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“Zebra” E Considerações Sobre Etimologia

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“Zebra” E Considerações Sobre Etimologia NELSON PAPAVERO MÁRIO EDUARDO VIARO O “ZEBRO”: CONSIDERAÇÕES HISTÓRICAS, SUA IDENTIFICAÇÃO E DISTRIBUIÇÃO GEOGRÁFICA, ORIGEM DA PALAVRA “ZEBRA” E CONSIDERAÇÕES SOBRE ETIMOLOGIA FFLCH/USP São Paulo 2014 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO REITOR: Prof. Dr. Marco Antonio Zago VICE-REITOR: Prof. Dr. Vahan Agopyan FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIENCIAS HUMANAS DIRETOR: Prof. Dr. Sérgio França Adorno de Abreu VICE-REITOR: Prof. Dr. João Roberto Gomes de Faria COMISSÃO ORGANIZADORA COORDENAÇÃO GERAL: Mário Eduardo Viaro PRODUÇÃO GRÁFICA: Heloisa Guimarães ARQUIVOS DO NEHILP Núcleo de apoio à pesquisa em Etimologia e História da Língua Portuguesa www.usp.br/nehilp/arquivosdonehilp [email protected] CONSELHO EDITORIAL: Aldo Luiz Bizzocchi Margarida Maria Taddoni Petter Artur Costrino Mariana Giacomini Botta Bruno Oliveira Maroneze Maria Filomena Gonçalves Carlos Eduardo Mendes de Moraes Mário Eduardo Viaro Clotilde de Almeida Azevedo Murakawa Mario Ferreira Daniel Kölligan Martin Becker Elis de Almeida Cardoso Caretta Michael J. Ferreira Federico Corriente Nelson Papavero Francisco da Silva Xavier Nilsa Areán-García Graça Maria Rio-Torto Paulo Chagas de Souza José Marcos Mariani de Macedo Phablo Roberto Marchis Fachin Joseni Alcântara de Oliveira Safa Alferd Abou Chahla Jubran Mamede Mustafa Jarouche Sandra Aparecida Ferreira Maria Clara Paixão de Sousa Sílvio de Almeida Toledo Neto Manoel Mourivaldo Santiago Almeida Solange Peixe Pinheiro de Carvalho Marcelo Módolo Valéria Gil Condé Marco Dimas Gubitoso Volker Noll ISBN 978-85-8489-000-2 ISSN 2318-2032 Arquivos do NEHiLP Núcleo de apoio à pesquisa em Etimologia e História da Língua Portuguesa www.nehilp.usp.br/arquivosdonehilp Volume 6: 1-198, 2014 ISBN 978-85-8489-000-2 ISSN 2318-2032 NELSON PAPAVERO Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Bolsista de Produtividade Científi ca do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científi co e Tecnológico (CNPq) MÁRIO EDUARDO VIARO Departamento de Línguas Clássicas e Vernáculas, Faculdade de Filosofi a, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP O “ZEBRO”: CONSIDERAÇÕES HISTÓRICAS, SUA IDENTIFICAÇÃO E DISTRIBUIÇÃO GEOGRÁFICA, ORIGEM DA PALAVRA “ZEBRA” E CONSIDERAÇÕES SOBRE ETIMOLOGIA Núcleo de apoio à pesquisa em Etimologia e História da Língua Portuguesa (NEHiLP) Faculdade de Filosofi a, Letras e Ciências Humanas (FFLCH) Universidade de São Paulo (USP) São Paulo 2014 RESUMO Os equídeos africanos conhecidos internacionalmente como zebra não derivam seu nome de uma língua africana, mas do galego-português zebro, que se referia provavelmente ao extinto Equus hydruntinus Regalia, 1907. O animal foi mencionado com várias outras grafi as nos docu- mentos medievais (zevro, zevra, zebro, ezevro etc.), mas alguns textos renascentistas posterio- res à sua extinção passaram a confundi-lo com o onagro (Equus hemionus Pallas, 1775), quase na mesma época em que uma outra confusão paralela se estendeu aos animais africanos. Haja vista a impossibilidade de associar o nome a uma origem latina, ao árabe ou a algum substrato ibérico, busca-se uma etimologia alternativa no superstrato suevo presente nos falares români- cos do noroeste da Península Ibérica. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: zebra, zebro, identifi cação, etimologia. ABSTRACT The name of African equids internationally known as zebra is not derived from an African lan- guage, but from the Galician-Portuguese zebro, which probably referred to the extinct Equus hydruntinus Regalia, 1907 That animal was mentioned with several other spellings in Medieval documents (zevro, zevra, zebro , ezevro etc.), but its name began to be confused with the wild ass (Equus hemionus Pallas, 1775) in some post-extinction Renaissance texts, about the same time that another parallel confusion happened with the African equids. Given the impossibility of association of the name with a Latin origin, with the Arabic language or with some Iberian substrate, an alternative etymology was searched in the Suebian superstrate, which is present in the Romanic dialects of the northwestern Iberian Peninsula. KEYWORDS: zebra, zebro, identifi cation of the species, etymology. Sumário 1. O Zéfi ro e as éguas da Lusitânia 1.1. A fecundação de animais pelo vento .........................................................................09 1.2. Fecundação de éguas pelo vento – algumas fontes históricas...................................11 2. O “zebro” nos antigos escritos e na toponímia da Península Ibérica 2.1. Documentos medievais portugueses – os Forais .....................................................31 2.2. Documentos espanhóis e galegos..............................................................................40 2.3. “Zebro” na