The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume IV Edited by David Luscombe and Jonathan Riley-Smith Index More Information

Home , Antipope Clement III, Burgundio of Pisa, Gervase of Melkley, Montmajour Abbey, Saxon Rebellion, Sicard of Cremona

Cambridge University Press 0521414105 - The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume IV Edited by David Luscombe and Jonathan Riley-Smith Index More information

INDEX

Note: Page numbers in italics refer to maps and ﬁgures; footnotes are annotated n; plate numbers are given in italics (e.g. Plate 43)

Aachen, council of (816–17) 247 account rolls 12–13 Abasges peoples 578n Accursius, Glossa ordinaria 124, 137 ‘Abbadids, of Seville 603, 604 Acerenza, province of 445 ‘Abbasid caliphate 9, 564, 566, 620 Acre 65, 562, 574 abbatia (abbey), use of term 353 siege of 45, 559–61 abbeys see monasteries; religious communities Adalard of Corbie, Statutes of 35 Abbo, abbot of Fleury 361, 493 Adalbero, bishop of Laon 4, 148–9, 167, 336, 366 abbots 15, 353 critic of Peace of God movement 192, 193–4 appointment of 360, 361 Adalbero, bishop of Metz 277 and n lay (secular) 361 Adalbert, archbishop of Hamburg/Bremen ‘Abd al-Mu’min, Almohad caliph 592, 611, 243–4, 258 612–13 Adalbert of Bologna 477 and al-Andalus 614, 615–16 Adam, abbot of Ebrach 550 ‘Abd al-Rahman III, caliph of Cordoba´ 602 Adam of Balsham (Adam du Petit-Pont) 399, ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Nasir, caliph of Cordoba´ 599, 476, 492 603 Adam of St Victor 672 ‘Abd al-Rahman (Sanjul) 601 Adana (Cilicia) 541, 568, 588 ‘Abd Allah bin al-Aftas, ruler of Badajoz 603 Adela of Blois 343, 511, 544, 673 ‘Abd Allah bin Buluggin, ruler of Granada 604, Adelaide of Maurienne 549 605, 607 Adelard of Bath 436, 463, 481 ‘Abd Allah bin Yasin, founder of Almoravids 606 on music 472 Abdallah ibn al-Fadl 575 on philosophy 478 Abelard see Peter Abelard travels 482, 483 Abgar, King, legend of 597 Adelman of Liege` 464–5 Abraham ibn Ezra 484, 652 Adgar 681 Abu Bakr 606 Adhemar, abbot of Limoges 710, 711 Abu Bakr bin al-‘Arabi, qadi of Seville 609 Adhemar of Chabannes, monk of Limoges 250, Abu Hafs, Almohad sayyid 616–17 256, 504 Abu Hafs ‘Umar 612–13 Adhemar of Le Puy 542 Abu Macshar, Introduction to Astrology 472 Admont abbey, nuns’ house at 345 Abu Salih 594 Adrian I, pope 283 Abu Ya‘qub Yusuf, Almohad caliph 616, 617–19 Adrian IV, pope (Nicholas Breakspear) 394, 416, Abu Yusuf Ya‘qub al-Mansur, Almohad caliph 426, 552 619–22 as cardinal bishop of Albano 403, 417 Abu’l Faraj Yahya ibn Sa‘id, Annals of the and curia 405, 420 Patriarchs of Alexandria 575 grant of privilege 391–2, 393 Abu’l-Walid bin Rushd, qadi of Cordoba´ 609 primacy disputes 447 865

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521414105 - The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume IV Edited by David Luscombe and Jonathan Riley-Smith Index More information

866 Index

Adrian IV, pope (cont.) Albert, cardinal priest 420, 455n reorganisation of papal patrimony 401, 422, Albert of Morra see Gregory VIII 430 Albi, bishop of 522 and role of cardinals 381, 428 Albi cathedral 727 Aelred of Rievaulx 344, 346, 357, 360, 436–7 Albigensian Crusade 400, 525, 531 Æthelred, king of England 107 see also Catharism; Cathars al-Afdhal 592 Albinus, cardinal bishop of Albano 401 Afﬂighem abbey 341 Albricani, followers of Alberic of Paris 492 Africa 2, 8 Alcacer do Sal (Qasr Abi Danis) 621 Christian churches in 592–5 Alcala,´ Order of 548 Nubian church 595–6 Alcantara,´ Order of 548 see also Egypt; Maghreb; Tunisia alchemy 484 Aftasids, rulers of Badajoz 603, 605 Alcuin of York 475, 478 Agen, Cathar bishopric 524 aldermen 78 Agnes of Poitou, wife of Emperor Henry III 263, Aldred, archbishop of York 243 282 Aledo, castle of 607 agriculture Aleppo 566, 568, 624 arable 25–8, 32–3, 38–40 Alessandria 82, 457 crops 39, 40 Alexander II, pope 232, 245, 258, 259, 266, 324 expansion of cultivated land 25–8 support for Reconquista 179, 196, 197, 222, 633 ﬁeld systems and plots 32–3 Alexander III, pope (Roland) 145, 416, 424 increased productivity 2, 24–35, 40 and cardinal legates 417, 418–19, 426 livestock 37–8 and case of Thomas Becket 382–3, 404, 440 markets 44–6 Cistercian exemption from tithes 393 ploughing 41–2 and clerical legal immunity 438, 440 salt meadows 28–9, 38 on clerical marriage 435, 436 technological improvements 40–4 and Cluny 393 terracing 28 denunciation of Catharism 399, 522, 531 theoretical texts on 35–6 on duties of bishops 460 see also land tenure; waste land; woodland and episcopal elections 455, 457, 459 Ahmad al-Qasi 611 exile in France 402, 407, 415, 422 Aimery of Limoges, Latin patriarch of Antioch and judicial authority of papacy 381, 382–3, 581, 582, 591, 598 385–6 Aimo, bishop of Bourges 166–7, 190 as legislator 131, 132, 135, 394, 381 and n Aix, province of 238 on monastic rules 349, 351, 366 al-Andalus see Andalusia and papal authority 373, 374–5 Alan, clerk to Innocent III 411 and Peter Lombard 498 Alan of Lille 498, 677, 680, 683–4 primacy disputes 447 Anticlaudianus 682, 683, 684 promotion of scholarship 433–4 Plaint of Nature 474, 683, 684 revenues 408, 410 scholar 467, 473, 476, 477 and right of canonisation 376–7 Alania, metropolitan of 578 role of cardinals 381, 427, 431 Alans, nomads 578 and schism 418–19 Alanus Anglicus 412n and Third Lateran Council 399, 531 Decretist 131, 133, 224, 459 and Waldensians 531, 532 Alarcos, battle of (1195) 619, 621 Alexander the Great, romance on 676, 677 Alaric, king of the Goths 119 Alexandreis 676, 690 ‘Alastoi’, Christians 578n Alexandria 49, 66, 69, 260, 571 Albacete, battle of (1147) 611 Jewish community 624 Albanenses, Cathars of Desenzano 525 Melkite patriarch of 590, 592, 593 Albania 588 Alexios I, emperor of Byzantium 536, 569 Albarracin 603, 604 church matters 570, 571, 573, 577 Alberic, cardinal bishop of Ostia 417, 452 and First Crusade 540 Alberic, monk of Monte Cassino 476, 477 Alfanus, archbishop of Salerno 255, 321, 485 Alberic of Paris, logician 492, 495 Alfonso I, duke of Portugal 403, 549 Albero, archbishop of Trier 444–5 Alfonso I, king of Aragon 545, 592, 609–10

Index 867

Alfonso II, king of Portugal 142 Amiens, bishopric of 241 Alfonso VI, king of Leon-Castile´ 285, 606–7 al-‘Amir, ruler of Egypt 566 capture of Toledo 603, 605 Anacletus II, antipope 213, 340, 402, 415 Alfonso VII, king of Leon-Castile´ 549, 551, 611, Anacletus II, pope 287n 615 Anastasius II, pope 411, 412 Alfonso VIII, King of Castile 108, 620 Anastasius IV, pope 428 and battle of Alarcos 621 Anatalon, St 257 Alfonso IX, king of Leon´ anathemas great court (1188) 108 against Michael Keroularios 571 Leges Alfonsi 142 on converted Muslims 569 Alfonso X, king of Castile, legislation 142–3 anchorites 335, 354 Algarve 611, 613, 620 Andalusia (al-Andalus) 8–9, 49, 157, 601 Algeciras 604 and Almoravid advance 607 Alger of Liege,` Book of Mercy and Justice 487, collapse of 599, 602 489, 439n lead from R´ıo Tinto 701 Algeria 614 Mozarabs deported from 592, 609–10 Alhambra palace 705 Taifa kingdoms 602–5, 610–11 ‘Ali bin Ghaniya 620 trade 62–3, 65, 66 ‘Ali bin Yusuf 609, 610 Andegavorum, gens 88, 90–1 Aliscans (Old French chanson) 666 Andreas Capellanus (Andrew the Chaplain), De Alix, countess of Blois 690 amore 183, 669 Aljaferia palace, Saragossa 602 Andrew II, king of Hungary 143 allegory 473, 489–90, 683 Andrew, St, vision of at Antioch 542, 543 allods 30, 34, 161 Andrew, bishop of Mabbug 582 Almer´ıa 604, 607 Andrew, canon of St Victor 9 captured (1146–7) 67, 555, 611 Andrew of Fleury 190 recaptured by Almohads 615 Angers, St Albinus abbey 336 silk textiles 63, 67 Ani 566, 577, 587, 589 Almiros, port 67 Aniane abbey 420 Almohads 8, 9, 592, 618 Anjou, counts of 154, 361, 546 armies 614–15, 616, 617, 618 Anna Comnena 569 internal dissensions 620 Anno I, archbishop of Cologne 117, 258 intervention in al-Andalus 613–14, 616, 617–19 Anno II, archbishop of Cologne 463, 464 intolerance of Jews 630 ‘Anonymous of York’, codex Cambridge 294 rise of 610, 611–16 Anselm, bishop of Havelberg 340–1, 369–70, 484 in Spain 557, 613–16, 618 Anselm, bishop of Lucca 121–2, 129, 181, 200, 265 structure of state 613, 614, 616, 618 canonical collections 289, 326, 487, 488, 318n war against Normans in Sicily 615 and church reform 280 Almoravids 603, 606–9 on morality of war 203, 206, 536, 539 conquest of al-Andalus 607–9 Anselm, leader of Patarini 516 decline and fall of 609–10 Anselm of Alessandria 520, 522, 523 defeated in Spain 545, 557, 610 Anselm of Bec, archbishop of Canterbury 258, in Morocco 8, 61, 592, 606–7, 610 325, 351, 443, 471, 397n resurgence 620 council (1108) 452 Alpuente 604, 608 council of Westminster (1102) 436, 437 altars, placing of 715–17 on Peter of Cluny 421n Altmann, bishop of Passau 464 relations with crown 5, 362 Amadeus III, count of Savoy 549 as scholar 466, 475, 515 Amalﬁ 58, 71, 286 Anselm of Besate 492 cult of St Andrew 255 Anselm of Laon 467, 468–9, 489, 490, 491 trade 60, 65 Antalya 554–5 Amanus mountains 541, 548 Anthes, Saint 256 Amatus of Oloron, archbishop of Bordeaux 326 anthologies (ﬂorilegia) 465, 490–1, 663 Ambrose, St 257 anti-clericalism 509 Amedeus of Hauterives 343–4, 348, 357 of Bogomils 507, 516 Amid, Jacobite patriarchate 579, 580, 582 Cathar 529

868 Index

Antioch 66, 483 architects 711, 728–31 falls to Seljuks 564 architecture 10, 694, 695–6 First Crusade at 540–2 church, and early Christian revival 286–7 monasteries 570, 576 Gothic 10, 696–7, 710–11, 728–31 and Second Crusade 552–3, 554 imitation of classical 286–7, 724, 727–8 siege of 541–2 mathematics of 729–31 Third Crusade at 559 rise of 699, 711 Antioch, patriarchate of 260, 569, 571–3, 575 see also basilicas; castles; Romanesque and Georgian church 576 Archpoet 687, 688, 689, 690 antipopes see Anacletus II; Clement III; archpriests 251–2, 458n Honorius II Arcos 604 Antivari (Bar), archbishopric of 245 Ardres, Italian merchants at 68 Antwerp 384, 510, 517 Arefast,´ a nobleman 505 Apamea 573 Arezzo, town walls 51 Apollinaris, St 257 Arghouans, Armenian catholicos of 588 aqueducts 76 Arialdus, leader of Patarini 516 Aquileia ‘Ariani’ (heretics) 522 cult of St Hermagoras 257 Ariano 143n province of 239, 406, 445 Arias, clerk of Compostela 409 Aquitaine 88, 327, 446 Aribert II, archbishop of Milan 82, 83, 239, 505, heresy in 504, 506, 508 506 Aquitaine, dukes of 189, 309, 542 Aribo, archbishop of Mainz 229, 233, 258–9 Arabic 9, 584, 614 aristocracies 153, 161–2 translations from 466, 471–2, 477, 483–4 connections with knights (milites) 162–3, used by Almohads 614 183–4 used by Christians in Antioch 572, 575 genealogies of 17 used by Copts 595 male primogeniture 20 used by Jews 631, 645–6 relations with towns 77–8 used by Nestorians 584, 585 relationship to king or lord 92–3 Arabs see also castellans; knights; lordship; nobles scholarly contacts with 472–3 Aristotle 472, 476, 478, 480 scholarship 8, 9, 466, 471–2, 477, 483–4 Ethics 484 science 473, 483–4, 651 form and matter 698 see also Berbers; Islam; Muslims Physics 477 Aragon, kingdom of 107 renewed interest in 483, 696 Arcadius, emperor 291 arithmetic, teaching of 472, 475 archaeology Arles, province of 238 domestic buildings 21–2 Armenia 541, 568, 569, 588 evidence of diet 15, 38 Little Armenia 588 evidence of population 13 Armenian church 8, 549, 568, 586–90 urban life 50 contacts with Muslims 589 archbishop legates 452–3 in Egypt 588, 592–3 archbishoprics liturgical works 590 Burgundy 238 monasteries 588 claims to primacy 445–6, 447–8 relations with Byzantium 571, 586, 587, 589–90 England 242–3 relations with Roman church 590 France 240, 241 armies Germany 236, 237, 257–8 Almohad 614–15, 616, 617, 618 Italy 239, 240 Almoravid 608 archbishops 446–8 German crusading 539, 551–2 claim to metropolitan authority 446–8 mercenary 160 receipt of pallium 324, 448–9 soldiery 148, 169 visitations to dioceses 450–1 Taifa (Muslim) 602 archdeacons 251–2, 422n, 458n see also knights; warfare archers 169, 174 Arnold of Brescia 438n Archimbaud VII, count of Bourbon 549 Arnulf of Milan 445n

Index 869

‘Arqah 542 sacramental theory of 308 Arras 52, 444–5 Augustinian order (Austin canons) 341, 513 bishopric 379 Aulps abbey 358 cloth trade 69, 70 Authentica Habita see Frederick I Barbarossa trial of heretics (1025) 505, 506 Authenticum (Roman law compilation) 141 Arrouaise order 341 authority Arsen, abbot of Iqalt’o 577 fragmentation of Carolingian 151–2, 154, 156 Arsuf, battle of 561 legitimation of 86–7, 93 art 10, 694 El Auto de los Reyes Magos 685 churches as highest expression of 697, 704 Autun, cathedral 724, Plates 35, 37 as craft activity 698, 701–3 Auvergne 32, 155 ﬁgurative sculpture 719–20, 722–3, 724 Auxerre, bishopric of 241, 457 light and colour 718, 727 Averroes¨ (Ibn Rushd) (1126–98) 8–9 in wealthy households 705–6 Avila 615 see also mosaics Axum, kingdom of 596, 597 artes liberales see liberal arts Ayubids, in Egypt 568, 596 Arthageghin monastery 588 Azdzruni’, Georgian house of 587 Arthurian legends 678, 679–81 Azo, Bolognese glossator 137 Articella, body of medical knowledge 485–6, 492 artisans 43–4, 82, 148 Babenberg family 26 Ascalon, port of 547, 561 Badajoz 603, 604 asceticism 502 captured by Giraldo (1169) 617 of Bogomils 503, 507–8 under Almoravids 607, 610 of Cathars 528, 530 and n Badr al-Jamali 592, 594, 596 of crusading knights 512–13 Baeza 615 of heretical groups 504–6 Baghdad see also heretics; hermits Buyids in 564 Ashkenazic Jews 640, 645, 647 caliph of 567 Asia, Central 568 Christians in 577, 584–5 assizes 3, 143 Jewish exilarchate 644 ‘assumptus theory’ of nature of Christ 497–8 Baghras 548 Asti, merchants 70 Bagnolo, Cathars of 525 astrology 473, 484 Bagrat III, king of Georgia 577 astronomy Bagrat IV, king of Georgia 576 Arabic 472–3, 484 Bahram, Armenian ruler of Egypt 566, 592 study of 472, 475 bakers 58 Asturia, mines 45 baldachinos, over altars 716 Athanasius II, Jacobite patriarch of Melitene 579 Balderic of Dol 425 Athanasius III, patriarch of Antioch 573 Balderic of Trier 445n Athanasius VI, Jacobite patriarch 579 Baldwin I, king of Jerusalem 510–11, 581 Athanasius VII, Jacobite patriarch 580 Baldwin III, king of Jerusalem 555 Athanasius VIII, Jacobite patriarch 580 Baldwin, count of Edessa 587 Athanasius IX, Jacobite patriarch 580 Baldwin of Boulogne 541 Atto, cardinal of San Marco 121 Balearic Islands Aubry, cardinal 582, 598 Muslims in 2, 8, 610, 614, 620 Auch, diocese 240, 241, 420 Pisan expedition to 67 Audita tremendi (encyclical proclaiming crusade under Almoravids 610, 614 1187) 557–8 Balkans, origins of Bogomilism 503–4, 507, 520 Augsburg (Swabia) 237 and n Augustine of Canterbury, St 242 Baltic region 7, 62, 63 Augustine, St 188, 193 crusades in 556–7 De doctrina christiana 471 Bamberg (Franconia) 237 and justiﬁcation for warfare 205, 206, 220 cathedral 248, 707 on material possessions of church 295–6 school and library 463, 464 philosophy 478, 479 ban (power) 156 on Plato 473 Banbury 55

870 Index

banking, facilities at fairs 70 Beauvais, bishopric of 192, 241 banking houses, Jewish 626, 628 Beirut 562, 591 Banu ‘Assun family, Ronda 611, 614 Beit Nuba 561 Banu Ghaniya family 610, 614, 620, 621 Beja 611, 618 Banu Hilal tribe 614 Belvoir castle, Palestine 548 Banu Jahwar family, Cordoba´ 603 Bencivenne, Sienese judge 136 Banu Razin, rulers of Albarracin 603 Benedict VIII, pope 245 Banu Riyah tribe 614, 619 Benedict IX, pope 263, 264 Banu Turgut, Berber chiefs 606, 609 Benedict X, pope 262 baptism 500 Benedict, canon of St Peter’s, Rome 401 infant 500, 520 Benedict, cardinal priest of S. Pudenziana rejected by heretics 504, 505, 520 425n spiritual (Cathar) 527–8 Benedictine order 26, 336, 341, 513 baptismal churches 252–3 Benedictine Rule 339, 355, 361 Bar Sawma I, Nestorian catholicos 585 basis of monastic rules 116 Bar-sur-Aube, fairs 70 Benediktbeuern Passion Play 662, 685 Barbarossa see Frederick I Barbarossa beneﬁces 146 Barbeau, Cistercian church 707, 708 sale of (papal provision) 409, 410–11 Barcelona 52, 53–4, 78, 153 Benevento 240, 287 cathedral 197 Benevento, treaty of (1156) 403, 416 trade 61, 67, 69 Benjamin of Tudela 67, 75 Barda‘a 578, 588 Itinerary 623–4 Barghwata Berbers 606 Bennecy, lord of 190 Bari Benno, bishop of Osnabruck¨ 464 council of (1079) 397 Beno, cardinal priest 412 diet at (1195) 562 Benoît de Sainte-Maure 676, 688, 690 fall of (1071) 240 Benzo, bishop of Alba 279, 282, 283, 300 Barid, convent of 579 Berbers Barnabas, St 257 Gomara 617 Barraz bin Muhammad al-Massuﬁ 613 Maghreb 599, 612–13 Barsauma, St 581 Masmuda 616 Bartholomew, bishop of Exeter 382 in Morocco 606 Bartholomew, master at Salerno 485 Sanhaja 620 Basel (Swabia) 237 siege of Cordoba´ 601 Basil II, emperor of Byzantium 564, 568, 579, in Spain 601, 603, 604 Plate 24 see also Almohads; Almoravids Basil, Armenian catholicos 587 Berengar of Tours 464–5, 480, 493–4 Basil of Ani, anti-catholicos 590 Berenguer I, of Barcelona 153 Basil bar-Sabuni, metropolitan of Edessa 580, Berenguer Raimon II, count of Barcelona 403n 582 Bergamo 72 Basil bar-Shumana, metropolitan of Edessa 581 Bernard V Gros of Uxelles 547 Basil of Caesarea, St, translations of 483 Bernard, abbot of St Victor 332 Basil, leader of Bogomils 523 Bernard, abbot of Tiron 357 Basil the Priest 590 Bernard, archbishop of Toledo 327 basilicas 698–9, 716, 726, 727, 729 Bernard, papal chamberlain 422n clerestory 718, 728 Bernard of Chartres, scholar 467–8, 476, 491 and iconography 713 interest in Plato 491, 492 Basra, Nestorian metropolitan 583 on music 472 Bath 12 teaching of grammar 471 Baudri of Bourgueil 149, 673, 446n Bernard of Clairvaux, St 176, 212, 408, 456, 515, Baumes-les-Messiers abbey 393 Plate 28 Bavaria 29, 32 biography of Archbishop Malachy 443, 444 Bavaria, duchy of 237 and church reform 271, 273 al-Baydhaq, Kitab al-Ansab 612 and Cistercian order 363–4 Bayeux Tapestry 41, 42, 171, 706, Plates 40, 41 and condemnation of Abelard 496 Beatrice, countess of Edessa 587 criticism of artistic extravagance 708, 710

