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BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT UPDATE for CROATIA August 2005

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BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT UPDATE for CROATIA August 2005 BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT UPDATE FOR CROATIA August 2005 Prepared by: Željka Zgaga USAID Croatia Program Specialist for Infrastructure and Environment Reviewed and Delivered by: William Jeffers USAID Croatia Mission Director Rebecca Latorraca USAID Croatia Program Officer Anne Convery Desk Officer for Croatia, E&E Bureau & Alicia P. Grimes Natural Resources Management Specialist and E&E Liaison, EGAT Bureau Desktop Publishing by: Danica Pancirov Executive Assistant to USAID Front Office Biodiversity Assessment Update for Croatia Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………….……………………………….……. 3 2. STATUS OF BIODIVERSITY - LANDSCAPES, ECOSYSTEMS AND HABITATS …........ ………. 4 2.a Forests …………………………………………………………………………………………..... ….. 4 2.b Karst ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4 2.c Wetlands and Water ………………………………………………………………………………….. 5 2.d Sea ……………………………………………………………………………………………….......... 6 2.e Coast and Islands …………………………………………………………………………………….. 6 2.f Grasslands & Arable Lands …………………………………………………………………………. 7 2.g Species and subspecies / FLORA & FAUNA ……………………………………………………… 7 3. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY – UPDATE …………………………………………………………….. 9 4. STATUS OF BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION – UPDATE ………………………………………… 10 4.a Protection in Protected Areas ………………………………………………………………….. …… 11 4.b Protection Outside of Protected Areas …………………………………………………………….. 12 5. STRATEGIC AND POLICY FRAMEWORK …………………………………………………………….. 13 5.a NSAP Update ……………………………………………………………………………………..…… 13 5.b Other relevant strategies …………………………………………………………………………….. 15 6. INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK UPDATE ……………………………………… 16 6.a Institutional Framework ………………………………………………………………………………. 16 6.b Legislative framework ……………………………………………………………………………….. 18 6.c International Conventions - Horizontal legislation …………………........................................... 19 6.d Major International Projects …………………………………………………………………………. 19 6.e EU Accession …………………………………………………………………………………………. 22 7. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ………………………………………………………………………………… 23 8. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVED BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION ............................... 26 9. USAID/Croatia ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 28 9.a Former Strategy 2001 -2003 ………………………………………….......................................... 28 9.b Closeout Strategy ……………………………………………………………………………………. 29 9.c Recommendations …………………………………………………………………………………… 32 ANNEXES …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 33 Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 34 Habitat Map ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 36 EU Avis – Chapter 22. Environment ……………………………………………………………………… 37 Letters from Croatian Ministry of Culture listing biodiversity related international activities …….. 41 Red List ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 46 2 Biodiversity Assessment Update for Croatia Photo by: USAID Croatia 1. Introduction The first USAID Croatia biodiversity assessment was the first Government of Croatia’s (GoC) biodiversity done in December 2000 in support of its five year analysis that translated into National Strategy and strategy covering the period 2001-2005. This Action Plan for Protection of Biological and strategy was modified at the end of 2003 to Landscape Diversity (NSAP). This document was incorporate USAID’s close-out plan scheduled for the source of much of the biodiversity data used in 2007. A new biodiversity assessment is necessary the first USAID/Croatia Biodiversity Assessment. because it has been five years since the last one and a significant amendment has been made to the Although NSAP called for an update in five years, country assistance strategy - a close out plan: the lack of GoC funds prevented a new NSAP to be issued. Therefore, as a new, updated, Conducting an updated biodiversity assessment will: comprehensive biodiversity GoC document was not available during the preparation of this • Meet the Foreign Assistance Act (FAA) sections USAID/Croatia Biodiversity Assessment, its Status 117 and 119.d (1) & (2) requirements related to of Biodiversity portion will complement the previous the preparation of country development strategies study and perhaps highlight different information. or other country plans including close- out/graduation amendments to strategies. However, two red books, on birds, and plants and animals were issued since the last NASAP and • Prepare the Mission to address issues arising therefore, the chapter on flora and fauna will be under Sections 117 and 119 of the FAA by more current and detailed as new information is providing