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02. CENTAUREA.Indd ActaCentaurea Botanica sect. MalacitanaCyanus en la 35. Península 23-55 Ibérica Málaga, 201023 REVISIÓN TAXONÓMICA DEL COMPLEJO DE CENTAUREA CYANUS L. (CENTAUREA SECT. CYANUS, ASTERACEAE) EN LA PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA Adolfo Francisco MUÑOZ1 y Juan Antonio DEVESA2* Dirección de los autores.1Departamento de Biología Ambiental y Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Huelva, Avenida de la Fuerzas Armadas s/n, 21071-Badajoz, España 2Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio José Celestino Mutis, ctra. de Madrid km. 396, 14071-Córdoba, y Jardín Botánico de Córdoba, Avda. de Linneo s/n, 14004-Córdoba, España. *Autor para correspondencia: [email protected] Recibido el 1 de septiembre de 2010, aceptado para su publicación el 10 de octubre de 2010 RESUMEN. Revisión taxonómica del complejo de Centaurea cyanus L. (Centaurea sect. Cyanus, Asteraceae) en la Península Ibérica. Se ha efectuado la revisión taxonómica de Centaurea sect. Cyanus en la Península Ibérica. Se reconocen seis táxones y se hacen dos nuevas combinaciones: C. triumfettii var. semidecurrens (Jord.) Muñoz Rodr. & Devesa y C. graminifolia (Lam.) Muñoz Rodr. & Devesa. Se aporta una clave para la identificación de los táxones, así como su descripción morfológica e información sobre la distribución geográfica, apetencias ecológicas, fenología y número cromosómico. Palabras clave. Asteraceae, Centaurea, corología, taxonomía, Península Ibérica. ABSTRACT. Taxonomic revision of the Centaurea cyanus L. complex (Centaurea sect. Cyanus, Asteraceae) in the Iberian Peninsula. A taxonomic review of Centaurea sect. Cyanus in the Iberian Peninsula was done. Six taxa are recognized and two new combinations are proposed: C. triumfetti var. semidecurrens (Jord.) Muñoz Rodr. & Devesa and C. graminifolia (Lam.) Muñoz Rodr. & Devesa. A key for the identification of taxa are provided, also their morphological description, information on geographical distribution, their ecology, their phenology and their chromosome numbers are given. Key words. Asteraceae, Centaurea, chorology, taxonomy, Iberian Peninsula. INTRODUCCIÓN unas 250 especies a nivel mundial (Susanna & Garcia-Jacas, 2007) y no menos de un El género Centaurea, que cuenta con centenar de táxones en la Península Ibérica, está El presente trabajo ha sido desarrollado en el contexto de la obra Flora Iberica, y financiado por los proyectos REN2002-04634-C05-04, CGL2005-05471-C04-02 y CGL2008-02982-C03-03, de la Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, en la actualidad de Ciencia e Innovación. 24 A. F. Muñoz y J. A. Devesa siendo objeto en la actualidad de una revisión controversia, consecuencia de su notable taxonómica en el marco del proyecto Flora variabilidad morfológica y de la alta frecuencia Iberica (coord. C. Aedo). Resultado de ello ha con que aparecen formas intermedias, por lo sido la publicación hasta la fecha de diversas que sus categorías y subordinación han sido contribuciones en relación con el complejo objeto de múltiples interpretaciones, incluso de C. paniculata L. (López, 2008; López & por parte de un mismo autor (vide Briquet, 1902 Devesa, 2008 a,b,c,d; López et al. 2010), de la vs Briquet & Cavillier, 1931; Dostàl, 1931a vs sección Centaurea. Dostàl, 1976). En este último sentido, merece Para el género se han reconocido señalar cómo Willkomm (1865) reconoce para tradicionalmente diferentes grupos la Península Ibérica la presencia de C. seusana infragenéricos, cuya segregación se ha apoyado var. lingulata (Lag.) Willk., C. semidecurrens en algunos casos en caracteres moleculares y C. lugdunensis, incluyendo un comentario (Gabrielian, 1995; Susanna et al., 1995; sobre la dificultad de reconocer las dos últimas Susanna & Garcia-Jacas, 2007; Garcia- especies entre sí y respecto de C. montana Jacas et al., 2000 y 2001; Font et al., 2002; para, más tarde (Willkomm, 1893), proponer Garcia-Jacas & al., 2006; Suárez-Santiago, incluso que sean suprimidas de la flora Salinas et al., 2007; Suárez Santiago, Blanca ibérica, por considerarlas afines a C. montana, et al., 2007, etc.). Entre ellos se cuenta el de incluyéndolas en la descripción que hace de C. cyanus [Centaurea sect. Cyanus (Mill.) ésta, de la que a su vez reconoce diversas pautas DC.], grupo monofilético (Hellwig, 2004) que de variación. incluye táxones anuales, bienales o perennes Con estos antecedentes, los objetivos caracterizados sobre todo por a) la posesión del presente trabajo se centran en la revisión de flores predominantemente azules y b) por taxonómica y nomenclatural de los táxones las características brácteas del involucro, con peninsulares de la sect. Cyanus, con especial apéndice marcadamente decurrente sobre sus hincapié en el establecimiento de criterios