Index of Biblical References

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87005-4 - Sex, Gender, and Episcopal Authority in an Age of Reform, 1000-1122 Megan McLaughlin Index More information

Index of Biblical references

Genesis Proverbs 2:21–23 52–53 3:12 214 2:24 23 7:5–27 73 9:20–27 168, 188 9:13–18 73 14:18–20 62 13:24 161 16:1–6 99 23:14 161 17:15–16 127 31:19 127 21:1–10 27, 99 Song of Songs 27 194 as a whole 53–56, 71, 123 38:15–29 72 1:1 54, 59 Exodus 1:6–7 55, 75 20:12 97, 110–11, 116, 129, 2:1 54 157, 158, 168, 2:3 86 183, 214 4:8 55 21:17 125–26, 129, 135, 157, 158, 168, 5:2–7 55 169, 193, 198, 210, 214 6:9 54 Leviticus 8:3 88 10:1–2 35 Jeremiah 18:6–19 30, 168, 183 2:16 67, 75, 158 18:24–29 30 Amos 20:9 168 7:17 84 21 229 Sirach 21:7 33 30:1 161 21:17–23 47 30:8–10 161 Deuteronomy Matthew 21:18–21 130 2:16–18 112 23:18 73 3:7 75 28:30 84 5:9 158 Joshua 5:28 34 2 72 10:8 70 Ruth 10:37 111, 170, 214, 216 2–4 72 18:6 222 1 Samuel 19:9 45 2:22–34 35 19:29 214 4:17 35 19:30 156 2 Samuel 20:16 156 6:6–7 35 21:12–13 229 15–18 169, 210 22:21 197 Psalms Mark 3:1 179 10:11–12 45 45 (Vulgate 44) 52, 53, 91, 154 10:31 156 113 (Vulgate 112):9 127, 156 11:15–17 229

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87005-4 - Sex, Gender, and Episcopal Authority in an Age of Reform, 1000-1122 Megan McLaughlin Index More information

268 Index of Biblical references

Luke 6:15–16 34, 41, 101 3:7 75 12:12–27 101 14:26 170 Galatians 16:18 45 4:26–30 27, 126, 127–28 19:45–46 229 Ephesians John 5:27 51 2:1–11 23, 95 5:29–31 89 2:14–16 229 5:31–32 23, 3:29 57, 60 52, 53 19:27 123 6:1 168 Acts 1 Timothy 8:9–24 69 3:2 33 9:5 151 5:4 169 Romans Hebrews 9:32 223 12:6 214 13:1 198 12:7–9 187 14:13 222 Revelation 1 Corinthians 14:3 55 1:10 150 19 53 4:13 61 21 53, 55

General Index

abandonment of spouse 44 on the primacy of Canterbury 143 and abandonment of episcopal see 65, quarrel with Henry I 81–82, 129, 89 195–98, 199 Adam 23, 47, 52, 53, 199, 222 Anselm II, bishop of Lucca 26 Adam of Bremen 37 on “blessed” persecution 152–53 Adela, countess of Blois 94, 115, 196, 198 on Sarah and Hagar 152–53 adultery 36–42, 45–46 on Wibert of Ravenna 67, 134–58, 209 episcopal marriage as 90 Aphra, saint 40, 100–01 invasion of church as 66–67, 129, 158 Ariald, Milanese preacher 34 lay investiture as 84, 197 Arras, see of 141–42, 152 simony as 155, 156 Augustine of Hippo 1, 23, 39, 128, 152, Aethelraed, king of England 28, 102 221–22 Agnellus of Ravenna 139, 140 authority, maternal 13 Agnes, empress, wife of Henry III 117–21, as negotiable 92–93, 99–101 204 as situational 92–93, 132, 133 and Roman schism of 1061 66, 118–19, derived from paternal authority 95, 130–31 97–99, 128 maternal Authority of 120–21 economic basis of 96–97, 105–10 vulnerability of 121 emotional basis of 92, 96, 101–05 Alexander II, pope 66, 118–19, 131, 150, legal basis 98–99, 109, 132, 157 212 of Church – see Church, as mother; Alfanus of Salerno 96, 130–33, 170–72, Roman Church, as mother 180 parameters of 93–95 Alfonso VI, king of Léon-Castile 150, religious basis of 97, 110–11 206–07 authority, paternal 13 Allegory and fear,162–64 and political theory 228–30 as “natural” 168, 177–79, 180, 184 compared to metaphor 5–7, 9–10 associated with authority of God sources for those used in this book 7 168–69, 179, 180 Amalar of Metz 58–59 emotional basis of 162–64 Annals of Hildesheim (Annales legal basis of 168–72, 177–79, 211 Hildesheimenses) 180, 217 parameters of 162–67, 185 Annals of Rosenveld (Annales Rosenveldenses) religious basis of 168–69, 177–79, 211 177 represents other forms of authority Annals of St. Disibod (Annales sancti 160–62 Disibodi) 181–82, 209 Anne of Kiev, queen of France, wife of “B.” (author) 123–24, 141 Henry I 56 “bad fathers” 171–72 annulment 25 Gregory VII as 211–12, 214, 215 Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury Henry IV as 208–10 encouraged to become archbishop 61 reforming popes as 211–12 invested by William Rufus 81, 82 Wibert of Ravenna as 208–09, 210

