - 00187 ROMA Tel: (+39) 06.46651 Website: www.politicheagricole.gov.it E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Environment and Protection of the Sea Viale Cristoforo Colombo, 44 - 00147 ROMA Tel: (+39) 06.57221 Website: www.minambiente.it E-mail: [email protected]

Infrastructure Piazzale Porta Pia, 1 - 00198 ROMA Tel: (+39) 06.44121 Website: www.infrastrutture.gov.it E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Transport Piazza della Croce Rossa 1- 00187 ROMA Segreteria del Ministro E-mail [email protected] Ufficio Stampa: Tel. (+39) 06.44267206 - (+39) 06.44267130 - (+39) 0544105207 Fax (+39) 06.44267135 Website: www.trasporti.gov.it E-mail:[email protected] E-mail:[email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

Cultural Goods and Activities Via del Collegio Romano, 27 - 00186 ROMA Tel: (+39) 06.67231 Website: www.beniculturali.it E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected]

Communication Eur, Viale America, 201 - 00144 ROMA Tel: (+39) 06.54441 Website: www.comunicazioni.it E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected]

Relations with the Regions Via della Stamperia, 7 - 00187 ROMA Tel: (+39) 06.67791 - +39 06.67794151 Website: www.affariregionali.it E-mail: [email protected]

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Policy Realization Largo Chigi, 19 - 00187 ROMA Tel: (+39) 06.67794670 Website: www.attuazione.it E-mail: [email protected]

Public Administration and Innovation Corso Vittorio Emanuele II, 116 - 00186 ROMA Tel: (+39) 06.68991 Website: www.innovazionepa.gov.it E-mail: [email protected]

Equal Opportunities Largo Chigi, 19 - 00187 ROMA Tel: (+39) 06.67791, +39 06.67792435 Website: www.pariopportunita.gov.it E-mail: [email protected]

Relations with the Parliament Largo Chigi 19 - 00187 ROMA Tel: (+39) 06.67792808 Tel: (+39) 06.67795938 Website: www.rapportiparlamento.it E-mail: [email protected]

European Affairs Piazza Nicosia, 20- 00186 ROMA Tel: (+39) 06.67795191 Fax (+39) 06.6779.5342/5326 Website: www.politichecomunitarie.it E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

Reforms and Federalism Not yet announced.

Youth Policies Largo Chigi, 19 - 00187 ROMA Website: www.pogas.it Tel: (+39) 06.67792949 - Fax +39 06.67792041 Settore legislativo +39 06.67792415 Ufficio Stampa (+39) 06.67792052 E-mail: [email protected]

Streamlining Not yet announced.

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3. Parliament and political parties

Italy elects a parliament consisting of two houses, the Chamber of Deputies (Camera dei Deputati), which has 630 members and the Senate of the Republic (Senato della Repubblica), comprising 315 elected members and a small number of senators for life. Both houses are elected for a maximum of five years. Legislation may originate in either house and must be passed in identical form by a majority in each. http://english.camera.it/ http://www.senato.it/

Italy’a political post World War II history was dominated by the Democrazia Cristiana (DC - Christian-Democrats) party for forty years, while the opposition was led by the (PCI); this condition endured until the Tangentopoli scandal and operation (clean hans), which led to the dissolving of most of the Italian parties in the early 1990s and constitutional changes in 1993. After a period of big party coalitions of the centre-left and centre-right, often the reason for unstable coalition governments, the trend in 2007 was to form bigger single parties.

3.1. Democratic Party (Partito Democratico, PD)

The Democratic Party was founded on 14 October 2007 as merger of various left-wing and centrist parties which were part of the The Union in the 2006 general election. Its current chairperson is . The parties which merged in the new party were:

Democrats of the Left (social-democratic), Democracy is Freedom – Daisy (centrist); Southern Democratic Party (centrist); Project (centrist); European Republicans Movement (social-liberal); Democratic Republicans (social-liberal); Middle-of-the- Road Italy (Christian-democratic); Reformist Alliance (social-democratic).

The success of the 2005 centre-left , in which over four million voters formally endorsed as Prime Minister candidate, gave a push to the project of a unified centre-left party. Since then, and , party leaders of Democracy is Freedom and of the Left, conventions in April 2007 to formally approve the merger.

Former Rome mayor Walter Veltroni was officially crowned as first Democratic Party secretary during the founding constituting assembly held in Milan on 28 October 2007. http://www.partitodemocratico.it/

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Massimo D’Alema (*1949)

Massimo D’Alema is one of the leading politicians of the . He started his political career within the Communist Party in the 1960s and was in 1989 among the founding members of the new party Democratic Party of the Left. After the 2006 national elections D’Alema became foreign minister in May 2006. D’Alema is president of the Foundation “italienieuropei”.

