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Invasive Plants: Changing the Landscape of America Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository) Depository) 1998 Invasive Plants: Changing the Landscape of America Federal Interagency Committee for the Management of Noxious and Exotic Weeds Randy G. Westbrooks Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/govdocs Part of the Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment Commons Recommended Citation Federal Interagency Committee for the Management of Noxious and Exotic Weeds and Westbrooks, Randy G., "Invasive Plants: Changing the Landscape of America" (1998). All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository). Paper 490. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/govdocs/490 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository) at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository) by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DISCLAIMER This document COlltains . tone-on-tone or color graphs, charts and/or pictuTes Wllicll l1ave been reproduced in black and white. disk 1 cvrtone. FC'defn I In tcra ~'i('n('v Comlnitt(>C' for the { .' Mlln;H',cment of (lnd Exotic t 1 I), PROTECTED UNDER INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Cataloging-in-Publication Data Westbrooks, Randy G., 1953- Invasive plants: changing the landscape of America: fact book! [senior author, Randy Westbrooks]. -- Washington, D.C.: Federal Interagency Committee for the Management of Noxious and Exotic Weeds, 1998. [vi], 107 p.: col. Ill.; 28 cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-107) and index. "Published with a grant from the National Wildlife Refuge System, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service." l. Invasive plants--Control --United States. 2. Weeds--Control--United States. 3. Plant inva­ sions--United States. I. United States. Federal Interagency Committee for the Management of Noxious and Exotic Weeds. II. National Wildlife Refuge System (U.S.) III. Title. SB613.5W47 1998 639.9/9--dc20 Suggested Citation: Westbrooks, R. 1998. Invasive plants, changing the landscape of America: Fact book. Federal Interagency Committee for the Management of Noxious and Exotic Weeds (FICMNEW), Washington, D.C. 109 pp. Cover photo: C. DiSalvo, National Park Service Author Technical Reviewers Randy G. Westbrooks, Ph.D. Robert E. Eplee, Ph.D. Noxious Weed Coordinator Center Director U.S. Department of Agriculture Oxford Plant Protection Center Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Project Plant Protection and Quarantine Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Whiteville, North Carolina Plant Protection and Quarantine Staff Oxford, North Carolina Project Director Lee Otteni William P. Gregg, Ph.D. District Manager International Affairs Officer U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management U.S. Geological Survey Farmington, New Mexico Biological Resources Division Reston, Virginia Editors Lissa Fox Sean Furniss WriterlEditor Biologist U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Harpers Ferry, West Virginia Arlington, Virginia Beth Vairin Deborah C. Hayes, Ph.D. U.S. Department of the Interior Noxious Weed Coordinator U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of Agriculture National Wetlands Research Center Forest Service Lafayette, Louisiana Washington, D.C. Designer Gary Johnston Diane Baker Biologist Lafayette, Louisiana U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Publication Coordinator Washington, D.C. Sue Lauritzen U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey National Wetlands Research Center Publication made possible by a grant from the Lafayette, Louisiana National Wildlife Refuge System. US. Fish and Wifdlife Service. Peer Reviewers George K. Beck, Ph.D. Weed Scientist Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Lloyd L. Loope, Ph.D. Ecologist U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Biological Resources Division Haleakala National Park, Hawaii David T. Patterson, Ph.D. Plant Physiologist U.S. Department of Agriculture Agriculture Research Service Fort Pierce, Florida eeds sprout early and seize bare ground. W Direct sun, wind and rain do not discourage them. They thrive in gravel beside railroad tracks, and in niches between slabs of concrete. They grow fast, seed early, and retaliate to injury with awesome power. They will even take root in the cracks of an old shoe: not much hope there, but perhaps the shoe will be thrown into the midden out back, and then they can burgeon and swallow the whole yard. ALFRED W. CROSBY Ecological Imperialism The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 Foreword ..............................................................................v Preface ................................................................................ vi Invasive Plants: Understanding the Problem ...................................... .1 Table of What Is an Invasive Plant? ...............................................................3 How Did the Invasive Plant Problem Get So Bad? ........................................ .4 Contents Invasive Plants Threaten Food and Fiber Production Worldwide ........................... .4 Weed Control Costs in the United States ................................................. .4 Invasive Plants Threaten Biodiversity .....................................................5 Homogenizing the World's Flora and Fauna ...............................................5 The Silent Biological Invasion ............................................................6 Role of the Federal Government ..........................................................7 Role of State and Local Agencies ......................................................... 8 Increasing Public Awareness and Support .................................................9 Plant Invasions: Impacts, Status, and Trends .....................................11 Croplands . ............................................................................. .13 Invasive Plant Primers: Purple Nutsedge ................................................................... .15 Johnsongrass ...................................................................... .16 Jointed Goatgrass ................................................................... 16 Yards & Gardens .........................................................................19 Invasive Plant Primer: English Ivy .........................................................................21 Rights-of-Way .......................................................................... .23 Rangelands & Pastures ...................................................................25 Invasive Plant Primers: Leafy Spurge .......................................................................26 Cheatgrass ......................................................................... .29 Squarrose Knapweed ................................................................29 Spotted Knapweed ..................................................................30 Forests .................................................................................33 Invasive Plant Primers: Mile-a-minute ......................................................................34 Kudzu ..............................................................................35 Deserts ................................................................................ .37 Invasive Plant Primer: Saltcedar ...........................................................................38 Wetlands & Waterways . .................................................................. .41 Invasive Plant Primers: Purple Loosestrife ................................................................. .42 Hydrilla ........................................................................... .43 Eurasian Watermilfoil .............................................................. .45 Florida ................................................................................. .47 Invasive Plant Primers: Melaleuca ......................................................................... .49 Tropical Soda Apple ................................................................50 Hawaii ..................................................................................53 Invasive Plant Primer: Miconia ............................................................................55 Natural Areas ........................................................................... .57 Invasive Plant Primer: Dalmation Toadflax ................................................................ .58 Parks & Refuges Invasive Plant Management in Glacier National Park, Montana ............................61 Private Preserves ........................................................................63 Restoration of The Nature Conservancy's Blowing Rock Preserve in South Florida ........63 Wildlife, Plant Communities, & Biodiversity .................................................65 Recreational Areas ......................................................................67 Invasive Plant Primer: Yellow Starthistle ...................................................................69 Human & Animal Health .................................................................71
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