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A History of the Counts of Brienne (950 – 1210)

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A History of the Counts of Brienne (950 – 1210) A History of the Counts of Brienne (950 – 1210) Dana Celest Asmoui Ismail Royal Holloway University of London 2013 A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dana Celest Asmoui Ismail, Department of History, Royal Holloway, University of London Declaration of Authorship I, Dana Celest Asmoui Ismail hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. Signed:__________________________________________ Date: __________________________________________ A History of the Counts of Brienne (950 – 1210) Abstract This thesis is a study of the counts of Brienne from the first count (950) until the departure from France of John of Brienne to claim the throne of Jerusalem (1210). The Brienne dynasty has never been subjected to an in - depth study; heretofore, the dynasty has been mentioned only in passing in both contemporary sources and more recent works. This comprehensive study of the counts of Brienne and their origins serves as an original work of scholarship on a dynasty that produced several crusaders, a champion of papal reform in Italy, a martyr at the siege of Acre and perhaps more importantly, a king of Jerusalem. The Brienne dynasty’s roots in the ideology of holy war extended back to the era of the Reconquest of Spain, which took place over twenty years before the start of the First Crusade. This thesis will use this participation in the Reconquest of Spain, the first foray into the holy warrior ethos, to establish the Brienne’s familial connections to one of the oldest and most prominent families of northern France, the Roucy. And whilst crusading tradition in itself was not at all rare in French dynasties, in the case of Brienne it was coupled with marriages and an increasing profile in the 1190s. Indeed, this thesis will show that from the eleventh century onwards, the Brienne’s wealth and prominence within the county of Champagne increased through a series of marriage alliances that also served to bring them closer to the nobles of the Holy Land. This thesis will examine the origins and development of pilgrimage, holy war and crusading in the Brienne dynasty and their social progression through marriage alliances during the first hundred years of crusading in order to explain how John of Brienne’s eventual nomination to the throne of Jerusalem, whilst a great advancement for the family, had been made possible by a lineage of crusading precursors and advantageous marital unions. In memory of Jason Michael Allara You were always so far away I know that pain and I won't run away Like I used to do. Say goodbye, don’t follow. Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my parents, James Event and Dorothy Knox Robinson, all that I am, I owe to you. And to my husband, Mohamed Samir Asmoui Ismail, thanks for everything. ﻣﻊ ﻛﻝ ﺣﺑﻲ ﺩﺍﺋﻣﺎ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................................................... 8 ILLUSTRATIONS ................................................................................................................................................ 9 ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................................. 10 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 13 Sources ......................................................................................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................................................................... 27 The Formation of the County of Brienne ....................................................................................................... 27 A Wider Context ............................................................................................................................................... 27 The County of Champagne ............................................................................................................................... 29 Formation of the County of Brienne ........................................................................................................................... 34 Brienne in the Ninth Century under Charles the Bald ................................................................................................ 36 Brienne in the Tenth Century: The Role of the Counts under Carolingian Law ........................................................ 37 Brienne in the Eleventh Century: Becoming a Politically Significant County in Champagne .................................. 41 Vassalage and the Excommunication of Walter I of Brienne ..................................................................................... 44 Advances by Marriage ................................................................................................................................................. 49 CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................................................................... 51 Erard I, Count of Brienne and the First Crusade .......................................................................................... 51 The Brienne Dynasty at the Start of the Twelfth Century .......................................................................................... 51 Marriage Alliance and Children .................................................................................................................................. 52 The House of Ramerupt - Roucy ...................................................................................................................... 53 Holy Warriors: Ethos and Influence Within the Brienne and Other Crusade Dynasties ........................................... 56 The Reconquest of Spain ............................................................................................................................................. 57 Ebles II of Roucy (1063 – 1103) ................................................................................................................................. 58 Establishing Key Familial Connections ...................................................................................................................... 63 Felicia of Roucy, Queen of Aragon ............................................................................................................................. 65 Rotrou of Perche (II Count of Perche) ........................................................................................................................ 67 Erard, Count of Brienne, First Crusader and Pilgrim .................................................................................................. 70 CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................................. 75 The Brienne Between the Second and Third Crusades ................................................................................. 75 The New Count of Brienne, Walter II (1125 - 1161) and his Marriage Alliances ..................................................... 75 The House of Baudement.................................................................................................................................. 76 The House of Soissons ...................................................................................................................................... 81 The Second Crusade .................................................................................................................................................... 88 Walter’s Religiosity ..................................................................................................................................................... 90 Preparations for Departure ........................................................................................................................................... 91 Erard II, Count of Brienne 1152 – 1189 ...................................................................................................................... 93 The Early Years - Marriage into the House of Montbéliard .......................................................................... 93 The Deeds of Erard of Brienne ......................................................................................................................... 98 Erard and Frederick Barbarossa ........................................................................................................................ 98 The Holy Land after 1148 ............................................................................................................................... 100 The Plancy Controversy: Lineage and Corruption .................................................................................................... 100 Erard and Andrew’s Arrival in the Holy Land on the Third Crusade............................................................ 103 Andrew of Brienne, Lord of Ramerupt ......................................................................................................... 105 The
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