Index 871

crusading epistle 210, 211 archbishops’ visitations 450–1 De laude novae militiae (Templars) 180, 194, Cathar 524–5 209, 215–16, 340, 546 competition among 255, 445–8 on dispensation 389–90 France 234 and heresy in Toulousain 518, 522 Italy 239–40 and monastic privilege 402n Lorraine 236 On the Character and the Ofﬁce of Bishops 443 provisions for vacancies (sede vacante on papal authority 369, 370–1, 373, 383, 388 459–60 on papal chancellors 423 bishops 343, 442–5, 704 on papal curia 380 authority over monasteries 328–33, 361–2 on religious life 337, 338, 339, 346–7, 350, 366 control over parishes 509–10 on role of cardinals 413, 418, 425 deputies for 251–2 scholarship of 467, 480, 495–6, 497 election of 248, 453–9, 508, 379 and n and Second Crusade 550–1 as exemplars 442–4 and toleration of Jews 637 investiture of 5, 277, 279, 281, 282–3, 292–6 Bernard of Compostela 133 itinerant 247, 250 Bernard of Hildesheim 292, 313nn limited rights in war 218–19, 222, 225 Bernard of Pavia 137, 396 papal powers over 316–17, 373–6, 453–4 Breviarium extravagantium decretalium 133, as patrons 690, 704 134, 395 powers of (deﬁned by Pseudo-Isidorian Bernard the Penitent 585 Decretals) 233–4, 316, 371, 441, 445 Bernard Silvestris, Cosmographia 474, 683 procedures on death of 453 and n Bernart de Ventadour 689 relations with cathedral 247–8 Bernold, abbot of St Blaise 342, 353, 431 relations with Salian kings of Germany 236–8, Bernold of Constance 201, 318, 321, 487, 313n, 239 436 and n relations with towns 77, 81, 82, 96 On Avoiding Excommunicates 487 role and function of 236, 246–8, 442–4, 460 on delegation of power 368 and synods 249–50 on monastic exemption 330 see also cathedrals on papal authority 314, 387, 388 Blois, anti-Jewish incident (1171) 638, 639 on papal dispensation 389 Bobastro 605 supporter of Gregory 121, 311, 312 bobbe-mayseh 667 Beroul´ 681 Boethius 479, 493, 496–7, 683 Berry region, comital power 155 Consolation of Philosophy 470, 477–8 Bertha of Sulzbach 553 De institutione musica 472 Berthold, duke of Carinthia 306 quadrivium 472, 477 Berthold of Reichenau 313n translations and commentaries of 471–2 Besançon Bogomilism 503, 507–8, 517, 504n council of (1157) 416 liturgy 528–9 province of 237, 238 Ordo 524 Bethlehem 574 Bogomils Beziers,´ viscount of 522 dispute with Italian Cathars 523–5 Bible persecution of 521 in Arabic for Jews 645 Bohemia 55, 106, 236 Glossa ordinaria 124, 489, Plate 31 Christianity in 244, 499 and imagery of church 711–12 Bohemond IV, prince of Antioch 575 Jewish exegesis of 650–2, Plate 33 Bohemond of Taranto 540, 544, 573 knowledge of spread by Waldensians 531–2 new crusade 544, 555 study of 475, 486, 489–90 and siege of Antioch 541–2 as used by heretical groups 503, 506–7, 522, Boleslav II, King of Poland 244 526 and n Boleslav Chrobry, duke (king of Poland) 244 vernacular translations 507, 511, 532 Bologna 51, 52, 73, 75 Bibles, illustrated 724–5 cathedral 127 Bijaya see Bougie civic identity 74, 80, 84 al-Biruni 578 Dominican canons 341 bishoprics (dioceses) 241–4, 246, 251–2, 499 relations with emperor 80, 82

872 Index

Bologna law school 118, 119, 123–6, 469 Britius, Master 411 Decretists 129–32, 133 Brittany 32, 33, 37 Quaestiones and Distinctiones 125, 131–2, 137 source of stories 678–9 Quattuor Doctores 124–5 Brittany, countess of 346 school of glossators 124, 130, 131 Brixen, synod (1080) 279, 278 and n Summae 130–1 ‘Brocarda’ compilations (Roman and canon law) see also legal study 132, 137 Bologna university 126–7, 135, 141 brotherhood, concept of 96, 100, 111 Authentica habita 126, 127 Brucato (Sicily) 21 Bone,ˆ taken by Pisa 66 Bruges 51–2, 76 boni homines (Cathars) 520, 522, 527 Bruno, archbishop of Cologne (brother of Bonizo, bishop of Sutri 121, 122, 181, 200 Otto I) 463, 277n Book on the Christian Life 338, 487 Bruno, bishop of Segni 286, 299–301, 537 history of church (Liber ad amicum) 285–6 Bruno of La Chartreuse 350, 359 on papal authority 315, 371, 387 Bruno of Rheims 489 role of king in warfare 204 Bugia see Bougie Bonneval abbey 356 Bugna, princes of 597 Bonnevaux abbey 344, 348, 357 building materials Book concerning the Honour of the Church domestic 21, 22 (Placidus) 298–9, 320 reused Roman 699 Book on Preserving the Unity of the Church see rubble and stucco 699 Liber de Unitate stone 75, 699–700 Book of the Ring and the Staff (Ranger of Lucca) timber 700–1 295 towns 74, 75, 76 Bordeaux 52 buildings archbishop of 324 domestic 21–2 diocese 240, 324, 446 towns 72–6 Boso, cardinal deacon of, papal chamberlain see also church building 424, 422 and n Bulayiq monastery 585 Boso, cardinal priest 426, 428, 429 Bulgaria 67 Bougie (Bijaya, Bugia) 592, 614 origins of Bogomils 503, 507–8 Boulogne, count of 108 Bulgarian empire 569 Bourbonnais, decline of comital power 155 Bulgarus, at Bologna law school 124–5, 136, 137 Bourges bullion trade 60–1 archdiocese of 240, 241, 258, 446, 457 Burchard, bishop of Worms 115, 118, 233, 250 cathedral 718 Decretum 118, 186–8, 233, 245, 246, 289, 486 Bova-Buch 667 and itinerant episcopal justice 251 Braga 13, 323 on monks 336, 352 archbishops of 446 and n, 449n scholarship of 486, 493 Brandenburg 34 Burckhardt, J. 116 brass, trade in 63, 64, 72 bureaucracy bread, unleavened 571, 572, 576, 589 Cordoba´ 599 Bremen, diocese 236, 244, 245, 455, 457n growth of 107, 112 Bremule,´ battle of (1119) 175 Burgos 707 Breri (Bleheris) 679 Burgundio of Pisa 483, 485 Brescia 41, 72 Burgundy 32, 336 Breteuil abbey 365 Catharism in 522 Breviarium Alaricianum 119 under Salian rule 238, 241 Breviarum of Cardinal Atto 121 burgus 48 brewing 44, 59 burning at the stake 532 brick-making 701 Bury St Edmunds 12, 56, 725 bridges, in towns 76 Buyids, in Baghdad 564 Bristol 51 Byzantium 1–2, 67 Britain artistic traditions 10, 723 Arthurian legends 678, 679–81 lands in southern Italy 2, 240, 288 stories of (‘matter of Britain’) 676, 678 and Latin church 7, 214, 325

Index 873

relations with West 8, 516–17, 571 promulgated in papal councils 394, 396–401 scholarship in 482–3 and relationship of church and state 130, 371 spread of Bogomilism in 503–4, 507–8 rules on prescription 146 and Third Crusade 559 and structure of Church 233–5 trade with 65, 67–8 and uniﬁcation of Latin church 4, 117–18, 129, and Turks in Asia Minor 2, 8, 198–9, 534 266–7 see also Constantinople; eastern churches; use of interdict 145 Greek Church see also Bologna law school; Decretists; Dictatus papae; legal study; theology Cadalus of Parma, antipope (Honorius II) 196 canons Cadouin abbey 384 regular 335–6, 354 Caen 57, 700, 707 secular 335, 341, 354 abbey 340, Plate 15 Canterbury 56 Caesarius of Heisterbach 365 merchant guilds 79–80 Cairo 2, 49, 65 monks of 341, 384 Jewish community in 81, 624, 626 pilgrimages to 514 Calabria, metropolitan of 569 Canterbury, archbishopric of 242–3, 258, 403, Calatayud 609 446 Calatrava 611, 621 claim to primacy in Wales 448 Calatrava, Order of 341, 548 Canterbury cathedral 465, 700, 710, 730 Calixtus II, pope (Guido of Vienne) 123, 331, Capets, kings of France 241, 258 402, 447 Cappadocia 568 church reform 274–5, 280, 294, 389 Cappenberg abbey 350 and Church in Spain 323, 404–5 Capua, prince of 239 and Concordat of Worms 298–9, 305, 398 Carcassonne, Cathar bishopric 524 and council of Rheims (1119) 320–1, 398 cardinal bishops 260–1, 262, 414–15 and crusades 545 cardinales, cathedral clerks 249 delegation of powers 327–8, 420, 421 cardinals 411–31 denunciation of heretics 521, 522 advisory role (de fratrum nostrorum consilio) in France 406–7 424–9 calligraphy 10 authority of 425–8 Calw, count of 360–1 college of 380–1, 415, 425, 430–1 Camaldolese monastic order 116, 340, 341, 392–3 diplomas of privileges 426–7 Camaldoli abbey 349, 502 as papal legates 416–19 Cambrai 276, 435n papal nomination of 430–1 chivalric ritual 168, 178 penitentiary (poenitentiaria apostolica) 420 commune 77, 117 role in papal elections 414–16, 379n Cambridge in Rome 262 codex 294 schismatic 412 schools 469 use of title magister 380–1, 430 Cambridge Songs 672–3 Carinthia 34 canals, towns 76 Carmina burana 662, 671, 672, 673, 686 cancellaria (papal secretariat) 423–4 Carmona 604, 616 Canigou abbey 343 Carolingian empire Canon de Bethune´ 689 art 703, 723 canon law 3, 5, 120–3, 128–35 basilicas 716, 726 as academic discipline 135, 147, 487–9 education 663 canonical collections (1080s) 289–91 and fragmentation of political groupings compilations 122–3, 132, 137, 488–9 150–1, 152 and deﬁnitions of war 218–28 as golden age of church and empire 283 elements of Roman law in 114, 122 and unitary Christian order 245, 322, 499, in England 139–40 230 and n Gratian’s work on 128–9 see also Charlemagne papal decretals 132–5, 147, 394–6 carpenters 700 papal legislative authority 313–16, 395 carroccio, symbol of civic identity 83 procedural rules 144 Carthage, archbishopric of 592

874 Index

Carthusian order 340, 350, 529 benefices for schoolmasters 410, 434 casimir I, king of Poland 57 Chartres 464–5, 467–8 Casola monastery 570 Laon 468–9, 489 Cassiodorus, Institutiones 470 Paris 468, 469–70, 490 The Castel of Perseverance 686 cathedrals 57–8 Castelfranco (Treviso) 83 as expression of urban identity 84 castellans 151, 155 and townscapes 72, 73 power devolved to 154–5 see also architecture taxes levied by 158–9 Catholicism, Latin see Church, Roman (Latin) Castile 242, 615, 618 catholicos see also Leon-Castile´ Armenian 587 Castilian Spanish 658 Nestorian 583–4 castles 3, 10, 700, Plates 1–6 Caucasus courtly life in 705–6 Christianity in 578 functions of 158–9, 168–9 see also Armenia; Georgia independent control of 152–3 cavalry 4, 169–72 papal 430 Cefalù, Sicily, cathedral 707, 716, Plate 19 and town growth 54–6 Celestine I, pope 456 see also fortification Celestine II, pope, election (1143) 415 castral churches 253, 254 Celestine III, Pope (Hyacinth Bobo) 133, 377, Catalan Spanish 658 430, 562 Catalonia 43, 107, 153, 162, 269 as cardinal legate 417–18 church building 45, 101 delegation of powers 373, 401, 420, 427 crusade in (1149) 556 and grants of privileges 386, 391 land ownership 29, 30 primacy disputes 447, 451 monastic reform 116 on secular punishment 440 relations with Muslims 605 celibacy 434–7 Roman law texts in use 125 enforcement of clerical 508, 510, 435n trade 66–7 practised by heretics 504, 505 urban governance 79 see also chastity; clerical marriage see also Tarragona Celtic folklore, literature based on 678–9 Catharism 7, 517, 520–31 cemeteries, population evidence from 13, 14 church organisation 524, 526 Cencius Savelli, cardinal see Honorius III consolamentum 523, 524, 530 Central Asia 568 history of 520–1 Cerbanus, monk in Hungary 484 liturgy (Ritual) 528–9 Cerdagne, count of 343 Ordo 523 Ceuta 606 papacy and 214, 399, 522, 531, 533 Chaise-Dieu abbey 420 the perfect 527–8, 529, 530 Chalcedon, council of (451) 329–30, 331, 564, popularity of 528, 529–31 569, 392n spiritual baptism 527–8 Chalon-sur-Saone,ˆ bishopric of 241 systems of belief 521, 522–3, 525–7 Chalons-sur-Marneˆ Cathars bishopric of 241, 455 Albigensian (Languedoc) 7, 522, 523, 524, heresies at 504, 505–6 530–1 Chalton, archaeological site 21 bishoprics 524 chamberlain (camerarius) 421–3, 419n dispute with Bogomils 523–5 Champagne 69, 174 in Italy 522, 523–5, 530 comital power 154, 162 in northern Europe 521, 522 fairs 61, 70 orthodox profession of faith 520, 523 chancellors, papal 423–4 persecution of 521–2, 530 Chanson de Roland 10, 665, 675, 678 cathedral chapters 247–9, 458 Chanson des Saxons 676 monastic 248 Charavines (Isere),` archaeological site 22, 23 officials of 458 and n Charente, castles 154 role in episcopal elections 456–9, 508 charities, endowed 514 cathedral schools 248, 438, 463–5, 663–4 Charlemagne 6, 283, 284

Index 875

celebrated in chansons 675, 676 reconciled with warlike activity 185, 194–5, and ties of vassalage 159 203, 215 see also Carolingian empire see also religious communities; theological Charles, count of Flanders 15 debates; theology Charles the Good 108 Christians Charles Martel 225 animosity towards Jews 632 charters in Constantinople 198, 199 for Jews in Tortosa 633–4 living under Muslim rule 8, 536, 564, 566, 568 of liberties 92, 97 as viziers in Egypt 566 Scotland 107 Christina of Markyate 337, 347 to local communities 103 Christodoulos, abbot of Patmos 570 town 80, 97, 98, 99 Christodoulos, patriarch of Alexandria 593, 594 Chartres 60, 384 church building 5–6, 7, 10, 509 bishopric of 241, 410 by Cluny abbey 502 cathedral 696, 718, 720, 721–2, 727, Plate 22 as collective activity 101, 509 cathedral school 464–5, 467–8 coloured windows 718, 723 literary studies at 663, 683 costs 45, 509, 703–4 school of thought 491–2 decorative arts in 699, 701–3, 727 Chartreuse abbey 341 as integral to church reform 286–7 Chastel Blanc (Safitha) 548 materials 698–703 Chastel Ruge 548 nave width 727 chastity 503 portals and doorways 720–1, 724 strict (in Catharism) 528 Rationale divinorum officiorum 714 see also celibacy symbolism of 713–15 Chateauˆ Gaillard (Les Andelys) 703, 705, Plate 6 to house tombs of patrons 707–10 children and townscapes 73 acquisition of religious faith 500 vaults 716–18, 728, 729–30 educated in monasteries 465 in wood 700 in religious communities 348–9 see also architecture; basilicas; building China, Nestorian Christianity in 585 materials chivalric literature 182–3, 666–7, 678–81 church reform 5–6, 129, 245, 339, Plate 42 chivalry 4, 172, 706 canonical justifications for 311–21 ceremonial of 168, 177–8 centralisation of papacy 321–5, 508–9 and courtly love 183 and clerical marriage 306–9 ethics of 177, 181–2 and distinction between office and property and knighthood 176–83 292, 295–301 Chivasso, alliance with Florence 82 and ecclesiastical property 289–92 Chorepiscopi 251 ‘Gregorian’ 270, 273–4, 281, 286, 302–9, Chretien´ de Troyes 10, 84, 174, 689 312–13 Arthurian stories 678, 679–81 Henry III and 30, 116, 229, 247–8 Cligès 664, 679, 681 idea of golden age 269, 277, 283–7 Lancelot 669 image of healing 271 lays 676 judicial powers of papacy 316–21, 373–80 Christendom 8, 214, 659 and law 116–17 aspiration to unity 157–8 and monastic exemption 328–33, 362, 392 and call to war 185, 198–200 papal legislative authority 313–16 extent of 226, 241–2, 499 and protection of wealth of 287–9 Christian Peace see Peace of God and religious dissent 509, 516 Christianity 337 Sigebert of Gembloux’s polemics on 276–8 and burden of guilt 539 terminology of 268–9, 272–5 doctrines 490 violence associated with 278, 280, 281, 310 and literary culture 664–5 see also Gregory VII, pope; simony and military obedience 224 Church, Roman (Latin) and perception of Jews 632, 636 benefice system 146 popular 7, 500–2 Catholicism of 7, 8 prayer for souls of the dead 337, 339, 539 claim to Illyricum 569

876 Index

Church, Roman (cont.) and payment of tithes 390, 393 concept of structure of 230–5, 368–9 privileges 340, 390, 393–4 defensive measures and sanctions 164, 165, way of life 15, 354, 356, 708, Plate 27 166–7 women’s houses 346 delegation of power in 368, 381–2 Citadella (Padua) 83 employment of military force by 198–200, 276 Cîteaux abbey 341, 351, 363, 524 and ethics of chivalry 177, 181–2 privileges of 340 hierarchy of 233–5, 245, 258–60, 263–4, 441–2 cities as independent jurisdiction 441 capital 57–8 as inerrant 411 population 50, 52–3 and institutions of peace 4, 164–8 and royal government 56–8 interpretation of Romana ecclesia 411–12 size of 52 lay inﬂuences 121, 249 symbolism of 48–9, 84 metropolitans 233, 323–5 as trading centres 60–2 monarchical images of 321–2 see also towns mutability of 275–6 city states, northern Italy 2, 3 patriarchs and primates 233–4, 573 Civitate, battle of (1053) 178 peripheral regions of 242–5 Clairvaux abbey 350 and prohibition on usury 628, 639 Clare family 26 relations with Greek church 571, 598 Clement II, pope (1046–7) 230, 257, 263, 265n relations with kings 4–5 Clement III, antipope (Guibert of Ravenna) role of bishops 246–8 202, 283 schism 7, 213, 245 election of 202, 279–81, 324 viewofJews632, 634 and Henry IV 194, 282, 300, 301 view of milites 163–4, 167–8 as heresiarch 280 and n and warfare 4, 165, 168, 176–7, 189–90 opposition to Gregory’s reforms 278, 280–1, wealth of 287–9 282, 310 see also canon law; Christendom; church synod (1091) 280, 281 reform; crusades; eastern churches; Clement III, pope 383, 430, 438–9n Greek (Byzantine) Church; papacy; and return to Rome (1188) 402, 406 Peace of God movement; religious Clement of Bucy, heretic 520, 521 communities clerestory 718, 728 churches clergy 15, 280, 431–41 baptismal 252–3 celibacy 434–7, 508, 510 ‘burial’ 707–10 education of 409–10, 437, 461 carved in rock (Ethiopia) 597 legal status of 437–41 castral 253, 254 literacy of 433–4 collegiate 410 and papal elections 414–15 converted to mosques 566 as poets 689 as expression of spiritual aspirations 697–8 relations with laity 509–10 feudalised 253 secular punishment of 440–1, 439–40n minster 253, 499 sons of 436–7 pilgrimage 514, 707, 710 spiritual superiority of 431–2, 707 ‘proprietary’ 253, 290 status of priesthood 352 relation to villages 23, 252 see also monks see also church building; parishes clerical dress 355, 398 Cicero 476, 663, 696 clerical marriage 276 De inventione 471 emphasis on, in church reform 270–1, 279, Cid, El 607, 608 281 Cilicia 541, 559 Gregory’s instructions on 306–9, 434, 435 Armenians in 588, 589 see also celibacy Cistercian order 18, 185, 337, 362 Clermont Charter of Charity 275 papal council (1095) 294, 397, 446, 538 early history of 363–4 Urban II proclaims First Crusade 7, 165, economy of 25, 26, 35, 44, 365 179–80, 207, 534, 536–8 lay brethren 349, 366, 513 climate, amelioration 2 monastic buildings 10, 357, 710 Cluniac order 340, 341, 354

Index 877

artistic extravagance 707–8 colonisation 7 and assemblies of peace 165, 167, 194 German agricultural 33–4 women’s houses 345 commercial revolution, and development of Cluny abbey 287, 337, 361, 362, 502, Plates 13, 36 written law 115–16 admission of children 348–9 common fields 24 appeal to king of France 363 common law 3, 137–40, 145, 147 boundaries of 353, 359 of domestic property 19 cost of construction 45 institutional innovations 139 demesne 30, 41 possessory writs 146 financial practice 419n and privilegium fori 439–40 lay servants 349 as uniform and ‘national’ 138 longevity of abbots 15 use of Anglo-French in 92 monastic reforms 116, 331, 332 communal authority, Jewish 641–3 ‘Roman liberty’ for 329, 331, 392, 393 communal movement (12th century) 86, Romanesque church 710, 728 93–4 size of 336, 357 revolutionary connotations of 97–8 cnihtas, guild members (Canterbury) 80 and sense of community 104 Cnut, king of Denmark and England 107, 244, commune, communa, new connotations for 345, 403 word 95 coal trade 71 communes 3, 97–8 Coblenz 63 charters to 103 codex Cambridge (Corpus Christi College 415) as collective activity 94–5, 109 294 Le Mans (1070) 97 Codex Florentinus 119–20 promoted by bishops 81 Codex Justinianus 118, 120 and relations with monarchies 81–2 Provençal Summae on 125–6 and taking of oaths 97, 98 Codex Theodosianus 119 towns 77, 80, 81, 117 Coimbra 605 community coinage 45–6, 61 concept of 109–10 marabotini 403n and development of law 3–4 Provins deniers 61 economic basis of 100, 110 squifatus 403n sense of 3, 87–8, 90, 104 Coleman, monk of Worcester 247n village life 23–4 Collectio Anselmo dedicata 118 see also collective activities Collectio tripartita 122, 123, 489 Como (Italy) 82 collective activities comoedia 684–5 changes in 109–12 Compilationes 134–5 effect of settlement patterns on 100–1 Compostela see Santiago de Compostela gemeinschaft and gesellschaft 104–5 conciliarism 397–8 nature of 87, 94–5 Concorezzo, Cathars of 525 to maintain law and order 101 confession 432, 501 in urban government 97–9, 110–12 confirmation (laying-on of hands), among in villages 100–5, 110 heretical groups 506, 507 see also communal movement; community confraternities see fraternities Cologne 53, 73, 237 conjuratio Cathars in 521, 522 Cologne 77 chivalric ritual 178 see also communes conspiracy (pro libertate)(1112/14) 117 Conrad II, Salian king of Germany and emperor economy 54, 69, 72, 83 5, 186, 238, 265 parishes within 255 church at Speyer 708 town walls 51, 52 and Lombard feudal legislation 115, 140 trading centre 60, 61, 64 and Milan 83, 239 urban government 77, 78, 80 and Pavia 106–7, 114–15 Cologne, archbishopric of 117, 236, 237, 258, royal anointing of 229, 233 445 visits to episcopal cities 237 Cologne cathedral 719 Conrad III, king of Germany, Second Crusade shrine of Three Kings 514, 724 550, 551, 552–3, 554, 555