toponímia de Portugal ............................................................................43 2.4. “Zebro” na toponímia de Espanha ............................................................................46 3. Do zebro às zebras africanas – citações e ilustrações 3.1. As espécies de zebras africanas.................................................................................48 3.2. As citações de Cassius Dio, Philostorgius e Timóteo de Gaza .................................53 3.3. Referências à zebra durante a Idade Média...............................................................55 3.4. Zebras em mosaicos de Israel, Jordânia e Turquia....................................................57 3.5. A mais antiga fi gura de uma zebra na Europa...........................................................58 3.6. Zebras na China ........................................................................................................59 3.7. A zebra do imperador Jahangir..................................................................................62 3.8. Notícias sobre as zebras africanas por autores europeus (séculos XVI e XVII).......63 4. Leutholf (Ludolfus) e a palavra zecora 4.1. Vida e obra de Leutholf.............................................................................................76 4.2. A falsa origem hebraica da palavra zecora................................................................85 Apêndice I. Considerações de Leutholf (1691: 28-35) sobre o Abba Gorgoryos......................88 5. O ἴππος ἄγριος e o equiferus 5.1. Citações de autores da Antiguidade e medievais.......................................................96 5.2. Referências aos cavalos selvagens durante a alta Idade Média.................................99 6. Identifi cações errôneas do “zebro” 6.1. Bisão e outros..........................................................................................................102 6.2. Boi ou vaca..............................................................................................................102 6.3. Cabra ou cabrito......................................................................................................102 6.4. Cavalos murcibios...................................................................................................102 6.5. Onagro.....................................................................................................................107 6.6. Veado.......................................................................................................................112 6.7. Zebra........................................................................................................................112 7. Zebro: Equus ferus ou Equus hydruntinus? 7.1. O zevere...................................................................................................................114 7.2. Hipóteses sobre a identidade do zebro....................................................................126 8. Hipóteses etimológicas do nome zebro 8.1. Datação das formas mais antigas.............................................................................130 8.2. Origem hebraica......................................................................................................135 8.3. Latim cibus: a hipótese de Rodrigues (1926)...........................................................135 8.4. Metátese de cervo: a hipótese de Nunes (1926)......................................................136 8.5. O nome Zephyrus: a hipótese de Marineus Siculus e Menéndez Pidal (1938).......137 8.6. O latim insipidus e separare: as hipóteses de Agero (1947)...................................139 8.7. O latim equiferus: a hipótese de Silveira (1948).....................................................140 8.8. O árabe az-zāmilah..................................................................................................144 9. Um étimo germânico do zebro 9.1. Do germânico às línguas românicas........................................................................153 9.2. Do proto-indo-europeu ao germânico e ao suevo....................................................158 9.3. Do suevo ao iberorromânico do Noroeste Peninsular.............................................160 10. Conclusões.........................................................................................................................164 Apêndice II. O termo português zebra em diversas línguas do mundo...................................166 Apêndice III. Nomes da zebra não provenientes do português................................................167 Agradecimentos........................................................................................................................168 Referências...............................................................................................................................169
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