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The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages

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The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages mm ^9%°)\'d' THE LIVES OF THE POPES VOL. VIII. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from Boston Library Consortium IVIember Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/livesofpopesinea08mann "A- 1- THE LIVES OF THE POPES IN THE MIDDLE AGES REV. HORACE K. MANN " De gente Anglorum, qui maxime familiares Apostolicae Sedis semper existunt" (Gesiti Abb. Fontanel. A.D. 747-752, ap. M.G. SS. II. 289). HEAD MASTER OF ST. CUTHBERT's GRAMMAR SCHOOL, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE CORRESFONDING MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF HISTORY OF SPAIN THE POPES OF THE GREGORIAN RENAISSANCE St Leo IX. to Honorius II. 1049-1130 VOL. VIII.— 1099-1130 B. HERDER 17 SOUTH BROADWAY, ST LOUIS, MO. KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER, & CO., LTD. DRYDEN HOUSE, GERRARD STREET, W. 1910 %'\\^'^ ^0 HIS ALMA MATER ST cuthbert's college, ushaw THIS VOLUME 50 respectfully DeDicateD BY A GRATEFUL SON A LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS VOLUME. Jaffe, or Regesta . = Regesta Pontificu7n Romanorum, ed. Jaffe, 2nd ed., Lipsiae, 1885. Labbe . = Sacrosancta Concilia, ed. Labbe and Cossart, Paris, 1671. L. P., Anastasius, or the ) = Liber Pontificalis, 2 vols., ed. L. Book of the Popes > Duchesne, Paris, 1886. M. G. H., or Pertz . = Monmnettta Germanioe Hisiorica, either Scriptores (M. G. SS.) or Epistolce (M. G. Epp.) or Poetce (M. G. PP.). P. G. = Patrologia Grceca, ed. Migne, Paris. P. L. = Patrologia Latina, ed, Migne, Paris. R, I. SS. = Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, ed. Muratori, Milan, 1723 ff. R. S., following an \ = The edition of the Chronicles, etc., edition of a book > published under the direction of ) the Master of the Rolls. The sign f placed before a date indicates that the date in question is the year of the death of the person after whose name the sign and date are placed. The sign * placed before the title of a book indicates that the author of these volumes has seen the book in question well spoken of, but has not had the opportunity of examining it himself. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Paschal I. (1099-1118), ...... i Chapter I. The new Pope. His early career, and con- secration as Pope, .... 5 II. Two antipopes. Local difficulties, . 12 III. Paschal, Henry IV. (tiio6), and Henry V, to the year im,. 17 . IV. The year mi, . 46 V. The continuation of the Investiture struggle with Henry V. till Paschal's death, 66 VI. England, France, and Spain, ... 83 VII. The Crusades and the East, . .108 Gelasius II. (1118-1119), 120 Calixtus II. (1119-1124), 13^ Chapter I. The election of Guy of Vienne, and his early life, 141 ,, II. Calixtus II. in France. His first relations with the Empire, . .150 ,, III. Calixtus II. in Italy. Downfall of the anti- pope, 160 ,, IV. The Concordat of Worms, and the First General Council of the Lateran (112 2-3), 1 69 „ V. France, England, Scotland and Wales, and the North of Europe, . .188 ,, VI. Poland, Pomerania, Hungary and Dalmatia, 204 VII. „ The East and Spain, . , .216 X CONTENTS PAGE HONORIUS II. (1124-II30), 228 Chapter I. Lambert of Fiagnano becomes Pope Honorius II. His career before his election, . .231 „ II. Honorius and the Empire, .... 237 „ III. Italy and the Normans, .... 246 ,, IV. Honorius and some of the great ones of France, ...... 259 ,, V. England, Spain, and other countries, . 285 „ VI. The East. Death and burial of Pope Honorius II., ..... 297 Index, . 307 . LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Plan of the Leonine City, showing old St. Peter's Frontispiece 2 The Ruins of the Palatine,showing the Septizonium to face p. 24 3. The Septizonium restored, 77 4. A Coin of Paschal II., 82 5. The Ruins of the Septizonium only, 121 6. Quingey, the birthplace of Calixtus II 145 7. The Fresco of Calixtus II., 179 8. The Turris Chartularia, 303 PASCHAL II, A.D. 1099-1118. There are extant two more or less contemporary biographies of Paschal. That in the Liber Pontificalis of Peter William was written by one the initial of whose name was P. According to Duchesne,^ who appears to have proved his contention, the author of this Life of Paschal was Pandulf, who also wrote the Lives of his three immediate successors, Gelasius II., Calixtus II., and Honorius II. Pandulf was a nephew of Cardinal Hugh of Alatri, and when he wrote the Life of Paschal was an officer in the papal guards. He became a cleric under Gelasius II., and about 1135 was made a cardinal by the antipope Anacletus II., the