Envoys and Political Communication in the Late Antique West, 411-533 Andrew Gillett Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 0521813492 - Envoys and Political Communication in the Late Antique West, 411-533 Andrew Gillett Index More information

INDEX

In the Index, as throughout the book, familiar forms of names have been given where they exist; otherwise, the forms as given in PLRE have been used. Greek and Persian names have been Anglicised. The terms ‘Ostrogoth’ and ‘Visigoth’ have been retained for convenience, though it should be recalled that these are Byzantine labels, and were not used within the respective kingdoms for self-identiﬁcation.

Abbasid caliphate 31 airinon,airus , Gothic terms 4 Abinnaeus, protector 242 Alamanni 71, 206; see also Gebavult; Macrianus Acacian schism 151, 165, 213, 218, 227, 229, Alani 235, 285 and Aetius 282 Achilles 101 army in Gaul 56, 97; see also Goar adoption-in-arms 3, 212, 253 entry and settlement in Spain 6, 45, 61 Adrianople, battle of 17, 131 entry into Gaul 139 adventus,see ceremonial kingdom in Spain 64 Aegidius, comes et magister militum 69–70, 77, Alaric I, Gothic leader 97, 232 260 Alaric II, Visigothic king 206, 262, 268 Aeneas 109 letter of Theoderic to 179, 207 Aeschines 12 Alban, St 118, 146 Aetius, magister militum 8, 42, 43, 56, 57, 61, 85, Albinus, praetorian prefect of Gaul 114, 201 88, 92, 100, 101, 109, 111, 118, 140, Albinus, praetorian prefect of Italy 200 236, 237, 253, 257, 269, 282 Al-Buhturi 253 death of 46, 51, 70, 87, 88, 95, 103 Alexander, envoy 235 embassies from 63, 235, 236 ‘Alleluia victory’ of Germanus, see Constantius, embassies to Vita Germani from Britain 28 alliances, marriage 3, 64, 74, 173, 182, 206, from Gallaecia 43, 46, 55–58 232, 241; see also Theoderic, relations from Leo I 39, 114 with other western kingdoms; treaties from Orientius of Auch 139, 141–143, 232 Amalaberga, Ostrogothic princess 257 literary portrayals of 54, 102 Amalafrida, Ostrogothic princess 181 Agapitus, Pope 40, 187, 232 Amalasuntha, Ostrogothic queen 174, 179, 187, Agapitus, prefect and envoy 183, 234 210, 238, 242, 252, 253 Agapitus, Fl., prefect of Rome and consul 183, Amali (Gothic royal family) 254 185, 200, 233 Amator, bishop of Auxerre, see Stephanus Agathius, poet and historian 31 Africanus, Vita Amatoris Agila, vir inlustris and envoy 234 Ambrose, bishop of Milan, see Paulinus, Vita Agilulf, Lombard king 209 Ambrosii Agnellus, Andreas, Liber pontiﬁcalis 39 amicitia 176–199, 250 Agnellus, patricius, envoy 186 Ammianus Marcellinus, historian 20–22, 44 Agrivulf, see Aioulf Anastasius, eastern emperor 9, 28, 40, 149, 151, Aiax 82 173, 180, 186, 206, 212, 227, 229, 235, Aioulf (Agrivulf), Suevic leader 42, 50 236, 247, 259 letters of Theoderic to 176, 177, 179

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Index

Andocides 16 Athanasius (?), Vita Antoni 116, 122, 157 Andromachus, magister ofﬁciorum and envoy 235 Athaulf, Gothic leader 56, 97 Anicii 149, 201 Athens, classical 12–16 animals, exotic, as gifts, see ceremonial, gifts city council and general assembly 12, 13 Annianus, bishop of Orleans´ 283 generals 13, 16 Anonymus Valesianus 40 practices for dispatch and reception of Ansovald, envoy 234 embassies 12–15 Anthemius, western emperor 50, 51, 53, 69, rhetors 13, 16 71, 83, 93, 223–226, 234, 242, 274 see also aristocracies, as envoys; autocratores; and Epiphanius of Pavia 152, 245 envoys, legal position of, selection of; Anthimus, De observatio ciborum 244, 265 Greece, classical; heralds; proxenia; Zeus Anthimus, patriarch 233 Xenios Anthony, St, see Athanasius (?), Vita Antoni Attalus, imperial usurper 97 Antioch, ‘Riot of the Statues’ at 130 Attila, Hunnic king 234, 237, 247, 257, 262, Antony, monk at Lerins,´ Vita, see Ennodius 269, 274 apocrisiarii 6, 266; see also envoys, terms for embassies sentby 40, 73 Aquae Flaviae, possibly Hydatius’ see 55, 59 embassies to Aquitania 207 from Theodosius II (Priscus) 32, 190, 245, Arabia, Arabian states 39, 220, 242 247, 255 Arator 153, 190, 231, 244 from Valentinian III (Cassiodorus’ arbitration 210 grandfather) 190, 237 Arcadius, eastern emperor 93 from Valentinian and Senate (Leo I) 39, arcana 190, 203, 228, 236, 252, 263 114–115, 130, 139, 147, 162, 232, 233, architecture, see ceremonial 235 Arianism 142, 146, 215–218, 246 raid of Gaul in 451 8, 54, 65, 87, 102, 137, as criterion for selection of envoy 232 283 liturgy of baptism in 216 see also Huns Aridus, bishop of Lyons 233 audiences, imperial, see embassies, reception of; aristocracies ceremonial as envoys 231, 234 Augustine 157, 216 in classical Greece 15 De haeresibus 214 in Roman empire 23, 25 see also Possidius, Vita Augustini of Gaul 86 Augustus, emperor 18, 24, 43 assemblies of 89, 95, 98, 103, 105, 106, Aunonians, Spanish provincials 45, 59 110, 162, 236 Aurelius Victor, historian 44 of Italy 173 autocratores 16 assemblies of 103, 162, 236, 284 Auvergne, region of southern Gaul 110; see also of late Roman empire 198 Sidonius Apollinaris of Rome, see Senate Auxiliaris, praetorian prefect of Gaul 118, 121, of western kingdoms 11, 26, 55, 170 258, 280 Arles 103, 105, 111 Auxumites 39 praetorian prefect of 110, 118 Avars 39, 262 Armenia 20, 38, 220, 259 Avienus, Gennadius, Roman noble and consul Armorica 72, 122, 125, 129, 130, 134, 168, 114, 200, 233, 237, 239 280; see also Constantius, Vita Germani Avitus, bishop of Vienne 164, 218, 232, 275 army, Roman Avitus, Eparchius, magister militum and later in Gaul 105 emperor 84, 244 in Spain 56 career of 87–89, 97 Aspar, Fl. Ardabur, eastern magister militum 257 imperial proclamation of 42, 85, 87, 89, Asterius, comes 57 103 Astorga 58 as magister militum 71, 87, 100, 103, 105 Athalaric, Ostrogothic king 174, 178, 179, 184, as praetorian prefect of Gaul 96, 102 201, 235, 253, 255 embassies sentby Athanaric, Gothic leader 19, 262 to Marcian 46, 77 Athanasius, envoy 238, 260 to Sueves 52, 236