878 Index

Conrad, bishop of Salzburg 453n cosmology 473 Conrad of Hirsau, Dialogus super auctores 478 Coucy, Chastelain de 689 consecration 442, 450 councils see Lateran Councils (by number); papal consistorium (public papal judicial tribunal) 429 councils; peace councils ‘consistory’, use of term 429 counts Constance 307 authority of 151–2, 154–5 cathedral school 312 comital justice 151, 153, 154 Constance, queen of France 504 Court of Common Pleas 139 Constance, Treaty of (1153) 416, 530 courtly love 183, 680 Constantine I, emperor 5, 264, 284 in poetry 669, 670, 671 Donation of (Constitutum Constantini) 5, 288, courts 289, 303–4, 321 baronial 153 as model of imperial conduct 285–6, 288 constitutional and procedural changes 144 Constantine IX, emperor of Byzantium 570 ecclesiastical 266, 439 crown Plate 39 jurisdiction of 439 Constantine the African 485, 592 procedural rules for 135–6, 144 Constantine (Maghreb) 614 Italian city 3 Constantinople 2, 49, 52 local (England) 139, 250 architectural influence of 286–7, 705, 712 manorial and hundredal 153 Bogomils of 524 papal 429 Fourth Crusade 214, 520, 555 punishments 145 French contacts with 520 royal supreme (England) 139 Hagia Sophia 729, 698n rules for appeals 143, 144 Jewish community 623 seigneurial 153 Latin conquest of (1204) 7, 8 see also trials palaces 705 Coyanza, council of (c. 1055) 242 Romane´ monastery 576 Crac des Chevaliers 548 scholarship in 483 Cracow 57, 244 Second Crusade at 553, 554–5 crafts trade 63, 65, 66, 69 and art 698 constitutions 3 associations 59–60, 99, 100 Constitutions of Clarendon (1164) 439–40 rural 44–5 Constitutions of Melfi (1231) 143 urban 58–60 Consuetudines (monastic rules) 116 see also guilds consuls, in Italian and Provençal towns 78–9, 82, craftsmen 703, 722–6 99 Creation, alternative accounts of 473 contracts, law of 3 Cremona Conza, province of 445 cathedral 458n copper Patarine movement in 516 mines 61, 64 Crimea, metropolitan of 578 trade 64, 72 criminal law 136, 142, 145 Coptic church 568, 593–5 Croatia 33 Cordoba´ 49, 53, 58 Church in 244–5 caliphate of 8, 599, 601, 602, 603 cross expulsion of Almoravids 610, 611 denied by heretics 504, 506, 507, 518 juma‘a 603 triumph of the 197–8 siege of (1010/13) 601 crown, papal 538 under ‘Abbadids 605 crusaders 174, 483, 520, 620 under Almohads 614, 617, 619 animosity towards Jews 636–7 Coria 605 crusade redemptions 563 Corinth, luxury manufacturing 67, 72 indulgence granted to 208, 209–10, 211–12, corporate bodies, acquisition of legal personality 512, 556 93–4, 110 significance of crusades for 542–3 corrodians 347 sins of, blamed for failures 215, 219, 542 Corsica 8, 445 Crusades 7–8, 158, 534–63, 535 Cosmas the Priest, on Bogomils 503 against Christians 214

Index 879

against Wends 544, 551, 552, 558 David II, king of Georgia 577 and concept of just war 210–11, 217, 221–2, David Thornikian, Armenian bishop of 225–8 Aghtamar 587 concept of 543, 544, 556–7, 562–3 De diversis artibus (handbook of crafts) 701–3, criticisms of 214, 215–18, 556–7 722, 723 cultural inﬂuences of 665, 666 De heresi (1200–15) 523 decline in popularity of 181 De laude novae militiae (Templars) (St Bernard) equated with pilgrimage 537 180, 194, 209, 215–16, 340, 546 expense of 539, 556, 560, 563 De ordinando pontiﬁce 263–4 German 562 De ortu Waluuanii 679 naval contribution to 560 Debol, treaty of (1108) 573 outside Holy Land 212–14 decretales epistolae 394 papal authorisation for 545, 551, 556–7, 563 decretals 116, 121, 128, 131 papal diplomacy and 419 on judges delegate 382 recruitment for 538–9, 551–2 papal 132–5, 147, 394–6 songs 670, 687 Decretals, Pseudo-Isidorian (False) 116, 121, 135, in Spain 212, 536–7, 545, 551, 555–7, 563 249, 258–9 theory of 206, 207–12, 217–18, 226–7 as authority for Gregory VII’s reforms 311, 316, see also First, Second and Third Crusades; 323 warfare and papal supremacy 371, 373, 377 Cuenca 603, 618 powers of bishops 233–4, 316, 371, 441, 445 Cuissy abbey 346 Decretists 129–32, 133 Cunegunda, empress 377 and authority of cardinalate 413 Cunibert, bishop of Turin 328–9 and law on warfare 222–8 Cuno of Palestrina, cardinal bishop 416 and papal legislation 388 curia see papal curia and papal supremacy 376, 378, 386 custom, and truth 313–14 view of clerical marriage 435n customs and customary law 3, 91, 114 Decretum Gratiani see Gratian(us) and authority of government 93, 102, 112 Decretum of Ivo 122 and collective identity 91 Deir Zafaran 579 domestic property 19–21 demesnes, structural changes 29–32 Germany 140 Demetrios of Lampe 569, 571 to enhance village cohesion 23–4, 102 Denia 604, 605 urban 80–1, 84, 108 Denis IV, Jacobite patriarch 579 written 80, 141–3 Denis bar-Salibi 582, 583 see also law Denis the Pseudo-Areopagite 492 Cyprus 560, 562, 570 Denis Pyramus 659 Cyril II, Coptic patriarch 594, 596 Denmark 68, 244, 556 Czechs 33 Deols,´ lord of 167 Derbent region 578 Dagestan 578 Derbyshire, lead from 701 Daimbert, archbishop of Pisa 537–8 Desenzano (Brescia), Cathars of 525 Dalmatia 65, 445, 525 Desiderius Church in 244–5 abbot of Monte Cassino 262, 269–70, 286–7, Damascus 566 710 crusades 544, 555 as Pope Victor III 122, 332, 401 Jewish community 624 Deusdedit, cardinal 121–2, 287–8, 298, 412 Nestorian metropolitan 583 canonical collections 289–91, 311, 326, 401, 487 Damme (outport of Bruges) 71 polemic against simony 291, 292 Daniel, Russian priest 574 Dhu’ Banu-Nun family, in Spain 603 Daniel of Morley 484 Dhu’l-Nunid Berbers 601, 603, 604, 605 Daniel (play) 686 dialectic, teaching of 471–2, 475, 477, 663, 674 Dante Alighieri 668, 669 dialects Commedia 683 Celtic (Britain) 661 d’Ardres, chateauˆ (Pas de Calais) 22 French provincial 661 Daroca 609 dictamen (art of letter-writing) 476–7

880 Index

Dictatus papae 120, 121, 303, 304 and n of Manichees 507 as authority for Gregory’s reforms 312–14, see also Catharism 316–17, 326–7, 373–4 Dublin 48, 243 on jurisdiction of Rome 377 Durandus, bishop of Mende 713–14, 715, 717 on legatine authority 326 Durham, bishopric of 243 Die (Rhoneˆ valley) 125 Durham cathedral 710, 717, 728, Plate 16 Diego Gelm´ırez, archbishop of Compostela 323, Durres¨ 65 379, 409, 448, 275n and crusade in Spain 545 Eadmer, historian 269, 397n gifts of benedictiones 404–5 eastern churches 564, 565, 566–98 diet 14, 15, 39, 40 attempts at union 582, 588–90 Dijon, St Benignus abbey 357 and crusades 567–8 dioceses see archbishoprics; bishoprics; relations with Muslim rulers 566, 575, 589 bishops and Roman claim to primacy 369–70, 567–8 Disciplina clericalis (oriental fables) 667 and spread of Islam 564 disease 16 wealth of 567 see also medicine see also Armenian Church; Georgian Church; disputation, study of 477 Greek (Byzantine) Church; Jacobite Divina dispensatione (Eugenius’s letter) 551 Church; Melkites; Nestorian Church Dol (Brittany), metropolitan see of 240, 241, Eberwine of Steinfeld, heresy trial 521 273, 446 Ebo of Michelsberg 453 dispute with Tours 323, 379, 446–7, 427n economic growth 2, 14 Dome of the Rock 566 and church building 704 Domesday Book and commercial revolution 115–16 agriculture 37, 40 economics, study of 478 churches in 252 economies evidence of population 12 control of urban 79, 100 waste land 27 Cordoba´ 599 watermills 43 Edessa 541, 568 Dominic, prior of Evesham 681 archbishopric 573, 579, 580 Dominican canons 341 Armenians in 588, 589 Dominicus Gundisalvi Christian cathedrals (four) 567, 573 canon of Toledo 483 fall of (1144–6) 8, 549, 550, 566, 583 of Toledo 484n Second Crusade 553, 555 Donation of Constantine (Constitutum education 461, 479, 500 Constantini) 5, 288, 289, 303–4, 321 of clergy 433, 500 Donatus, Artes 470 in Latin 660–1 Dongola, metropolitan of 595 in liberal arts 463, 470–8 Dorchester, bishopric of 243 teaching materials 490–1, 662–3 Dorset, villages 24 vocational (professional) 479 Dorylaeum 553 see also cathedral schools; law schools; battle of 541 literature; philosophy; schools; theology; Douai 51 universities Doulichia 573 Edward the Confessor, king of England 376, dowries 19–20 503 Dragovet (Drugunthia), Bogomils of 523, 525 efﬁgies, on tombs 709–10 drama 684–6 Egbert of Schonau¨ 521 comoedia 684–5 Egypt 2, 595 denunciations of 686 Armenians in 588, 592–3 passion plays 662 Coptic church 568 plays in Latin 686 Fatimids in 564, 566, 599 religious plays 685 Jews in 624, 626, 630 dualism 341, 526 Nestorians in 583, 592 absolute 523–4, 526–7 and Palestine 542, 556, 562, 572 Bogomil 503, 523 trade with 62, 63, 66 during period of church reform 516 Eike von Repgow, Sachsenspiegel (1235) 140, 142

Index 881

Eilhart von Oberge 681, 690 equality, concept of 92–3, 110 El Cid 607, 608 equites, use of term 149, 170 Eleanor of Aquitaine 554, 680, 690 Eraclius, bishop of Liege` 463 Eleutheropolis 573 Eregli, battle of 541 Elias III, Nestorian catholicos 585 Erlembald, miles Christi, leader of Patarini 179, Elias bar-Sinaya, metropolitan of Nisibis 584, 195, 307, 516 585 Ernoul, historian 589 Elisabeth of Schonau¨ 347, 356 Erz Gebirge, silver mines 61 Embrun, province of 238 Establecimentos de Coimbra (1211) 142 Emmeran, St, of Regensburg 29 Etampes, crusade assembly at 552 encyclicals, papal 394 ethics 472 Audita tremendi 557–8 Ethiopia 568, 594, 596–7 England 2, 82, 171 eucharist, dispute on nature of 493–4 arts Euclid, Elements, translated 482 illustrated Bibles 724–5, Plate 33 Eugenius III, pope 212, 369–70, 374–5, 376, 383 poetry in 673 and Armenian church 589 Purbeck marble 700 and cardinals 381, 427 Romanesque in 723, 729 council of Rheims (1148) 398, 425, 497 castle building 153 and crusading indulgence 512 cathedrals 248 and curia 421 centralisation in 3, 107, 138, 153 Divina dispensatione (letter) 551 church 5, 335, 381–2 election (1145) 415 organisation 242–3, 258 and episcopal elections 455, 457 parochial system 254–5 on hierarchy of church 441 payment of Peter’s Pence 403–4 legislative authority 388, 394, 398, 413 church design 728 and papal patrimonies 401, 430 law primacy disputes 446, 447 common law 3, 137–40, 439–40 Quantum praedecessores (letter) 550, 556 delegation of ecclesiastical cases 381–2 and Second Crusade 549, 550 legal study in 131–2, 133 travels 407 Roman-law and canon-law Ordines 136 Eugenius the Amir 482 manors 31, 103 Europe mints 62 expansion of 11, 157 and Normandy 90, 142, 661 population estimates 13 population 12, 23 relations with neighbouring civilisations 2, 7, Cathars in 522 150 Italian clerks in beneﬁces in 410–11 see also Christendom Jews in 634 Eustace, miles 363 royal government 3, 5, 82, 106, 107 Eustratios, scholar 482 social mobility 153 Euthymios, at Iviron convent 576 towns Euthymius of Acmonia 508n charters 97 Eve, nun of Wilton 347 governance 80, 97 Evenus, bishop of Dol 446 of Roman origin 48, 51 Everard of Bucy, heretic 520, 521 urbanisation 48, 49 Evesham abbey 426n trade 68, 71 account rolls 12 see also Norman Conquest Evora (Avis), Order of 548 English language 658, 661 Exceptiones Petri (handbook on Roman law) 125 English people excommunicates perception of 90 killing of 201, 204 relations with Normans 90, 661 power of military command by 224 entertainment see drama; troubadours excommunication Ephesus Gregory VII’s use of 308–10, 330–1 council of (431) 515 in Judaism 642 Second Crusade at 554 Exeter, cathedral 248 Epitome Juliani 118, 120 exilarchate, central Jewish authority 644

882 Index

Expositio ad librum papiensem 119 objectives of 211–12, 534, 536 Extramadura 617, 621 proclaimed by Urban II at Clermont 7, 165, 179–80, 207, 534, 536–8 fabliaux (Old French) 681, 685 and progroms against Jews (1096) 539, 636–7, Fahs al-Jullab, battle of (1165) 617 647–8 fairs 3, 45, 70–1 recruitment for 538–9 Falkenstein family, Bavaria 29 second wave 540 family structure 16–19 third wave (1100) 542 see also marriage First Lateran Council (1123) 299, 331, 392, 396, famines 15, 42 398 poor harvests 539 and crusade in Spain 545 Farfa abbey 13, 352 episcopal elections 456 monk of 293 and episcopal vacancies 459–60 Fatimids fishing 38, 71 in Egypt 564, 593, 599 Flanders in Syria 564, 566 Cathars in 521, 522 Faversham, church 707 collective activity 108 ‘Feast of Fools’ 685, 691 economy 39, 62, 70, 71 Fecamp´ abbey 502 land reclamation 28, 29, 38 Fens, land reclamation 28, 29 statutory law 142 Fermo, bishop of 240 textiles 39, 64, 69, 71–2 Fernando I, king of Leon-Castile´ 605, 708 tournaments 174 Fernando II, king of Leon´ 617 towns 2, 53 Ferrara 68, 84 trade 2, 63, 64, 70 fertility rates 13–14 Flanders, counts of 15, 81, 152 Fes (Fez) 606 see also Philip; Robert feudal law flax 39 codification of 145–6 Flay, St Germer abbey 347 Lombard 137, 140–1 Fleta, treatise 35 feudalism floodplains, drainage of 28 and the church 253, 296, 294 and n Florence 51, 66, 82 feudal service (ost) 170 Cathars in 524, 525 origins and spread of 160–1 churches 286, 727 papacy and 304, 368–9 Codex Florentinus 119–20 product of seigneurial age 151 papal council (1055) 265n ties of dependence 159 florilegia (anthologies) 465, 490–1, 663 Field of Blood, battle of the (Syria 1119) 545 Fontaines-les-Blanches abbey 356, 358, 362, 364, field systems 33, 42 367 long strips 33, 41 Fonte Avellana abbey 502, 503 recombined plots 29, 33 Fontenay abbey Plate 17 fin’ amors, poetry of 669 Fontenoy, battle of (841) 187, 188 finance Fontevrault abbey 707, 709 papal 304, 401–11 black nuns 341, 346 urban provision for public debt 79 food see also banking diet 14, 15, 39, 40 fire supplies for towns 58, 71 domestic hearths 21–2, 705 Forest-les-Bruxelles abbey 348 in towns 76 Forez 24 First Crusade 207–8, 272, 538–43 decline of comital power 155 and contacts with Byzantium 517 form, and matter 698 defeats by Turks 540–2 Formis, S. Angelo church 287 effect on eastern churches 567 fortification effigies of heroes in Jerusalem 709 of towns 48, 51, 73 first wave 539–40 see also castles indulgence granted for 512 Fortunatus, St 256 leadership 540 Fountains abbey 351

Index 883

Four Doctors (Quattuor Doctores) 123–5, 469 Franco, papal chamberlain 422n Fourth Crusade 214, 520, 555 Franconia, duchy of 237 Fourth Lateran Council (1215) 17, 134, 147, 267, Frankfurt 394, 399–400, 401 crusade assembly at 552 canons of 396 synod (1027) 259 on clerical marriage 437 Franks 6, 88 education of poor students 410, 434 and eastern churches 567, 573, 574 and episcopal elections 458 and Jacobite church 581–2 on heretics 460 and Melkites 574, 575 on metropolitan synods 450 fraternities papal judicial power 386n parochial 353 and patriarchal sees 260n urban 3, 96, 100, 110–11 restriction of monastic privileges 393 Frederick I Barbarossa, emperor 57, 416, 454, 690 restrictions on new orders 342, 400 Ad abolendam decree on heresy 533 on sacraments 432 appointment of public notaries 145 taxation of clergy 409 and n Authentica Habita (privileges for law teachers and trial by ordeal 144, 498 at Bologna) 126, 127 on visitations 451 and crusades 557, 558–9 fox, in literature 682 death of 559 Fraga 611 and Henry the Lion 106, 146 France 13, 43, 62 in Italy 67, 82, 95, 126 agriculture 28, 38 seizure of Milan (1162) 66, 95 church Lombard feudal statutes 140, 141 cathedral life 248 and Pope Alexander III 426 married clergy 437 public peace decreed 141–2 parochial system 254 and Rome 95 structure in 240–1, 258 Frederick II, as king of Sicily 109, 143, 214 church building 45 Frederick of Lorraine, abbot of Monte Cassino and crusade in Spain 545 262 and German invasion (1124) 108 Frederick of Wettin, archbishop of Magdeburg Jews 634 709 Jewish mysticism 655 Freiburg 61 kingdom of 88–9, 108, 109 Freiburg im Breisgau 50, 55 conciliar government 105–6 Freisach, countess of 345 royal power in 3, 154, 241 Freising 13 statutory law 142 friars minor 341 languages 658, 668 Friedrich von Hausen 670 lawlessness and brigandage 164–5 Frisia 33 legal study in 122, 130, 131 Fruttuaria charter (1022–5) 352, 357 Provençal law school 125–6, 136 Fulbert, bishop of Chartres 337, 339, 464–5, numbers of knights 153 474–5, 493, 727 origins of feudalism in 160–1 Fulcher of Chartres 90, 149, 574n and papacy 407, 409, 418 Fulco Monoculus 350 relations with Byzantium 554–5 Fulda, monastery of 13, 56 rise of castellans 154–5 Fulk V, count of Anjou 544 romances 10 Funen,¨ bishops of 244 theological schools of thought 498 fur trade 63, 71, 72 towns Fustat (Cairo), Coptic church at 593 of Roman origin 48 urban communes 80, 81, 97 Gabre Mesqal, king of Ethiopia 597 urbanisation 49–50 Gabriel II ibn-Turaik, Coptic patriarch 594 Urban II’s call to First Crusade 537–8 Gabriel, governor of Melitene 586 see also Franks; Peace of God movement Gace Brule´ 689 Franci, use of term 88–9 Gadmiwa tribe 613 Francis of Assisi, St 338, 339 Gaeta, trade 65 Franciscans, friars minor 341 Gafsa 592, 619, 620

884 Index

Gagik II, King of Armenia 587, 589 George Mtasmindeli, of Iviron 576, 577 gagnage (expansion of cultivated land) 26 Georgia 568, 589 Gaius, St 256 Georgian church 575, 576–8 Galaktrophousa virgin 595 monastic revival 577 Galbert of Bruges 108 Georgian language 569 Galdin, cardinal priest 419 Gerald, bishop of Cambrai 167, 188–9, 192–3 Galen, translations of 483, 485–6 Gerald of Wales see Giraldus Cambrensis Galib, a Mozarab 484 Gerard of Angoulemeˆ 327, 451–2 Galich 52, 63 Gerard, archbishop of York 447 Galicia, bishoprics in 242 Gerard, bishop of Florence see Nicholas II Gand, account rolls 13 Gerard, cardinal priest see Lucius II Gandza 588 Gerard of Cremona, translations by 483, 484, 486 Ganﬁsa tribe 613 Gerard of Monforte 506 Garmir Vank monastery (Georgia) 587 Gerbert of Aurillac see Silvester II Gascony, castelnaux 23 Gerbert of Rheims 475 Gaucher of Aureil 344 Gerhoh of Reichersberg 209, 217, 406, 454, 456, Gausfred the Black 343 299n, 398n Gautier de Coincy 682 Gerlach, abbot of Rein 550 Gaza, archbishop of 573 German Crusade (1197) 562 Gazira, synod of 579, 580 German emperors see Western Empire Gazzula tribe 606 German Pietists 655 Gebhard III, bishop of Constance 326 Germany 13, 23, 88, 634 Gebhard of Salzburg 313n agriculture 27, 33–4, 37 Gelasius I, pope 128, 192, 377 chivalric romances 666–7, 678, 680 Gelasius II, pope (John of Gaeta) 332, 404, 414, Church 73, 236–8, 257–8, 306–7, 335, 418 476 crusade east of Elbe 212, 213 as cardinal deacon 274, 297, 410–11, 420 crusading armies from 539, 551–2, 559 as chancellor 423–4 economy 31, 62, 69, 70 and crusade in Spain 545 iron working 43, 44 in France 406 silver supplies 61–2, 68 Gengis Khan 568 trade 2, 68, 70 Genoa 2, 50, 71, 73 government and capture of Almer´ıa 67 royal 3, 106 fortiﬁcations 51, 75 seigneurial power in 152 rivalry with Pisa 82 knights (Ritter) 162 trade 60, 66–7, 69, 79 law 142, 145–6 gens, gentes, concept of 87, 89–91, 92, 111 legal study 131, 136 Geoffrey of Anjou, count (d. 1151) 88 Salian dominions 236–8 Geoffrey of Auxerre 350, 426 towns 48, 52, 73, 97 Geoffrey the Hermit, Fontaines-les-Blanches see also Western Empire 356, 364 Gerona, council of (c. 1068) 242 Geoffrey of La Roche, bishop of Langres 549–50 Gervase of Canterbury 714, 715 Geoffrey Martel, count of Anjou (d. 1060) 494 Gervase of Melkley 674 Geoffrey Martel (d. 1115) 709 Gezzelin the Hermit 353–4 Geoffrey of Monmouth 90, 660–1 Ghelati monastery 577 Historia regum Britanniae 679, 690 Ghent 52, 64, 74, 76, 78 Geoffrey Plantagenet, archbishop of York 382n Ghuzz Turks, in Almohad armies 614, 615 Geoffrey of Vinsauf 477, 674 Gibelin, patriarch of Jerusalem 275n Geoffroy de Preuilly 174 Gibraltar 9, 615 Geoffry Gaimar 660–1 Gilbert, bishop of Limerick 255, 368 geometry 472, 475 Gilbert de la Porree,´ bishop of Poitiers 425–6, and architecture 729–31 429 George II, king of Georgia 577 Bernard of Clairvaux’s attack on 496–7 George II, king of Nubia 596 scholarship of 475, 480, 489, 490, 492, 659 George, Armenian catholicos 587 Gilbert Foliot, bishop of Hereford (later George Bakuriani 576 London) 382, 404