269

270 General index

“bad husbands,” Gregorian bishops as 89 on rebellious sons 130 “bad mothers” 111, 154 on simony 194–95 “bad sons” 210–11 on the domestic authority of the Church Henry IV as 205, 210 127 Henry V as 210–11 on the episcopal ring 60 Bamberg, see of 142, 143 Burchard of Worms 26, 30, 38–39 baptism 123–26, 129 Burgos, synod of (1080) 150 Bari, council of (1098) 195 Beatrice, countess of Tuscany 133, 161 Cadalus, bishop of Parma, antipope 66–67, Bede, the Venerable 1 119, 130–31 Benedict VIII, pope 202 Calixtus II, pope 79, 136–37, 144, 151, Benedict IX, pope 63–65 191 Beno, Cardinal 158 Cambrai, see of 141–42, 151–52 Bernard of Angers 44 Canterbury, see of 61, 82, 142–43, 144, Bernhard of Hildesheim 1–2, 8, 141, 157 196 Bertha of Burgundy, wife of Robert the castles, control of 17–18 Pious 29–31, 109 celibacy, clerical – see Clergy, marriage of Bertold of Reichenau 121 Châlons – sur-Marne, council of (1107) Bertrade of Montfort 206 134 betrothal 19, 20–22 Christ as Bridegroom, sources for image of bishops 51, 52–56, 87 as attendants at Christ’s marriage 56, 60 Christina, Martyr 96, 111, 170–72, 180 as Bridegrooms 8, 12 Church In Pseudo-Isidore 54 as Body of Christ 54, 88 development of the image 56–61, 87 as Bride 12 rejection of the image 90 sources for allegory of 51, 52–56, 87 as fathers 8, 13 as Mother 8, 13 addressed as fathers by laity 187, authority of 124, 127–28, 130, 190–91, 192 133–34, 213, 229–30 and spiritual incest 194, 208–09 as situational 132, 133 in Pseudo-Isidore 196 compared to earthly mothers 123, to laity 155–56, 188–200 125–26, 131 to kings 192–200 identity of 157–59, 211 to priests ordained by them 72 prostituted 156 as “Friends of the Bridegroom” 57, 60, sources for allegory of 124–26 65, 84, 86, 123 “uncovering nakedness” of 223 as mothers 72 as one flesh with Christ 85–86, 88 as vicars of Christ 57, 58–59, 60, 65, as prostitute 70, 72–80, 156, 229–30 86, 88 as queen 91 authority of, within dioceses 142 as widow 61 criticism of, by subordinates 188–89, chastity of 61, 66, 75–80, 214–17 90, 155 social origins of 189–90 sources for personification of 7–8 Boaz 72 vulnerability of 68, 76, 87, 155–56 Bonizo, bishop of Sutri 21, 25, 26, 27, churches as sisters 153 121, 204 Clemence, countess of Flanders 116 breast-feeding 103–04, 127, 139, Clement II, pope 64–65 150, 153 clergy “bride price” 19, 20, 30–31 distinguished from laity 85 Bruno of Magdeburg 121 marriage of 31–36, 221–24, 229, 230 Bruno (?) of Reims 24–25 as polluting 34–35 Bruno of Segni 194–95, 216–17 as sacrilege 34–35 Commentary on the Song of Songs 55 defended 33–34, 229 on cursing parents 125–26 Cluny, abbey of 143, 144 on kin as potential enemies 170 Collection in Seventy-four Titles (Diversorum on Pascal II and the pravilegium 216–17 patrum sententie) 26

