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Russian Conversation-Grammar

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Russian Conversation-Grammar 1 /f M' CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Gift of the CHARLES M. TAYLOR ESTATE Cornell University Library PG 2111.M92 1922 Russian conversation-grammar 3 1924 026 616 890 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924026616890 METHOD GASPEY-OTTO-SAUER. RUSSIAN CONVERSATION-GRAMMAR BY PIETRO jtfOTTl, KNIGHT OP THB CROWN OF ITALY, FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF MODERN LANGUAGES AT THE BOYAL PIACENZA TECHNICAL IN8TITDTI0N. FOUETH mPROVED EDITION. LONDON. lAVm HOTT (A. G.' Berry), 212 Shaftesbury Avenae, W.C. 2. SULAD <k 00., 34—36 Maritaret Street, Cavendish Square W. 1. NEW YORK: BREKTANU'S, Fifth Avenue and 27"' Street. THE INTERNATIONAL NEWS COMPANY, 83 and 83 Dnane Street G. E. STECHERT & CO, 151—1SS West 25* Street E. STEIGER & CO., 49 Murray Street ' BOSTON: G. REUSCHEL, 1 10 Tremont Street SCHOENHOF BOOK COMPANY, 128 Tremont Street HEIDELBERG. JTJILiIXTS GXIOOS. 1922. V-tt The Gaspey-OttO-Seuer Method has become my sole properl:^ by right of purchase. These books are continually revised. All lights especially those of adaptation and translation into any language, are reser- ved. Imitations and copies are forbidden by law. Suitable communications always thankf^ly received. Heidelberg. aTuIIus Oroos. r^^7o?d lU PREFACE. In strict adherence "to the Gaspey-Otto-Sauer method, I have divided this Conversation Grammar into two parts. The first of them, preceded by an introduction exhibiting the theory and practice of correct pronunciation, ofifers in as clear and scientific a form as possible the roles of the accidence and the elements of the language in general, including the irregular verbs. Each lesson treats a group of rules complete in itself and conveniently exem- plified, a reading exercise in which the rules are applied to numerous sentences in fluent and modern conversa- tional language, an exercise for translation into Russian, and a conversation in which the matter introduced in the previous exercises receives a new and more varied application. From the twenty-first lesson onwards, anec- dotes and tales are appended to encourage students by showing them that they are now capable of deci- phering something better than detached sentences. At the end a certain number of recapitulatory exercises are given. The study of the first part being finished, it will soon be seen that Russian is a very methodical language, and that it is not by far so difficult as it is generally thought Declension and conjugation obey, with few and rare exceptions, more apparent than real, fixed and well ascertained rules. Great simplification is afforded by a constant application of the law of permutation, and by a rigorous distinction between hard and soft terminations. On the other hand, learners will have observed with pleasure that the Russian language is rv Pkbfaoe. characterized by a fusion of sweetness and force and that its immense fund is not only supplied by Slavonic roots, but by the ample admission of Germanic, Ro- mance and Oriental elements, without in the least di- minishing its regularity and flexibility. In the second part, comprising syntactical and sup- plementary rules, I have Umited myself to the most necessary rules. The Russian sentence is on the whole so like the English, that all details have been disregarded as a work of supererogation. Such must be left to practice and reading, unless beginners are to be utterly disheartened. As to the exercises for translation, the most of them are on subjects referring to Russia and Russian literature. Likewise the reading exercises of the second part are almost all drawn from the masterpieces of Russian literature, and notes to them have been added in order to assist learners, where the vocabulary at the end of the grammar would not prove a sufficient help. All the conversations that follow refer to the preceding reading exercise. The final exercises for free trans- lation are mostly taken from Sir D. Mackenzie-Wallace's < Russia', the reading of which can be warmly recom- mended to all who take any interest in a great and now so unhappy p^ple. The remaining portion of the book is occupied by a threefold appendix, for travellers, tradesmen and officers, i. e. for the three classes of students who are most hkely to use this book. To write this, and especially the last portion intended for officers, has certainly been no easy task. My good-will and patience were often sorely tried; special works were at every moment to be consulted and information to be got from Russia. And after all, I do not know whether I have entirely succeeded in meeting all exigencies, but if this addition prove really serviceable, I shall be amply compensated for my trouble. Pbifaoe. The present edition exhibits no important changes, such not being found necessary. PIETRO MOTTI. , VI CONTENTS. Introduction. The RnsBian Alphabet. Classificatioii of Letters 1 ProDtmciation of Vowels 5 Pronanciation of Semi-Vowels and ConsonantB .... 