Index 885

Gilbert of Sempringham 337, 359 royal 3, 105–9 Gilbert the Universal, bishop of London 489 urban 76–81, 100 Gilbertus, at Bologna law school 133 use of term 86–7 Gilduin of Breteuil 365 Grado, claim to patriarchate 239, 445, 572 Giles, monk of Cluny (cardinal bishop of grammar, teaching of 470–1, 475, 476, 492, 663 Tusculum) 271 Gran (Esztergom) (Hungary), archbishopric 244 Giordano de Clivi, archbishop of Milan 468 Granada 602, 604, 605, 631 Giraldo Sempavor (the Fearless) 617 under Almohads 615, 619 Giraldus Cambrensis 49, 90, 426, 448, 458–9, under Almoravids 607, 610 420n Grandmont abbey 341, 529 on married clergy 437 granite, as building stone 700 and preference for vernacular 659 Gratian(us), of Bologna 337, 391n Girart de Rousillon 690 canon law 19, 147, 186, 395, 487 Gislebertus of Autun Plates 35, 37 on clergy 432, 436 Glanvill (Ranulf de), treatise on common law 19, on college of cardinals 425 139 Concordance of Discordant Canons 486, 488, Glasgow, diocese of 447 493 Glastonbury abbey 32, 502 Decretum 123, 128–9, 130, 132, 374, 394, 486, Glossa ordinaria Plate 34 on the Bible 489, 492, Plate 31 on Election Decree (1059) 414 on canon law 134 on episcopal elections 455, 456–7 on Roman law 124 interest in procedural questions 135, 136 Gloucester 57 and justiﬁcation of war 206, 218–22, 536, 562 Gneizo, metropolitan of 244 on legal status of priests 437, 439 Gnosticism, inﬂuence on heresies 506 on metropolitans 448–9, 450, 451 Godehard of Hildesheim 376, 508n on papal legislation 316, 386–7, 388 Godfrey, abbot of Vendomeˆ 296 on papal supremacy 371, 372, 377, 390 Godfrey, bishop of Langres 456 on role of bishops 444, 459 Godfrey of Bouillon, duke of Lorraine 540, 541 Greece 67, 559 Godfrey of St Victor 470, 481 see also Byzantium Godfrey of Winchester 673 Greek (Byzantine) Church 503, 507 Godric, English language verses 658 church reform 570 gold and goldsmiths 59, 61, 62 and Holy Places 574 Golden Bull of Hungary 91, 92, 143 monastic reform 570 Goliardic poetry 689 patriarchates 569 Gomara Berbers 617 relations with eastern churches 569–78 Gomeldon (Wilts.) 21 relations with emperor 569–70 Gondisapor, Nestorian metropolitan 583 relations with Latin church 517, 571, 712 Gorze (Lotharingia) 13, 116 and Roman claim to primacy 369–70, 567–8, Goscelin of St Bertin 347 571 Goslar 52, 238, 506 theory of church design 712–13 Goswin of Mainz 494 see also Alexandria; Antioch; eastern churches; Gothic, use of term 695 Jerusalem Gothic style 10, 696–7, 710–11, 728–31 Greenland 499 importance of measurement 722 Gregory I, pope 128, 242, 287, 719, 274n vaults 717–18, 728, 729–30 as model of papal conduct 281–2, 284–5 Goths 578, 695 Gregory II Pahlavouni Gotlanders 63 Armenian catholicos 582, 587, 588, 589 Gottfried von Strassburg 689 Martyrophile surname 590 Tristan 681 Gregory III Pahlavouni, Armenian catholicos 587, Gottschalk of Aachen 305 589 government Gregory IV, Armenian catholicos 589, 590 and collective responsibility 87 Gregory IV, pope 370 conciliar 105–6 Gregory V, Armenian catholicos 590 more formally structured 95 Gregory VI, Armenian catholicos 590 nature of authority of 92, 93, 102, 112 Gregory VI, pope 263, 264, 265, 592

886 Index

Gregory VII, pope (1073–85) 4, 5, 229, 278–9, 332 Gregory Ya‘qub, Jacobite maphrian 580–1 and anti-pope (Clement III) 279–81, 282 Grenadier monastery, Black Mountain 587 as archdeacon Hildebrand 120, 196, 264–5, Guadalajara 605 325–6, 516, 278n Guala, papal legate 416–17 and Armenian church 589 Guibert of Nogent 347, 462, 660 and canonical collections 289–90 on Cathars 520–1 and church reform 281, 284, 301–6, 431 on crusades 207, 209, 211 authority of Dictatus papae for 304, 312–14, on monks 336, 337 316–17, 326–7, 373–4, 377 on Peter of Cluny 421n centralisation 323–4 Guibert of Ravenna see Clement III, antipope clerical marriage 306–9, 434, 435 Guide for the Perplexed (Maimonides) 654 corruption 270, 273–4 Guido, archbishop of Milan 516 criticisms of 276–82, 304, 310–11 Guido, archbishop of Vienne see Calixtus II in Germany 268, 277–8, 309–10 Guido of Arezzo 477 monastic exemption 328–9, 332–3, 392 Guido, cardinal bishop of Palestrina 419 ‘new counsels’ (nova consilia) 305–6, 309, Guido, cardinal deacon, chancellor 423 312–13 Guigo II, count of Forcalquier 547–8 and papal legislative authority 313–16, 374, guildhalls 80, 96 378, 387, 389 guilds 3, 96, 100, 110–11 papal primacy 320–2, 331, 368 craft 700–1 sacraments 308–9 merchant 79–80 use of excommunication 308–10, 330–1 Guillaume Durand 177 violence associated with 278, 280, 281, 310 Gundisalvus, canon of Toledo 484 cult of St Peter 311, 334 Gunnilda, daughter of King Harold 351 and Eastern Europe 244, 323–4 Guy II of Ponthieu 549 in exile 402 Guy, King of Jerusalem 559 grants of privileges 390–1 investiture decrees 292, 299, 304, 315 ‘habitus theory’ of nature of Christ 498 on kingship 304 Haghpat monastery 588, 589 legal reforms 113, 120–1, 132, 147 hagiographies 681 on ofﬁce of bishop 443, 453–4, 460 Haimerad, St, founder of Hasungen 344 papal councils 265, 266, 318–19, 396, 397 Haimeric, cardinal deacon and chancellor 124, and papal prerogative 264–5, 266, 303, 374 379–80, 423 and papal revenues 288, 290, 304, 406 Haithabu, as trading centre 60 and primacy disputes 234–5, 258, 323, 446 al-Hakam al-Mustansir, caliph of Cordoba´ 599 quarrel with Henry IV 194, 199–200, 202, al-Hakim 240, 280, 282–3, 412 and Christians in Egypt 566, 592, 593, 595 and reform movements 306–7, 333–4, 516 destruction of Holy Sepulchre 572, 719 Register 303 Halah, Nestorian metropolitan at 583 reputation 304–5, 302 and n halakhah (Jewish law) 649, 650–1 Roman synod (1078) 290, 315, 397, 433 Halberstadt, bishopric, disputed election 379 Roman synod (1080) 324 Hamburg/Bremen, archbishopric of 244 and Siegfried of Mainz 259–60 al-Hamma, battle of 620 and status of clergy 431, 433 Hammadid dynasty 620 use of legates 417 Harald Hardrada, king of Norway 1 use of milites 178–9, 196 Harga tribe 613 and war in the interests of the church 4, Hariulf, abbot of Oudenbourg 379–80, 429 198–200, 202–4, 215, 228, 534, 536 harmony, monastic theme of 359–60 see also Investiture Contest Harold, king of the English Plate 40 Gregory VIII, pope (Albert of Morra) 381, 383, Hartmann von Aue 680, 689 417, 424 Harvey the Hermit 347 encyclicals (constitutiones) 394 Harz mountains, mines 60–1, 64, 701 proclamation of new crusade (1187) 210, 557 al-Hasan, governor of Tunis 619 Gregory IX, pope 134, 147 Hastings, battle of 177, 197, 687, Plate 41 Gregory of Catino 293n Hasungen abbey 344 Gregory of St. Grisogono, Polycarpus 489 Hattin, battle of (1187) 557

Index 887

Hauteville family 403, 708 Henry, bishop of Olmutz¨ 550 health, and diet 14, 15 Henry, bishop of Speyer 311 hearths, domestic 21–2 Henry, bishop of Winchester 380, 452 Hebrew 9, 645, 653, 667 Henry, brother of Louis VII 343, 350 poetry 665 Henry, cardinal priest 418 hedges 33 Henry, count of Thuringia 678 Hedingham Castle (Essex) Plate 4 Henry Aristippus, scholar at Salerno 482 Heinrich von Morungen 670 Henry of Huntingdon 90, 660, 668, 380n Heinrich von Veldeke, Eneit 678 Henry of Lausanne (Le Mans), heretic 518–19 Helias, count of Maine 544 Henry the Liberal, count of Champagne 463, Heliste, followers of Peter Helias 492 680 Heloise 347, 660 Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony and Bavaria hemp 39 106, 146, 501n, 556–7, 678, 690, Plate 25 Henri d’Andeli 663 Henry of Marcy, bishop of Albano Henry I, king of England 138, 139, 293, 687 as abbot of Clairvaux 399 and Pope Paschal II 317–18, 404, 444 papal legate 416, 419, 531, 558–9 Henry I, king of France 241, 259n Heraclius, patriarch of Jerusalem 582 Henry II, emperor 277, 376, 463, 503 Herbert, bishop of Norwich 437, 443 Henry II, king of England 337, 383, 404, 447, 463 Herbort von Frizlar 678, 688, 689 and Cathars 522 Hereford 73–4, 248 and common law 3, 138, 146, 439 heresy 270, 503, 504 Constitutions of Clarendon 439–40 eleventh-century outbreaks 504–7 and crusades 557, 558 fear of 341 and n and murder of Thomas Becket 438 Gnostic traditions 506 relations with papacy 408, 417, 428, 429 Greek Church and 571 Henry III, emperor 5, 91, 106, 263, 265, 363 inquisitions for 533 and church reform 30, 116, 229, 247–8, 301 Lucius III’s decree Ad abolendam (1184) 393, court of 464 428, 460, 533 education 463 punishments for 532 general synod at Pavia (1046) 239 see also Bogomilism; Catharism; dualism; and heretics at Goslar 506 Manichees; Waldensians and Speyer cathedral 708 heretics visits to episcopal cities 237–8, 237 papal wars against 178, 213, 214, 219, 416 Henry III, king of England 417 secular punishment of 440, 460, 533 Henry IV, emperor 117, 213 Hermagoras, St 257 and church reforms 279, 282 Hermann, bishop of Metz 304 and Investiture Contest 118, 204–5, 295, 300, Hermann of Carinthia 473, 483 301 Hermann the Jew 342, 350 justiﬁcation for deposition 313 Hermann of Salm, anti-king of Germany 268, minority of 238, 257, 262 270 quarrel with Gregory VII 194, 199–200, 202, Hermann of Tournai 282n 240, 280, 282–3, 309–10, 412 hermits 335, 353–4, 367 Saxon rebellion against 199, 200–1 veneration of 502–3 and Speyer cathedral 708–9, 710 Heron of Alexandria 729, 730 urban charters 99, 360 Herrad of Landsberg, Ortus deliciarum 44–5, Henry V, Emperor 80, 123 Plate 29 and Investiture Contest 277, 293, 295, 298–9 Hersfeld, Anonymous monk of 283 and n kidnapped in Rome 297 Herzog Ernst 666, 683 and Paschal II 397, 416 Hesdin priory (France) 45 Henry VI, emperor 66, 562, 688 Hesso of Strasbourg 298n, 320n, 398n Henry, patriarch of Aquileia 325 Hezilo, bishop of Hildesheim 322n, 326n Henry, prince 690 hierarchies (orders) Henry, archbishop of Bourges 452 assumptions about 92–3, 111, 148, 266 Henry, archbishop of Rheims 521–2 church 233–5, 245–6, 258–60, 263–4, 441–2 Henry, archbishop of Sens 443 place of warriors in 148–50, 192–3, 194, 209 Henry, archbishop of York 441n and social differentiation 185–6

888 Index

Hilary, bishop of Chichester 382 Hubert Walter, archbishop of Canterbury 384, Hilary of Orleans´ 662, 673, 685 406n Hildebert, bishop 518 Hudids, of Seville 603, 604, 605 Hildebert of Lavardin, archbishop of Tours 470, Huelva 604 664, 673, 446n Huete 614–15, 619 Hildebrand see Gregory VII siege of (1172) 618 Hildebrand, archdeacon, Florence 286 Hugh II, count of Molise 429 Hildebrand, cardinal deacon 419 Hugh III, abbot of Cluny 393 Hildegard of Bingen 337, 347, 467, 660 Hugh, abbot of Cluny 199, 271, 287, 325, 332–3 Ordo virtutum 686 and expansion of Cluniac order 340 Hildemar, on rule of Benedict 352 and rights of bishops 362 Hildesheim 136, 248, 508n and Urban II 408, 538 Hincmar, archbishop of Reims 135 Hugh, archbishop of Besançon 238 Hintata tribe 612 Hugh, archbishop of Rheims 355–6 Hippocrates, translations of 483, 486 Hugh, archbishop of Sens 457 Hirsau, anonymous polemicist of 313nn Hugh of Avalon, bishop of Lincoln 382, 444, 410 Hirsau abbey 116, 329, 345, 349, 360, 361 and n Hisdai ibn Shaprut 627 Hugh, bishop of Die (archbishop of Lyons) 270, Hisham, caliph of Cordoba´ 599 271, 326, 452n Hisham II, caliph of Cordoba´ 601 Hugh, bishop of Grenoble 254n historians, monastic 466 Hugh, bishop of Jeble 549 histories 89–90, 269–70, 466, 709 Hugh of Bourbouton 546 of religious houses 363–4 Hugh Capet, king of France 241 History of Tournai 332 Hugh the Chanter 389n, 421n Hohenrode (Saxony) 21 Hugh de Sancta Maria, monk of Fleury 293 Holy Land see Crusades; Jerusalem; Palestine Hugh du Puiset, bishop of Durham 382n Holy Roman Empire see Western Empire Hugh of Flavigny 271 Honi 587n Hugh of Fouilloy 336 Honorius, emperor 291 Hugh le Puiset, viscount of Chartres 544 Honorius II, antipope (Cadalus of Parma) 196 Hugh of Payns, founder of Knights Templar 512, Honorius III, pope (Cencius Savelli) 127, 134, 546, 215n 304, 420, 409n Hugh Primas of Orleans´ 673, 689 as papal chamberlain 401–2, 422–3, 424 Hugh of St Victor 371–2, 432, 442, 449, 470, 481, Honorius Augustodunensis 369, 431 490, 672, 215n Honorius of Autun 713 Didascalicon 475, 482, 728–9, Plate 30 Honorius, magister, archbishop of York 131 on music 472 Horace, satires 663, 673 on philosophy 478–9 Hormisdas, pope 323 Hugh of Santalla 484 horses Hugh ‘the Great’ of France 540, 549 cavalry 170, 172–3, 602 Hugh of Tuscany 483 for ploughing 41–2 Hugo of Bury St Edmunds 702 Hosios Loukas, church of the Katholikon Plate Hugo de Porta Ravennate, at Bologna law school 38 124, 125 hospitals 341 Hugo Etherianus, theologian 598 hospice in Jerusalem 547 ‘Hugo Peccator’ (‘Hugh the Sinner’) 215 and n leper 341, 548 Hugolino, cardinal bishop of Ostia 419 Hostiensis, cardinal 135 Huguccio of Pisa, Decretist 130–1, 223, 224–5, House of God, three orders of 4, 148–9, 192–3, 227 194 on bishops 442, 449, 457 houses 21–2, 705 on cardinalate 413, 428 in towns 74, 75 on clergy 440, 435 and n Hovhannes Serkavan of Haghpat 590 on inerrancy of church 411–12 Hrabanus Maurus, penitential of 187, 188 manual of grammar 476 Hromgla on papal supremacy 372, 375, 383, 386, 388–9 castle of 587, 589 on serfs as monks 343 synod of 589–90 Hugues Libergier, master mason 722

Index 889

humanism 665 Idungus of Regensburg 345 Humbald of St Sev´ ere,` bishop of Limoges 538 Ifriqiya see Tunisia Humbert II, count of Savoy 549 Ignatius, metropolitan of Melitene 582 Humbert III of Beaujeu 214, 549 Ignatius bar-Qiqi 567 Humbert of Moyenmoutier, cardinal of Silva Ile de France 154 Candida 242, 262, 270, 277 Illyricum 569 and papal primacy 303 imagery 725 on simony 292, 304, 308 in Greek church 712–13 Humiliati 341, 532, 533 of rood 721 Hungary 2, 91, 106, 143 in stone sculpture 719–21 church in 244, 499 immigrants Crusade routes through 540, 559 animosity towards Jews as 635–6 Golden Bull 91, 92, 143 and concept of gens 90 paganism 7, 500 Incipiunt nomina nominum 491 towns 49, 55 India 62, 585 hunting 36 indulgences Husterknupp (Rhineland) 21 granted to crusaders 208, 209–10, 211–12, 512, Huy 64 556 Hyacinth Bobo see Celestine III partial 514 infant mortality 14, 500 Ibn ‘Abdun 609 inheritance 20–1 Ibn Abu Said, Melkite patriarch of Antioch 575 legal dispute over nature of 114 Ibn al-Khassab, qadi of Aleppo 568 by sons of clergy 436 Ibn al-Wasiti, Nestorian monk 585 Innocent I, pope 116 Ibn ‘Ali al-Maqrizi, vizier in Baghdad 585 Innocent II, pope 319n, 374, 414, 518, 721, Ibn Daud, Abraham 630, 634 Plate 26 Sefer ha-Kabbalah 625, 645 council of Rheims (1131) 376 Ibn Hamdin, qadi of Cordoba´ 611 and episcopal elections 455, 456 Ibn Hamushk 616, 617 in France 407 Ibn Hawqal 601 grants of privileges 391, 393 Ibn Jahhaf, qadi of Valencia 607–8 and judicial authority 381, 438 Ibn Mardanish see Muhammad bin Sa’d bin on lay brethren 349 Mardanish and Peter Abelard 496 Ibn Munquidh 564 in Pisa 427, 545 Ibn Qasi, Ahmad, in Algarve 611, 613 primacy disputes 447 Ibn Rushd see Averroes¨ revenues 408, 409 Ibn Sahib al-Salat 618 and Roger of Sicily 213, 214 Ibn Shuqa, vizier 584 schism 340, 402, 414, 415 Ibn Sina, Canon 486 Innocent III, pope 117, 131, 145, 147 Ibn Tashﬁn 606, 607, 609 on clerical marriage 435, 436, 437 Ibn Tumart, Muhammad, mahdi 612, 613, 616 on crusading ideal 210, 213, 217, 556, 563 Ibn Yasin, ‘Abd Allah 606 decretalist legislation 133–4, 135, 382, 395–6 Ibrahim ben Ya‘qub 48, 56 on duties of bishops 442, 460 Iceland election 415–16 Christianity in 499 and episcopal elections 455–6, 457–8 literature 674, 678 and Fourth Lateran Council 267, 399–400, Icelanders 666, 674 401, 431 iconoclasm 712 judicial authority of papacy 377, 382, 384–5, iconography 713, 721 420–1, 429 identities and King John 145, 227, 455 civic 83–4 and monastic privileges 393–4 collective 88, 91, 94, 111 and papal chancery 373, 424 and concept of gens 87, 89–91 on papal dispensation 390 cultural 88–9 and papal supremacy 370, 373, 375 linguistic 3, 91–2 Pastoralis ofﬁcii diligentia 394, 395 Idrisi, The Book of Roger 482 primacy disputes 446, 448

890 Index

Innocent III (cont.) Cathars in 522, 523–5, 530 promotion of scholarship 434, 532 church organisation 239–40, 252, 253 revenues 404, 408–9, 410 cathedral life 248 on role of metropolitan 449–50, 451 cathedral schools 468 on secular punishment of clerics 440–1 economy 39, 58, 62, 69–70 use of cardinal legates 419, 420 imperial 106, 109 see also Fourth Lateran Council relations with papacy 239–40 inquests 145 Jewish communities 623 Instituto canonicorum (council of Aachen) 247 juridical culture in 3, 118–19, 140–1, 144–5 investiture of bishops (royal right of) 5, 277, 279, land use 28, 32, 38, 39 281, 282–3, 292–6 seigneurial society 154, 463 constitutes simony 304 towns 2, 3, 53, 74, 75–6 prohibition on (Gregory VII) 292, 299, 304, relation with lordships 54–5 315, 433 relations with church 117 Investiture Contest 113, 117–18, 122–3, 204–5, rivalry between 82–3 248 of Roman origin 48, 51, 76 and church reform movement 300–1 urban institutions 78–9, 81, 82, 99 contemporary use of term 299–301 trade 2–3, 67–8, 69–70 and criticisms of Gregory VII 278 trading ports 64–7 and disciplinary measures 330–1 see also Italy, southern; Lombard feudal law; distinction between office and property Milan; Rome; Sicily 292–301 Italy, southern 5, 8, 9, 196, 570 Ipswich, charter (1200) 99 loss of Byzantine lands in 2, 240, 288 Iqalt’o monastery 577 Muslims in 5, 9, 196 Iran, Jacobite (Syrian) church 579 Normans in 2, 81, 195, 240, 288–9, 482 Iranopolis (Baghdad) 577 iudices delegati 381–2 Irbil, Nestorian metropolitan 583 ius commune 140, 141, 147 Ireland 2, 49, 243 ius proprium 140, 147 Irnerius, jurist 123–4, 126, 469 Iviron monastery 576 iron Ivo, bishop of Chartres 122–3, 128, 129, 181, 265 in church building 701 and church reform 271, 315 trade 72 Decretum 122, 206, 487, 489 ‘iron age’, concept of 268, 269 influence of Burchard on 186, 487 iron working 43–4, 58, 59, 72 and investiture dispute 122–3, 295–6, 487 Isaac Angelus, emperor of Byzantium 559 Panormia 122, 204–5, 206, 218, 487, 489 Isaac Comnenus 569, 570 on papal dispensation 389 Isauria see Antioch on papal revenues 404, 405 Isidore of Seville and right of protection for crusaders 544 definition of just war 193, 205, 220 on role of bishops 443–4 Etymologies 129, 205, 470 and theology of war 536 on philosophy 477, 478 Ivoy, heretics at 517 Iskenderun 541 Islam Jaca, council of (c.1063) 242 Almohad revivalist movement 611, 612 Jacob ben Meir 649 Almoravid movement 606 Jacob ben Reuben, Milhamot ha-Shem 647 in Ethiopia 596 Jacobite (Syrian) church 567, 579–83 Shi‘a 564 as heretics 571 Sufi movement 611 relations with Franks 581–2 Sunni 566 Jacobus Baradaeus 579 see also Muslims Jacobus de Porta Ravennate 124 Isma‘il bin ‘Abbad, qadi of Seville 603 Jacques de Vitry see James of Vitry Isma‘il bin Dhi’l-Nun, lord of Ucles´ 603 Jaen 611 Isoyaw IV, Nestorian catholicos 584 Jaffa 561 Italy 2, 5, 13, 511 Jallia monastery, Cyprus 576 art of letter-writing 476–7 James, bishop of Mar‘ash 583 castelli 54–5 James of Venice 483