General index 271

“Concerning the Betrothal of a Woman” dynastic consciousness 137, 165–67, 178, 19–20, 21 181–82 concubinage 27, 36–38 – and see patrilineage; Salians, dynastic Conrad II, king of Germany, emperor 163, consciousness of 173, 226 Conrad, king of Italy, son of Henry IV Eadmer of Canterbury 82, 143, 198 172–84, 207–08, 209–10, 217, 227 Edward I, the Confessor, king of England Consanguinity 20, 28–31 160, 182 – and see incest Ekkehard, abbot of Aura 173, 182–84, 217 consent – see marriage, role of bride and Election Decree of 1059 66, 131, 132 gromm’s consent in; marriage, role elections, episcopal 61–68, 230 of kin’s consent in context of debate over 62–63 conservative writers, use of nuptial disputed 63–67, 130–32, 150–51, 158, imagery by 10, 52, 87–91 191 Constantine, emperor 207 in canon law 62 Constantine the African 102–03 role of kings in 62, 66 Constantinople, see of 139, 147–48 role of nobles in 62 Cosmas of Prague 177 elections, papal 63–66, 118–19, 131, 132 Cremona, council of (1095) 174, 207–08, Eli, sons of 35 227 Emma, queen of England, wife of Cunigunde, empress, wife of Henry II of Aethelraed and Canute 94, 97, 102 Germany 42, 226 Emma, queen of France, wife of Lothar cursing parents 129, 135–36, 147, 168, 104 169, 193, 210–11, 214 Enham, council of 28 Cyprian of Carthage 54, 65, 128, 194 Ermessende, countess of Carcassonne 114–15, 116 daughters, deference to mothers 154 Esau 194 David and Absalom 169, 177, 179–80, Eupraxia – Adelaide, empress, wife of 193, 210 Henry IV 174, 181, 209–10 spiritual interpretations of 169 Eve 23, 52, 53, 222 De unitate ecclesiae conservanda – see Exultet (prayer) 124–25 Hersfeld, monk of Exultet rolls 125 Deeds of the Bishops of Cambrai (Gesta pontificum Cameracensium) 141–42 family, political importance of 4–5, 11, Deusdedit, Cardinal 67, 181, 209 226–27 discipline Farfa, Monk of 88–89, 90 maternal 101–05, 128 fear, of father 162 and papal primacy 130, 151–53 fertility/sterility 18, 43, 126–27, 156 paternal 128, 161, 162, 163 Fleury, abbey of 144, 198 and papal primacy 213–14 Fulbert, bishop of Chartres 46, 48, 62, 223 disinheritance 94 Fulk Nerra, count of Anjou 166–67, 176 – and see inheritance, and obedience disobedience to parents, justification for Gelasius I, pope 206 169–72, 180, 181–82 Geoffrey, abbot of La Trinité, Vendôme divorce 29, 43–47, 48 and Pascal II 215–16 and sterility 126, 127 on Episcopal authority 192 associated with violence 47, 88–89 on maternal authority 95 of Christ and Church 75, 88–89, 223 on Noah 215 of priest and church 229 on paternal discipline 163 – and see Repudiation on the Roman Church 151 Donation of Constantine 207 on simony 78–80 dower 19, 20, 21–22, 24, 106–07, 115, 123 Geoffrey Martel, count of Anjou 166–67, dowry 22, 106, 107, 114, 115 176 Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury 96, Gerard, archbishop of York 143, 144 123–24, 141 Gervase, archbishop of Reims 213

