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The Context of Medieval Church History 7 Medieval Church History The Context of Medieval Church History 9 2013. 1st Semester. Lee Sun Ho 1 Course Syllabus Medieval Church History 2 Course Syllabus Medieval Church History 3 Course Syllabus Medieval Church History 4 Course Syllabus Medieval Church History 5 References, Reports Medieval Church History 6 Finshed Text Books A history of the Christian Church The Middle Ages to the Close of the Investiture Controversy 4-3. The Franks and the Papacy 4-4. Charlemagne 4-5. Ecclesiastical Institutions 4-6. Collapsing Empire and Rising Papacy 4-7. Papal Decline and Renewal by the Revived Empire Medieval Church History 7 Process Text Books A history of the Christian Church The Middle Ages to the Close of the Investiture Controversy 4-8. Reform Movements 4-9. The Reform Party Secures the Papacy 4-10. The Papacy Breaks with the Empire Medieval Church History 8 Process Text Books A history of the Christian Church The Middle Ages to the Close of the Investiture Controversy 4-11. Hildebrand and Henry IV 4-12. The Struggle Ends in Compromise 4-13. The Greek Church after the Picture Controversy 4-14. The Spread of the ChurchMedieval Church History 9 Finshed Text Books The Medieval Church 1. Christianity after the Fall of Rome 2. The Expansion of Christianity 3. The Church in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries Medieval Church History 10 Process Text Books The Medieval Church 4. Recovery in the West 5. The Church and the Nation State Medieval Church History 11 References, Reports Summa Theologica, vol. 12(la. 84-89) Medieval Church History 12 References, Reports Medieval Church History 13 References, Movies Medieval Church History 14 New Topic Conflicts between Popes and Emperors Medieval Church History 15 Conflict Gregory VII (1015–1085) Medieval Church History 16 Conflict Gregory VII (1015–1085) Gregory VII , born Hildebrand of Sovan a, was elected Pope on 22 April 1073, and rei gned from 30 June 1073 until his death. One of the great reforming popes, he is perha ps best known for the part he played in the In vestiture Controversy, his dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor that affirmed the p rimacy of papal authority and the new canon l aw governing the election of the pope by the College of Cardinals. Medieval Church History 17 Conflict Gregory VII (1015–1085) He was also at the forefront of developmen ts in the relationship between the emperor and the papacy during the years before he became pope. He was the first pope in several centuries t o rigorously enforce the Church's ancient p olicy of celibacy for the Catholic clergy and attacked the practice of simony. Medieval Church History 18 Conflict Gregory VII (1015–1085) He twice excommunicated Henry, who in the end a ppointed Antipope Clement III to oppose him in th e political power struggles between the Catholic Ch urch and his empire. Hailed as one of the greatest of the Roman pontiffs after his reforms proved successful, Gregory was, d uring his own reign, despised by some for his expa nsive use of papal powers. Gregory was beatified by Gregory XIII in 1584 and canonized in 1728 by Pope BenedictMedieval XIII. Church History 19 Conflict Gregory VII (1015–1085) Having been such a prominent champion of the papacy, the memory of Gregory VII was evoked on many occasions in later gen erations, both positively and negatively, of ten reflecting later writers' attitude to the Catholic Church and the papacy. Medieval Church History 20 Conflict Gregory VII (1015–1085) Benno of Meissen, who opposed Gregory VII in the Inv estiture Controversy, leveled against him charges such as necromancy, torture of a former friend upon a bed o f nails, commissioning an attempted assassination, exe cutions without trials, unjust excommunication, doubt ing the Real Presence of the Eucharist, and even burni ng the Eucharist. This was eagerly repeated by later opponents of the Ca tholic Church, such as the English Protestant John Fox e. Joseph McCabe describes Gregory as a "rough and vi olent peasant, enlisting his brute strength in the servic e of the monastic ideal which he embraced." Medieval Church History 21 Conflict Gregory VII (1015–1085) In contrast, the noted historian of the 11th ce ntury H.E.J. Cowdrey writes, "he (Gregory) w as surprisingly flexible, feeling his way and th erefore perplexing both rigorous collaborator s ... and cautious and steady-minded ones ... His zeal, moral force, and religious conviction , however, ensured that he should retain to a remarkable degree the loyalty and service of a wide variety of men and women."Medieval Church History 22 Reform Gregorian Reform The powers that the Gregorian papacy gather ed to itself were summed up in a list called Di ctatus papae about 1075 or somewhat later. The major headings of Gregorian reform can be seen as embodied in the Papal electoral de cree (1059), and the resolution of the Investit ure Controversy (1075–1122) was an overwhe lming papal victory