que bordes, a menudo dentado o lacerado. permitan respaldar las posturas adoptadas en La sect. Cyanus comprende unas 25 la delimitación y afinidades de los táxones especies (Hellwig, 2004) y posee su centro de del complejo C. montana-C. triumfettiii, en diversidad en el Cáucaso, Turquía y sudeste de el que estarían englobados los cuatro táxones Europa (Meusel & Jäger, 1992), donde están perennes que se reconocen en este trabajo para representadas 15 de ellas, con una importante el territorio: C. montana L., C. triumfettii subsp. variabilidad infraespecífica (Dostàl, 1976). Las semidecurrens (Jord.) Dostàl, representado especies perennes se distribuyen sobre todo por por dos variedades [var. semidecurrens (Jord.) las zonas montañosas y alpinas eurosiberianas, Muñoz Rodr. & Devesa y var. adscendens mientras que las anuales se restringen a las (Bartl.) Hayek.], y C. graminifolia (Lam.) regiones más cálidas del este del Mediterráneo Muñoz Rodr. & Devesa. A ellos hay que añadir y la región Irano-Turania (Wagenitz, 1983), los dos táxones anuales, Centaurea cyanus L. y si bien han colonizado desde aquí el centro y C. depressa M. Bieb., cuya identidad no ofrece oeste de Europa, América y África, a menudo dificultad alguna. como especies infestantes ligadas a la actividad agrícola. La entidad de las especies anuales es MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS reconocida por la mayoría de los autores que han tratado el género. Sin embargo, en lo que El estudio morfológico y biométrico en respecta a las especies perennes, existe gran el que se fundamente esta contribución ha sido Centaurea sect. Cyanus en la Península Ibérica 25 Figura 1. Sistema radical. a) Centaurea graminifolia (MA 502069); b) C. montana (JACA 1493); c) C. triumfetti subsp. semidecurrens var. semidecurrens (JACA 1785). llevado a cabo en material recolectado por mientras que las perennes presentan un rizoma los autores y en el conservado en diferentes más o menos desarrollado, con gran valor herbarios (BC, BIO, COFC, COI, FCO, GDA, taxonómico, aunque algunos autores autores lo GDAC, JACA, MA, MGC, MUB, Herbario M. hayan cuestionado (Briquet & Cavillier, 1931; Lorda −Pamplona−, SANT y SEV), algunos de Dostàl, 1931b). En relación con este carácter, los cuales contienen material de interés para cabe destacar que todo el material estudiado de las lectotipificaciones, aunque otros han sido C. graminifolia presenta estolones alargados, consultados exclusivamente a estos efectos: en cuyos extremos se desarrollan los tallos LINN, P (Lamarck), B-W y LE (Bieberstein). aéreos (fig. 1a). En el caso de C. montana y C. Las abreviaturas que acompañan la distribución triumfettiii subsp. semidecurrens, táxones entre peninsular de los táxones se corresponden con los que hay gran número de poblaciones cuyos las de las provincias españolas y las regiones individuos muestran caracteres intermedios, portuguesas, de acuerdo con Flora Iberica señalar que todo el material estudiado de C. (coord. C. Aedo). montana presenta estolones alargados (fig. 1b), mientras que el de C. triumfettiiii subsp. semidecurrens presenta rizomas sin entrenudos RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN (fig. 1c). Estas observaciones coinciden plenamente con las realizadas por Jordan (1847) Caracteres taxonómicos y Grenier & Godron (1850), quienes indican Dada la dificultad de reconocimiento y para las dos variedades reconocidas aquí de C. separación de algunos de los táxones perennes triumfettiii subsp. semidecurrens la presencia de la sect. Cyanus, se hace a continuación de rizomas cortos y ascendentes, que pueden un breve análisis crítico de los caracteres engrosar y hacerse multicaules con los años, taxonómicos que han sido tradicionalmente pero sin emitir jamás rizomas estoloníferos empleados para su segregación y sobre el alargados; por el contrario, en C. montana y C. valor diagnóstico que se les da en el presente graminifolia, señalan la presencia de rizomas estudio. largos, que permiten a los individuos extenderse rápidamente por el suelo. Sistema radical. Todas las especies anuales poseen un sistema radical axonomorfo, Indumento. En las especies anuales 26 A. F. Muñoz y J. A. Devesa Figura 2. Indumento y pelos. a) Hoja de Centaurea montana (BC 851201); b) Detalle de pelo flageliforme en C. montana (MA 726104); c) Hoja de C. triumfetti subsp. semidecurrens var. semidecurrens (BC 641337); d) Hoja de C. triumfetti subsp. semidecurrens var. adscendens (BC 650963). representadas en el territorio, C. cyanus y la formación de tallos simples es frecuente en C. depressa, así como en C. graminifolia, el C. montana y C. variegata, mientras que en C. indumento es araneoso y lo integran pelos triumfettiii subsp. semidecurrens las plantas unicelulares. Sin embargo, en C. montana (fig.
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