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Index

Avitus, Eparchius (cont.) and hospitality 243 to Theoderic II 50 in negotiations 44, 59, 103, 167, 236, 270; see embassies undertaken by 107, 231, 236 also Faustus of Riez; Graecus of to Constantius III 98, 107 Marseilles to Gothic kings at Toulouse 42, 71, 99, see also letters, episcopal; John, deacon and 140 pope literary ﬁgure of, see Sidonius’ Panegyric Bleda, Arian priest 232 relations with Bleda, Hunnic king 257 Goths of Toulouse 62, 65, 68, 87, 88, 94, Blemmyes, envoys of 242 97, 98, 102–108 Bodegisel, envoy 236 Senate 91, 94, 96, 106 Boethius 27, 174, 184, 190, 196, 214, 216, 244, Suevic kingdom 62, 65–67, 76 257 see also Sidonius Apollinaris Consolation of Philosophy 197 Axumites, east Roman embassy to 29 Boniface, magister militum 43, 61, 92 Bosporus 19 Babo, vir inlustris and envoy 234 Braga 51, 55, 58; see also Gallaecia, Gothic sack Baddo, envoy 234, 238 of; Suevic kingdom Baetica, province in Spain Bretons 72, 260, 270 Gothic occupation of 46, 62, 66, 68 Breviarium of Alaric II 239 Suevic occupation of 62, 64, 68 Britain, post-imperial 125 Vandal occupation of 55, 57 embassies from 28 Bagaudae 65, 134, 280 see also Aetius; Constantius, Vita Germani baptism 215 Brunhild, Frankish queen 257, 260, 266 baptismal sponsorship, as form of diplomacy Burgundian kingdom in Gaul 72, 97, 205, 218, 4 236, 240, 258; see also Caratena; liturgy of 215, 216 Gundobad; Gundoic; Guntiarius; rebaptism 215–218 Laconius; Liber constitutionum; see also Arianism Sigismund barbarian term 3 barbarians Cabrieres` 270 literary portraits of 55, 100, 134, 135, 164, Caesar, Julius 24 190, 193 Commentaries 244 settlement of, on Roman territory 9 Callinicum, destruction of synagogue of 124 barbaricum term 28 candidati 226 Basilius, bishop of Aix 162 captives, redemption of 114, 159, 164, 165, Bassaces, Armenian lord and envoy 221 169, 237, 258 Bazas 56 Caracalla, emperor 24 Bede, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum 29, 125 Caratena, Burgundian queen 147 Belisarius, eastern magister militum 8, 220, 242, Carpilio, envoy 237 247, 249, 252, 255, 263, 269 Carthage 67 Bertram, bishop of Le Mans 233 Carthaginiensis, province of Spain 62, 63, 64, Bibianus, see Vivianus, bishop of Saintes 68 bishops Cassiodorus, father of Cassiodorus Senator, civic responsibilities 129, 133, 136, 170, 187 envoy 174, 178, 185 as envoys 40, 42, 43, 46, 50, 112, 113–140, Cassiodorus, Fl. Magnus Aurelius Senator 9, 142, 162, 171, 183, 220, 221, 228, 34, 194, 235, 241, 265 231–233, 268, 269, 274; see also career and family 174–176, 178 Constantius, Vita Germani; Ennodius, as quaestor 174, 175, 178, 181, 185, 208 embassies, Vita Epiphani; Laurence of works 173 Milan; Leo I; Lupus of Troyes; Chronicle 39 Marcellus of Dei; Martin of Tours; Variae 40, 175–194, 219, 237, 241, 249, Orientius of Auch; Paulinus, Vita 256, 262, 269, 275; types of letters; Ambrosii; Symphosius; Vivianus of diplomatic correspondence 176–185, Saintes 206; literary style 177, 181, 190; Gallic, synods of 118, 129 placement 177–181, 184; reference to

322

Index

envoys in 182–184; tabulated 178–180; Gallica 452; Chronicle of 511; Chronicon edicts and rescripts 176, 177, 183, Paschale; city chronicles; 185–188; formulae 177, 183, 188–190, Eusebius/Jerome; Fredegar; Hydatius; 191, 237, 255; letters of appointment John of Biclar, Chronicle; Malalas; 176, 177, 183, 190–194, 264;to Marcellinus comes; Prosper; Senarius: text and translation 285, Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite 286–289; purpose of 176, 178, 181 Chronicon Paschale 37 Cassiodorus, grandfather of Cassiodorus church Senator, envoy 174, 190, 237 and communication 9, 84, 113 Caucasus 220 embassies to emperor 227 Cavades I, Persian shah 253, 256, 259 Cicero, De re publica 197 Censorius, comes 41, 43, 45, 46, 61, 63, 235, city chronicles 39, 41, 251; see also chronicles 236, 259 civilians, attempts by to avert violence 76, 143, Censurius, bishop of Auxerre, see Constantius, 169, 274 letter to Claudian, Claudius, poetand panegyricist ceremonial 40, 76, 230, 251–259, 263, 271, 92–93 275 statue of, in Rome 91 adventus and descessus Clermont 110, 236 of emperors, relics 45, 104, 107 Gothic siege of 133 of envoys 50, 131, 155, 251 ‘client’ kingdoms 28 architecture 255 clothing, see ceremonial as source of information 50, 52, 70, 77 Clovis I, Frankish king 28, 75, 206, 212, 232, audience 244, 247, 252, 271, 276 262, 268 speeches during 247 and Genovefa of Paris 137 in classical Greece 13 letters of Theoderic to 179, 184, 207–210, clothing 224, 258 257 conventions, among Huns 8 comes emblems 258 rank 77; see also envoys, status for dispatch and reception of envoys urban 60 223–226, 236 comes Hispaniarum 57 gifts 188, 256–258 comes patrimonii,comitiva patrimonii 188, 191, in classical Greece 14 198, 203 ateastern imperial court 39, 226 comitatus, imperial, see consistorium military displays 36, 50, 76, 77, 255 communication, political communication 1, 3, purposes 253–256 4, 85 rank 224, 234, 263 patterns and participants in 7–10, 37, 42, see also embassies, reception of; oaths; 53–77 panegyric term 6 Chamavi 19 see also pilgrimage; trade Chanibert, bishop of Cologne 233 concordia 104 ChildebertI, Frankish king 235 Consentius, tribunus et notarius and envoy 21, ChildebertII, Frankish king 73, 232, 233, 235, 111, 235 248, 249, 255, 257, 260, 261, 266, 267, consistorium 21, 226, 234, 236, 243, 245, 252, 270 256, 271 Chilperic, Frankish king 257, 260, 267 Constans I, emperor 122 Chlothar I, Frankish king 235 Constans II, eastern emperor 265 Chlothar II, Frankish king 209 Constantine I, emperor 122 Chosroes I Anoushirvan, Persian shah 8, 32, 73, Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, eastern 220, 223, 225, 238, 249, 253 emperor 30 Chosroes II, Persian shah 259 De ceremoniis aulae Byzantinae 222–227, 230, Chotro, cubicularis and envoy 233, 234 242, 245, 247, 249 Chronica Gallica 452 126, 280 Excerpta de legationibus 30–32 Chronicle of 511 41, 49 Constantinople 7, 21, 38, 39, 40, 65, 205, chronicles, genre 33, 36, 37, 38–42, 49, 74; see 223–226, 254, 265, 266; see also Roman also Cassiodorus, Chronicle; Chronica empire, eastern