Among his many books there is one dedicated to Kosovo: “Kosovo. The Italians and the War” ("Kosovo. Gli italiani e la guerra" 1999). http://www.massimodalema.it/

3.2. People of Freedom (Popolo della Libertà, PdL)

The PdL was launched on 2 December 2007 and was officially founded on 27 March 2008.

Since the run-up to the 2006 general election there was talk among the components of the about merging into a "united party of the and reformers". Forza Italia (FI), the National Alliance (AN) and the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC) seemed all interested in the project.

On 2 December 2006, during a big demonstration of the centre- right in Rome against the government of Romano Prodi, Silvio Berlusconi proposed the foundation of a "Freedom Party", underlining that voters of the different parties together were part of a "people of freedom".

On 18 November 2007, after that Forza Italia collected the signatures of more than 7 million Italians (including Umberto Bossi) against Romano Prodi's government and in order to ask to the President of the Republic Giorgio Napolitano fresh elections, Berlusconi announced that Forza Italia will merge or transform into the "Party of ".

In January 2008 Berlusconi agreed with , chairperson of Alleanza Nazionale that the new party could see the participation of other parties. On 8 February 2008, Berlusconi and Fini agreed to form a joint list under the banner of the "Freedom People", allied with Lega Nord.

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http://www.ilpopolodellaliberta.it/

3.3. The Left – The Rainbow (La Sinistra – L'Arcobaleno)

Left-wing federation of parties officially launched on 8–9 December 2007.

The federation is composed of four parties:

* the Communist Refoundation Party (); * the Party of Italian Communists (Oliviero Diliberto); * the Federation of the (, Minister of the Environment); * the (Fabio Mussi, Minister of University and Research). http://www.sinistraarcobaleno.org/

3.4. The Socialist Party (Il Partito Socialista)

The Italian Socialist Party (Partito Socialista Italiano, PSI) was a socialist/social democratic political party founded in in 1892. Once the dominant leftist party in Italy, it was eclipsed in status by the Italian Communist Party following World War II. It dissolved in 1994 as a result of the Tangentopoli scandal, an investigation into political corruption by the Italian government. In July 2007 Enrico Boselli, chairperson of the Italian Socialist Democrats stated to re-found the Socialist Party with other smaller parties of the centre-left spectrum. http://www.partitosocialista.it

3.5. Union of the Centre (Unione di Centro)

The new party was founded on 28 February 2008 by the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC), the White Rose (RB), the Party of Christian Democracy (PdDC) and the Christian Democratic Party (PDC). The coalition is also externally supported by some regional groups, such as the Veneto for the European People's Party (VPPE). , long-standing leader of UDC, was the candidate for Prime Minister of the newly formed alliance, while Savino Pezzotta, President of RB, will coordinate the merger of the parties into a single entity. http://www.udc-italia.it/

3.6. The Right (La Destra)

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On 3 July 2007 announced his resignation from the National Alliance party. On 27 July he presented the new party, The Right. On 10 November the party was officially founded in a constituent congress in Rome. On that occasion, the Sicilian Alliance of also merged into The Right, and Daniela Santanchè, a leading woman member of AN, tjoined the new party, broadening its appeal, as she was close to the Italian Liberal Party and had never joined the .

On 15 February 2008 it was announced that The Right will run the 2008 general election in alliance with far right , outside the People of Freedom-led coalition. Daniela Santanchè will be the candidate for Prime Minister and leader of the joint list between the two parties. http://www.la-destra.it/

3.4. Parties outside the blocks

New Italian Socialist Party or New PSI [Gianni DE MICHELIS] or PRI [] [Alessandra MUSSOLINI] Social Movement-Tricolor Flame or MSI-Fiamma [] Social Idea Movement with Rauti or MIS [Pino RAUTI] People's Party or SVP (German speakers) [Elmar Pichler ROLLE] Union of Valley Aosta Region or UV [Guido CESAL]

4. Judiciary

The Italian judicial system is based on Roman law modified by the Napoleonic code and later statutes. It is based on an inquisitorial civil law system. Appeals are treated almost as new trials, and three degrees of trial are present.

There is only partial judicial review of legislation in the American sense. Judicial review exists under certain conditions in the Constitutional Court, or Corte Costituzionale, which can reject anti-constitutional laws after scrutiny.

The Constitutional Court is composed of 15 judges one of which is the President of the Italian Constitutional Court elected from the court itself. One third of the judges are appointed by the President of the Italian Republic, one-third are elected by Parliament and one-third are elected by the ordinary and administrative supreme courts. The Constitutional Court passes on the constitutionality of laws, and is a post-World War II innovation. Its powers, case load, and frequency of decisions are not as extensive as those of the U.S. Supreme Court.

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