8 First Part. 1. Lesson. Gender of the Rnssian Substantives IS 2. D Declension of masculine Nouns (hard form) . 21 3. » Declension of masculine Xouns (soft form) . 24 4. » Declension of feminine Noons (hard form) . 27 5. I Declension of feminine Nouns (soft form) . 29. 6. : Declension of neuter Nouns ... 32 7. » General view of substantive Inflections . 35 8. » Nouns with Prepositions 9. » Conjugation of the auzUiary Verb 6htb to be . 42 10. 7> Hints to the regular Gonjueation 45 n. » Hints to the regular Conjugation (Continuation) 48 12. > Interrogative, negative and conditional forms . 51 13. » Personal Pronouns 54 14. » Possessive Pronouns 57 15. « Reflexive and demonstrative Pronouns'. ... 60 16. » Interrogative and relative Pronouns 64 17. » Definite and indefinite Pronouns 67 18. » Declension of Adjectives with full Terminations 72 19. » Declension of Adjectives with apocopated Termi- nations 77 20. » Degrees of Comparison 81 21. » Cardinal Numbers . 85 Reading exercise : The mistake 92 22. » Ordinal Numbers 92 Reading exercise: The hungry Arab 96 23. » Adverljs . 97 Reading exercise: The invention of glass . 101 24. » Impersonal verbs JOl Reading exercise : The prayer 105 25. > Conjunctions and Interjections 106 Reading exercise: The Starling 109 26. » Aspects of the Verb 110 Ileading exercise : Origin of the Russian Alphabet 115 27. » Forroaiion of the Present, Past and future . 115 Reading exercise: ; . The evening-bells . .119 28. » Formation of the Imperative, Gerunds and Par- ticiples 120 Reading exfrcise: Extraordinary strength . 124 29. » Irregular Verbs with a regular infinitive Ter- mination 125 Reading exercise; Schismatics and sectarians . 126 30. » Irregular Verbs with an irregular infinitive Ter- mination .... • 130 Reading exercise: The Cossaok-messenger . 134 . COKTEKTS. ^n Page ^^^ Alphabetical List of irregular Verbs • • • Promiscuous exercises for Translation and Conversation . 186 Some Russian Proverbs 140 Second Fart. 1. Lesson. Remarks on the Gender of Substantives .... 141 The four musicians of Riazan (after Grimm) . 144 2. » Remarks on the Declension of masculine Nouns 146 The four musidans of Riazan 149 3. Lesson. Remarks on the Decl. of fem. and neut. Nouns . 152 The four musicians of Riazan 154 4. » Irregular Nouns 157 The Forest-King (Zhukofsky) 159 5. » Augmentative, diminutive and foreign Nouns . 162 . 164 The young mouse, the cat and the cock . 6. » Concord of Words 16V The Assault (Pushkin) 169 7. » Use of the genitive Case .... .... 17.3 The Assault 176 8 » Use of the other Cases 179 The Assault 182 9. » Remarks on the use of some Pronouns .... 185 The Old-Believer's death (Gorky) 187 189 10. » How to express the English modal auxiliaries . The Old-Believers death 191 11. » Remarks on the use of Prepositions with two Cases 193 The Stpppe and the Zaporovian Setch (Gogol) 195 198 12. » How to express some English Prepositions . The Steppe and the Zaporovian Setch .... 201 13. » How to express some Engl. Prepositions (Cont.) 204 The Steppe and the Zaporovian Setch .... 207 14. » How to express some Engl. Prepositions (Cont.) 209 The Steppe and the Zaporovian Setch . 21? 215 15. » How to express some English Conjunctions . The Steppe and the Zaporovian Setch . 217 16. » Remarks on Construction 219 221 The Steppe and the Zaporovian Setch . 17. » How to express some English Idioms .... 224 Oneghin's education (Pushkin) 226 18. » Formation of Russian Words 228 Boris Gtodunof (Pushkin) 232 • • • 234 19. » Remarks on Orthography , Boris Godunof 237 20. » The displacement of the tonic Accent 239 Boris Godunof 241 Additional exercises for free Translation 245 Appendix. a) Dialogues for travellers 259 b) Commercial Phraseology and Correspondence 275 Models of commercial Letters 294 Models of Bills, Letters of Attorney, Customs Declara- tions, Telegrams, etc 304 Vin OoifiEirrs. Page c) For Amy and Navy Olficers ^08 Phraseology -. • „„„ Military narration (Tolstoy) Tocabulary. Engliab-Russian Sgo Bussian-English INTEODUCTION. 1. THE RUSSIAN ALPHABET. CLASSIFICATION OF LETTERS. (See the table pages 2 and S.) The Russian alphabet may be considered as an enlarged" Greek alphabet. The many letters added have rendered it as nearly phonetic as can be desired, because it not only expresses each sound by means of one character, but it has also the practical advantage of ex- pressing even complex sound? by means of only one character. Its large! number of letters is therefore not to be regarded as an inconvenience by beginners, but as a r6al and useful simplification, both with regard to orthography and pronunciation.' Certain letters are indeed somewhat puzzling at first sight on account of their similarity to English letters having a diflferent signification. Such are: B = V, H = n, p = r, c =• s, y = u, x = kh. Deserving of particular attention are also the ita- licized forms of the following letters: u = i «' = p *w. = t. In books printed before 1840, the ancient Roman form m is frequently met with instead of t.
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