323

Index

Constantius, author of Vita of Germanus of diplomacy, term 4–6 Auxerre Domegisel, envoy 234 identity 117 letters to Patiens and Censurius 116, 118, Eborinus, comestabuli and envoy 233, 234 133, 282 Ebregisel, envoy 234, 235 literary skills 115, 117, 121 Ebroin, major domus 265 Vita Germani 33, 115–137, 162, 168, 170, Ecdicius, magister militum 167 172, 236, 238, 251, 258, 269, 276 Edeco, Hunnic envoy 254 ‘Alleluia victory’ 118, 121, 130, 131, 134 education 26; see also rhetoric chronology 154, 278–283 Egidius, bishop of Rheims 233, 235, 252 date of composition 116 Elafius, bishop of Chalons-sur-Marneˆ 233 death scene 119, 128, 135, 281 embassies 1–2, 222–272 embassy to Goar 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, accession 73, 184; see also Euric 129, 131, 134, 141 accommodation, expenses, travel 110, 186, embassy to imperial court 119, 120, 128, 188, 189, 223, 225, 228, 238, 243, 256, 134, 137 271 embassy to praetorian prefect of Gaul 130, in classical Greece 13 134, 137 in republican Rome 17 influence of Paulinus, Vita Ambrosii 154 see also hospitalitas influence of Sulpicius, Vita Martini 123 commission, see envoys, selection of journeys to Britain 118, 119, 120, 130, competition to participate in 110 136, 282 duration 237, 242 miracles in 118, 119, 121, 122, 126, 132, in earlier antiquity 3–4, 11–26; see also 135, 145, 156, 157 Athens; Greece, Roman empire; narrative techniques 119–133 Roman republic preface 132, 133 financing 187; see also evectio; tractoria; viaticum structure 118–119, 154 informal negotiations 228, 252, 271 see also heros; labor information gathering 256 see also Clermont, Gothic siege of; Ennodius, interpretation of, in modern studies 2, 34, Vita Epiphani; Orientius; Vivianus 275 Constantius II, emperor 20, 122 in later Middle Ages 10 Constantius, magister militum and later western multiple simultaneous 45, 46, 70–73, 75 emperor 56, 64, 98 municipal, provincial, senatorial 1, 5, 9, 10, Consularia Constantinopolitana 37, 38, 44 22–25, 26, 29, 110, 111, 113–171, 188, conventus in Spain 58 221, 231, 236, 238, 269, 274 convivia 141, 144, 146, 147, 228, 241, 246, 252, legislation and administrative 254, 255, 256, 271 arrangements concerning 23–24, 110, councils, provincial, see aristocracies, of Italy, of 186, 187, 189, 221, 231, 239, 242, 246; Gaul, assemblies of Ctesiphon see also evectio; cursus publicus creed, and selection of envoys, see Arianism palatine 33, 110, 172–219, 232–237 Ctesiphon 73, 253 patronage 188, 243 cura palatii 188, 259 presentation in literary sources 1–2, 39–42, cursus publicus 238 237, 275; see also under Cassiodorus, in Roman empire 24 Variae; Constantine VII in western kingdoms 189, 239–242 Porphyrogenitus; Constantius, Vita Cyprianus, comes sacrarum largitionum and envoy Germani; Ennodius, Vita Epiphani; 190, 194, 203 Hydatius, Chronicle; Orientius of Auch, Cyrila, dux 45, 66, 82, 236 Vita of; Photius; Senarius, Epitaph; Sidonius Apollinaris, Panegyric; Dalmatia 183, 190, 203, 274 Vivianus, Vita of Danube river, as frontier 19 reception of 41, 188, 221, 223–226, 244 Decii 183, 201 in classical Greece 13 Demetrius of Phalerum 13 as mark of prestige 41 Demosthenes 12 Persian envoys, at Constantinople 225 Dionysus 132 record of audience 224

324

Index

retinue of 238 in classical Greece 12, 15 routes 242 in republican Rome 17 secrecy, see arcana see also embassies, municipal, etc. to several destinations 209; see also literary presentation of 94, 230, 276 Galswintha; Venantius Fortunatus by Sidonius 85, 109, 111; see also as sign of recipient’s status 77, 253 Cassiodorus, Variae; Constantius, Vita terms for 4, 22, 82, 130, 204, 265 Germani; Ennodius, Vita Epiphani; see also ceremonial; envoys; letters, Orientius of Auch, Vita; Sidonius, diplomatic Panegyric on Avitus; Senarius, Epithet; emperors, Roman, and foreign embassies Vivianus of Saintes, Vita in early empire 18 multiple trips by same envoy 111, 235, 265; in late empire 19, 56 see also Avitus; Censorius; Nonnosus; and provincial embassies 22–25 Senarius and Senate of Rome 90 in New Testament 133 and western kings 29 number of principal envoys 182, 237 see also consistorium palatine 172–219, 225, 232–237, 275 empire, Roman, see Roman empire rewards for 33, 158, 170–171, 172, 190, Ennodius, deacon of Milan and later bishop of 192, 202, 212, 219, 224, 235 Pavia reports by 170, 245 career and writings 148–152, 188, 259 written 248 embassies 221, 230 restriction of movement 14, 246 to Constantinople 9, 151, 213, 227–230, royalty as 236 243; see also Hormisdas, Indiculi selection of 172, 231–238 to Gaul 243, 284 in classical Greece 13, 15 works in late Roman empire 20–22 Dictiones; on Epiphanius 149, 151, 156, status of 109, 221, 275–276 160, 163, 165; on Laurence of Milan from palatine embassies 172, 218, 235, 269 152 from provincial embassies 21, 33, 34, 77, letters 243 114–116, 170, 174, 231 Panegyric to Theoderic 150, 211 within embassy 77, 238 Vita Antoni 152 see also rank Vita Epiphani 33, 34, 115, 148–171, 172, terms for 4, 82, 158, 265; see also 230, 231, 236, 238, 244–251, 252, 269, aristocracies; bishops; embassies; 271, 276; apparentfailures of embassies generals; letters, diplomatic; rhetoric in 166; chronology 284; death scene of Theoderic the Ostrogoth 162, 185, 231, 155, 164, 246; embassies; ﬁrst 152, 158; 232, 233, 235, 244; see also John I; to Anthemius 156, 159, 162, 166, 248, Senate 249, 251; to Euric 50, 159, 162, 166, epic tone 135 167, 245, 248, 284; to Gundobad 149, in hagiography 131; see also heros 153, 156, 157, 159, 161, 163, 164, 165, Epiphanius, bishop of Pavia 50, 243 169, 170, 230, 232, 241, 245, 248, 285; career 149, 152, 153 to Theoderic 148, 153, 156, 157, 161, dates 284 163, 165, 230, 245, 248, 249, 285; death 149, 153 Ennodius appears in 163, 169; inﬂuence see also Ennodius, Vita Epiphani of Vita Germani 148, 153–158, 169; Epiphanius, Historia tripartita 265 Liguria in 150, 152, 159, 162, 166–169; Epistolae Austrasicae 267 miracles in 156, 160, 163; modern epistolography, see letters interpretations of 164; speeches in 247; epitaphs 33, 194 structure 152 conventions of 196 see also Senarius, letters to epithets, see envoys Ennodius, bishop in Gaul 233 Eraric, Ostrogothic king 252 envoys 1, 4, 6 Ethiopia 242 epithets of 156, 159, 165, 196 Eucherius of Lyons, Passio Acaunensium instructions 9, 237 martyrum 136 legal position of Eudocia, daughter of Valentinian III 68, 87