Index 891

James of Vitry 98 Johannes Galensis (John of Wales) 134 History of the Western Church 341 Johannes Teutonicus Jaroslav, ruler of Kiev 1 Compilatio IV 134, 396 Jean Bodel of Arras 666, 681, 682 Glossa ordinaria 131, 147 Chanson des Saxons 676 Johannitius, Introduction to Galen 485–6 Jerez´ de la Frontera Plate 11 John II Comnenus, emperor of Byzantium 570, Jerome, St 345 573 Jerusalem 48, 208, 547, 581 John III, Greek patriarch of Antioch 572, 576 bishopric of 260 John V Oxites, Greek patriarch of Antioch capture of (1099) 7, 542–3 572–3, 590 Church of the Holy Sepulchre 547, 572, 574, John VII bar Abdun, Jacobite patriarch of 719 Antioch 579, 590 coenaculum Plate 20 John VIII, pope 274n council of 582 John VIII, Greek patriarch of Jerusalem 573 eastern churches in 576, 583, 588 John X (IX) bar Shushan, Jacobite patriarch of fall of (1187) 8, 210, 428, 557 Antioch 579, 580, 582 heavenly 212–13 John XI, anti-patriarch of Antioch 580 kingdom of 126, 556, 562 John XIII (X), patriarch of Antioch 581 patriarchate of 572, 573 John XVI, pope 285 pilgrimages to 514, 596 John XIX, pope 229, 256, 257, 265 Urban II proposes liberation of 534, 536 John, king of England 146, 227, 417, 428, 455 Le Jeu de St Nicolas 666 John, duke of Naples 463 Jewish law (halakhah) 644, 645, 649–51 John, bishop of Glasgow 448n codiﬁcation 650–1 John, bishop of Mardin 583 responsa 649–50, 651 John, bishop of Nubia 595 talmudic study 650 John, cardinal deacon 424 Jews 7, 9–10, 197 John, cardinal priest of St Anastasia 425n anti-Christian polemics 646–8 John, cardinal priest of SS. Giovanni e Paolo 418 changing relations with 635–40, 642–3 John, cardinal of S. Grisogono 331 communal authority 641–3 John of Afﬂighem 477 communities within towns 73, 623–4, 630 John Chrysostom 483, 572 cultural creativity 56, 648–55 John of Cornwall, at Third Lateran Council 399 and cultural exchange 666–7 John of Crema, cardinal legate 452 cultural integration 645–6 John of Damascus, St, translations of 483, 484 dhimmi status of 629, 631 John de Gray, bishop of Norwich 437 in eastern Mediterranean 629–30 John of Gaeta see Gelasius II economic life of 625–9 John of Greenford, dean (later bishop) of innovation in religious life 624, 652–4, 656–7 Chichester 458 life within communities 640–6 John Italos 482, 569 malevolent stereotypes of 628–9, 632, 637, 656 John of Mantua 200, 204 martyrdom in Rhineland 647–8 John Paparo, cardinal priest 448n persecution of 210, 214, 550, 630, 638–9, 656 John Petri’ci 576, 577 pogroms (1096) 539, 636–7, 647–8 John Phokas 570, 574, 577 role in reconquista of Spain 627, 633, 640, 656 John of Salisbury 462, 463, 475, 665 settlements in northern Europe 634–5 account of Gilbert of Poitiers’s dispute 429, size of settlements 623–4 497 in Spain 483, 625 on Bernard of Chartres 467–8, 471 under Christian rule 631, 632–6, 646–7, 655 on disputation 477 under Muslim rule 624, 627, 629–31, 641, 646 letters 471, 439n use of Arabic 631 Metalogicon 478 Jimena, widow of El Cid 608 Policraticus 224 jizya, poll tax on non-Muslims 608 political thought 92, 181, 204 Joachim of Fiore 337 on teaching 469, 481 Joanna, queen of Sicily 690 John the Scot (Eriugena) 493–4, 506 Johannes Bassianus, Bolognese lecturer 137 John of Spain 484 Johannes Faventius, Summa 130 John Xiliphinos 570

892 Index

jongleurs 688, 689 Keraits, Mongolian Turks 585 Jordan, cardinal priest 421, 422 Kevork Meghrik, Armenian vardapet Jordan, bishop of Limoges 256 (theologian) 588, 590 Jordan Fantosme, chronicles in French 659 kharaj tax, on land 608 Josaphat 574 Khatchik I, Armenian catholicos 587 Joscelin I, count 568 Khazars 578n Joscelin II, prince of Edessa 580, 581 Khorasan Joscius, archbishop of Tyre 558 Jacobite metropolitan 579 Joseph of Exeter 676, 677 Melkites in 578 Joseph ibn Nagrela 631 Nestorian missionaries 585 Joseph Kimhi, Safer ha-Berit 646 Khwarizm, Melkites in 578 jousts, sporting 175 al-Khwarizmi, Arab scholar 472, 483 Jovinian, emperor 285 Kiev 48, 59, 84 Judah ha-Levi 625, 634, 649, 653 archbishopric 571 Kuzari 654 as capital city 57–8 Judaism church of St Sophia Plate 7 converts to 667 size 52, 53 philosophic defence of 654 trade 61, 63 see also Hebrew; Jewish law; Jews Kilij Arslan, Seljuk sultan of Rum 541, 566 judges killing ecclesiastical 144, 382 forbidden in heretical groups 506 procedural rules for 144 legitimate 220–1 public notaries 144 religious prohibition on 191, 220–1 royal (justices in eyre, England) 139 of unbelievers 217 judicial assemblies, towns 78 in war (penance for) 187–8, 197, 204–5, 501n Judith, wife of Henry, duke of Bavaria 501n kin groups Julian the Apostate, Roman emperor 219 decline of 16–17 Jumieges` abbey 357 feuds 17, 20 just war and recruitment for crusades 538 concept of 177, 197, 210–11, 217 kingdoms Decretists’ view of 222–8 defined 87–8 Gratian’s doctrine of 220–1 growth of political unity 3, 105–9, 111, 154 Isidore of Seville’s definition 193, 205, 220 royal administration of 106, 237–8 justice kings 15, 106, 151, 707 comital 151, 153 authority over episcopal elections 454–6 episcopal 251 duty to protect church 203, 296 as measure of war 223–4, 228 and growth of cities 56–8 seigneurial 152, 153 and justification of war 220–2, 224, 227 see also courts; law and maintenance of peace 186, 187, 193–4, 225 Justinian, Roman emperor payment of census to papacy 402–3 Digests 115–16, 119–20, 123, 124–5 place in liturgy 231–3 Institutes 118, 119, 125, 290 relations with collective groups 111, 112 Novellae 19, 120, 122 relations with Jewish moneylenders 628–9, Pandects 119 639 rediscovered texts 115–16, 119–20, 123, 489 relations with monasteries 362–3 surviving texts 118 relations with towns 81–2, 96–7 Juvenal, satires 663, 673 relationship with church 4–5, 306 statutory powers of 141–2 Kaftun, Maronite centre 591 King’s Bench, court of 139 Kairouan (Maghreb) 63, 485 kingship Kaisun, bishopric of 580, 587 ideals of 186, 195 Kara Khitai 568, 585 and role of church in king-making 232–3, 313 Karaman 559 Kirakos, historian 590 Karim bar-Masih, Jacobite maphrian 580–1 Kirby Bellars (Leics.) Plate 1 Kashgar, Nestorian bishopric 585 Kirkuk, Nestorian metropolitan 583 katharoi, use of term 520 and n knighthood 4, 171

Index 893

and chivalric ideology 172, 176–84, 216 reclamation from sea 28–9, 38 sacralisation of 167, 181–2 waste 27 and sanctity of oath 312 woodland clearance 25–6, 27–8 knightly society 158–68 see also agriculture; woodland knightly violence 4, 164–5, 166, 176 land ownership knights 4, 162–3, 183 and codiﬁcation of feudal law 145–6 appeal of crusades to 538–9 sales and exchanges 13, 16–17, 29–30 aspirations to nobility 162–3, 176, 183–4 see also property markets ceremony of dubbing 163, 167, 168, 177–8, land tenure 181–2, 183 allods 30, 34, 161 chivalric solidarity 175–6 northern Spain 35 and development of seigneurial society 151–8 structural changes 29–32 in England 80, 153 Landrecht (customary law) 140 equipment 172, 173 Landsloeg (1274) 143 literacy among 660, 689 Landulf, leader of Patarini 516 tournaments 174–6 Landulf Junior, History of Milan 468 use of term 149–50 Landulf Senior, chronicler of Milan cathedral and warfare 168–76 248–9 see also aristocracies; castellans; Military Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury 243, 251, Orders; warriors 258, 269, 361, 403n Knights Hospitallers see St John of Jerusalem as scholar 466, 489, 493–4 ‘knights of St Peter’ 4, 168, 178–80, 198, 536 Langres, bishopric of 241, 456 Knights Templar see Templars language knowledge and identity 91–2 level of 461 and philology 651–2 medical 485–6, 492 philosophy of 471, 497 and wisdom 479 trivium (three arts of) 470, 674 Kogh Vasil, Armenian leader 587, 588 languages Kokhe, cathedral (veh-Ardashar) 583 Berber 614, 618 Konig¨ Rother 682–3 of eastern churches 569 Konigslutter,¨ church 707 English 658 Konya 553, 554, 559, 564 Georgian 569 Koutzovendi, Maronite monastery 591 German 662 Kremsmunster¨ abbey 356 Greek 572, 575, 595 Kumiya tribe 613 Hebrew 645, 653, 667 Kurds, at Mar Matta 567 Italian 667 Kutaisi cathedral 577 Latin 10, 470, 658–61 Kutchlug, leader of Naimans 585 Middle High German 671, 682 Occitan (Provençal) 658, 661, 662, 668–9 Laborans, canonist 381 Old French 650, 658, 674, 679 laboratores, third category of House of God 148, Sogdian 569, 577, 585 192 Syriac 569, 575, 583, 584, 585, 591 labour Turkish 585 agricultural 26 see also Arabic; literature; translations; within religious houses 345, 365–6, 570 vernacular languages for woodland clearances 26, 27–8 langue d’oc and langue d’o´ıl 668–9 labour services 30, 31, 101 Languedoc 24, 32, 400 corv´ee 158 Catharism in 522, 523, 524, 530–1 Lacnunga (Anglo-Saxon medical manual) 484–5 court life 705, 706 Lagny, fairs 70 heresy in 532, 533 Lambeth, collegiate church 384 Laon 54, 75–6, 241, 421n Lambeth Bible 725 cathedral 384, 717–18, 730, Plate 23 Lampert of Hersfeld 201, 283, 435n school 468–9, 489, 491 Lamtuna tribe 606 Lateran basilica lance, in warfare 170, 171, 174 papal councils in 265–6 land St Nicholas chapel 287, Plate 42

894 Index

Lateran Councils see First, Second, Third and and monasteries 502–3, 513–14 Fourth Lateran Councils pilgrimage 514, 707 Latin 10, 470, 658–61 practice and faith of 499–502, 513–14, 533 internationalism of 660–1 as preachers 531–2 spoken 660 supporters of Catharism 528, 529–31, 533 Latin Church see Church, Roman (Latin) see also parishes; religious dissent Latin classics lazar-houses 16, 341 adaptations in romances 676–8 Le Mans 241, 720 drama 684, 685 commune (1070) 97 medievalisation of 677 Le Puy 241 study of 663, 664–5 peace council (975) 165 latrines Urban II at 537, 538 in castles 705 lead, for church roofs 701 public, London 76 leather trade, in towns 58–9 Laudes regiae texts 231–2 Lebanon, Maronites in 591 Laurentius Hispanus, canonist 131, 133 legal study Lavaur castle, Languedoc 531 Bologna school 123–6 law 93, 113–14 canon law 120–3 appeals 143, 144 continuity from Roman schools 118, 147 codiﬁcation 119, 145–6, 650–1 Decretists 129–32 criminal 136, 142, 145 jurisprudence as academic discipline 147, development of legal culture 3, 144, 146, 147 481 factors in development of 115–18 universities and law schools 126–7 feudal 137, 140–1, 145–6 Lehnrecht (feudal law) 140 inquests 145 Leicester, bishopric of 243 international 128 Leo I, pope 116, 128, 284, 287, 370 legal institutions 143–6 Leo II, patriarch of Armenia 580, 590 legislation (royal) 142–3, 146 Leo VIII, pope 283 of marriage 3, 129, 136–7, 146 Leo IX, pope (1049–54) 242, 494, 571 procedural 135–6, 137 and changes in papacy 117, 118, 261–2 of property 3, 19–20, 129 and church in Africa 592 statutory (statuta) 3, 141–2 and church reforms 282, 284, 303, 365 and warfare 218 papal councils 229–30, 265–6, 318, 397, 435, written 3, 20, 114, 115, 143–4 265n see also canon law; common law; courts; papal synods 239 customs; Jewish law; legal study; Roman war against Normans of southern Italy 178, law 195, 196 law schools 3, 119, 120, 125–7, 131 Leo, cardinal priest 419 rise of 469 Leo of Ostia, historian 269–70 see also Bologna law school; legal study Leo of Tuscany 483 Lawrence of Durham 673 Leon´ 108, 242, 615, 618 Lawrence of Westminster 470 S. Isidoro 708 lay brethren, in religious communities 349, 366, Leon-Castile´ 2, 605 513 divided (1157) 615 laymen Leonard, nephew of Innocent III 411 benefactors and donors to church 290, 463, Leontius II, patriarch 573 704, 706–7 leper hospitals 16, 341 as founders of churches 290, 704, 707 Order of St Lazarus 548 heretical groups of 505 leprosy 16 and ideals of religious life 337–8, 502–3, 513, Lesghian Christians, Dagestan 578 529–31 letters instructions to boycott simoniacal and art of writing 471, 476–7, 663 married clergy 306–8, 309 birch-bark (Novgorod) 81 Latin literacy 510–11, 660, 661 Leutard (Chalons-sur-Marne),ˆ heretic 504, 506, limited church attendance 499, 501, 509, 533 507 literacy among 433, 462 Levant, trade with 61

Index 895

Levante region (Spain) 604, 605, 615, 616 of clergy 433–4 and Almohads 615, 616, 617 in Latin 510–11, 660, 661 Almoravids in 607, 611 literature 663 Lex familiae Wormatiensis ecclesiae (1025) 115 adaptations of classical stories 676–8 Lex Lombarda 119, 140–1 beast 682 Summa on 137, 140 chivalric 182–3, 666–7, 678–81 Lex romana canonice compta 114 drama 684–6 Liber Censuum (1192) 401–2 German 666–7, 671, 678, 680 Liber de unitate ecclesiae conservanda 329, 355 Jewish (in Arabic) 645–6 Liber de vita christiana 122 in Latin 660–1, 671–3, 691–2 Liber disputatorius 137 lays 676, 678 Liber extravagantium decretalium (Liber extra) liturgical plays 662 134–5, 147 in Old French 674–6, 679–80 Liber papiensis 119 popular 667–8 liberal arts (artes liberales) 118, Plate 29 religious 681–2 decline in teaching of 481–2 romances 675–7, 678–81 handbooks on 474–6 satirical 673–4 quadrivium (number) 470, 472–4, 475, 476, Spielmannsdichtung 682–3 477, 482, 674 trouveres` 511, 669, 671 trivium (language) 470–2, 475, 674 vernacular 511, 667–8, 691–2 liberties 3 see also poetry charters of 92, 97 Lithuania 2 libraries Littera vulgata 119–20 monastic 465–6 Little Book concerning the Various Orders . . . 354 private (royal) 463 liturgy 230–3 Libri feudorum 137, 140, 141 Cathar (Bogomil) 528–9 Libya, Nestorians in 583 Laudes regiae texts 231–2 Lichfield, bishopric of 243 Litany of Saints 231, 245 Liege` and unification of Church 245–6 church 712 use of unleavened bread 571, 572, 576, 589 diocese of 353, 374, 277n variations between religious houses 355–6 Paschal II’s attack on 276, 281 Liutprand, miles Christi 179 schools 463, 464, 494 Lleida 605, 611 trade 64, 72, 723 Lo Codi (translation of Roman law terminology) Liemar, archbishop of Bremen 322, 326 125–6 life expectancy, longevity 15 Lodi (Italy) 82 Life of St Alexius 511 logic, study of 472, 475, 476, 478–9 Lille 52, 71, 74 Loire valley poets 673 Limoges 70, 249–50 Lombard feudal law (Lombarda code) see Lex language of (Limousin) 661, 668 Lombarda Notre Dame de la Regle` abbey 538 Lombard League 419 peace council (1031) 165 Lombards 6 St Martial abbey 256, 538, 707, 710 Lombardy 65, 70 Urban II at 537, 538 Catharism in 523, 524, 525, 530 Limousin, metalwork industry 723 heresy in 532, 533 Lincoln 55, 243 Humiliati in 532 cathedral 469, 718 Waldensians in 531 Lindsey, bishopric of 243 Lombers, synod of (1165) 522–3 linen London 51, 52, 57, 76, 80, 83 trade in goods 3 administrative centre 74, 78, 79 village production 44 churches 510 Lippoldsberg abbey (nunnery) 345 crafts 59, 60 Lisbon, conquest (siege) of (1147) 69, 212, 555, fires 76 611, 613 markets 72 literacy 462, 510–11 merchants 64, 68, 69 among upper classes 461–2, 660, 689 merchants’ houses 76

896 Index

London (cont.) Maghreb patron saint (Thomas Becket) 83–4 Berbers 599, 612 population 50, 53 Latin church 592 relations with monarchy 82, 97 rebellion against Almorads 620 as trading centre 60, 63, 64, 68, 69 trade 61, 63, 65, 69 urban leaders 77, 78, 79 Magna Carta 92 written customs 80 Magnus Hakonsson,˚ king of Norway 143 lordship, as personal authority 86, 187 Magyars 4 lordships mahdi, use of term 612 autonomous 152 al-Mahdia 63 relations with towns 54–6 Mahdia expedition (1087) 272 relations with villages 23, 24, 101–2 siege of (1159) 615 see also aristocracies; nobles Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon) 626, 645, Lorraine (Lotharingia) 13, 16, 69, 236, 237 648, 649 aristocracy 155, 162 Guide for the Perplexed 654 dioceses of 236, 277 Mishneh Torah 651, 654 Lothar I, Frankish emperor 187 Mainvillers 353 Lothar III, emperor 140, 214, 444 Mainz 48, 57, 237, 336 Lothar, cardinal deacon see Innocent III archbishopric of 236, 237, 244, 257, 445, 450n Lotharingia see Lorraine Cathars in 522 Louis I, the Pious, king of France 187, 284 council of (1071) 259 Louis VI, king of France 469 papal council (1049) 265n Louis VII, king of France 142, 410, 557, 708 pogrom against Jews 539 and Paris Jews 638, 639 Pontiﬁcale Romano-Germanicum 186, 231 Second Crusade 549–55 trading centre 60, 63 Louis IX, king of France 522 Majorca 604 Lubeck¨ 15, 75 Malachy, archbishop of Armagh 443, 444 development of 55–6, 142 Malaga 604, 611 as trading centre 60, 71 Malaya, Nestorian Christianity in 585 Lucca 62, 66, 82 Malik-Shah, sultan of Ani 587 textiles 69–70, 71 Mamistra 573 Lucius II, pope (Gerard) 418, 721 Manasses, archbishop of Rheims 314, 390, 450n as chancellor 423, 424 Manegold of Lautenbach 201, 480, 489, 313nn Lucius III, pope 126–7, 373, 393, 408, 590 Manfred, cardinal deacon 419 secular punishment of heretics 440, 460, 533 Mani, teaching of 507 Ludus de Antichristo 686 Manichean heresy 7, 249, 505–6, 507 Ludwig III, Landgrave of Thuringia 678 Manichees, contemporary use of term 503, 504, Ludwig, burgrave of Trier 444 507 Lupus of Ferrieres` 35 al-Mansur, Abu Yusuf Ya‘qub, Almohad caliph Lusatia 34 619–22 Luxembourg, hermits near 353 al-Mansur, Muhammad bin Abi Amir 599, 601, luxury goods 59, 62, 67–8 602, 604 see also art Mantua, Lombard law taught at 140 Lyons Manuel I Comnenus, emperor of Byzantium diocese of 234–5, 238, 240, 252, 258, 323 482, 521, 569 conﬂict with Sens 379, 446 and church reform 570 and Holy Places 574 Maastricht, St Servatius abbey 363 relations with eastern churches 571, 573, 582, Mabinogion 500 590, 598 Macedonia, urban growth 67 and Second Crusade 552, 553, 554, 555, 573 Maconˆ 241, 384 manufacture, development of 2 Maconnaisˆ 24 Manytch, steppe region 578 castellans 155, 162 Manzikert, battle of (1071) 8, 564 Magbes 591 Mar Barsauma monastery 579, 581, 582 Magdeburg 48, 57, 72, 237 Mar Matta monastery 567, 580, 581 archbishopric of 236, 237, 244, 245 Mar Shabta church, Magbes 591

Index 897

Mar‘ash 566, 586 Maurice, emperor of Byzantium 282 marble 699–700 Maurice, bishop of London 458 Marbod, bishop of Rennes 346, 673 Maurice, cardinal bishop of Porto 420 Marcabru, troubadour 689, 690 Maurice de Sully, bishop of Paris 451, 498 Marcigny abbey, Cluniac nunnery 343, 345 Maurus, scholar at Salerno 485 Mardin Maximus the Confessor, translations of 484 Jacobite patriarchal diocese 579, 580, 585 mayors 99, 104 Nestorians at 583 meat, heretics’ rejection of 520 Margaret, countess of Cleves 678 Meaux, bishopric of 241, 457 Mariam Nishin monastery 577 medicine Marie, countess of Champagne 680, 690 Jewish involvement in 626 Marie de France, lais 678, 681 schools of 482, 484, 485, 592, 665 Marinus the Hermit 353 study of 472, 478, 481 Mark, patriarch of Alexandria 590, 592, 593 translations of ancient texts 484–6, 492 Mark of Milan, Cathar bishop of Lombardy 523, Meissen, margrave of 61 524, 525 Mekhitar Gosch, of Guedik 590 marketplaces 55, 72 Melchisedeq, catholicos of Georgia 576 markets 38, 44–6, 85 Meletius, Melkite archbishop 573 in towns 48, 85 Melﬁ Markward of Anweiler 213–14 Constitutions of (1231) 143 Marmoutier abbey 340, 356 council of (1089) 436 papal council (1096) 538 Melgueil, county of 407 Maronites 590–1 Melitene 568, 572, 582 Marqab castle 548 Melkites (Syri) (eastern church) 572, 575, 593 Marrakesh 8, 606, 609 relations with Franks 574, 575 Almohads in 612, 615, 617, 619–20 Meludinenses, followers of Robert of Melun 492 forced conversions at 592 Mendicant Orders 342, 533 marriage 18, 19–20 mercenary armies, use of 160 condemned by Cathars 520 merchants 62, 69, 82, 148 laws 3, 129, 136–7, 146 at fairs 3, 70–1 of consanguinity 509 guilds 79–80 non-religious ceremony 501, 509 London 64, 68, 69, 76 theological teaching on 122, 128 role in town governance 77 Marseilles, trade 60, 67 Venetian 65–6 Martial, St, cult of 256, 707 Meriadoc 679 Martianus Capella 683 Merida,´ church of 448 The Wedding of Mercury and Philology 470 Merovingian kings, efﬁgies (1160s) 709 Martinus Gosia, at Bologna law school 124, 125 Merseburg (Saxony) 237 Mary the Virgin Mertola 604 cult of 18, 515–16, 595 Merv 568, 578, 585 imagery of 720, 721 Mesopotamia 568, 579 in literature 681–2 metal working 59, 723 in liturgical plays 662 see also gold; iron; mining; silver Masmuda Berbers 614, 616 metropolitans 233, 446–54 masons 699, 700, 711, 722 authority over bishops 371, 374, 450 mathematics erosion of authority of 451–2 Arabic 484 institution of 323–5 and architecture 729–31 obligations of 449–51 Matilda, countess of Tuscany 123, 200, 204, 215 Metz 13, 52, 726 Matilda, duchess of Saxony 690 Meunet abbey 359, 365 Matilda of England 673 Michael I see Michael the Syrian matter, and form 698 Michael II, Jacobite patriarch of Antioch 580 Matthew of Albano, Cluniac cardinal bishop Michael VII, emperor of Byzantium 199 355, 418 Michael of Ephesus, scholar 482 Matthew of Edessa 574, 590 Michael, Georgian catholicos 578 Matthew of Vendomeˆ 674 Michael, prince of Zeta 245