rival of Innocent II. It was in the interests of his patron Anacletus that he wrote the Lives of the four predecessors of Innocent II. ; and of that fact they all bear traces. These biographies of Pandulf, to which it is possible he may himself have prefixed the catalogue we find in the production of Peter William, came into the hands of that industrious monk. To the work of Pandulf he added certain items that concerned his own monastery or neighbourhood. This he did in the year 1 143.2 He also amended what he observed in the Lives of ^ L. P., ii. p. xxxiii. Watterich thinks the P. refers to Cardinal Peter of Pisa (+1144); but Duchesne shows that the same nervous style, with the same imitations of the classics, is observable in all the four biographies. Now it is agreed that Cardinal Pandulf wrote the last three ; hence there can be little doubt that he also wrote the fourth. 2 Cf. vol. iii. p. 231 of this work. The biography of Pandulf may be read in the L. P., ii. p. 296, or in Watterich, ii. VOL. VIII. I I 2 PASCHAL II. Gelasius, etc., to be too favourable to Anacletus, and changed what did not seem to accord with the dignity of Innocent II. The second biography of which we spoke above is the work of Cardinal Boso (jc. 1178), probably an Englishman, and certainly the friend of Hadrian IV. His Life, however, consists only of a collection of documents. It may be read ap. Z. P., ii. p. 369 ff. The Antiales Romani'^ again reappear for the years iiii and 1116-1121. Falco of Benevento (1077-1140), sometime notary apostolic at Benevento (1133-1137), wrote an accurate chronicle treating of the affairs of the Papacy with special reference to Benevento. As we have it, it is somewhat mutilated : and though it commences with the year 1102, it is very brief till it reaches 11 12. It closes with the year 1140. The edition in the P. Z., t. 173, repeats that of Muratori, jR. I. SS., t. v. Much that is of value for the Life of Paschal will be found in the admirable biography or panegyric of Louis VI., the Fat,^ king of France, by the great statesman. Abbot Suger.^ Born of humble parents about 1081, he became abbot of the famous monastery of St. Denis in T122, the counsellor of Louis VI. and Louis VII., and their ambassador to Popes Gelasius II. and Calixtus II. He died in 1151. His epitaph tells how, through him, the king (Louis VII.) ruled his kingdom well, and how, through his ruling the king, he might be called the king of the king.* He has been truly called " one of the noblest figures of the twelfth century.^ The "investiture quarrel," and especially the weak act of Paschal in yielding the right of investiture to the treacherous Henry V. (11 11), evoked various writings on the claims of Popes and emperors, and on the dishonourable deed of Henry, which wrung the concession from Paschal. Of these we shall only note three, all to be found ap. Mon. Ger??i. Libell., ii. The first, ^ Cf. supra, V. 238. 2 Ed. A. Molinier, Paris, 1887 ; or along with the other works ol Suger, ed. A. Lecoy de la Marche, Paris, 1867 ; or P. L., t. 186. 3 See L'abbe Suger, by F. Combes, Paris, 1853. * " Rex per eum caute rexit moderamina regni, Ille regens regem rex quasi regis erat." Ap. Lecoy de la Marche, p. 422. 5 G. Masson, Early Chroniclers of Europe—France, p. 56. PASCHAL II. 3 Disputatio vel defensto Fasc/ialis, written seemingly by a French- man of good literary and social standing, and in the year 1112, was intended to prove that, if Paschal did not stand by the oath he had taken to Henry, he was unworthy of his position. The famous Hildebert of Le Mans wrote various short pamphlets to excuse the conduct of Paschal in mi. The author of the Rythmus de captivitate Paschalis seems to have been an Italian who saw the miseries which the Germans inflicted on the Pope and on Rome, and who wrote between February 12 and April 12, nil. With the exception of a few fragments, the Register of Paschal has perished; but in the P. Z., t. 163, there may be found 586 of his letters, and a number of letters written to him by others. Most of the letters are privileges granted to monasteries in every country of Europe, from Denmark in the North ^ to Spain in the Souths and to Poland ^ in the East. Moderti Works. —Montalembert's account of Paschal is written with even more than his usual eloquence and attractiveness. The relations between Paschal and Philip of France are well treated by B. Monod {Essai sur les rapports de Paschal II. avec Philippe P'\ Paris, 1907) ; though his point of view is not always in accordance with our own. The same young and gifted author had previously written a pamphlet bearing on the same subject, viz., Selection episcopate de Beauvais de woo a 1 104, Paris.
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