325

Index

Eudoxia, Licinia, see Licinia Eudoxia foedera,see treaties Eugenes, magister officiorum 200 formulae 241; see also Cassiodorus, Variae; Eugenius, western usurper 124 Marculf, Formulae Eugippius, Vita S. Severini 60, 152, 156, Forum of Trajan 91 157 Frankish kingdom in Gaul 7, 8, 67, 70, 72 eulogy, eulogistic genres 2 control of Gaul 142, 200 Eunapius of Sardis, historian 20–22, 262 envoys of 236 Eunius, bishop of Vannes 233 ‘internal’ embassies 235, 267 Euphrates river, as frontier 19 relations with Euric, Visigothic king 36, 51, 52, 62, 69, 147, eastern Roman empire 180, 212, 221, 148, 253, 282 236, 242, 260, 265, 267 embassies sentby Ostrogothic kingdom of Italy 205 on accession 34, 46, 69, 71–73 other western kingdoms 267 to imperial court 61 Visigothic kingdom 73, 206, 235, 260 embassies to see also Brunhild; ChildebertII; Chilperic; Epiphanius of Pavia to 34, 152; see also Chlothar II; Clovis I; Franks; Ennodius, Vita Epiphani Fredegund; Gundovald; Guntram; from Nepos 111, 162, 167 Rigunth; Theudebald; Theudebert I; from Suevic kingdom 36, 50 TheudebertII; Theuderic I; Vouill e,´ see also Leo, (?) consilarius battle of Eusebius, Chronici canones, see Eusebius/Jerome, Franks 258 Chronicle on Rhine 43, 71, 253 Eusebius, envoy (from eastern Roman empire) see also Frankish kingdom in Gaul 238 Fredegar, Chronicle 7, 41, 42, 78, 266, 268, 270, Eusebius, notarius and envoy (from Frankish 271 Gaul) 233, 234 Fredegund, Frankish queen 255 Eusebius/Jerome, Chronicle 36, 38, 39, 41, 48, Frederic, Gothic general 65, 97, 104 49 Fretimund, comes and envoy 45, 236 Eustathius, philosopher 20 frontiers, of Roman empire, see rivers Eutharic, western consul 40, 236, 254, Fronto, comes and envoy 46, 236 255 Frumarius, Suevic leader 67 Eutropius, historian 44 Fulgentius, bishop of Ruspe, Vita Fulgentii 126, Evantius, envoy 234 157 evectio (travel warrant) in Roman empire 24, 131, 239 Galla Placidia, western augusta 51, 61, 125, 135, in western kingdoms 189, 239–242 278, 281, 282 exarchate, see Ravenna Gallaecia, Gallaecians 42, 54, 72 exceptores 193 embassies to Gothic kings 42, 45, 55, 66, 70, 75 Fabricius, C. Luscinus 100 embassies to imperial authorities 43, 55–61, Faustus, bishop of Riez 162 63 De gratia Dei 160 Gothic assault on Gallaecia 46, 47, 48, 49, Faustus, Fl. Anicius Probus ‘Niger’ 149, 150, 56, 62, 63, 65, 72, 74, 76 151, 183, 200, 201, 233, 235 relations of provincials with Suevic rulers 45, Favonius Eulogius 197 47, 50, 55, 61–63, 76 Felix, bishop and envoy 233, 238 social divisions, see plebs Felix, envoy 234 see also bishops; pax; Suevic kingdom Ferrandus, Vita Fulgentii,see Fulgentius Galswintha, Visigothic princess 209 Festus, Fl. Rufius Postumius 183, 186, 187, Garamantes 39 233, 235 Gaul 133 Festus, historian 44 Merovingian, see Frankish kingdom in Gaul fetiales 17 see also aristocracy, of Gaul fiction, as historical source, see Sidonius, Gebavult, Alamannic king 137 Panegyric on Avitus Geiseric, Vandal king 62, 67, 209, 257 Firminus, envoy 234 and Pope Leo I 39