272 General index

Godfrey of Bouillon 109 accused of sodomy 42 Godelieve of Ghistelle, saint 46 and Cambrai 152 Gregory I, pope and Empress Agnes 118–21, 130–33 as brother to other bishops 212–13 and Milan 156 as father to other bishops 212–13 and Mother Church 133–34, 204–05 as father to rulers 200–01 and Roman Church 133–34 on scandal 223 and sons 161–62, 172–84, 210 on simony 69 and St. Peter 204–05 register of letters 14 and synod of Mainz (1085) 1 “Servant of the servants of God” 200 and Wibert of Ravenna 67, 152, 154, 158 Gregory VI, pope 63–66 as “bad father” 208–10 Gregory VII, pope 55, 202 as “bad son” 210 and the “chastity” of the Church 9, 77, as Gregory VII’s son 211–12 78, 79–80, 90 criticizes Gregory VII 211–12, 214 and the Church as Mother 133–34, 156 declares Gregory VII deposed 67 and clerical celibacy 33, 34 excommunicated by Gregory VII 1 and lay investiture 196 expels Gregory VII from Rome 158 and other bishops 144, 213, 214 Life of Henry IV (Vita Heinrici IV) 166, and the Roman Church 133–34, 148, 177–80 157, 203 Henry V, emperor, king of Germany and simony 76–77 and lay investiture 85, 134–36, 214 and St. Peter 181, 204–06 and Pascal II 134–36, 214 and Wibert of Ravenna 67, 149–51, 158, leaves wife as regent in Italy 98 208–09 rebels against Henry IV 161–62, 166, as “bad father” 211–12, 214, 215 172–84, 210–11 as “bad husband” 89 Henry the Monk 40 as “false pope” 89 Herman, bishop of Metz 89, 134, 148, as father to Henry IV 210 193, 198 death of, in Salerno (1085) 172 Hersfeld, Monk of 89, 134 Dictatus papae 218 Hildebert, bishop of Le Mans 40 driven from Rome (1084) 208 Hildeburge, wife of Robert of Ivry 113–14, elected pope (1073) 76–77 116 exiled to Germany (1047) 64 Hincmar, archbishop of Reims followers of, on episcopal ring 59 as “bad sons” 158 on legitimate marriage 24 as “bad husbands” 89 on metropolitan bishops 139–40 letter to Herman of Metz (1081) 148, on role of queens 97 193–94, 197, 198 on sexual intercourse in marriage 24 on relationship of clergy to laity 191, homosexual behavior 42 193–94, 195, 200 Honorius Augustodunensis 35, 112, opponents of 89, 211–12, 214, 215 221–22, 224, 228–30 grief, maternal 93, 112–13 Hrabanus Maurus, archbishop of Mainz Guastalla, synod of (1106) 84–86, 134 140 Guibert, abbot of Nogent 95, 104, 105, 112 Hrotswitha of Gandersheim 40, 99–100, 101 Hagar 99, 126, 127–28, 152–53 Hugh Candidus, cardinal 158 Harald Hein, king of Denmark 205–06 Hugh, cardinal deacon 214 Harmiscara 167 Hugh of Flavigny 198 Hartwig, archbishop/Magdeburg 1, 2 Hugh of Fleury 82, 161, 198–200, 215 Henry I, king of England 143, 81–82, 129, Humbert of Silva Candida 196, 199 and Mother Church 155–56 Henry I, king of France 56 and schism of 1054 147–48 Henry II, king of Germany, emperor 43, emotional language of 87 81, 142, 182, 202 on lay investiture 81, 83–84 Henry III, king of Germany, emperor 33, on simony 71–80, 155–56 63–64, 117–18, 146, 163 on the relationship between clergy and Henry IV, king of Germany, emperor laity 83–84, 85, 155–56