898 Index

Michael Keroularios 569, 571, 572, 589 Bogomilism in Byzantine houses 508 Michael Psellos, scholar 482 Ethiopia 597–8 Michael the Syrian, Jacobite patriarch of Antioch family (Hauskloster) 360 566, 567, 579, 580, 581, 582, 594, 598 Jacobite 581 Middle East 2, 47 libraries and scriptoria 465–6, 491 trade with 47, 61, 62–3 use of term 352–3 see also eastern churches; Palestine; Syria see also religious communities Mignot, Jean 730 monastic reform 355–60, 366–7, 502–3 Milan 52, 54, 78 Germany 271 Barbarossa’s seizure of (1162) 66, 95 language of 273 Cathars in 524 new orders 185 cathedral 248–9, 730, 458n papacy and 331–2 church 82, 264, 726 and privileges 360–3 Ambrosian 248, 379 and written rules 116, 340 cult of saints 257 monasticism, Greek 570, 576 diocese of 239, 445 money economy and trade 62, 70, 72 bullion trade 60–1 Lombard feudal law taught at 140, 141 in countryside 45–6 Pataria (religious folk movement) 117, 307–8, rents 31–2, 46 333, 516 token 61 population 50, 52–3 moneylending, Jewish specialisation 628–9, revolt of the vavassors (1035) 117 637 Military Orders Monforte, castle 505 brothers of 548–9 Mongolia 585 in Spain 513, 548, 557 Monheim abbey 344 see also St John of Jerusalem; Templars monks military power, devolution of (‘privatised’) 155 ad succurrendum 347 milites 149 nobles as 342–4, 502 deﬁnitions 156–7, 163 ordination of 351–2, 355 ‘knights of St Peter’ 4, 168, 178–80, 198, 536 as poets 672, 681, 683–4, 688 lawlessness of 164–5, 176 as popes 332 and n as supporters of castellans 153, 154, 157 as preachers 337 transformation into knights 161–2 as satirists 674 see also knights; warriors secular 354 milites Christi 179, 180, 512 see also clergy milites ecclesiae 164, 167 Monologion (Anselm of Bec) 466 millennium (year 1000), fear at approach of Monophysites 564, 572, 579, 589, 590 163–4 rebaptism of 577 Minden (Saxony) 237 see also Jacobite church mining, metals for coinage 45–6, 60–1 Monotheletism 590–1 Minnesanger¨ (singer-poets) 669, 670, 688 Monreale, church 707, 716, 721, 727 minster churches 253, 499 Mont St Michel abbey 347, 466, 514 minstrels 687, 688, 689 Montani, school of logicians 492 mints 48, 61–2, 151 Monte Cassino abbey 29, 253, 255, 352, 355, 485 miracle plays 685 Desiderius’ rebuilding 286–7, 727 miracles, accounts of 681, 682 reforms 269, 331, 332 Miseray abbey 358 ‘Roman liberty’ for 331, 392 Mishnel Torah (Maimonides) 651 Monte Gargano, shrine 514 Misis (Cilicia) 541 Monte S. Angelo, St Michael’s church 286 Mleh, Rupenid baron 589 Montegaudio, Order of 548 Modena, cathedral 724 Montmajour abbey 273 Modeville, archaeological site 21 Montpellier 52, 108 Moissac, church 720, 724 schools 126, 468 Molesme abbey 351, 363 of medicine 484, 665 monasteries 10, 358–9, 365 trade 60, 66, 67 Armenian 588 moral instruction 470–1

Index 899

morality plays 686 Naiman people 585 Moravia 34 Nantes, council of (1127) 446n Morigny abbey 407 Naples, population 53 Morocco Narbonne Almohads in 613–22 diocese 240, 258, 446 Almoravids in 8, 61, 592, 606–7 peace council (1054) 165, 191 Christians in 592 Narcisus 676 Moron 604 al-Nasir, son of al-Mansur 622 mosaics natio, nationes, use of term 87–8, 111 Hosios Loukas Plate 38 nation Kiev Plate 7 concept of 92 Sicily 10, 721, Plates 19, 43 and concept of state 181 Moselle valley, wine trade 64 see also kingdoms Moses ben Maimon see Maimonides natural science 374, 472 Moses of Bergamo 483 nature, study of 473–4, 479 Mosul 566, 577, 580 Naumburg cathedral, statues 710, 725–6 Nestorian metropolitan 583 Navarre 605 Mount Athos monasteries 570, 576, 577 Navas de Tolosa, battle of (1212) 622 Mozarabs, deported from al-Andalus 592, Nefta, Christians at 592 609–10 Neibla 604 Mtzkheta cathedral 577 Nemesius of Emesa, translations of 483, 485 Muhammad bin Sa’d bin Mardanish 611, 615–16, Neophytos the Recluse 570 617 Neoplatonism Muhammad, qadi of Seville 603 in eastern churches 571, 576 Muhammad bin Ishaq bin Ghaniya 620 influence in heresies 506, 508 Muhammad, heir of ‘Abd al-Mu’min 616, 617 Nerses of Lampron 590 Muldenstil (drapery convention) 724, 725 Nerses Shnorhali, Armenian catholicos 590 al-Mulk, Nizam 566, 584 Nestorian Church 8, 567, 583–6 muluk al-tawa‘if (regional kings in Andalusia) missionary tradition 585–6 602 relations with Muslim rulers 584–5 al-Mundhir bin Yahya al-Tujibi 603 Nestorius 583 Munster¨ (Saxony) 237 New Buckenham (Norfolk) Plate 2 Murcia, under Almohads 617, 619, 620 Newcastle, coal trade 71 murder 17 Nicaea Jews accused of 638–9 crusades 541, 553 music 472, 475, 477, Plate 36 falls to Seljuks (1078) 8, 564 Muslims 2, 7, 8–9 synod of 285 cultural influence on Christendom 665–6 Nicetas, papa (bishop) of Bogomils 524, 525 injustice of occupation of Holy Land by 210 Nicholas I, pope 377, 274n in Italy 5, 9, 196 Nicholas II, pope 195, 262, 266, 286, 415n in Nubia 596 Nicholas, cardinal bishop of Albano 403 relations with eastern churches 564, 566, 575, Nicholas, patriarch of Alexandria 592 589 Nicholas Breakspear see Adrian IV relations with Jewish communities 629–31, Nicholas de Romanis, cardinal bishop of 641 Tusculum 400 in Sicily 242, 536 Nicholas of Verdun, goldsmith 724 in Spain 242, 536, 599, 601–22 Nigel of Canterbury (Nigel Wireker) 681 treatment of Christians 8, 536, 566–7, 568 Nikephoros Phokas 570 warfare against 4, 196, 536, 602 Nikon of the Black Mountain 587 see also Islam Nikulas´ Bergsson 666 al-Mu’tadid, ruler of Seville 604 Nîmes, papal council (1096) 538 al-Mu’tamid, ruler of Seville 605, 607 Nineveh 580 al-Mutawwakil, ruler of Badajoz 584, 607 Nisibis 566, 567, 580, 583, 584 al-Muzaffar 601, 604 Nivardus of Ghent 682 Mystère d’Adam 685 Nivelles, trade 64 mystical speculation, Jewish 654–5 Nizam al-Mulk 566, 584

900 Index

nobilis, as city leader 77 obligation, nature of 92–3 nobles 105, 430, 709 Octavian, papal chamberlain 423n education of 461, 462–3 Odilo, St, abbot of Cluny 194, 336, 502, 507n patrons of monasteries 360, 514 Odo, cardinal deacon 418, 419 as poets 688–9 OdoofChatillon,ˆ cardinal bishop of Ostia 332–3 in religious communities 342–4, 502 Odofredus, Bologna jurist 119 see also aristocracies Olaf, St king of Norway 1 Nonantola (Emilia), charter of liberties (1058) Old Sarum, Salisbury Plate 3 92, 102–3 Old Testament Norbert, archbishop of Magdeburg 444 dualists and 526 Norbert, St, founder of Premonstratensians 341, rejected by Bogomils 503, 522 346, 467, 517 Oleguer, archbishop of Tarragona 545 Norbert of Xanten 357 Oliver, Cathar bishop of Albi 524 Norman Conquest (of England) 2, 4, 137, 152, Olmutz¨ (Bohemia), diocese of 259 177 On the Condition of the Church 368 and Trojan legend 677 On the Necessity of Preserving the Unity of the Normandy 31, 142, 152 Church see Liber de unitate dioceses 251, 452 Ongut people 585 and origins of feudalism 160 Onulf of Speyer 349–50, 366 peasant protests 102, 105 oratores, ﬁrst category of House of God 148, 192 Normans 89–90, 157 ordeal, trial by 3, 144 in Sicily 2, 5, 9, 152, 288–9 Orderic Vitalis 175, 425, 466, 687 court life 705–6 education 462, 465 in southern Italy 5, 9, 81, 196, 240 history of Normans 89 and relations with papacy 195, 288–9 ordination 442, 449 in Tunis 615, 616 Ordines iudiciarii (canon law) 124, 136 Northampton 51, 73, 469 Ordines iudiciorum (Roman law) 124, 136 Northumbria, diocese of 250, 251 Ordo, transmission of succession (Bogomils and Norway 500, 700 Cathars) 523, 524 Norwich 53, 54, 638 Ordo ‘Ulpianus de edendo’ (England) 136 notaries, public 144–5 Ordo virtutum, morality play 686 Notitia Galliarum 234, 258 Orestes, patriarch of Jerusalem 576 Notker of St Gall 492 Orford Castle (Suffolk) Plate 5 Notre Dame de la Regle` abbey, Limoges 538 Orleans´ Novatian heresy 520n bishopric of 241 Novgorod 48, 59, 71, 81 cathedral school 468, 663 trade 59, 63, 72 heretic canons at 504, 506 Noyers (France) 13 Orthodox Church see Greek (Byzantine) Nubia 568, 595–6 Church Christian churches 594, 595 Orthodox Imperial Defence (1111) 293 nunneries Orvieto 524 Germany 335 Osbern of Gloucester 476 see also monasteries; religious communities Osbert, archdeacon of York 439n nuns 344–7 ost (feudal service) 170 Nur al-Din 566, 589 Otto I, emperor 114 and Magdeburg 236, 244 oath reign as golden age 277, 283 archbishops’ 324–5 Otto III, emperor 244, 283, 285 public 21 Otto, bishop of Bamberg 350, 356–7, 453 sanctity of 312 Otto, bishop of Constance 453 to maintain peace 164, 165, 166 Otto of Freising 49, 106, 336, 343, 454 Obazine abbey 346, 348 chronicler of First Crusade 209, 466 obedience on college of cardinals 425, 428 absolution from oath of 309–10, 312 houses of canons founded by 357 of archbishops to papacy 325 Second Crusade 553 Obertus de Orto 141 on types of religious orders 354

Index 901

Ovid jurisdiction interest in 663 extended 5, 116–17, 129, 313–14 Metamorphoses 676, 680, 269n and right of appeal to Rome 382–5 poetic influence of 672–3, 679–80 legislative authority 113, 313–16, 386–9, 391, Oviedo monastery 384 394–401 oxen, for ploughing 41 monarchical role of 318–19, 321–3, 369–70 Oxford 50, 51 and monastic exemption 328–33, 362, 386, schools 139, 469 392 papal decretals 132–5, 147 Paderborn 237, 702 papal property 288–91 Padua 82–3 Patrimony of St Peter 288, 401–2, 422–3, university 127, 135 430 paganism 7, 500, 571 and Peace of God movement 194 (in)compatibility with Christianity 473, 480 power of dispensatio 389–90 Pakhoras (Faras), Nubia 595 reform movement 194, 195–8, 274, 281, 302, Palermo 53, 58, 66, Plate 43 Plate 42 Capella Palatina 716 relations with Constantinople 260 and n Norman palace 705–6 right of canonisation 376–7 Palestine role of cardinal bishops 260–1 crusader castles 547, 548 vicarius (vice-pontiff) 327, 328 diversity of population 90, 548, 625 and war Latin and Greek churches 570, 573–4, 576, against enemies of Christianity 178–9, 579 180–1, 195–7, 536–7 shrines to Virgin Mary 515 against heresies 218–19 significance of (as Holy Land) 4, 210, 211–12 concept of just war 222 trade with Italy 3, 65, 66 crusade movement 545, 556–7, 563 and wars of Israel 221, 226 recruitment of ‘knights of St Peter’ 4, 168, see also Crusades; Jerusalem 178–80, 198, 536 pallium, significance of 324, 448–9 support for Reconquista 197 Palmyra 723 see also Church; Investiture Contest; papal palynology, evidence from 25, 38 councils; papal curia; papal legates; Pamphilus (comoedia) 684 schism; synods pamphlet, origin of word 661 papal councils 229–30, 265–6, 318–21, 376 Pamplona, bishopric of 242 Gregory VII 265, 266, 318–19 Pandulf, Vita Gelasii II 414n legislation (canons) promulgated in 394, Panormia (handbook of canon law) 122, 123 396–401 Pantocrator monastery (Mt Athos) 570 Leo IX 229–30, 265–6, 318, 397, 435 papacy Urban II 318, 319 administration 261–2, 419–20 see also Lateran Councils (by number); Pisa; centralisation of 323–4 Rheims secretariat 423–4 papal curia 261, 266, 304, 305 centrality of 229–30, 260, 263–7 audientia causarum 420–1 claim to primacy 5, 116, 234, 246, 257, 258–9, cardinals penitentiary ( poenitentiaria 322–3 apostolica) 420 primacy arengas 274, 391–2 chamberlain (camerarius) 421–3 claim to supremacy 369–73 consistorium 429 contest with the empire 5, 157–8, 283–6, as court of appeal 382–5 301–2, 430 as court of first instance 385–6 elections to 196, 262–3, 282, 414–16 delegated powers 381–3, 420–1 factions within 261, 262 judicial role of 378–9, 380–1 feudal model of 304, 368–9 litigation in 379–80 finances 304, 401–11 as pope’s household 419–20 grants of privileges 387, 390–4, 426–7 revenues to support 405–6 itinerant popes 406–7 see also cardinals judicial powers of 316–21, 373–80, 386 Papal Election Decree (1059) 262–3, 266, see also papal curia 414

902 Index

papal legates 325–8, 400, 406, 452 Pataria, Patarini (religious movement), Milan archbishop legates 452–3 117, 307–8, 333, 516 cardinals as 416–19 Patmos monastery 570 monks as 332 patron saints 255–7, 706 paper mills 44 for towns 83–4 Papias, manual of grammar 476 patronage 6, 698 papyrus, used in Lateran palace 261 and architects 729 paradise, myths of 358, 359 for church building 703–4 ‘parias’, tribute 602, 605 for poets 688, 690–1 Paris 57, 60, 73, 83, 255 sought by knights 181 bishopric of 241, 457 Paucapalea, at Bologna law school 129 cathedral schools 468, 469, 490, 498 Paul, Armenian catholicos 587 Jewish community 638 Paul, bishop of Sidon 575 Latin quarter 660 Paulician heresy 523, 571, 518 and n liberties 97 Paulina, founder of Paulinzelle (Swabia) 336, merchants 70, 80 360 Notre Dame cathedral 498, 730 Pavia 48, 54, 384 population 50, 53 general synod (1046) 239 St Germain de Pres´ 709 law school 119, 120, 140, 141, 469 St Victor canonry and school 469–70, 490, relations with emperor 82, 106–7, 114–15 667, 672 trade 62, 65, 68 Sainte Chapelle 719 peace wall of Philip Augustus 52, 469 principle of 225–6, 228 Paris, university schools of 127, 131, 135, 409, royal statutes on public 141–2, 167 469 peace councils 105, 165–7, 177 debate on clerical marriage 436 Le Puy (975) 165 training in dialectic 663 Limoges (1031) 165 parishes 246, 252–5 Narbonne (1054) 165, 191 and churches 253 Saint-Gilles-du-Gard (1042) 166 episcopal control of 509–10 Toulouges (Perpignan) (1027) 166 within cities 255 Verdun-sur-le-Doubs 165, 167 parochial system 252–5, 499, 533 Vich (1033) 166 Parsifal 678 see also Peace of God movement Parvipontani, followers of Adam du Petit-Pont Peace of God movement 4, 189–94, 511 492 assemblies 163, 164 Parzival 10, 666, 680 and idea of commune 77 Paschal I, pope 292 and prohibition on killing 191 Paschal II, pope 128, 201, 332, 339, 414, 421n see also peace councils; Truce of God attack on Liege` and Cambrai 276, 281 peasants 3, 148 on authority of metropolitans 451–2 freedoms (Spain) 34 and church in Spain 323 military duties 101 and Cistercian privileges 393 peat bogs, reclaimed 25 claim to Illyricum 569 pedites (foot soldiers) 169, 172, 173–4 in France 406 Pen er Malo (Morbihan) 21 and Investiture dispute 294–5, 297–8, 319, 404 penance 501, 512 papal bull (1113) 340 Burchard’s regulations for 186–8 and papal councils 397 crusade as 208–10, 556 and papal patrimonies 288–9 for killing excommunicates 201, 204 papal powers 274, 317–18, 374, 424–5 for killing in war 187–8, 197, 204–5 delegated 327, 416, 420 remission of 407 preaches crusade 213, 542, 544 sin and 198–206 primacy disputes 447 for warriors 177, 186, 511 on role of bishops 444, 449 penitential communities 353 Paschasius of Corbie 493 pentarchy 572 Passau 237, 356 peoples see gens passion plays 662 Pepo, at Bologna law school 124

Index 903

Perceval 183 Commentary on the Psalms Plate 32 Peregrinus, abbot of Fontaines-les-Blanches 358, Four Books of Sentences 486, 490, 492, 362 497–8 Periblepton monastery, Bogomils in 508n scholar 469, 480, 497 Perigord,´ bishop of 384 Peter Pictor, canon of St Omer 405 perjury 312–13 Peter of Poitiers 480, 498, 691 Perseus, satires 663, 673 Peter of Troyes see Peter Comestor Pesqin monastery 581 Peter Valdes 461 Peter, St Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny 353, 365, as authority for papal supremacy 370, 371–2, 366, 379 378 crusade sermon 550–1 Gregory VII’s cult of 311, 320, 321 early education 348, 465 Peter III, patriarch of Antioch 572, 576, 578 Latin translation of Qur’an 466, 665–6 Peter, cardinal of S. Grisogono 399 and war against papal enemies 214, 545 Peter, count of Substancion-Melgueil 403n Peterhausen, chronicler of 345, 366 Peter Abelard 462, 659 Peter’s Pence 403–4 celebrity of 469, 492, 494 Petersberg bei Halle 708 Collationes 476, 496 Petracius, Bogomil envoy 525 condemnation and punishment of 425, 427, Petrarch 665 494–5, 496 Petric’oni monastery (convent) 576 Dialectica 475 Petros Gokadarz, Armenian catholicos 587 exposition of Scripture 490 Petrus Collivaccinus, vice-chancellor to on hypotheticals 481 Innocent III 134, 395 on monasteries 345, 359–60 Petrus Musandinus 485 planctus 674 Pfaffe Konrad 678 scholarship 472, 473, 474, 490, 491, 667 Philaretos (of Armenia), catholicos of Mar‘ash SicetNon487–8 566, 586, 587 The History of My Troubles 495 Philaretus, Pulses (translated) 486 on theology 480 Philip I, king of France 241, 309 Peter of Albano, cardinal 359 Philip II Augustus, king of France 52, 109, 146, Peter Alfonsi 473, 484, 667 217, 227, 458 Peter of Blois 217, 395, 425, 443, 471 divorce 428 Peter of Bruys, heretic 518, 521 and Jews 638–9 Peter of Capua (Peter Capuano), papal legate and Third Crusade 416, 558, 559, 560–1 419, 498, 591 and walls of Paris 52, 469 Peter of Celle 366 Philip, count of Flanders 462–3, 556, 558, Peter the Chanter 356, 366, 395, 410, 498 680 Peter of Cluny, papal chamberlain 419n, 421 Philip of Harvengt, abbot of Bonne Esperance´ and n 462–3 Peter Comestor 216–17, 480, 489 Philippe de Thaon, Bestiaire 690 Historia scholastica 492, 690–1 Philippopolis, Paulician community at 523 Peter of Compostela 478 Philomena 676 Peter of Corbeil, archdeacon of York 409 philosophy Plate 29 Peter Damian, church reformer 116, 118, 230, Anselm’s Monologion and Proslogion 466 502–3 branches of 478–9 on church property 253, 292 Jewish 653–5 on Church’s use of force 196 study of 477–81 letter to Hildebrand 120, 264–5 theoretical 408, 479 on philosophy 479–80 physics (as division of philosophy) 478 on religious life 280, 338 Piacenza 82, 384, 397 and role of cardinal bishops 260–1 crafts 60, 70 on vita communis 280 Patarine reform movement in 516 Peter des Roches, bishop of Winchester 404 as trading centre 60, 68 Peter Helias, teacher 475, 492 Picardy 39, 53, 154 Peter the Hermit 536, 538, 539, 540 Piere Vidal 688 Peter Lombard 399, 487–8, 489 Pierre Garcias of Toulouse, Cathar 526n