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Index

relations with Historiae 7, 32, 41, 42, 44, 49, 52, 60, 74, Aegidius 69, 77 254, 257, 260, 267, 269, 270 empire 46, 54, 87, 114, 160, 233, 235 Miracula 269 see also Vandal kingdom; Rome, sack of by Grippo, envoy 233, 235, 260 Geiseric Gudeliva, Ostrogothic queen 179 Gelasius, Pope 218, 285 Guldrimirus, vir inlustris and envoy 234 Lupercalia 166 Gundemar, Visigothic king 260 Gelimer, Vandal king 254, 255, 260, Gundobad, Burgundian king 147, 149, 236, 269 240, 243 generals, generalissimos 235 letters of Theoderic to 179, 184, 207, 257 and ‘battle-ﬁeld diplomacy’ 9, 19, 70, 263 see also Ennodius, Vita Epiphani; Laconius as envoys 21, 275 Gundoic, Burgundian king 236 Persian 226 Gundovald, Frankish usurper 258, 260 as recipients of provincial embassies 56 Gunthar, abbot 233 see also Athens Guntiarius, Burgundian leader 97 Gennadius Avienus, see Avienus Guntram, Frankish king 73, 232, 243, 245, 246, Genovefa of Paris, Vita of 136, 137 249, 255, 258, 260, 270 genres, literary; see chronicles; epitaphs; Guntram Boso, general and envoy 233, 236 hagiography; historiae; letter collections; letters; panegyric Hadrian, abbot 265 Gensimund, adopted son of ?Theoderic 254 Haesti, king of 179, 182, 257 Gepids 210 hagiography 112, 113–171, 230, 231, 248, 269, Germanus, bishop of Auxerre 116–137, 239, 276 269 adoption of secular values 115, 136, 137, ascesis of 126 159, 170 career 118, 127 conventions 33, 121, 132 cultof 282 saintas prophet 122, 123, 156, 165 dates of episcopate 116, 278–282 see also Amator, bishop of Auxerre, Vita; death 116; see also Constantius, Vita Germani Athanasius (?), Vita Antoni; Constantius, mass for 136, 143, 279 Vita Germani; Ennodius, Vita Antoni, see also Constantius, Vita Germani Vita Epiphani; Eugippius, Vita S. Germanus, priestfrom Arabia 51 Severini; Fulgentius, Vita; Genovefa of Gesta episcoporum Autissiodorensis 137 Paris, Vita; Hilary, bishop of Arles, Vita; gifts, see ceremonial Jura fathers, Vitae; labor; Lupus of Gildas 29 Troyes, Vita; Melania the Younger, Glycerius, western emperor 152, 154, 284 Vita; miracles; Orientius of Auch, Vita; Goar, Alan leader 97, 118; see also Constantius, Patrick, Vita; Paulinus, Vita Ambrosii; Vita Germani Possidius, Vita Augustini; saints; Severus Godigisclus, Burgundian leader 164 of Vienne, Vita; Stephanus Africanus, Goths, in Balkans 10, 131, 243; see also Vita Amatoris; Sulpicius Severus, Vita Adrianople, battle of; Ostrogothic Martini and Dialogi; Vita Marcelli; kingdom in Italy; Visigothic kingdom Vivianus of Saintes, Vita in Gaul Heliocrates, envoy 223 Graecus, bishop of Marseilles 162 Helpidius, doctor 236 Gratus, envoy 235 Heraclius, eastern emperor 4, 19, 260 Greece, classical 3 Heraclius, envoy 234 embassies in 11–16 heralds, in classical Greece 14, 259 see also Athens Hermeric, Suevic king 43, 50, 55, 59, 61, 232 Greek, as language of diplomacy 265 Herminafred, Thuringian king 179, 184, 257; Greeks, Latin stereotypes of 190 see also Thuringians Gregory I, Pope 266 heros 126–133 Registrum 76, 266, 267 Heruli 69, 182, 189 Gregory of Tours 230, 233, 240, 242, 258, 266, king of 179, 184, 207, 212, 254 269, 271 Hesychius, tribunus (et notarius), envoy 50, 52, as envoy 233, 238, 243, 245, 255 65

327

Index

Hilary, bishop of Arles ius gentium 15, 210, 259–262; see also envoys, and Germanus of Auxerre 126 legal position of Vita of 136, 278 Iuthungi 100 Hilary, Pope 275 Hilderic, Vandal king 15, 179, 181 Jerome, Chronicle, see Eusebius/Jerome, historia, genre 12, 44 Chronicle embassy narratives in 263, 267, 271; see also John, deacon of Rome, (?) and later pope 205, Fredegar; Gregory of Tours; Malchus; 214–218 Priscus embassy to Constantinople 39, 40, 162, 183, in late Roman East 30–32 186, 232 in late Roman West 32 see also Senarius, letters to Honorata, sister of Epiphanius of Pavia 152, John, western emperor 260 166 John of Biclar, Chronicle 39 Honoratus, apocrisiarius 267 John Chrysostom 26, 216 Honorius, western emperor 56, 90, 93, 231, Jordanes, Getica 167 232 Joshua the Stylite, see Psuedo-Joshua the Stylite Hormisdas, Persian shah 73, 245 Jovinus, imperial usurper 97 Hormisdas, Pope 151, 213 Julian, emperor 19, 22 Indiculi, 9, 227–230, 243, 246, 247, 249 Julius, praetorian prefect of Gaul 251 hospitalitas 135, 228, 239, 241, 256; see also Jupiter 91, 92, 94, 96, 196 bishops Jupiter Capitolinis, temple of 253 hostages 3, 56, 99 Jura fathers, Vitae of 122 Huneric, Vandal king 68, 254, 257 Justin I, eastern emperor 28, 39, 40, 42, 173, Hunimund, Suevic king 254 179, 184, 186, 236, 253, 254, 255 Huns, Hunnic khanate 8, 40, 70, 73, 101, 139, Justinian, eastern emperor 10, 15, 29, 42, 181, 143, 244; see also Attila; Litorius; 188, 234, 238, 242, 254, 255, 256, 257, Utrigar Huns 260, 263, 266, 271 Hydatius 35, 55, 59, 84, 108, 230, 231, embassies sentby 40, 73, 232, 235, 238 235 Institutes 261 captivity 45 letters to, in Cassiodorus, Variae 178, 179, Chronicle 33, 34, 36–82, 105, 112, 172, 257, 184 275 wars in the West 6, 39, 42, 172, 175, 176, embassies in 36–50, 53, 252, 274; listof 37 180, 210, 220, 223, 227, 232, 242, 249, manuscripts 37, 41 252, 263; see also Lombard kingdom; possible ﬁrsteditionof 47–50 Ostrogothic kingdom; Roman empire, redactions, redactors 41, 268, 270; see also eastern, relations; Vandal kingdom Chronicle of 511; Fredegar Justinian, envoy 46, 70 sources 37, 50, 51 his embassy to Aetius 43, 46, 55–58, 59 Kerykes, see heralds personal knowledge of affairs 38–42, 43–44, kingdoms, western 3, 7, 8, 27–29 72, 74 kings, and eastern emperors 29 kinship diplomacy 4 InnocentI, Pope 231 Inportunus, senator and envoy 183, 234 labor, in saints’ Vitae 127, 131, 141, 155 Iocundus, bishop 233 Laconius, ofﬁcial of Burgundian royal court Iohannis, envoy 234 151, 164, 243, 245, 249 Iran, see Persia language of diplomacy, see apocrisiarii; envoys, Iranaeus, vir inlustris and envoy 233 terms for; Greek; Latin Isaac, monk at Constantinople 131 Latin, as language of diplomatic letters outside Isdigousnas Zich, Persian envoy 225, 238, 246, empire 247, 274 248, 254, 255 Latinus, vir inlustris and envoy 235 Isidore of Seville Laurence, bishop of Milan 149, 153, 159, 162 Etymologiae 59, 262 Laurentian schism 150, 165, 205, 214 Historia Gothorum Wandalorum Sueborum 41, League of Nations 5 61 legatarius, see envoys, terms for

