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Introduction to the Historical Syntax of the Indo-European Languages

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Introduction to the Historical Syntax of the Indo-European Languages INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORICAL SYNTAX OF THE INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES Daniel Petit (ENS & EPHE, Paris) INTRODUCTION • Calvert Watkins (1963): ‘Syntax is notoriously ignored in most studies of comparative and historical linguistics’. • Wolfgang Dressler (1971): ‘In der Indogermanistik wird die Syntax noch immer stiefmütterlich behandelt und zumeist als Anhängsel der Morphologie betrachtet’. • April McMahon (1994:10): ‘Diachronic syntax lays, like the Sleeping Beauty, in a deathlike coma for the first half of this century’ • David Lightfoot (1979:305): ‘Certainly there was no tradition of work on syntactic change and, despite isolated discussions, it was not until the 1970s that syntactic change became an area of communal work among linguists’. • Werner Winter (1984) A. THE COMPARATIVE METHOD Internal analysis External analysis Comparison Internal comparison of A2 with A1 External comparison of A with B < Cx Reconstruction Internal reconstruction of language A < Ax External reconstruction of language A+ B < C Description Internal description of language A External description of language C? Internal comparison of A2 with A1 External comparison of A with B < C Internal reconstruction of language A External reconstruction of language C Internal description of language A External description of language C? 1. Internal Description 1.1. Constituency Tests: ‘Internal Object’ / ‘Cognate Object’ (1) English They fought a heroic fight. (2) English † A heroic fight was fought by them. (3) Ancient Greek: Plato, Republic, 551d (cf. already Homer, Iliad, Β 121 and Γ 435) πόλεμόν τινα πολεμίζειν ‘to wage war (to war some war)’ pólemón tina polemízein war-ACC.SG some-ACC.SG to war-INF (4) Ancient Greek: Xenophon, Hellenica, 5, 1, 1 Ὁ πόλεμος ἐπολεμεῖτο. ‘The war was being carried on.’ Ho pólemos epolemeĩto. the-NOM.SG war-NOM.SG was warred-IND.IMPERF.PASS.3SG 2 Introduction to the Historical Syntax of the Indo-European Languages (5) Latin: Plautus, Pseudolus, 254 Malam pugnam pugnabo. ‘I will fight a bad fight.’ bad-ACC.SG fight-ACC.SG I will fight-IND.FUT.1SG (6) Latin: Plautus, Amphitryon, 253 (cf. Pinkster 2015:86) Haec est pugnata pugna this-NOM.SG is-IND.PRS.3SG having been fought-PART.NOM.SG fight-NOM.SG usque a mani ad uesperum. until from morning-ABL.SG till evening-ACC.SG ‘This fight was fought there from morning till evening’ (7) Ancient Greek: Herodotus, Historiae, 3, 154 Ἑωυτὸν λωβᾶται λώβην ἀνήκεστον. Heōutòn lōbā̃tai lṓ bēn anḗkeston. himself-ACC.SG he mutilates-IND.PRS.3SG mutilation-ACC.SG irreparable-ACC.SG ‘He mutilates himself a mutilation beyond repair.’ (8) Ancient Greek: Plato, Gorgias, 473c ἄλλας πολλὰς καὶ μεγάλας καὶ παντοδαπὰς állas pollàs kaì megálas kaì pantodapàs other-ACC.PL many-ACC.PL and big-ACC.PL and of every kind-ACC.PL λώβας λωβηθείς lṓ bas lōbētheís mutilations-ACC.PL mutilated-PART.AOR.PASS.NOM.SG ‘having being mutilated a number of grevious mutilations of every kind’ (9) Ancient Greek: Euripides, Helena, 1041 Τίνα φυγὴν φευξούμεθα ; Tína phugḕn pheuksoúmetha? which-ACC.SG escape-ACC.SG will we escape-IND.FUT.1PL ‘How will we escape?’ (lit. ‘which escape will we escape?’) (10) Ancient Greek: Plato, Epinomis, 974b Ἡ δὲ φυγῇ φεύγει τότε ὅταν τις Hē dè phugē̃i pheúgei tóte hótan tis she-NOM.FEM.SG PCLE escape-DAT.SG escapes-IND.PRS.3SG then when someone-NOM.SG πρός τινα φρόνησιν ἴῃ. prós tina phrónēsin íē̃i. towards some-ACC.SG knowledge-ACC.SG goes-SUBJ.PRS.3SG ‘But it (i.e. this power) escapes us with an escape as soon as we attempt any knowledge.’ (11) Latin: Terence, Eunuchus, 586-587 Luserat / iam olim ille ludum. he had played-IND.PLUPERF.3SG already previously that one-NOM.SG game-ACC.SG ‘As in former times he had played the like game.’ (12) Latin: Plautus, Mostellaria, 1158 Scis solere illanc aetatem tali ludo ludere. you know-IND.PRS.2SG use to-INF that-ACC.SG age-ACC.SG such-ABL.SG game-ABL.SG play-INF ‘You know that age uses to play such a game.’ (13) Young Avestan: Yašt 15, 40 yauuata gaiia juuāuua ‘as long as we live our life’ as long as life-INSTR.SG we live-IND.PRS.1DU (14) Old Church Slavic: Mc. 5, 42 Zogr. И оужаснѫшѧ сѧ оужасомь вельѥмь. I oužasnǫšę sę oužasomь velьjemь. and they were surprised-IND.AOR.3PL=REFL surprise-INSTR.SG great-INSTR.SG ‘And they were overcome with a great astonishment.’ (= Greek ἐξέστησαν ἐκστάσει μεγάλῃ) (15) Old Lithuanian: Mikalojus Daukša, Postilla Catholicka (1599: 42040-41) berne̗ lei sawû mirimú / arba smercʒiâ / numire̗ boys-NOM.PL their-INSTR.SG death-INSTR.SG [or death-INSTR.SG] dead-PART.PST.NOM.PL ‘boys who are dead their own death’ Introduction to the Historical Syntax of the Indo-European Languages 3 (16) Gothic: Wulfila’s New Testament, Lk. 2, 9 Ohtedun agisa mikilamma. they were afraid-IND.PST.3PL fear-DAT.SG great-DAT.SG ‘They were afraid a great fear.’ (= Greek ἐφοβήθησαν φόβον μέγαν) (17) Old English: Old English Chronicle, an. 755 (cf. Visser 1963, 21970:413) He feaht miclum feohtum. ‘He fights a big fight.’ he fights-IND.PRS.3SG big-DAT.SG fight-DAT.SG (18) Icelandic (cf. Maling 2009:75) Hann svaf djúpum svefni. ‘He slept a deep sleep.’ he slept-IND.PST.3SG deep-DAT.SG sleep-DAT.SG • Cf. τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον toũton tòn trópon (acc.) and τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ toútōi tō̃i trópōi (dat.) ‘in that way’. 1.2. Original Texts and Translations (19) Gothic: Wulfila’s New Testament, Jn. 18, 2 (cf. Mk. 14, 44, with ellipsis of the object) Iudas sa galewjands ina Judas-NOM.SG the-NOM.SG betraying-PART.ACT.NOM.SG him-ACC.SG ‘Judas, the one betraying him’ (= Greek Ἰούδας ὁ παραδιδοὺς αὐτόν) (20) Gothic: Wulfila’s New Testament, Mt. 5, 44 Þiuþjaiþ þans wrikandans izwis be good-OPT.PRS.2PL the-ACC.PL harassing-PART.ACT.ACC.PL you-ACC.PL ‘Pray for those who harass you!’ (= Greek εὐλογεῖτε τοὺς καταρωμένους ὑμᾶς) (21) Gothic: Wulfila’s New Testament, Gal. 6, 6 sa laisida waurda the-NOM.SG taught-PART.PASS.NOM.SG words-ACC.PL ‘the one who is taught the word’ (= Greek ὁ κατηχούμενος τὸν λόγον) 1.3. Poetic Syntax: PIE Tmesis a. Pattern 1: [#P-Xx-V] = the preverb occupies the initial position in the sentence and is separated from the verb by an open number of words. b. Pattern 2: [-P-X1-V] = the preverb is not located in initial position, but somewhere in the sentence and is separated from the verb by one single word. c. Pattern 3: all abnormal realisations of tmesis in Homer and the Rigveda, including ‘prepositional tmesis’, ‘reverse tmesis’ (or ‘verbal anastrophe’) and ‘defusional tmesis’. Pattern 1 [#P-Xx-V] (22) Ancient Greek: Homer, Iliad, Γ 34 Ὑπό τε τρόμος ἔλλαβε γυῖα. Hupó te trómos éllabe guĩa. under-PREV and trembling-NOM.SG seized-IND.AOR.3SG limbs-NOM.SG ‘And trembling seized his limbs beneath him.’ (ὑπὸ... ἔλλαβε hupò... éllabe ‘it seized’) (23) Vedic Sanskrit: RV X 1273 Nír u svásāram askr̥ ta / Usạ́ saṃ devī́ āyatī́. under-PREV PCLE sister-ACC.SG raised-IND.AOR.3SG dawn-ACC.SG goddess-NOM.SG coming-NOM.SG ‘The goddess, as she came, has raised her sister, the dawn.’ (nír...askr̥ ta ‘has raised’) Pattern 2 [-P-X1-V] (24) Ancient Greek: Homer, Iliad, Π 82 Φίλον δ’ ἀπὸ νόστον ἕλωνται. Phílon d’ apò nóston hélōntai. desired-ACC.SG and PREV. return-ACC.SG they rob-SUBJ.PRS.3PL ‘that they rob [the Greeks] of their desired return’ (ἀπὸ... ἕλωνται apò... hélōntai ‘they rob’) (25) Vedic Sanskrit: RV I 924 Gā́ vo ná vrajáṃ ví usạ̄ ́ āvar támah.̣ cows-NOM.PL as stall-ACC.SG PREV. dawn-NOM.SG opened-IND.AOR.3SG darkness-ACC.SG ‘Dawn has opened darkness as the cows their stall.’ (ví...āvar ‘has opened’) 4 Introduction to the Historical Syntax of the Indo-European Languages (26) Latin: Lucretius, De Natura Rerum IV, 832 Cetera de genere hoc inter quaecumque pretantur. others-NOM.PL of kind-ABL.SG this-ABL.SG inter-PREV whatever-NOM.PL are (inter)preted-IND.PRS.3PL ‘all the other things that are interpreted that way’ (inter-...pretantur ‘are interpreted’) Pattern 3: Prepositional Tmesis (27) Ancient Greek: Homer, Odyssey, λ 115 Δήεις δ’ ἐν πήματα οἴκῳ. Dḗeis d’ en pḗmata oíkōi. you will find-IND.FUT.2SG and in-PREP. sufferings-ACC.PL house-DAT.SG ‘And you will find sufferings at home.’ (ἐν... οἴκῳ en...oíkōi ‘at home’) Pattern 3: ‘Reverse tmesis’ (verbal anastrophe) (28) Ancient Greek: Homer, Iliad, Β 699 τότε δ’ ἤδη ἔχεν κάτα γαῖα μέλαινα. tóte d’ ḗdē ékhen káta gaĩa mélaina. then and already held-IND.IMPERF.3SG under-POSTV earth-NOM.SG black-NOM.SG ‘And then the black earth held him fast.’ (ἔχεν κάτα ékhen káta = κάτ-εχεν kát-ekhen ‘held fast’) (29) Ancient Greek: Homer, Odyssey, γ 161 ὅς ῥ’ ἔριν ὦρσε κακὴν ἔπι δεύτερον αὖτις hós rh’ érin ō̃rse kakḕn épi deúteron aũtis who-NOM.SG PCLE quarrell-ACC.SG raised-IND.AOR.3SG bad-ACC.SG on-POSTV twice again ‘who raised evil quarrel again a second time’ (ὦρσε...ἔπι ō̃rse...épi = ἐπ-ῶρσεν ep-ō̃rsen ‘raised up’) (30) Vedic Sanskrit: RV I 853 Bā́ dhante víśvam abhimātínam ápa. they drive-IND.PRS.3PL each-ACC.SG adversary-ACC.SG away ‘They drive off each adversary.’ (bā́ dhante...ápa ‘they drive...off’) Pattern 3: ‘Defusional Tmesis’ • Greek adverb διαμπερές diamperés ‘without break, continuously’ (e.g. Iliad, Π 499, etc.), tmesis in διὰ δ’ ἀμπερές dià d’ amperés (Iliad, Λ 377, Ρ 309, Odyssey, φ 422). (31) Latin: Virgilius, Georgics III, 381 septem subiecta trioni ‘submitted to the Septentrio’ seven- submitted-NOM.FEM.SG -trio-DAT.SG (32) Latin: Ennius, Annales 609 Saxo cere- comminuit -brum.
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