General index 273

Ida of Boulogne 103, 109 as sons of pope 13, 200–12 impiety 169–72, 177–80, 214 as vicars of Christ 91 impotence, as grounds for annulling investiture of bishops by 81 marriage 25 obedience to pope 133 incest 28–31, 33, 35 role in episcopal elections 62, 66 clerical marriage as 35, 194 kingship, sacred 193 invasion of Roman see as158, 208–09, Koloman, king of Hungary 208, 209 210 Wibert of Ravenna and 158, 208–09, laity, as children of Church 128–30 210 Lambert, bishop of Arras 116, 141 inheritance 11, 16–18, 164–66 Lampert of Hersfeld 121 and obedience 109, 110, 136, 164–66, Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury 45, 168, 171, 180, 211 143, 149, 213 by daughters 18 language, emotional 54, 68, by women 105–06 90, 187 by younger sons 18, 32 language, maternal distinguishes children from servants and church hierarchy 13, 124 164–66 in the early Middle Ages 137–41 from mother 1, 2, 96–97, in the central Middle Ages 141–45 105–10, 114 and laity 130–37, 141, 155 heavenly 160, 171, 205–06 and papal primacy 13, 124, 138, impartible 17–18, 32, 43, 48, 105 145–52, 155 in Roman law 171, 173 and metropolitans 139–40, 144, 155 of love for Mother Rome 137 and cathedral church 140–41, 155 partible 16–17 language, paternal 159 investiture, lay 80–86, 129, 134–36 and church hierarchy 13, 138 context of debates over 81 and clerical marriage 194 prohibitions of 81–82, 84 and criticism of bishops by subordinates Isaac 194 188–89, 214–17 Isidore, archbishop of Seville 140 and episcopal elections 194–95 Ivo, bishop of Chartres 26 and humility 187, 200–01, 202, 203, on incest 30 212–13 on Pascal II and the pravilegium 216 and lay investiture 195–97 on penance 128 and papal primacy 13, 187, 212–18 on prostitution 39 and relationship between bishops and on servile unions 27 kings 192–200 relationship with Hugh of Fleury 198 and relationship between clergy and laity 187, 188–200 Jacob 194 and relationship between popes and Jerome, Saint 39 kings Jerusalem 53, 154 in the early Middle Ages 200–03 John VIII, Pope 14, 146, 201–02, 213 in the eleventh century 203–12 and phrase paternitas nostra 202, 213 and simony 194–95 John XVIII, Pope 144 applied to St. Peter 203–06, 207–08, John XIX, pope 144 210, 213 John, abbot of Fécamp 29 changing use in eleventh century John of Mantua 55 187–88, 191–92, 193–94, 199, 203, John the Baptist 60, 86 213, 218 Josceran, archbishop of Lyons 216 Leo I, pope 27, 44, 65 Justinian, emperor 39 Leo IX, pope 29, 51, 129, 147–48 Liège, see of 152–53 kin, consent of – see marriage, role of kin’s Lietbert, bishop of Cambrai 56, 60, 108 consent in Life of Henry IV (Vita Heinrici IV) 166, kin, maternal 96, 108–09 177–80 kings liturgy 7, 51, 53, 56, 58–60, 83, 124–25, as laymen 81, 85, 129 148 as representatives of God the Father 199 London, council of (1107) 196