328

Index

legationes, see embassies, terms for Macrobius, Commentary on the Dream of Scipio legatus, see envoys, terms for 197 Leo I, eastern emperor 223, 233, 235 magister ofﬁciorum 21, 223–226, 228, 234, 249 campaigns againstVandals 68, 71, 256 in Ostrogothic Italy 188 Leo I, deacon of Rome and later Pope 266 Magnus, praetorian prefect of Gaul 88 embassies to Magnus Maximus, western emperor 122–124, Aetius 39 135, 141, 143, 147 Attila 39, 114–115, 130, 139, 147, 162, Majorian, magister militum and later western 232, 237 emperor 46, 52, 66, 69, 83, 88, 95, 201 Geiseric 39 campaign againstVandals 54, 66, 68 Leo, (?) consilarius 249–251 Malalas, John, Chronicle 29, 41 Leontius, bishop of Arles 162 Malchus of Philadelphia, Byzantine History 30, Lerins,´ monastery of 126, 152 160, 251 letter collections 250; see also Cassiodorus, mansiones 240 Variae; Epistolae Austrasicae; Sidonius, Mansuetus, comes Hispaniarum and envoy 46, letters; Ennodius, letters 236 letters 33, 182, 221, 229, 243, 264 Marcellinus, magister militum of Dalmatia 71, of credence 16, 182, 186, 221, 237, 247, 264 209, 235 diplomatic 4, 25, 185, 219, 224, 228, 246, Marcellinus comes,Chronicle 37, 40, 49, 74 255, 275 Marcellus, bishop of Die, see Vita Marcelli in classical Greece 16 Marcian, eastern emperor 10, 46, 73, 77 see also Cassiodorus, Variae Marculf, Formulae 184, 234 episcopal 44, 52, 243 Marcus Aurelius, emperor 18 Leudovald, bishop of Bayeax 233 Marius of Avenches 106 Leuvigild, Visigothic king 40, 69, 73, 218, 235, Marseilles, monastery of 126 260 Martin, St, bishop of Tours, cult of 117, 243, Libanius, sophist 22, 26 258; see also Sulpicius Severus, Vita Liber constitutionum 241 Martini Liber pontiﬁcalis 137, 266 Martin, Pope 266 Liberius, praetorian prefect of Italy and Gaul Maurice, eastern emperor 233, 235, 248, 261, 199, 200, 223, 227, 234, 238 266, 267, 269 epitaph 194, 290 Maximianus, poetand e nvoy 27, 186, 190, 244 Licinia Eudoxia, western augusta 65, 68, 75, 87, Maximinus, envoy (to Attila) 216, 247, 254 95, 224 Maximus, Petronius, see Petronius Maximus Licinianus, quaestor and envoy 111, 162 Mebodes, Persian envoy 226, 255 Liguria 220; see also Ennodius, Vita Epihani Medusius, vir spectabilis and envoy 235 limes 28 Melania the Younger, Vita 281 Litorius, comes 101, 102, 109, 139, 141, 143 Menander Protector, historian 30, 262 Lombard kingdom Menander Rhetor, Treatise 25, 130 in central Europe 209, 210, 221, 232, 234, Merida´ 63 263 Merobaudes, magister militum and panegyricist in Italy 209, 243, 248, 265 42, 93, 140 Lucillianus, comes domesticorum 20 statue of, in Rome 91, 101 Lugo, district in Spain 58, 59, 62 Mesopotamia 20 Lupicinus, abbot 258 Meuse river 19 Lupus, bishop of Troyes Milan 124; see also Paulinus, Vita Ambrosii and Germanus of Auxerre 118, 282 military displays, see ceremonial Vita of 136, 137 miracles Lusidius, cives of Lisbon 46, 50, 231, 234 New Testament models 119, 147 Lusitania, province in Spain 46, 51, 57, 62, 68, see also hagiography, conventions; Vita 71; see also Suevic kingdom, Epiphani; Vita Germani; Vita Orientii; expansionism Vita Viviani Miro, Suevic king 40 Maccurritae 39 Missurius, envoy 234 Macrianus, Alamannic king 19 Modericus, vir inlustris and envoy 234

329

Index

Monophysitism 228 miracles in 140, 145, 146 Musonianus, praetorian prefect 21 structure 139, 141, 147 Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy 242 Namatius, bishop of Orleans 233 documentation for 9, 172 names, personal 199 relations with Naples 263, 270 eastern empire 187, 235 Narbonne, Narbo 69, 101, 107 Persia 8, 32, 220, 263 Nathan, Old Testament prophet 125; see also see also Theoderic hagiography, conventions war with Justinian, see Justinian Nepos, western emperor 111, 152, 162, 167, see also: Amalafrida; Amalasuntha; Athalaric; 284; see also Ennodius, Vita Epiphani, Eutharic; Gudeliva; Justinian; embassy to Euric Theodahad; Theoderic, relations; Nepotian, magister militum 83, 236 Totila; Vitigis Nero, emperor 95 Nicene Christianity, as criterion for selection pactio,see treaties of envoy 232 Palogorius, vir nobilis 45, 66, 82, 231 Nichomachus Flavianus 44 Pamphronius 210 Nikephorus, Short History 4, 19 panegyric, genre 110, 248, 276 Nonnos of Panopolis, Dionysiaca 132 conventions of 25, 33, 85, 86, 90, 91–94, 95, Nonnosus, historian and envoy 30 98, 107, 253 Nori 100 delivered atreceptionof embassy 224, Noricum 60 252 Novempopulana 207 Pannonia 203, 206 parades, military, see ceremonial oaths 233, 248, 250 Parthenius 231, 244 Octavian, see Augustus Pastor, citizen of Clermont 110, 231 Odoacer, king in Italy 149, 151, 152, 162, 200, Paternus, envoy (fictitious?) 268 201, 203, 218, 274 Patiens, bishop of Lyons, see Constantius, embassy to Zeno 233 letter to and Epiphanius of Pavia 148 Patrick, S., Vita of 136 supporters of 153, 157, 163 Patroclus 101 officials, palatine 249, 252 Paulinus, Vita Ambrosii 122, 124–125, 129, 134, Persian 226; see also cura palatii; embassies, 156, 157; see also Constantius, Vita reception; envoys, palatine; magister Germani; Ennodius, Vita Epiphani; officiorum; quaestor Vivianus of Saintes, Vita Olybrius, Anicius, senator, envoy, and later Paulinus of Pella, Eucharisticos 56 emperor 154, 233 Paulinus Petricordus 117 Olympiodorus of Thebes, historian and envoy Paulus, prefectof Rome 239 29–30, 44 Pavia 189, 207, 241 On Envoys (erª prsbewn) 222, seiges of 152, 155, 163 262 see also Ennodius, Vita Epiphani Opilio, envoy 45, 67, 231, 234, 238 pax, as treaty between provincials and kings 46, Oppila, envoy 234 55, 56, 59, 60, 62, 63, 76; see also treaties oratores, in early Roman republic 4 Pelagianism 215 oratory, see oratores; rhetoric in Britain 118, 120, 130, 133, 134, 136 Orestes, Hunnic envoy and magister militum in Gaul 139 152, 167, 254, 284 Pelagius, deacon of Rome and later pope 231, Orientius, bishop of Auch 232, 235, 254, 263, 264, 266 Commonitorium 95, 138 Peri presbeon (erª prsbewn), see On Envoys Vita Orientii 33, 115, 138–143, 154, 168, 169, Persia (ancientIran) 232, 276 envoys to Roman empire 37, 225, 226, 238, influence of Vita Germani 138, 140–141, 242, 251, 255, 256; see also Isdigousnas 143, 145, 146 relations with influence of Vita Martini and Dialogi 138, Goths of Italy 32, 220 141, 146 Persarmenia 259