information on biodiversity and status of available. New maps illustrating biodiversity are also biodiversity conservation. available and few will be included as an annex. • Provide analyses and evaluate the impact of the Much progress has occurred on the legislative and Mission’s present activities on biodiversity institutional portions - a new law on Nature conservation as well as suggests actions that Protection has been passed, a number of new USAID could support to improve the status of sectoral strategies were developed and a number of biodiversity conservation and that could be new institutions established including the State incorporated in the Mission’s current programs Institute for Nature Protection. Details will be and activities, factoring in the close-out status of provided in the Legislative and Institutional the program. Framework portion. The first biodiversity assessment was contracted out Finally, recommendations for USAID/Croatia’s to Chemonics International, Inc. This assessment activities addressing biodiversity and environmental has been conducted by USAID/Croatia‘s concerns will be substantive and responsive to the Environmental Officer. overall Mission priorities, the needs identified will be The first biodiversity assessment for Croatia within the context of program close-out and the conducted in 2000 coincided with the compilation of Mission’s sensitivity to the environmental agenda. 3 Biodiversity Assessment Update for Croatia Photo by USAID Croatia 2. Status of Biodiversity – Landscapes, Ecosystems and Habitats Croatia remains rich in varied landscapes stable mammal populations to alluvial forests with characterized by a great diversity of ecosystems important breeding birds. Velebit remains one of and species. There are a large number of unique the most important forest areas of the endemic species as a result of the karst and karst Mediterranean bio-geographic region. Various underground - a globally significant peculiarity of marshland and aquatic habitats include some of this part of Europe. The diversity of forests is the largest internationally recognized wetland reflected in the vast mountain forests with large, areas in Europe. 2.a. Forests Croatia is a medium forested country with forests forest components show a material composition, covering the surface of 2,490,000 hectare, some which, is rare in global proportions. The wooded 44% of the total land in Croatia. areas have not decreased in the course of the last hundred years. Forests are highly threatened by The phytogeographical border crosses Croatia industrial development, transportation and modern dividing its forests into forests specific to the agriculture. The common fir is at greatest risk with Mediterranean region and forests specific to the over 70% permanently damaged, followed by European sub region of Eurosiberian and North durmast oak, common oak, common ash, black American region. The thermofiolic evergreen and pine, and common spruce and sweet chestnut. As deciduous forest (Dinaric Alps oak) occupy far as degradation of forest, Croatia ranks above approximately 800,000 hectares and the average in Europe due to excessive degradation of Eurosiberian and North American littoral beech fir. The increased construction of roads and slopes and the entire continental Croatia occupy highways has resulted in decreased woodlands 1,200,000 hectares. and in fragmentation and disruption of woodlands In European terms, the state of Croatia’s forests balance and biological unity with significant may be considered good. As many as 95% of the adverse effect on its flora and fauna. 2.b. Karst The karst (area of limestone terrain characterized Adriatic coast and reaches deeply into the by sinks, ravines and underground streams) lowlands where isolated karst patches can be occupies 54% of Croatia’s territory, representing a found. The karst phenomena and forms have part of the relief that can be found in no other part developed primarily in limestone. Croatia’s karst is of Europe but the Balkans. Further adding to its characterized also by phenomena and forms in uniqueness is that it stretches along the entire 4 Biodiversity Assessment Update for Croatia marl and sandstone rocks; or rather flysch series Karst rivers are rich in waterfalls and known for that are rare even in global proportions. travertine phenomenon resulting in formation of characteristic geomorphologic forms. The Among vegetation communities particularly penetration of water into stony substratum created prominent is mountain vegetation growing in rock caves, abysses, ice-pits including underground cracks, vegetation of coastal limestone rocks and, springs and estrevelle. There are many threats to above all, the vegetation of screes. One of the the karst rivers and underground waters as many rarest and most threatened Croatia’s plants - of the sewers are discharged directly into the Velebit Degenia - is associated with screes. A rivers. Caves are used as landfills and some are great number of relict taxa originating
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