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Cardiff Metropolitan University Prifysgol Fetropolitan Caerdydd Cardiff Metropolitan University Prifysgol Fetropolitan Caerdydd Determination of heavy metal contamination in the surface sediments at Sohar Industrial Port (SIP) and the nearby coastal regions By Abdulaziz Al Sawai PhD April 2015 Determination of heavy metal contamination in the surface sediments at Sohar Industrial Port (SIP) and the nearby coastal regions Abdulaziz Al Sawai, BSc. Education (Chemistry), MSc in Analytical Chemistry. Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Health at Cardiff Metropolitan University School of Health Sciences Supervisors Prof. George. Karani- Director of study Dr. Peter Sykes Dr. Salim Al-Rawahi April 2015 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this research is the result of my own investigation under the supervision of my supervisors. I declare that the work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurently submitted for any degree at another university. I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter- library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organizations. Abdulaziz Al sawai Signature................................................ Date .............April 2015.......................................... i DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this thesis to my mother, brothers and sisters who cared for me since my childhood, and since my father's death. I would like to thank them for their efforts and their encouragement to me at all times in my life, which have helped me to achieve my aims. Furthermore, I would like to dedicate this research to my wife, daughters and sons for their efforts and patience in giving me time to finish the work. I would like to thank all of them for their support throughout the process. They have all been an inspiration for me in my bid to complete this thesis. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Glory and praise be to Almighty ALLAH (God) who enabled me to complete this research. I am very thankful to Prof. George Karani, the director of study, for giving me a chance to study at Cardiff Metropolitan University under his supervision. I would like to thank him for his highly skilled supervision, helpful suggestions and excellent guidance in order to achieve the aims of the research. I would like to thank Dr. Peter Sykes, second supervisor, for his support, constant guidance and feedback during the period of the study. I would like to thank Dr. Salim Al Rawahi, Co-supervisor, for his great effort, guidance, and compassion, for harnessing his time for me and his sincere efforts to raise my aspirations in order to achieve this research. I would like to extend my gratitude to all government authorities, private sector bodies and individuals, who provided information, helped me during the study and provided kind assistance and excellent contributions to the process of the research. In particular, I would like to take this opportunity and thank the Environmental Research Centre, Sohar University, for their great support and excellent guidance. Thanks also go to the Ministry of Higher Education and to the Food and Water Laboratories Centre, Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Water Resources, for their co-operation during my study. Moreover, thanks and appreciation are expressed to the Sohar Environmental Unit, Ministry of Environment and Climate Affairs, and to the Sohar Industrial Port Company for their support and for providing various types of assistance during the study. I would like to extend my gratitude to College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, for their assistance to achieve this research. Additionally, I would like to thank all companies at Sohar Industrial Company for their assistance in the period of this research. iii It gives me pleasure to thank and appreciate the contribution of Under-Secretary of the Ministry of Environment and Climate Affairs, his Excellency, Najeeb Al Rawas, for his excellent effort and encouragement of the work in order to promote scientific research and study in Oman. I would like to thank Dr. Abood Al Sawafi, Ex Vice Chancellor of Sohar University, for his support and provide me this opportunity to complete my studies. I would like to extend my gratitude and appreciation to Dr. Nasser Al Jahwari, Head of the Department of Archaeology in Sultan Qbaoos University for his continuous interest in this research. My thanks are also extended to Prof. Tony Chiffings and Prof. Steve Hall, Director of the Environmental Research Centre – Sohar University, and Dr. Lance Bode for their time, helpful suggestions and continuous assistance during the period of the research. In addition, I would like to send my gratitude and appreciation to Dr Ali Al Manai in Higher Technology College and Dr. Ashraf Al Hinai, Dr.Abdulaziz Al Hashmi and Charles Saki Bakheit, in Sultan Qbaoos University for their efforts. I would like to thank my friends Eng. Nasser Rashid Al Jahwari and Dr Mustafa Megrahi for their efforts and assistance to achieve my aims. Finally, I would like to extend my gratitude and appreciation to all of my family members and friends as they were the source of my inspiration in this study. iv ABSTRACT An increase of heavy metals in the natural environment, as a result of human development activities, may lead to further impacts on environment and human health. The project aim was to investigate the potential impact of heavy metal sources on the marine sediment at Sohar Industrial Port (SIP) and nearby coastal regions. SIP was established in 1999 and this is the first comprehensive evaluation of heavy metal pollution at the port. The research focused on the levels of Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn , Hg, As and Sn over a period of two years. The concentration of anions F, Br, Cl and SO4 in the sediment was also evaluated. The research has, based on published literature, evaluated the public and environmental issues at SIP and nearby regions area. A theoretical fingerprinting technique was used to establish sources of pollution in the SIP region using a combination of field data, laboratory analyses of samples and statistical modeling techniques. Results from the study indicate that concentration of heavy metals was significantly higher at the SIP than in the nearby coastal regions. The data indicated that Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Hg and As sediment concentrations exceeded levels for International Sediment Quality Guidelines (ISQG) values from USA, Canade, Holland, Australia and New Zealand . Heavy metals that exceed ISQG provide higher potential risks of contamination and may cause human health problems at the SIP and surrounding areas. Potential sources of pollution at SIP include petrochemical industries, various metal processing industries, cooling water outfalls, dust emissions from industries and open hazardous storage sites. Consideration needs to be given to the use of addition new technologies for cleaning of pollution in the environment around SIP. The project proposes development of policies and strategies to mitigate and prevent further sediment contamination at SIP and nearby regions. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................ i DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................... vi List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... xii List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... xix Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................. 2 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Research problem ........................................................................................................ 3 1.3 Rationale and Contribution of the Research ............................................................... 4 1.4 Definition of the research topic ................................................................................... 6 1.4.1 Aim ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.4.2 The objective of the study: ................................................................................... 7 1.5 Limitations .................................................................................................................. 7 1.6 Thesis Layout .............................................................................................................. 8 2 Chapter 2: Literature Review ........................................................................................... 10 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Pollution and
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