274 General index

Louis the Stammerer, king of France 226 Michael Kerularios, patriarch of Louis VII, king of France 136–37 Constantinople 147–48 Milan, see of 77, 148–49, 151 Magdeburg, see of 2 Monarchy, apal 145 Mainz, Diet of (1105) 176, 178 Monasteries, xempt 143–44, 147 Mainz, synod of (1085) 1 money, desire for 74 Manasses I, archbishop of Reims 149 moneylenders driven from Temple 229 Manasses, bishop of Cambrai 152 Montecassino, abbey of 125, 170, 202 Manegold of Lautenbach 42, 52 Morgengab 19, 20, 21–22, 106–07 Marbod of Rennes 40 mothers marriage ambiguous position of 13 and concubinage 22, 27 authority of – see authority, maternal and transfers of property 19–22, 24, 27 vulnerability of 13, 111–17 as sacrament 23–28, 43, 47 mundium/mundiburdium 4, 20, 25, 142 attendants at 20 “mutation familiale” 16–18, 31–32, 43 benefits of 23 and position of women 18 chaste 25, 182 clerical – see clergy, marriage of Nadab and Abihu, sons of Aaron 35 context of attempts to reform 16–18 Nero, Roman emperor 181 definitions of Legitimate 12, 22–27, 43 Nicholas II, pope 66, 213 elements in 12, 19–22 “Nicolaitism”– see clergy, marriage of equality of social status in 24, 27 Noah 9, 168, 188–89, 215–16 impediments to 20 Nordhausen, synod of (1105) 183 – and see consanguinity Norman Anonymous 82, 90–91, 154–55, in canon law 19 169 monogamous 36–38, 43 of Christ and the Church 23–24, Odorannus of Sens 55, 60 43, 47 officium stratoris 174, 207, 208, 227 political considerations in 11, 18, 21, 29, Oliba, bishop of Vich 190 43–44 On pontifical ordination (De ordinando publicity of 24, 25, 26 pontifice) 64–66, 67 regional variations in 18–22, 47 On preserving the unity of the Church (De role of bride and groom’s consent in 18, unitate ecclesiae conseruanda) – 20, 25–27, 48, 66 see Hersfeld, Monk of role of kin’s consent in 20–21, 22, 24, Orderic Vitalis 37, 104, 166, 210 48, 65–66 Orthodoxa defensio imperialis – see Farfa, role of priests in 19, 20, 26 Monk of role of sex in – see sex, in marriage Osbern of Canterbury 61 spiritual, compared to earthly 56 Otto, bishop of Freising 161–62, 175 Mary, Virgin 25, 85, 95 Oxford, Bodleian Library, Ms. Junius 11 Mary Magdalene 40, 78 189 Massacre of the Innocents, Feast of 112 paradox 156 Matilda, empress, wife of Henry V 98 Pascal II, pope 199, 213 Matilda, queen of England, wife of and Anselm of Canterbury 129, 196–97 Henry I 199 and Henry V of Germany 134–35, Matilda, queen of England, wife of 210–11 William I 104 and Henry I of England 129, 196–97 Matilda, countess of Tuscany 133, 174, and lay investiture 84, 129, 196–97, 175, 178, 204 210–11, 214–17 matronymics 108 and metropolitan bishops 144 metropolitan bishops 137–38 and pravilegium 214–17 authority of 8, 62, 91, 139–40, 142, and Robert, count of Flanders 152–53 144–45, 154 and see of Cambrai152–53 and Roman Church 144–45 and see of Liège152–53