330

Index

Roman empire 7, 20–22, 29, 32, 38, 40, Procopius of Caesarea, historian, Wars 15, 31, 42, 52, 73, 220, 230, 235, 249, 253 41, 44, 220, 244, 246, 247, 252, 254, see also shahs of Iran 262, 263, 268, 270, 271 Peter patricius, eastern magister ofﬁciorum 22, 29, prophets, see hagiography, conventions 249 Prosper, Chronicle 49, 68, 74 embassies of 227, 235, 238, 242, 244, 260, and Germanus of Auxerre 130, 280 264 and Pope Leo I 39, 114, 130 and Isdigousnas Zich 225 Prosper, comes rei militaris 20 record of eastern court protocol 223–227, Prosperus, bishop of Orleans´ 283 230 Provence 200, 203, 207, 212, 244, 274 record of negotiations in 561 29, 248 proxenia,proxenos 14, 15 see also Constantine VII, De ceremoniis Psuedo-Joshua the Stylite, Chronicle 52 Petronius Maximus, western emperor 87, 101 Pulcheria, eastern augusta 95 appointment of Avitus as magister militum 42, Pyrenees 65 96, 103 Pyrrhus, Epirotking 100 death of 89, 95, 105 and Roman aristocracy 90 Quadi 38 Phaethon 104 quaestor 235; see also Cassiodorus; Urbicus philosophers, as envoys 22 Quintianus, panegyricist 92 Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists 25 Phocas, eastern emperor 76, 267 Radan, cubicularis and envoy 233, 234 Phoebus 104 Ragnovald, general and envoy 236 Phoenix 103 rank, see ceremonial, rank Photius, patriarch, Bibliotheca 30–32 Ravenna 90, 266 Phylarchus, envoy 235 rebaptism, see baptism Picts, raid Britain 118, 121, 131, 134 Reccared, Visigothic king in Spain 73, 232, pilgrimage 20 241, 255, 257, 260 Pippin I, maior domus 233 Rechiarius, Suevic king 48, 62, 63, 65 plebs, in Spain 34, 45, 58, 59–60, 61, 75 Rechila, Suevic king 62, 63, 64 Plutarch 24 Rechimund, see Richymund Po river 241, 263 Remigius of Rheims 28 Poitiers 270 Remismund, Suevic king 36, 50, 52, 61, 62, Polybius 17 66, 69, 71, 234, 257 popes, as envoys, see bishops Renatus 214, 234 populus Romanus 17 Renatus Profuturus Frigeridus, historian 32 portents 36 reports, see envoys, reports by Possidius, Vita Augustini 126, 157 rhetoric, rhetorical training, oratory 1, 22, 25, post, ofﬁcial, see cursus publicus 26, 85, 92, 111, 131, 154, 157, 164, 185, praetorian prefect, in Ostrogothic Italy 188 190, 204, 219, 231, 235, 248, 263, 268, priests, as envoys, see bishops 275 princesses, role in marriage alliances 269; see in classical Greece 16 also Amalaberga; Amalafrida; rhetors, see Athens; rhetoric Galswintha; Rigunth Rhine river 19, 103 Priscian, grammarian 244 Richymund 83 Priscillian, Priscillianists 59, 124, 141, 143 Ricimer, western magister militum 64, 69, 70, Priscus of Panium, historian and envoy 30, 44, 166 257, 262 and Epiphanius of Pavia 152, 285, 286–289 embassy to Attila 190, 254, 255 naval victory over Vandals 51, 52 embassy to Rome 253 see also Rome, city see also Attila Rigunth, Frankish princess 241 Proclus, quaestor 253 ‘Riot of the Statues’, see Antioch Procopius, eastern emperor 260 rivers Procopius, general and father of Anthemius, as as frontiers, see Danube, Euphrates, Meuse, envoy 93 Rhine Procopius, tribunus et notarius 20, 21–22 as transport routes, see waterways