904 Index

Pietists, German 655 saluts d’amour 670, 673 pilgrimages 4, 514, 517, 666, 723 sirventes (satires) 670–1, 674 crusades equated with 537 tenso (dialogue) 671 to St James of Compostela 69, 514, 707 in vernacular 662, 668–71 pilgrims see also Chanson de Roland; Chretien´ de remission of penance 407 Troyes; Jean Bodel; literature subject to canon law 537 poets Plate 29 Pilius, writings on Roman law 137 court 688 Pippin III, king of the Franks 283 itinerant 687–9 Piramus et Tisbé 676 Poitiers 538, 672 Pisa 2, 51, 52, 53, 82 Poitiers, bishop of 324, 384 archbishopric of 445 Poitou 45, 154 cathedral 73, 84, 727, Plate 21 Poland 33, 57, 63 civic identity 84, 99, 117 church in 244, 323–4, 403, 499 fortified towers 75 no metropolitan bishop in 323–4 patron saint 83 towns 50, 55, 63 trade 60, 66–7, 70, 79 political thought Pisa, council of (1135) 213, 396, 545 emphasis on group 92 place names, evidence of 25 John of Salisbury 92, 181, 204 Placentinus, lawyer at Montpellier 126 politics, study of 478 Placidus of Nonantola 292 Pomerania 34, 557 Book concerning the Honour of the Church Pons de Melgueil, abbot of Cluny 379, 708, 710, 297–8, 320 729 and investiture debate 297–8, 315 Ponthieu, trade with London 64 on papal legislation 315–16, 397–8 Pontificale Romano-Germanicum 186, 231, 232, planctus, planh (funeral laments) 671, 674 245 Plantagenets and office of bishop 246, 249 effigies of 709 Pontoise, quarry 700 and tournaments 174 poor, provision for 513–14 Plato, Timaeus 472, 473–4, 480 Popelicani (Paulicians) 522 and n Plato of Tivoli 483 Poppo, bishop of Aquileia 257 Plautus 684 population plenitudo potestatis (‘fullness of power’ of pope) cities 50, 52–3 372–3, 378, 386, 390 numbers of religious 335–6 cardinals and 412, 416 population growth 2, 12–24 plough 41–2 and urbanisation 53–4, 84–5 podesta`, urban magistrate 82, 99, 141 see also agriculture poetry and songs 477, 663, 687–9 populus alba (dawn song) 670 and charter of Nonantola 102–3 Arabic 653, 665, 667 use of term 87 audience for 689–91 Porphyry, Isagogue 471, 495 canso 669, 670 Porretani, followers of Gilbert de la Porree´ 492, chanson de geste (song of deeds) 666, 674–6 498 crusade songs 670, 687 ports 52, 71 Hebrew 653, 665, 667 Portugal 8, 600, 611 influences in 672–3, 679–80 crusade in 551, 555, 620 in Latin 659, 661, 670, 671–3 Muslim defeats in (1147) 611, 617 love 665, 667, 672–3 Portuguese language 658 lyric 661, 668–9 Potsdam, archaeology 15 narrative 682–3 potteries 44 in Occitan language 661, 662, 668, 669, 671, power 672 and authority 86–7 pastourelle 670 devolution of 155–6 planh (funeral lament) 671 Poznan´ bishopric of 244 popular 667, 671 Praepositinus, scholar 498 religious 672, 681–2 Prague 48, 236, 244, 259 romances 676–7 prayer 501

Index 905

preaching 663 Ptolemy by laymen 532 Centiloquium 473 prebendaries 347–8 Optics (translated) 482 Premonstratensian order 185, 340–1, 354, 393 Ptolemy, kinsman of Innocent III 411 pastoral aims 513 Pumbaditha, rabbinic academy 644 women’s houses 346 punishment Premontr´ e´ abbey 341, 346 by courts 145 prescription, rules on 146 secular 440–1, 460, 533 prescriptions, for rule of dioceses 249 Purbeck marble 700 priests see clergy Prima (Qasr Ibrim) 596 qadi, Almoravid rulers (judges) 603, 609 ‘primacy arengas’ (papal protocols) 274, 391–2 al-Qadir, ruler of Toledo 605, 607 primates and primacies 445–6 Qal’a, Christians at 592 defined 233–4 quarries 44, 75, 699–700 primogeniture, male 20 Quedlinberg, abbesses of 709 principalities, territorial 151 Quicumque vult 245 priories, dependent 365 Quintilian, Institutiones oratoriae 471 Priscian, Institutiones grammaticae 470, 476, 497 Qur’an, Latin translation of 466 privilegium canonis (clerical protection from Qusair 573, 581 violence) 437–8 and nn privilegium fori (clerical immunity from secular Rabat 614, 621 justice) 437, 439–41 rabbinic academies 644–5 processions, papal 538 rabbis, role of 642 procuratio canonica 406 and n Radbod, bishop of Sees´ 436n Prohore,´ Holy Cross monastery 576 Radulf Glaber, chronicler 191, 252, 502, 504 propaganda, political 117–18 Ragusa (Dubrovnik), archbishopric 245 property Raimbaut de Vacqueyras 662, 688 church law of 129 Raimon Vidal de Besalù, Razos de trobar 668, ‘communal’ village 24, 103 674 domestic 19–21 Rainald I of Bailleul 547, 549 held by monks 365–6 Rainald, abbot of Morimond 550 laws of 3, 19–20, 129 Rainald, archbishop of Rheims 317, 325 see also Investiture Contest; simony Rainald of Dassel 514, 690 property, ecclesiastical Rainier Sacconi, Cathar 523 alienation of 290 Ralph, Cistercian monk 550 distinct from office 292–301 Ralph, archbishop of Canterbury 446 feudal interpretation of 294, 296 Ralph, archbishop of Rheims 350, 359 importance of 289–92, 411 Ralph of Caen 180 regalia and ecclesiastica 297–9 Ralph of Laon 489, 491 ‘theorie´ chartraine’ 296, 297, 298 Ralph Niger 217 property markets Ramon´ Berenguer I, count 197 effect of crusades on 539 Ramon´ Berenguer IV, count of Barcelona 633 land 29–30 Ramsey abbey 345 in towns 74 Ranger, archbishop of Reggio 537 proskynesis (kissing of feet) 304 Ranger, bishop of Lucca 295 Proslogion (Anselm of Bec) 466 Ranieri, patron saint of Pisa 83 Provence Raqqa, Jacobite bishop of 585 law school 125–6, 136 Rashi of Troyes 9, 649, 650, 651 trade 66–7 biblical commentary 652, 667 Provins, fairs 70 Ratramnus of Corbie 493 provost, cathedral official 458n Ravenna Prudentius 683 archbishopric of 273, 324, 445, 239 and n Psychomachia 686 cult of St Apollinaris 257 Prum¨ abbey 364 great churches 717, 726, 728 Psellos, humanist 570 law school 118 Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals see Decretals, Raymond IV of St Gilles, count of Toulouse Pseudo-Isidorian (False) 540

906 Index

Raymond V, count of Toulouse, and Catharism social status of entrants 342–9, 502 524, 531 transfers between 351 Raymond VI, count of Toulouse 400 see also monasteries; monastic reform; Raymond the Arian, Cathar bishop of Toulouse religious orders 522 religious dissent 533 Raymond of Marseilles 473 effect of church reform on 516 Raymond of Penafort,˜ Liber extravagantium reform movements 517–19, 531–2 decretalium 134–5 in towns 510 al-Razi 486 see also anti-clericalism; heresy Reading, church 707 religious life recluses 335, 354 abandonment of 351 Regensburg 30, 48, 57, 75, 237 distinctions between types 354–5 cathedral 727 as ideal 204, 337–8, 502–3, 513, 529–31 crusade assembly at 552, 553, 559 innovation and diversity in 341–2 trade 63, 68, 69 reasons for choosing 349–51 Reginald of Canterbury 673 terminology of 352, 353, 354 Reginbald, archbishop of Arles 190 see also asceticism Regulae (written monastic rules) 116 religious orders Reichnau abbey 463, 464 differences between 354–8, 363 Reiner, monk of Liege` 463 new 185, 340–1, 342, 356, 358–60 Reinmar der Alte 670 secular 341 relics Remigius, St 323 acquired on crusades 542, 543 Renaissance, twelfth-century 658, 662–5, 691–2, and reliquaries 723 696 splinter of True Cross lost at Hattin 557, 561 renovatio, renovare, concept of 268, 269, 270, 272 religion and n and art 704 rents as basis of Jewish communal authority 641–2 in kind 31 tensions between monotheistic traditions 654 money 31–2, 46 and war 185–6 republicanism, in urban communes 98–9 see also theology revenues, papal religious communities 352–3, 364–5, 366 benedictiones (‘blessings’) 404–5 chronicles and histories of 363–4 census 402–3, 402n conversi (adult converts) 348, 349, 513, 350n for crusades 408–9 ‘double’ houses 345–6 function of chamberlain 421–3 economies of 25, 26, 29, 45, 364–6 offerings to Roman basilicas 402 elderly entrants 347–8, 513 ‘papal provisions’ 409–11 exemption from diocesan authority 328–33, Patrimony of St Peter 288–9, 401–2, 422–3, 340, 386, 392, 402 430 founders and patrons 356–7, 360, 362–3, 514 Peter’s Pence 403–4, 417 growth in 6, 185, 335–7 procuratio canonica 406–7 and growth of towns 48, 52, 56, 96 servitia (taxes) 405, 407 lay brothers 349, 366, 513 subsidies (‘alms’) 407–8 and lay practice 501, 502 Reverter, Catalan mercenary 610 oblates (nutriti) (children) 348, 349, 465 Rheims 70 parochial fraternities 353 cathedral 458, 722 pastoral work of 337–8, 352, 365, 513–14 chivalric ritual 178 payment of census 402 and n papal councils privileges of 360–3, 365, 387, 390–4, 402 (1049) 265, 435 recruitment for crusades from 538 (1119) 320–1, 331, 392, 398 regulations (Worms) 115 (1131) 376, 394 role of advocates 361 (1148) 398, 425, 429, 448 ‘Roman liberty’ for 329–30, 331, 392, 402, 330n Rheims, archbishopric of 234, 240, 241, 258, sites for 358–9 314, 390–1, 445–6 size of 357–8 election of archbishop 455 social role of 235–6, 337–8 Rheims, Council of (1119) 298n

Index 907

rhetoric Roche abbey Plate 18 new arts derived from 476, 663, 673 Roger I, king of Sicily 517 teaching of 471, 475 Roger II, king of Sicily 143, 213, 721, Plate 43 Rhetorica ecclesiastica (Hildesheim) 136 court of 482, 705–6 Rhineland 2, 32 mantle of 706, Plate 44 Cathars in 521 and Second Crusade 552, 553 Jews 647–8 Roger, bishop of Worcester 382 school of Decretists 131 Roger of Helmarshausen 702 Ricardus Anglicus Roger the Hermit 347 canonist Roger of Howden 444n Distinctiones 131–2 Rogerius, law master of Bologna 126 ‘Generalia’ 132 Rohan, sire de 36 Ordo iudiciarius 136 Roland, cardinal priest see Alexander III Richard I, king of England 416 Roland, count of Brittany 675 Chateauˆ Gaillard 703 Rolandus (Roland), Bologna law lecturer 132, poetry of 687, 690 391, 381n, 435n and Third Crusade 45, 558, 560–2 Romagyris (Tashkent) 577 Richard II, duke of Normandy 504 Roman d’Eneas 676, 677, 678, 689 Richard, abbot of St Vanne 340 Roman de la Rose 683 Richard, abbot of St Victor 332, 672 Roman de Renart 682 Richard, archbishop of Canterbury 436, 452 Roman de Thèbes 676, 689 Richard, cardinal bishop of Albano 404n Roman de Troie 676, 690 Richard, bishop of Bayeux 436 Roman law 3, 114, 118–20, 123–6, 137, 141 Richard, papal chamberlain 423n force allowed to repel force 201, 211 Richard Bishop, teacher 481 French works on 125–6 Richard Fitz Neal, bishop of London 437 glosses of ancient texts 118, 124, 137, 489 Ricoldo of Monte Croce 591 in Gratian’s Decretum 129 Ridwan, ruler of Egypt 566 influence on judicial supremacy of papacy 378 Rieti abbey 352 procedural rules 136, 144 Rievaulx abbey 344, 357 revival 696 rights, individual 92 studied at Bologna 126 Rigord of St Denis 638 survival of 118, 147 Ripoll abbey 384 taught in England 139 ritmo cassinese 666 Romana ecclesia, interpretation of term 411–12 rivers 28, 45, 60 romances, French 10, 675–7, 679 roads 45, 76 Romanesque, use of term 695 Roman 32 Romanesque style 10, 710, 726, 727–8, 729–30 Robert I, count of Dreux 549 figure art 723–4, 725 Robert I, count of Flanders 534 and iconography 713, 721 Robert II, count of Auvergne 547 pilgrimage churches 707 Robert II, count of Flanders 213, 276, 540, 543, vaults 717 544 see also basilicas Robert II, duke of Normandy 152, 540 Romano Mairano, Venetian merchant 65–6 Robert II, king of France 532 Romanos Argyre 579 Robert of Arbrissel 346, 357, 366 Romanos Diogenes, emperor of Byzantium 564, Robert of Chester 483 587 Robert of Courson, papal legate 400, 437 Rome 32, 48, 51, 52, 402 Robert de Spernone, Cathar bishop 524 Barbarossa and (1155) 95 Robert of Flamborough 438n church buildings 5, 287, 718, 726, 727 Robert Guiscard, duke of Apulia 178, 199, 408, commune (1143) 95 540, 708 papal councils Robert of Melun 492, 498 (1027) 265 Robert of Molesme 363 (1047) 265n Robert the Pious, king of France 241 (1102) 294 Robert Pullen, cardinal priest, chancellor 423, (1110) 295 490, 497 pilgrimages to 514

908 Index

Rome (cont.) conferred by unworthy priests 308–9, 433 S. Paolo fuori le Mura abbey 286 nature of eucharist 493–4 St Peter’s 699 power of 432–3 senate 402, Plate 26 rejected by heretical groups 506, 507, 518 synods ‘rigorist’ position on 308–9, 432 (1078) 290, 315, 433 see also baptism; confirmation (1080) 324 saddle 170, 171 Rome, classical Sagrajas, battle of (1086) 607, 608 agricultural treatises 35 St Albans abbey 391–2 appreciation of 272, 664–5 Psalter 725 architecture of 286–7, 724, 727–8 St Amand abbey, expenditure 45 and concept of golden age 269, 277, 283–7 St Andrew’s, diocese of 447–8 conscious appeal to principles of 79, 95, Plate St Anthony’s Fire (ergot-induced fevers) 16 26 St Appiano, religious community 353 literary heritage 663, 664–5, 676–8, 684–5 St Benoît-sur-Loire abbey, Fleury Plate 12 origins of church hierarchy 441 St Blaise abbey 330, 342 provinces 234, 238, 241, 445–6 St David’s, diocese of 91, 426n, 448 Romuald, abbot of Camaldoli 341, 353, 502 St Denis, abbey of 32, 407, 484 Roncaglia, Diet of (1154) 140 Gothic style 696, 710–11, 718–19, 726 Ronda 604, 611, 617 St Desiderius, religious community 353 Roscelin of Tours 494–5 St Evroul abbey 465 rosh golah, office of 644 St Felix´ document (Cathar text) 524 Roskilde, bishops of 244 St Felix-de-Caraman,´ Cathar council at 524 Rossano, Patirion of 570 Ste Foy of Conques, pilgrimage to 514, 707 Rotrou, count of Mortagne 544 St Gall abbey, demesne 30 Rottenbuch abbey (Germany) 271 St George of Mangana monastery 570, 577 Rouen 57, 77, 81 St Gilles-du-Gard diocese of 234, 240, 241, 384, 446 abbey 538, 720 synod (1096) 433n peace council (1042) 166 trade 60, 64, 70 St John of Jerusalem, Hospitaller Order of 512, Rougiers (Var) 21 547–8 Rudolf, archbishop of Tours 323 St Josse abbey, canons 354 Rudolf, duke of Swabia 306, 709 St Just abbey 356 Rudolf of Rheinfelden, anti-emperor 195, 200, St Laumer abbey, Blois 270 202 St Lazarus, Order of 548 Rufinus, archbishop of Sorrento 225n S. Maria in Cosmedin church, Rome frontis, 287 Rufinus, bishop of Assisi, canonist 130, 225, 369, S. Maria in Turri, Agreement of (1111) 297 and n 388, 389, 400–1 St Martial abbey, Limoges 256, 538, 707, 710 on episcopal vacancies 459 St Martin-des-Champs abbey 357 on primacy of Rome 372 St Mary of the Latins abbey 547 on role of cardinals 429 S. Michele della Chiusa abbey 328–9 Rugen¨ 557 S. Nicholas in the Lateran, Rome 287, Plate 42 Ruis and Urbnisi diocese 577 St Omer 64, 79–80 Ruotger, Life of Bruno 463 St Onophrios convent, Nubia 596 Rupert of Deutz, writings of 467 St Paul’s cathedral 458 rural deans 251–2 St Quentin in the Field, canons of 354 Russia St Rufus (Avignon), Order of 335, 341 birch-bark letters 81 St Sabas monastery 574 long-distance trade 2, 63, 67, 69 St Sergius monastery 593 towns 50, 52, 60, 63 St Simeon monastery 576 see also Kiev; Novgorod St Theodosius the Cenobiarch monastery 574 Russians, conversion of 571 St Trond abbey, expenditure 45 St Vaast abbey 52, 384 Sabas, patriarch of Jerusalem 573 St Victor abbey (Marseilles) 45, 332, 341, 354 Sachsenspiegel (1235) 140, 142 St Victor canonry and school (Paris) 469–70, sacraments 490, 667, 672

Index 909

S. Zeno, Verona, abbot of 385n Saragossa 602, 603, 604, 605 Sainte-Marie-de-Grasse abbey 273 Almoravids and 608, 609 Saintes abbey 344 crusade to 545 saints taken by Alfonso I of Aragon 609 canonisation of 376–7, 427 Sardica, papal council 377 cults of 255–6, 257 Sardica, council of (343) 316n female 344n Sardinia 8, 445n hagiographies 681 Muslims forced out of 2, 66 as intercessors 230–1 salt supplies 71 local 377 Sarkis, Armenian catholicos 587 patron 255–7, 706 Sassanids 577, 583 for towns 83–4 Sassari, province of 445 see also Mary the Virgin satire 670–1, 673–4 Saladin 577, 583 beast literature 682 and Almohads 620 Sauxillanges, Cluniac priory 348, 465 and Copts 594 Savigny abbey 340, 349, 356, 366 and Melkites 575 Sawiros, Coptic metropolitan 597 truce with 561–2 Saxo Grammaticus 668 Sale 606 Saxony 45, 335 Salerno 65, 445 Saxony, duchy of 55–6, 237 cathedral school 468 Sayf al-Dawla bin Hud 611 cult of St Matthew 255, 256 scabini (Carolingian term) 78 school of medicine 482, 484, 485, 592 Scandinavia 2, 33 Salisbury, cathedral 703 Church organisation 243–4, 252, 403, 417, Salman und Morolf 683 499 salt pans 28, 29 see also Denmark; Norway salt trade 63, 71 Schaffhausen abbey 330, 342 Saltes 604 Schetzelo the Hermit 353 Salvatierra, castle of 621 schism 7, 213, 245, 319 Salzburg (1130–8) 213, 402, 406–7, 415, 427 archbishopric of 236, 237 (1159–77) 402, 415, 418–19 St Peter’s monastery 30 see also Clement III, antipope Samosata, bishopric of 580 schismatics Samson, bishop of Worcester 436n crusades against 214 Samuel ibn Nagrela 627, 631, 649, 653 sacraments of 308 San Gimignano, knights of 201 Schleswig 48, 60 San Julian´ del Pereiro, Order of 548 scholars, wandering 689 San Stefano abbey (Bologna) 73 scholarship 6, 9–10, 117 Sanahin monastery 589 Arabic 8, 9, 466, 471–2, 477, 483–4 Sancho I, king of Portugal 620 digests and summae 490, 492 Sancho Ramirez, king of Navarre and Aragon glosses 124–5, 130, 131, 489, 491 403 Jewish 9, 649–51, 667 sanctuary, areas around abbeys 359 in monasteries 465–7 Sanhaja confederation of Berbers 606, 620 in North Africa 592 sanitation, towns 76 papal promotion of 409–10, 433–4 Santa Sabina, church in Rome 718 schools of thought 491–2 Santarem´ 555, 611, 619 textual criticism 6, 487, 488–9 Santiago de Compostela use of Latin 658 archbishopric of 328, 379, 428, 446, 448 see also liberal arts; theology cathedral 700 scholasticism 659 council at (1125) 545 Schonen, bishops of 244 pilgrimage and trade 69, 514, 707 schools 3, 463 sack of (999) 599 in cathedrals 248, 438, 463–5, 467–70 Santiago, Order of 548 curriculum 467–8 saqaliba (Berber troops) 601, 602, 604 Jewish 651 Saracens, as enemies of Christianity 157, 158 lay patrons 463, 464

910 Index

schools (cont.) Shah-Amin 589 reputations of 468–9 Shaizar 564 urban 468, 490 shield 173 see also education; law schools; liberal arts; Shi‘ite Muslims 564 philosophy; science; theology Shirvan 577 science Sicard Cellarier, Cathar bishop of Albi 524 Arabic 473, 483–4, 651 Sicard of Cremona 222, 223 natural 374, 472, 485 Sicily 4, 71 translations of 484 crusade against 214, 536 Scotland 2, 33, 107 culture 10, 482 Church organisation in 243, 447–8 Greek church 569, 570 Scots people 90 kingdom of 109, 143 script, minuscule 261 Latin Church in 242, 288–9, 403 sculpture 719–20, Plates 35–7 Muslims in 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 196 sea ﬁshing 38 Normans in 2, 9, 65, 705–6 sea level, fall in 29 silk industry 72, 705–6 Sebastaia, Greek metropolitan of 587 and Third Crusade 560 Sebastiano Ziani, of Venice 74 trade 65, 66, 67, 69 Seclin abbey (Lille) 384 Sidon 544, 562, 574 Second Crusade 210, 212, 214, 549–55 Sidray bin Wazir 611, 614 criticism of 215, 216, 217, 556 siege engines, used by Almohads 620, 621, 622 Hospitaller Knights 548 Siegfried, archbishop of Mainz 201, 257–8, Quantum praedecessores (Eugenius’ letter) 550, 259–60, 336, 435n 556 Siegfried II, archbishop of Mainz 400 Second Lateran Council (1139) 368, 396, 319n Siena 52, 62, 82 on clerical immunity 438 Siete partidas 143 on clerical marriage 434–5, 436 Sigebert of Gembloux 16, 281–3, 294, 466 on episcopal elections 456 criticisms of Gregory VII’s reforms 276–8, 304 secretariat, papal (cancellaria) 423–4 Sigurd, king of Norway 544 Sefer ha-Bahir (mystical speculations) 655 Sijilmassa 606 Segestan, Jacobite metropolitan 579 Silesia 34 seigneurial society, development of 151–8 silk 63, 67, 68, 70 La Seinte Resureccion 685 silk industry, Sicily 72, 705–6 Seleucia/Ctesiphon, catholicos of 583 silver 60–1, 68 Seljuks 516, 541, 564, 568, 569 Silves 604, 620, 621 Sempringham abbey 346, 359–60 Silvester II, pope (Gerbert of Aurillac) 244, 492 Senlis, bishopric of 241 Simon II, patriarch of Jerusalem 573 Sens 384, 730 Simon, Cathar bishop of Drugunthia 525 archbishopric of 234, 240, 241, 379, 451 Simon Chevre` d’Or 676 claim to primacy 446 Simon of Tournai 498 papal curia at 407 Simon of Vermandois 549 synod (1140) 496 simony 5, 129 Sentences (Christian doctrine) 490 Gregory’s instructions on 306–9 Serbia, Third Crusade route through 559 lay investiture as 304 Serenus, bishop of Marseilles 719 papal 262, 263 serfs, as monks 343 reform directed against 270–1, 279, 280–1, Serlo of Wilton 689 291–2, 508 settlement patterns sin and collective activity 100–1 and conscience 188–9, 197, 201–2 villages 22–4, 32, 100 remission of 208–9, 213 Seventy Four Titles (work of canon law) 121 and warfare 219–20, 227–8 Seville 602, 603, 604, 605, Plates 9–10 Sinai 574 Almoravids in 607 Siward, priest of Shrewsbury 462 Aznalfarache palace 621 Skevra monastery 588 raided by Avila 615 slaves, traded 61, 665 under Almohads 613, 615, 619, 621 Slavs, German colonisation 34