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and synod of Guastalla (1106) 84 Piacenza, council of (1095) 174, 181 as father 210–11, 214–17 piety, filial 92–96, 110–11, 136, 149, on bishops as fathers 191 163–64, 170, 182–84, 214 on Mother Church 129, 130, 196–97 – and see “bad sons;” cursing Parents; on relationship between clergy and laity Noah 129, 196–97 Placidus of Nonantola paterfamilias, 160 and emotional language 86–87 in Roman law 168 on emperor’s relationship with church patriarchs (ecclesiastical) 137, 138, 145, 136 148 on wife as husband’s deputy 97 patrilineage 16–18, 105, 137, 165 personifies church 8, 136, 141, 157 – and see dynastic consciousness pollution Paul, saint 208 and immorality 223 on Church as Bride of Christ 52 and incest 30–31 on marriage as sacrament 23–24 and clerical marriage 31, 33, 34–35 on Sarah and Hagar 126 and invasion of churches 67, 158 on “stumbling block” 222 and lay investiture 129 Paul of Bernried 121 and money 70, 73, 74, 79 Peter, Saint 138, 149, 208, 212 and resistance to reform 229 and Simon Magus 69, 181 and simony 70–80 as father 203–06, 207–08, 210, 213 and sacraments 70–80 “Sons (daughters) of” 174, 204, – and see prostitudes, as symbols of 205–06, 207–08, 210 pollution – and see Roman Church, “Sons polygyny 36–38, 43 (daughters) of” popes Peter Crassus 173, 211–12 addressed as fathers 187, 190, 200 Peter Damian as fathers to bishops 212–18 and Cadalus of Parma 66–67, 130–33 as fathers to kings and clerical marriage 35–36, 194, 224 in the early Middle Ages 200–03 and incest 30–31 in central Middle Ages 13, 203–12 and Roman schism of 1061 8, 66–67, authority of – see primacy, Papal 130–33, 150–51 use of military force by 151–53 and simony 71–72, 75 criticized 153 and three prostitutes 41–42 pravilegium 135, 214, 216, 217 Book of Gomorrah 42 primacy, papal 138–39, 212–18 The Debate at the Synod 130–33, 136, and maternal authority 13, 124, 139, 150–51, 157, 203 145–52 on the authority of Mother Church and paternal authority 13, 212–18 130–33, 136, 157 denied by the Norman Anonymous 90 on Empress Agnes as “daughter of in Pseudo-Isidore 8, 138 St. Peter” 204 realized in practice 146, 217–18 on honoring mothers 110, 111 privacy 225 on the laity as children of the Church prostitute saints 40–42, 78, 100–01 129 – and see Aphra, Saint, on maternal love 102 Mary Magdalene on papal primacy 148–49, 212 prostitutes on paternal discipline 161, 163 as symbols 48, 79 on sexual intercourse in marriage 25, of repentance 41, 42, 48 221 of pollution 41, 42 on the vulnerability of Mother Church as boundary markers 41–42 156 efforts to reform way of life 40 Pharez 72 – and see wives of priests, as 34 Philip I, king of France 141, prostitution 38–42, 48, 70 180, 206 of the Church 70, 72–80, 156 Physiologus 73–75 – and see simony as prostitution

276 General index

Prudentius 73–74 as mother of all churches 145–52, Pseudo–Bede (Manegold of Lautenbach?) 154–55 52 identity of 132 Pseudo–Isidorian Decretals juridical position of 145, 146 and Hincmar of Reims 59 love for 149 and the Norman Anonymous 91, 155 maternal authority of 133–34, 149 compilation of 7–8 “sons (daughters) of” 132, 150, 207–08, in On pontifical ordination 64 210 influence on reform thought 2, 7–8 – and see Peter, Saint, “sons on bishop’s marriage to his church (daughters) of” 57–58 “special daughters” of 142, 143 on consent of kin in marriage 20, 65–66 Roman law 39, 168, 211–12 on Rome as mother of all churches 139 Roman Schisms 157 on simony 69 1044–47 63–66 story of Noah’s in 188–89, 215, 216 1061 66, 118–19, 130–31, 150 supports papal authority 139, 146 1080 68–71, 157–58, 174 public/private distinction 3–5, 13–14, Rome, Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana, 221–30 Ms. Barberini Lat. 592 122, 125 Rome, synods of Ranger of Lucca 8, 86, 195 1078 33 emotional responses of 87 1099 195 on lay investiture 84, 86, 135 1109 134 Raoul, abbot of Saint–Sépulchre 56, 60 1112 135 Raoul Glaber 7, 42 Rudolf III, king of Burgundy 109 rape 21 Rudolf, duke of Swabia, antiking 133, 182, invasion of churches as 65–67 204 lay investiture as 76 Ruodlieb 94 of heiresses 18 Rupert of Deutz 23, 47 women’s vulnerability to 48 redemption, as Marriage 52–53 sacrilege 31, 34–35 reformers, Salians, dynastic consciousness of 173, attitude towards earthly authority 172 178, 180, 181–82, 184 use of nuptial imagery by 10, 51, 87, 90 Sancho I, king of Aragon 150 and see women, reformers’ attitude Sancho IV, king of Navarre 150, 190 towards Sarah 99, 126, 127–28, 152–53 Regensburg, Battle of (1105) 161, 175, Scandal 88, 153, 182, 216, 222–24 179, 180, 183 schism 54, 88–89, 90, 128, 150 Reims, see of 63, 139 as divorce of Christ and the Church Reinhard, bishop of Halberstadt 213 88–89, 223 Renaud, bishop of Angers 78 Gregorians accused of causing 158 repudiation – see divorce of 1054 146, 147–48 Richilde, queen of France, wife of Charles Photian 139, 146 the Bald 226 separation, Marital, and Remarriage 44–46 Richilde, countess of Flanders 105 sex ring, episcopal and privacy 221–22 association with marriage 59–60 and shame 221–22 Humbert on 83–84 extra-marital 12, 36–42 in England 82–83 – and see adultery; concubinage; Ranger of Lucca on 85–86 prostitution rulers begin to invest with 81 in marriage 20, 22–33, 106, 221 Robert II, the Pious, king of France 29–31 Sigebert of Gembloux 112, 121, 152–53, Robert II, count of Flanders 141, 152–53 154, 176, 177 Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy 104, Silvester III, antipope 63–65 166, 176 Simon Magus 69, 181 Robert of Tombelaine 54 and Wibert of Ravenna 181 Roman Church simoniacs as “bad mother” 154 as vipers 74–75