that by implication ackno wledged papal superiority overMedieval secular rulers. Church History 23 Reform Gregorian Reform Within the Church important new laws we re pronounced on simony (the purchasing of positions relating to the church), on cler ical marriage and from 1059 laws extendin g the prohibited degrees of Affinity. Medieval Church History 24 Reform Gregorian Reform The reforms are encoded in two major doc uments: Dictatus papae and the bull Liber tas ecclesiae. The Gregorian reform depen ded in new ways and to a new degree on th e collections of Canon law that were being assembled, in order to buttress the papal p osition, during the same period. Medieval Church History 25 Reform Gregorian Reform Part of the legacy of the Gregorian Reform was the new figure of the Papal Legist, e xemplified a century later by Pope Innocen t III. Medieval Church History 26 Reform Gregorian Reform Gregory also had to avoid the Church ever slipping back into the seriously embarrassi ng abuses that had occurred in Rome, duri ng the The Rule of the Harlots, between 90 0 and 1050. Pope Benedict IX had been elected Pope th ree times and had sold the Papacy. Medieval Church History 27 Reform Gregorian Reform In 1054 the "Great Schism" had divided we stern European Christians from the easter n Greek Orthodox church. Given these events, the Church had to reas sert its importance and authority to its foll owers. Medieval Church History 28 Reform Gregorian Reform, Celibacy Celibacy refers to a state of being unmar ried and sexually abstinent, usually in ass ociation with the role of a religious officia l or devotee. Medieval Church History 29 Reform Gregorian Reform, Celibacy Medieval Church History 30 Reform Gregorian Reform, Simony Simony is the act of paying for sacramen ts and consequently for holy offices or for positions in the hierarchy of a church, nam ed after Simon Magus, who appears in the Acts of the Apostles 8:9-24. Medieval Church History 31 Reform Gregorian Reform, Simony Simon Magus was said to have offered two disciple s of Jesus, Peter and John, payment so that anyon e on whom he would place his hands would receive the power of the Holy Spirit. This is the origin of the term simony; but it also ex tends to other forms of trafficking for money in "sp iritual things". Simony was also one of the important issue s during the Investiture ControversyMedieval. Church History 32 Reform Gregorian Reform, Simony Medieval Church History 33 Reform Investiture Controversy The Investiture Controversy or Investit ure Contest was the most significant conflic t between Church and state in medieval Euro pe. In the 11th and 12th centuries, a series of Pop es challenged the authority of European mon archies over control of appointments, or inves titures, of church officials such as bishops an d abbots. Medieval Church History 34 Reform Investiture Controversy Although the principal conflict began in 1075 betw een Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, a brief but significant struggle over inves titure also occurred between Henry I of England a nd Pope Paschal II in the years 1103 to 1107, and the issue played a minor role in the struggles b etween church and state in France as well. The en tire controversy was finally resolved by the Concordat of Worms in 1122. Medieval Church History 35 Reform Investiture Controversy By undercutting the Imperial power establ ished by the Salian emperors, the controve rsy led to nearly 50 years of civil war in Ge rmany, and the triumph of the great dukes and ab bots, until Imperial power was reestablish ed under the Hohenstaufen dynasty. Medieval Church History 36 Reform Investiture Controversy Medieval Church History 37 ReformInvestiture Controversy The Concordat of Worms, 1122 The Concordat of Worms, sometimes called the Pactum Calixtinum by papal historians, was an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Ro man Emperor Henry V on September 23, 1122 nea r the city of Worms. It brought to an end the first phase of the power st ruggle between the Papacy and the Holy Roman E mperors and has been interpreted as containing wi thin itself the germ of nation-based sovereignty th at would one day be confirmed in the Treaty of We stphalia (1648); Medieval Church History 38 Reform Investiture Controversy The Concordat of Worms, 1122 in part this was an unforeseen result of strate gic maneuvering between the Church and the European sovereigns over political control wi thin their domains. The King was recognized as having the right t o invest bishops with secular authority ("by t he lance") in the territories they governed, bu t not with sacred authority ("by ring and staff "); Medieval Church History 39 Reform Investiture Controversy The Concordat of Worms, 1122 the result was that bishops owed allegianc e in worldly matters both to the pope and t o the king, for they were obligated to affir m the right of the sovereign to call upon th em for military support, under his oath of f ealty.
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