Index 911

Smolensk 52 bishop of 240 Snorri Sturluson 674, 678 Cathar bishopric 525 society Sponsus play (Wise and Foolish Virgins) 661, 685 increasing differentiation 185 squire, status of 173 militarisation of 157, 159 Stamford Bridge, battle of (1066) 1 parochial system and 253–4 state, concept of 181 role of religious communities in 337–8 statues 709–10, 725 signs of progress 11–12 efﬁgies 709 Soffred, cardinal priest 419 stone 699 Sogdian language 569, 577, 585 statutes 3, 141–2 Sogdiana, Nestorian missionaries 585 Stephen I, St and king of Hungary (1000–38) 90, Soissons 143, 244 bishopric of 192, 241 Stephen IX, pope 262 St Medard´ abbey 379 Stephen, abbot of Cîteaux 274–5 soldiery 148, 169 Stephen, bishop of Tournai 225, 337, 374, 383 Solomon, king of Nubia 596 Summa 130, 395 Solomon ben Isaac of Troyes see Rashi of Troyes Stephen, cardinal deacon 411 Solomon ibn Gabirol 649 Stephen of Bar-le-Duc 549 Fountain of Life 653–4 Stephen of Besançon, papal chamberlain 421 songs see poetry and songs Stephen of Blois 540 sophism, study of 476 Stephen of Fossanova, papal chamberlain 423n Spain 4, 13, 69, 600 Stephen of Fougeres` 150 agricultural systems 33, 34–5 Stephen of Grandmont 338, 339, 352 and Arabic learning 483–4 Stephen Harding 363 Arabic poetry in 665, 672 Stephen Langton 390, 498 aristocracy 153, 162 Stephen of Obazine 342, 346 artistic traditions 10 Stephen Vojislav, prince of Zeta 245 Christian advances in 602, 605, 611, 618–19, Stigand, archbishop Plate 40 656 stirrup 170, 171 Church in 242, 323, 509 stone collective activity 107–8 masonry 699–700 crusades 212, 536–7, 545, 551, 555–7 sculpture 719–21, 724 Reconquista 157, 196, 197–8, 207, 212 statues 699 feudalism in 153 tools for 701, 724 Jews in 483, 625, 626–7, 631, 656 Stoudios monastery 570 Almohad persecution of 630 Strasbourg 52, 56, 237 Christian treatment of 633–4 cathedral 464, 727 languages 658 stucco 699 legal developments 142–3 students Military Orders in 513, 548, 557 at Bologna university 126–7 Muslims in 2, 7, 8–9, 622 in monasteries 348 defeats 2, 157 Subiaco abbey 13, 352 Taifa kingdoms of Andalusia 602–5, 610–11 subordination, lawful 87, 111 and papacy 403, 418 ‘subsistence theory’ of nature of Christ 498 urban independence 97 Sudan, possible Christianisation of 598 see also Andalusia; Cordoba;´ Tarragona Suﬁ movement, in Algarve 611 Spalato (Split), archbishopric 244–5 Suger, abbot of St Denis 35, 108, 299n, 337, Plate speculation 45 Jewish mystical 654–5 and building of St Denis 699–700, 710–11, Jewish philosophical 653–4 714–15, 718–19 natural and theoretical 479 and Second Crusade 550 Speculator (The Watchman) 245 Summa Coloniensis 131 Speyer 72, 237, 551 Summa Parisiensis 352 cathedral 248, 707, 708–9, 710, 717, Plate 8 Summa Trecensis (on Codex of Justinian) 125 school 464 Summae 130–1, 135, 490, 492 Spoleto on Codex of Justinian 125–6

912 Index

Sunni Muslims 566 Tancred of Hauteville 157, 180 Sura, rabbinic academy 644 Tangier 606 Sus region 612, 613 Tarentaise, province of 238 Sutri (Italy) 116 Tarifa 605, 607 Svein Estridson, king of Denmark 244 Tarragona 269, 384 Swabia 88, 336 archbishop of 420, 446 Swabia, duchy of 237 reoccupation of 536–7 Sylvester I, pope 284, 287 Tarsus 541, 573 symbolism 473, 711–22 Tashﬁn bin Ali, ruler in al-Andalus 609, 610 architectural 713–14 Tashkent 577 of churches 713–14, 715, 717 Taurus mountains 541 of cities 48–9, 84 taxes 46, 103 Greek theory of 712 in al-Andalus 599, 608 and position of altar 715–17 levied by castellans 158–9 of vaults 716–18 levied on Jews 627, 639, 641, 643 Symeon, St, of Mount Sinai monastery 508 papal 408–9 synods 234, 318 to ﬁnance crusades 556, 560 1027 Frankfurt 259 see also tithes 1046 Pavia 239 Tchkoudidi, bishop of 578 1076 Worms 278, 322 Tchou valley 585 1078 Rome 290, 315, 433 technological improvements 1080 Brixen 278, 279 agriculture 40–4 1080 Rome 324 cavalry warfare 170–1 1091 (antipope Clement III) 280, 281 Tegernsee (Germany) 13 1140 Sens 496 Templars, Order of 180, 194, 209, 215–16, 340 1165 Lombers 522–3 and crusades 546–7, 555 episcopal 249–50 origins 512 Gazira 579, 580 Terence 684 Hromgla 589–90 Teutonic Knights, Order of 513, 548 Lateran (1112) 319–20, 397, 398 Teutonici 88 legatine 327 textiles metropolitan 450, 452 fustians 68, 70, 71, 72 Nicaea 285 silk 63, 67, 68, 70, 705–6 papal 239–40, 266, 319, 378, 396–7 trade in 68–9, 71–2 see also papal councils undyed cloth for monks 355 syntax 476 urban crafts 59 Syria 69, 541, 548, 568 Thabit ibn Qurra, Book of Talismans 473 Fatimids in 564 Thaddeus of Hungary 484 Jewish communities in 625 Thamar, queen of Georgia 578 Syriac language 569, 575, 583, 584, 585 Thebes, Jewish community 67, 623 Syrian church see Jacobite church Themistius, Categoriae decem 471 Syrians Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury 452, 439n in Antioch 572, 573 Theobald, count of Blois 639 see also Melkites Theobald of Piacenza 476 Theodore Balsamon 571, 572, 590, 593 Tabor, Mount 574 Theodore bar-Wahbun 580, 582 Tagus valley, Almohad raid in 621 Theodoric I, bishop of Metz 277 Taifa kingdoms of Andalusia 602–5, 610–11 Theodosius, emperor 291 and Almoravid advance 607–8 Theodosius, patriarch of Antioch 576 rivalries and consolidation 604–5 Theoduin, cardinal priest 418, 455n Taillifer, minstrel 687 Theoduin, bishop of Liege` 259n Takrit 580, 591 Theoger, abbot of St George 345 Talmud, Babylonian 649, 650 theological debates Tanchelm, religious reformer 517 on God’s being 496–7 Tancred, Bolognese canonist 134, 136, 137 on person and natures of Christ 497–8, 515 Tancred, nephew of Bohemond 541 public quarrels 493–7

Index 913

on sacraments given by unworthy priests tolls, freedom from 62, 67, 79–80 308–9 tombs theology of war 536 of church patrons 708 on Trinity (in Constantinople) 483, 484 effigies 709–10 on use of unleavened bread 571, 572, 576, 589 tonsure theological texts 122, 487–9 clerical 432 theology, study of 478, 479–80, 481, 486–90, 492 Cluniac 355 Theophilus, Urines (translated) 486 tools 722 Theophilus, monk 35 iron 36, 43–4, 699, 700, 701 De diversis artibus 701–3, 722, 723 Torres Novas, Almohad raid on 621 Theorianos, Byzantine envoy 589 Tortosa 66, 548, 604, 605 Therouanne,´ bishopric of 241 capture of (1148) 67, 69, 556, 611 Thessalonica 52, 67 charter for Jews 633–4 Thierry of Chartres, scholar 467, 490, 492, 683 Tosafists, talmudic school 650, 651 Heptateuch 474–5, 479, 482 Toulouges (Perpignan), peace council (1027) 166 Thietmar of Merseberg 501n Toulousain 43 Third Crusade 416, 558–62 heresy 518, 522 Third Lateran Council (1179) 368–9, 396, 399, trade 66, 68 400–1 Toulouse 52, 60, 79, 457 and debate on nature of Christ 498 Catharism at 522, 524 Licet de evitanda (papal elections) 415–16 council of (1119) 521, 522, 420n primacy disputes 448 papal legatine mission to (1178) 531 provision of education 410, 434 St Sernin pilgrimage church 707, 720 on visitations 450–1 Toulouse, countess of 522, 690 Thomas, bishop of Kafartab 590 Tournai 241, 384, 700 Thomas, archbishop of York 243 tournaments 174–6 Thomas Aquinas 129, 369n Tournus 728 Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury 5, Tours 468, 514, 538 382–3, 404, 417, 427–8, 429, 705 archbishopric of 234, 240, 241, 323, 379, effigies of 709 446–7, 427n letters 471 council of (1163) 522 murder as violation of privilegium canonis 438, towns 47–8 440 associated with monasteries 48, 52, 56 patron saint of London 83–4 buildings and layouts 72–6 Thomas of Britain 681 charters 80, 97, 98, 99 Thomas of Chobham 438n civic identities 83–4 Thomas of Marlborough, monk of Evesham 426 as commercial settlements 52, 60, 96 Thomas of Monmouth, anti-Jewish allegations concept of urban life 79, 83 638 craft specialisation 58–60, 72, 85 Thorney abbey 359 customs and laws 80–1, 84 Thoros, Armenian scribe in Egypt 593 defences and fortifications 48, 51, 75–6 Thoros, governor of Edessa 586 densities 49–50 Thoros, Rupenid baron 589 enclosure of 50–1 Thurstan, archbishop of York 447 food supplies 58, 71 Tiflis 577 government and community in 76–81, tiles, roofing 701 95–100, 110 timber 36–7 guildhalls 80, 96 for church building 700–1 guilds 3, 96 tin, trade in 64 and hinterlands 53–4, 82 Tiron abbey 340, 341, 357 marketplaces 55, 72 tithes 26, 30, 253, 290 mayors 99 exemption for monasteries 390, 393 parishes 510 Tlemcen 606, 612 patron saints 83–4 Toledo 602, 603, 604, 605, 621 popular assemblies 79, 99 diocese of 323, 328, 428, 446 ports 52 fall of (1085) 2, 8, 603, 605, 622 public buildings 72–3

914 Index

towns (cont.) Trnovo, patriarchate of 569 relations with church leaders 77, 81, 95, 96, Trojanerkrieg 678 117 Trondheim, archbishopric of 417 relations with Jews 634 troubadour poetry 661, 667, 669, 671, 672 relations with lordships 54–6, 72, 77–9, 82, 95, troubadours 687–8, 689 96–7 Troy, ancient religious dissent in 510 genealogical descent from 89, 90, 678 size of 50–2 related to Norman Conquest 677 as trading centres 48, 62 romances of legend of 676–7 urban elites 77, 78–9 Troye s 70, 241 violence endemic in 81, 98 council of (1129) 180 written records 81 Truce of God (treuga dei) 166, 177, 189, 190, see also cities; communes 191–2 trade 2–3 superseded 205, 225 and credit system 115 Trujillo 621 long-distance 2–3, 62–71 truth, and custom 313–14 with Middle East 47, 61, 62–3 Tudela 609 regulation of 3, 115–16 Tujibi family, Saragossa 601, 603 role of Jews in 626, 627 Tunis transhumance bishop of 592 Alps 37 Normans in 615, 616 Spain 34, 38 Tunisia 2, 599 translations 482–6 Almohads in 613, 615, 619, 620, 621 from Arabic 466, 471–2, 477, 483–4 Tur ‘Abdin 583 of Bible into vernacular 511, 532 Turan-shah, nephew of Saladin 596 from Greek 471–2, 477, 482, 483, 484, 485–6 Turbessel, Latin cathedral 581 into Arabic 591 Turkestan, Nestorian missionaries 585 into Armenian 590 Tu rk s into vernacular languages 661 in Antioch 572–3 of medical texts 484–6, 665 in Asia Minor 2, 8, 564 of Roman legal texts 125–6 cavalry methods 174 see also languages defeat of First Crusade 540, 542 Transoxania 568, 577 invasions of Georgia 577 transport 45 threat to Christians in Constantinople 198, Trazarg monastery 588 199, 534 Treatise concerning the Investiture of Bishops 294 treatment of Christians 566–7, 568 Treatise concerning the Royal Power and the Tuscany, Catharism in 523, 525, 530 Priestly Dignity 293 Tyre treuga dei see Truce of God captured (1124) 544, 545 Treviso 82–3 trade 65, 67 trial by ordeal 3, 144 Tyrol, mines 45 trials procedural rules 3, 144 Ubeda 615 see also courts Ucles´ 603 tribunals, urban 78 battle of (1108) 608 Trier 255, 455 Ulger, teacher (Loire) 494 primacy of 234, 236, 445 Ulrich, customs of Cluny 348 St Maximin abbey 363 Ulrich, bishop of Constance 376n Trinitarian order 341 Umayyad caliphate Trinity Cordoba´ 8, 599, 601–2 doctrine of 425 fall of 631 theological debate on 483, 484 ‘Umra (Tunisia), battle of 620 Tripoli 429 universitas, use of term 94, 110 Nestorians in 583 universities 664 Tripoli (Lebanon) 591 Bologna 126–7 Tristan and Iseult 678, 680–1 Padua 127, 135

Index 915

Paris schools 127, 131, 135, 409 vassalage, development of 159 see also law schools vaults 728, 729–30 Unstrut, River, battle of (1075) 201 symbolism of 716–18 Urban II, pope 5, 117, 332, 414 veiling, of men (Almoravid Muslims) 162, 608 church reform 271, 281, 285, 292, 322 Vendome,ˆ abbey of the Trinity 343 significance of 302 Venice 2, 10, 58, 65, 71 on simoniacs 292, 311 Arsenal 65 in Spain 269, 323 Fondaco dei Tedeschi 68 on clerical immunity from secular justice 439 Piazza San Marco 74 councils 318, 319, 538, 397 and n population 53 of Melfi (1089) 436 trade 60, 62, 65–6, 68 crusade urban governance 79 offer of crusade indulgence 207, 208–9, 512 Venosa, church 707, 708 preaches First Crusade at Clermont 7, 165, verais’ amors, poetry of 669 179–80, 207–8, 534, 536–8 Verdun (Lotharingia) 13 in Spain 212, 536–7 bishop of 277n on episcopal office 449 Verdun-sur-le-Doubs, peace council 165, 167 legates 326–7 Vergil, Aeneid 676 legislation against investiture 294 vernacular languages 10, 461, 511, 658 and monastic exemption 329, 340, 362, 330n affective uses of 661–2 on monastic vows taken by children 349 Bible translations 511, 532 papal authority 117, 274, 285, 317 for narrative literature 681–3 papal government 424, 419 and n preference for 659 and papal jurisdiction 285, 378 translations into 661 and papal lands 288 used in universities 664 and Patarini leaders 516 Veroli, decretal of (1170) 498 penance for killing 201, 204 Vezelay´ abbey 522, 724, Plate 14 primacy disputes 323, 445, 446 Second Crusade preached at 550 relations with Byzantium 571 Third Crusade muster at 558, 560 revenues 406, 408 vicarius Christi (papal title) 369–70 use of procuratio canonica 406n Vicenza 127, 525 wandering pontificate (in France) 317, 318, Vich (Catalonia), peace councils (1033) 166 326, 378, 406, 537–8 Victor III, pope (Desiderius) 122, 332, 401, 265n Urban III, pope 424, 452, 557 as abbot of Monte Cassino 262, 269–70, urbanisation 2, 48, 49–50, 84–5 286–7 Middle East 47 Victor (Fiqitor), Coptic abuna (metropolitan) and population growth 53–4, 84–5 596 and specialised agriculture 71 Victorinus, Commentary 471 see also cities; towns Vienna 72 Urgel (Spain), account rolls 13 Vienne, province of 238, 258 Urso, scholar at Salerno 485 Vikings 1, 4, 48 usury 628 village(s) 2, 22–4 Utrecht 48, 237 artisanal crafts 43–4 boundaries 23, 32 Vacarius, Liber pauperum 139 collective activity in 100–1 Vahram Pahlavouni see Gregory II communal property 24, 103 Val-des-Choux abbey 341 cultivable land 32–3 Valdes` of Lyons, founder of Waldensians 531, 532 development of community 23–4, 104–5 Valence, law school 126 and German colonisation 33–4 Valencia 66, 604, 605, 607–8, 611, 617 and local markets 44–5 Valenciennes 79–80 maintenance of law and order 101 Valentinian I, emperor 285, 290 nucleation 22–3 Vallombrosa monastic order 116, 333, 340, 341, relations with lord 23, 24 358 see also parishes Vardariotes Turks 571 Villeneuve-les-Avignon` 537 Vasletus, teacher 494 vineyards 28, 40, 71

916 Index

violence warrior order associated with Gregorian reforms 278, 280, claim to nobility 185 281, 310 in House of God model 148–50, 192–3, 194, domestic 17 209 knightly 4, 164–5, 166, 176 see also knights and Peace of God movement 190–1 warriors urban 81, 98 duties of 185–6, 200 Virgin Mary see Mary the Virgin duty of penance 177, 187–8, 197, 511–12 Visby, trading town 63 oaths to refrain from violence 164, 165, 166 Vitalis of Blois, Geta 684 and Peace of God movement 191–4, 511 Vitruvius 728–9 in poetry 675 Vladimir, Prince (d. 1015) 57–8 role in European expansion 158 Vladimir, trading town 63, 67 soldiery 148, 169 Vulgata see Littera vulgata see also knights; milites waste land, resources of 27, 36–8 Wace, Robert 687, 689 water supplies 76 Chronique des ducs de Normandie 690 watermills 43–4, 45 Roman de Brut 690 Weald 33 Waldensians 7, 399, 531–2, 533 Welf IV, duke of Bavaria 306, 307n wall-hangings 706 Welf VI, duke of Bavaria 551 wall-paintings 287, 699 Wells, cathedral 248 Wallingford 51 Welsh people 90, 91 Walo (William), abbot of Metz 229, 261 Wends, ‘crusade’ against 212, 544, 551, 552, 558 Walsingham, shrine of Our Lady 515 Western Empire Walter, canon of St Victor 480 contest with papacy 5, 157–8, 195, 283–6, Walter of Chatillonˆ 405, 481, 677, 680, 689 301–2, 430 Alexandreis 676, 690 and ecclesiastical property 291–2 Walter of Henley, Husbandry 35 and election of popes 282 Walter Map 659, 679 German emperors 5, 6, 56–7, 229, 400 war and Gregorian reforms 281 holy 209 imperial councils 396–7 theology of 536 prestige of 5, 229 see also just war; warfare statutory powers of 141–2 Warendorf, archaeological site 21 Westminster 57 warfare council of (1102) 436, 437 Burchard’s regulations for penance 186–8 council of (1175) 436, 452 canon law deﬁnitions of 218–28 Westminster Abbey 703, 707 cavalry specialisation 169–72 Wettin, house of 708, 709 concept of just war 177, 193, 197, 210–11, whaling products 64 217 Wharram Percy (Yorkshire) 21, 23 in defence of secular Christian order 205–6, Wibald, abbot of Stavelot 337 225 Wibert of Ravenna see Clement III, antipope equated with pilgrimage 537 Wido, bishop of Ferrara 294 and giving of military obedience 224 criticism of Gregory VII’s methods 278, 310 and individual morality 219–20 On the Schism of Hildebrand (polemic) 292–3, and the knights 168–76 310 legitimation of 176, 187, 216–17 Wido of Arezzo 292n and military crafts 58–9 Widukind of Corvey, chronicler 114 reconciled with Christian life 4, 185, 194–5, Wiligelmo, stone carver 724 216–17 William I, the Conqueror, king of England 12, as religious duty 185–6 80, 152, 232, 687, 403n to convert pagans 551 and church courts 250 and n, 439n triumph of the cross 197–8, 543 William I, king of Sicily 408, 416, 426, 482 use of siege engines 620, 621, 622 William II, king of England 362, 544 see also Crusades; knights; Peace of God; William II, king of Sicily 721 warriors William III of Warenne 549

Index 917

William IV, count of Maconˆ 549 education of 660 William V of Monferrat 549 in religious houses 344–7 William VIII, lord of Montpellier 108 religious recluses 354 William IX, duke of Aquitaine 665, 690 as textile workers 59 poems of 669, 688 woodland, management of 36–7, 101 William X, duke of Aquitaine 690 woodland clearance William, abbot of Hirsau 268–9, 270, 271, 299, for agriculture 25–6, 27–8 342 as collective activity 101 William, bishop of Syracuse 482 Woodstock (Oxon.) 50 William, cardinal priest 418, 419 wool, village production 44 William, Duke of Burgundy 199 wool trade 3, 64, 71 William of Apulia 90, 109 Worcester 255 William Bona-Anima, archbishop of Rouen 436, bishopric of 243, 247, 251, 426n 452 Worms 117, 237, 248 William of Champeaux 469–70, 475, 494, 495 synod (1076) 322, 278 and n William of Conches 463, 481, 492 Worms, Concordat of (1122) 222, 298–9, 454 on liberal arts 473–4, 475, 476, 478, 479 Wratislav, duke of Bohemia 259 William of Corbeil, archbishop of Canterbury writs 379, 452 possessory 146 William of Jumieges` 105, 102n royal (England) 139, 251 William of Malmesbury 90, 359, 466, 681, 299n Wroclaw, bishopric of 244 Life of Wulfstan 247 Wulfhere, Life of St Godehard 508n William of Norwich 638 Wulfstan II, bishop of Worcester 247, 250, 255 William the Physician, abbot of St Denis 484 Wurzburg¨ 64, 237, 727, 712n William of Ponthieu 549 Wurzburg,¨ Annalist of 217 William of Puylaurens 522 William of St Carilef 710 Xin-Jiang, Nestorian missionaries 585 William of St Thierry 271, 467 William Tete-Hardi,ˆ count of Burgundy 549 Yahya al-Tujibi 603 William of Tyre 591 Yanuh 591 William of Volpiano (Dijon) 340 Yazur, vizier of Nubia 594 William of the White Hands 690 Yimra Kristos, king of Ethiopia 597 Winchester 53, 54, 73 yoke, for draught animals 41 craft specialisation 58–9, 60 York 48, 53, 351 seat of royal authority 48, 57 archbishopric of 242, 243, 380, 447–8 Winchester, council of (1070) 249 cathedral 248 Winchester, council of (1072) 243 Yorkshire, mines 45 Winchester Abbey 30, 41 Ypres 68, 69, 74 Winchester Bible 725 Yusuf bin Tashﬁn 606, 607 Windsor, council of (1070) 249, 251 wine, symbolic value of 40 Zagwe´ kings of Ethiopia 597 wine trade 63–4 Zahringen,¨ dukes of 50 Wipo, biographer of Conrad II 107, 114, 186, Zallaqa, battle of (1086) 607 229, 463 Zara, province of 445 wisdom, and knowledge 479 Zawi bin Ziri 604 Wolfram von Eschenbach 680, 688 Zengi of Mosul 549, 566 Parzival 10, 666, 680 Zeta, principality of (Dalmatia) 245 Willehalm 666–7 Zichi (Tcherkesses) people 578 women Zirid family, Granada 604 and Catharism 529, 531 Zurich, copper trade 64 condition of 18–19 Zwiefalten abbey 357–8