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sacraments performed by 71–72 Victor III, pope 125, 202 souls of 71–75, 76–77 violence, associated with divorce 89 simony 10, 63 vipers 74–75, 129 as prostitution 10, 70, 72–80, 229–30 Vita Heinrici IV– see Life of Henry IV context of debate over 68–71 Vitalis, abbot of Savigny 40 in canon law 69 Solomon 193 Welf V, duke of Bavaria 174, 175 Song of Songs, Wenrich of Trier 204 as drama 55–56 Wibert, archbishop of Ravenna spiritual interpretations of 53–54 and Simon Magus 181 sons and spiritual incest 158, as servants 163–64, 166, 183 208–09, 210 rebellious 166, 172–85 as adulterer 67 as symbols of social disorder 161–62, as antipope Clement III 67, 151, 152, 177–78 158, 208–09 Stephen, king of Hungary 208 as “bad father/bad son” 158, 208–09, sterility, and divorce 18, 43 210 Sutri, synod of (1046) 64, 117, 146 as persecutor of Mother Church 152, Sweyn, king of Denmark 203, 205–06 158 Sylvester I, pope 207 rejects Roman authority 154 synagogue, as Concubine 229 summoned to Rome 149 widowed churches 61, 142, 188, 229 Tertullian 126 widows 21–22, 28, 93, 95, 98–99, 102, Theudebert, king of the Franks 201 106–07, 113–17, 161 and see dower; Thietmar of Merseburg 108 Morgengab. Thomas I, archbishop of York 45, 143 wife, authority of, derived from husband’s Thomas II, archbishop of York 143 86–87, 95, 97–98, 128 William I, the Conqueror, king of England 37, 104, 143, 166, 176, 191, 199 Urban II, pope William II, Rufus, king of England 81, 82, and Anselm of Canterbury 82, 195–96 195, 198 and Arras 141 William V, duke of Aquitaine 117, 191 and Conrad, king of Italy 174, 175, William of Malmesbury 160, 166–67, 191 207–08, 209–10, 227 Wipo 163 and the council of Cremona (1095) wives, murder of 46 207–08, 227 wives of priests 32–33, 48 and the officium stratoris 207, 227 as labelled prostitutes/concubines 34, and the Roman synod of 1099 82, 38, 224 195–96 womb 102–03, 123, 126–27 letter to Koloman of Hungary 208 women on bishops as fathers 191 compared to Church 47–49 on Henry IV and Wibert of Ravenna control of Property 96, 105–10 208–10 defamation of 12 on Mother Rome 144 importance of children to 101–02, on popes as fathers 206–10 111–12 on St. Peter as father 206–10 reformers’s attitude towards 48–49 prohibits lay investiture 82, 195–96 vulnerability of 12, 13, sanctions use of force against 18, 48 excommunicates 153 – and see mothers, vulnerability of Uzzah 35 Worms, council of (1076) 214 Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester 191, 199 Valenciennes, Bibliothéque Municipale, Ms. 10 54 “youths” 18 Vendôme, abbey of La Trinité of 192 and manhood 165–66, 176, 178