Küzdelem Barbárok És Eretnekek Ellen Hydatius Chronicájában

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Küzdelem Barbárok És Eretnekek Ellen Hydatius Chronicájában Szegedi Tudományegyetem Bölcsészettudományi Kar Történelemtudományi Doktori Iskola Antikvitás Program Széll Gábor Küzdelem barbárok és eretnekek ellen Hydatius Chronicájában Doktori (PhD) értekezés Témavezető: Dr. Székely Melinda tanszékvezető egyetemi docens Szeged 2019 TARTALOMJEGYZÉK BEVEZETÉS ......................................................................................................................... 1 1. AZ 5. SZÁZADI VILÁGKRÓNIKÁK KIALAKULÁSA ............................................. 9 1.1 A világkrónika műfajának kezdetei ............................................................................... 9 1.1.1 Formai és kronológiai követelmények ................................................................ 9 1.1.2 Az apologetikus történetírás kezdete ................................................................ 11 1.2 Eusebius és Hieronymus újításai ................................................................................. 14 1.2.1 Eusebius ............................................................................................................ 14 1.2.2 Hieronymus ....................................................................................................... 18 1.3 A római hagyomány .................................................................................................... 21 1.4 Latin nyelvű világkrónikák.......................................................................................... 22 1.4.1 Hieronymus folytatói ........................................................................................ 22 1.4.2 Prosper folytatói ............................................................................................... 24 1.4.3 Hydatius krónikája ........................................................................................... 28 1.4.3.1 Hydatius élete és művei ....................................................................... 28 1.4.3.2 A Chronica forrásai .............................................................................. 31 1.4.3.3 Kronológia és kézirati hagyomány ....................................................... 35 2. A SZVÉVEK KÜLPOLITIKÁJA ................................................................................. 39 2.1 A szvévek eredete és letelepedése (406–411) ............................................................. 40 2.2 Hermeric békés politikája és Heremigarius (411–438) ............................................... 46 2.3 Rechila és a terjeszkedési politika (438–448) ............................................................. 48 2.4 Rechiarius és a szvév terjeszkedés csúcspontja (448–456) ........................................ 50 2.5 Hatalmi harcok (456–465) ........................................................................................... 53 2.6 Remismund kapcsolata a gótokkal és a rómaiakkal (465–469) .................................. 56 3. SZÉTFESZÍTŐ ERŐK AZ 5. SZÁZADBAN .............................................................. 58 3.1 A rómaiak és a barbárok találkozása ........................................................................... 58 3.1.1 Barbár inváziók és katonai szempontok ........................................................... 58 3.1.2 Együttműködés és kulturális interakciók .......................................................... 63 3.1.3 Vallási különbségek és az egyház szerepe ........................................................ 69 3.2 A szétfeszítő erők szerepe Hydatius krónikájában ...................................................... 77 3.2.1 Barbár fosztogatások és szövetségkötések ........................................................ 82 3.2.1.1 A szvévek és a szvév–gallaeciai kapcsolatok ...................................... 84 3.2.1.2 A vandálok ......................................................................................... 105 3.2.1.3 A gótok ............................................................................................... 119 3.2.2 Az eretnekmozgalmak terjedése ...................................................................... 135 3.2.2.1 Az eretnekség és igazhitűség kérdése ................................................ 135 3.2.2.2 Az arianizmus és Róma egyházi primátusának kezdete .................... 138 3.2.2.3 Arianizmus a vandáloknál és a szvéveknél ........................................ 149 3.2.2.4 A nesztorianizmus és a monofizitizmus ............................................. 155 3.2.2.5 A priscillianizmus .............................................................................. 161 3.2.2.6 A manicheizmus ................................................................................. 166 3.2.2.7 A pelagianizmus ................................................................................. 168 3.2.2.8 A donatizmus ..................................................................................... 170 3.2.3 Hűtlenség és lojalitás a rómaiaknál ............................................................... 173 3.2.3.1 Problémák az egyház életében ........................................................... 173 3.2.3.2 Problémák a politikai életben ............................................................. 179 3.2.3.3 Hydatius példaképei ........................................................................... 188 4. HYDATIUS TÖRTÉNELEMSZEMLÉLETE ÉS SZERZŐI MOTIVÁCIÓI ....... 202 4.1 Isteni gondviselés és apokaliptikus gondolatok ........................................................ 202 4.1.1 Büntetések, előjelek, csodák ........................................................................... 202 4.1.2 Jövőkép és apokaliptikus hiedelmek ............................................................... 213 4.2 Motivációk a történetírásra ........................................................................................ 222 4.3 Kapcsolódás a krónikahagyományhoz ...................................................................... 225 4.4 Válságos idők és Róma küldetése ............................................................................. 231 4.5 A küzdelem formái .................................................................................................... 237 4.6 A történetírás végső célja .......................................................................................... 250 ÖSSZEGZÉS ..................................................................................................................... 263 MELLÉKLETEK .............................................................................................................. 269 Kronológiai listák ............................................................................................................ 269 Földrajzi nevek mutatója ................................................................................................. 272 Térképek .......................................................................................................................... 274 Képek ............................................................................................................................... 280 Felhasznált irodalom ....................................................................................................... 283 Rövidítések ............................................................................................................... 283 Források .................................................................................................................. 283 Monográfiák és tanulmányok .................................................................................. 286 BEVEZETÉS Hydatius Chronicája az 5. századi történelem egyik legértékesebb forrása, ugyanis egyedülállóan részletes beszámolót nyújt a korabeli Hispania történetéről és a császári hatalom felbomlásáról. Hydatius munkája az egyik legkorábbról fennmaradt alkotás a latin nyelvű krónikák közül,1 ezt tartjuk a legfontosabb összefoglalásnak Hispania felbomlásáról az Orosius és a Iohannes Biclarensis közötti időszakból;2 Ammianus Marcellinus és Gregorius Turonensis között pedig nincs más olyan nyugati szerző, aki az 5. század politikai és katonai változásait is bemutatná történeti munkájában.3 Thompson „a stroke of extraordinary good luck”-nak minősíti, hogy a korabeli Gallaecia történetéről ilyen részletes forrás áll rendelkezésünkre,4 amely egyúttal azt is igazolja, hogy Hydatius „un historiador preciso y minucioso.”5 Hydatius krónikája az egyetlen általunk ismert irodalmi kísérlet az 5. századi Hispaniából,6 amely „sole literary luminary”-ként emelkedik ki a korabeli provincia szellemi közegéből.7 Hydatius érdeklődése elsőként fordult kifejezetten az Ibériai-félsziget felé, ezért is tartják őt „az ibér történetírás atyjának.”8 Burgess szerint ő az első olyan európai krónikaszerző, aki a „post-Roman history” és a „Latin regional history” műfajában alkotott.9 Ahogyan Cassiodorust és Iordanest a gótok, Gregorius Turonensist a frankok, Paulus Diaconust a lombardok történetírójának tartjuk, úgy Hydatius a szvévek történetének bemutatása miatt emelkedett a legfontosabb krónikások közé.10 Hydatius feljegyzéseit ugyanakkor Muhlberger azért is tartja érdekesnek, mert elárulják, hogyan gondolkodott a kor egyik vezető tisztségviselője a körülötte zajló eseményekről azon a területen, ahol a római hatalom rendkívül nagy törést szenvedett.11 Gelarda úgy látja, hogy Hydatius modern értelemben is „uno dei più attenti uomini politici”, aki más történetírókhoz képest rendkívül nagy figyelmet szentelt a diplomáciai 1 Hydatiust
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