331

Index

Rocco, envoy 233, 236 Saxons Roma, personiﬁcation of 92, 94 raid Britain 71, 118, 121, 131, 134 Roman empire 3 raid Saintes 144 administration of, see embassies, municipal, schism, see Acacian schism; Laurentian schism provincial, senatorial Scipio, myth of 197 break-up of 1, 2–3 Sebastian, magister militum 61, 92 early, practices for dispatch and reception of Second Sophistic 25, 273 embassies 17–26 Secundinus, envoy 234, 235 eastern (‘Byzantium’) 7, 29 Secundinus, Gallic poet 117 relations with; bishops of Rome 266; Senarius 1, 2, 171, 172–174, 191–219, 235 Frankish kingdom of Gaul 180, 212, career and family 193, 196, 202–203, 204, 221, 236, 242, 260, 263, 265, 267; Huns 212, 219 73; Ostrogothic kingdom of Italy 180, embassies of 9, 204–212, 235, 242 185, 187; Persia 7, 20–22, 38, 40, 42, before battle of Vouille´ 208–212 52, 73, 226, 230, 249, 253, 263; Epitaph 34, 173, 194–198, 204, 218, 275 Visigothic kingdom of Gaul 84; see also literary qualities of 196 Frankish kingdom; Ostrogothic text and translation 194 kingdom; Persia; Theoderic; Vandal transmission and editions of 290 kingdom; Visigothic kingdom letters addressed to 173 eastern and western halves 7, 21, 235 Avitus of Vienne 213 unity of 224 Cassiodorus 184, 204, 211, 212, 218, 285, see also emperors 286–289 Roman republic 3 Ennodius 199–201, 205, 210, 213 practices for dispatch and reception of John the Deacon 214–218 embassies 17 name 198 romance 131, 135, 157, 269 orthodoxy of 214–218 Romania, term 28 Senate of Constantinople 234 ‘Romanisation’ and ‘provincialisation’ 24, Senate of Rome, senators 89, 192–193, 200, 28 201, 252 Rome, city 165, 235 as audience of imperial propaganda 86, 90, aristocracy of, see Senate 276 as imperial residence 90 caput senatus 183, 186, 187, 224, 233, 275 sack of by Alaric in 410 96, 166 and Cassiodorus, Variae 181, 184, 191 sack of by Geiseric in 455 87, 94–96, 103, and embassies, in republic and early empire 105, 166; see also Vandal kingdom 17–18, 24 seige by Ricimer 159, 166 embassies from 114, 130, 183 see also Roma; Roman empire; Senate to emperors 9, 231, 233, 238, 244, 256 Romulus, western emperor 233 and imperial court(eastern) 180, 186 Ruﬁnus, vir inlustris and envoy 234, and imperial court(western) 90 259 as patrons of embassies 243 Rugi senators as envoys of emperors or kings 40, in Noricum 60 162, 183, 185, 186, 187, 233, 234, 263, in Pavia 153 275 Rusticius, bishop of Lyons 164, 166, 243, 251, and Theoderic 192, 201, 204 285 see also Avitus; envoys, of Theoderic Severinus of Noricum, see Eugippius Sabines 104 Severus, bishop of (?) Trier 118, 282 saints, cult of 243; see also Alban; hagiography; Severus, Constantinopolitan senator and envoy Saturninus 160, 257 Salla, envoy 46 Severus, Libius, western emperor 51, 69, 145 Salvian 139, 143 Severus, priestof Vienne, Vita of 136 Saracens, see Arabia Shahin, Persian general 19 Sassanians, see shahs of Iran; Persia shahs of Iran 253; see also Cavades I; Chosroes I; Saturninus, martyr 144, 145, 146, 239, Chosroes II; Ctesiphon; Hormisdas; 243 Persia; Shapur II; Shapur III

332

Index

Shapur II, Persian shah 20–22 expansionism 57, 61–63, 65, 76 Shapur III, Persian shah 37 relations with Sicily 68, 203, 210 provincials; in Gallaecia 55, 61–63;in Sidonius Apollinaris 26, 44, 77, 84–112, 114, other Spanish provinces 58, 59 188, 200, 231, 250, 259, 274, 275 Roman empire 29, 46, 47, 50, 61, 63–67, asked to write history of Attila’s Gallic raid 69, 71, 235, 259 283 Vandal kingdom; in Spain 57; in North and ceding of Auvergne 112, 167 Africa 67, 68, 69, 71, 75 embassy to Rome 110, 231, 236, 238, 242, Visigothic kingdom; in Gaul 46, 50, 52, 243, 274 53, 62, 64–67, 71, 256; in Spain 40 letters and poems 110–112, 153, 269, 282 Roman provincials as envoys of Suevic kings literary inﬂuence 110 45, 50 Panegyric on Avitus 33, 84–110, 112, 113, see also: Aioulf/Agrivulf; Gallaecians, 135, 137, 140, 170, 172, 276; character relations with Suevic rulers; Hermeric; of Avitus 85–109, 111, 116, 159, 170, Miro; Rechiarius; Rechila; 185; delivery of 86, 89; literary nature Remismund of 86; modern views on 84, 85, 86; Sulpicius Alexander, historian 32 plot, 94, 96–107 Sulpicius Severus 117 as propaganda for Avitus 85, 87, 90, Vita Martini and Dialogi 116, 129, 133, 134, 91–94 136, 143, 156 structure 85, 98; see also plotand themes embassy scenes 122–124, 135, 258 themes 94–96 miracles in 119, 126, 157 Panegyric on Majorian 86 structure and imagery 122 panegyrical poem on Euric 253 Summus, patricius 221 possible connections with Constantius 116, Suneric, comes 83, 236 133 Syagria 164 son-in-law to Avitus 84, 89 Syagrius, independentRoman ruler in statue of, in Rome 91 northern Gaul 72 and Vita Germani 117, 131, 170 Symmachus, Pope 150, 243 Sigismund, Burgundian king 28, 207, 211, 236, Symmachus, (?) eastern magister ofﬁciorum and 275 envoy 40, 255 as envoy 236 Symmachus, Q. Aurelianus Memmius 186, Sigisvult, magister militum 120, 236, 280 233, 244 Sigivald, envoy 234 Symphosius, bishop in Spain and envoy 46, 50, Simplicius, envoy 111, 231 61, 232 Sixtus III, Pope 282 social credit, see envoys, status of Talthybioi, see heralds Spain, Byzantine part of 264 Tatila, vir inlustris and envoy 234 Spectatus, tribunus et notarius 20, 21–22 Terraconensis, province in Spain 62, 65 speeches, see ceremonial, audience Themistius 26 staffs, see ceremonial, emblems Theodahad, Ostrogothic king 40, 174, 179, Statius 111 187, 223, 227, 232, 238, 242, 244, 252, statues in Rome, see Claudian; Merobaudes; 260, 262, 264 Sidonius Theoderic, Ostrogothic king 2, 5, 7, 149, 151, status, social, see envoys, status of 174, 199, 204, 216, 218, 237, 243, 244, Stephanus Africanus, Vita Amatoris 136, 251, 254, 255, 257, 258, 262, 274 278 courtof 150, 169, 172, 193, 199 Stilicho, magister militum 91 and Epiphanius of Pavia, see Ennodius, Vita and Claudian 92, 93 Epiphani as envoy 93 letters of, in Cassiodorus, Variae 178, 179, Strategius, eastern general 221 191, 275 Suevic kingdom in Spain 6, 37, 42, 48, 205, 274 and Provence 200 entry into Gaul 139 relations with entry into Spain 45, 61 eastern Roman empire 39, 40, 173, 176, envoys of Suevic kings 45 180, 185, 206–212, 236

333

Index

Theoderic, Ostrogothic king (cont.) Transamund, Vandal king 179 other western kingdoms 40, 75, 180, 182, travel warrants, see evectiones 188, 189, 205, 206–212 treaties 3, 46, 248, 249 see also Clovis; envoys, of Theoderic; between kings and provincial communities Gundobad; Urbicus 56, 60, 76; see also pax Theoderic I, Visigothic king in southern Gaul extant texts 248 64, 65, 99, 101, 102, 111 treaty of Andelot 249 and Orientius of Auch 139–140, 141, 232 Roman–Persian of 561 249 and Vivianus of Saintes (?) 144, 145–148, 258 see also alliances, marriage Theoderic II, Visigothic king in southern Gaul tribuni et notarii, as envoys 21, 111, 203 110, 253, 269 Trier 88 and Avitus 50, 52, 65–67, 89, 96, 103, 105, Trygetius, prefect and envoy 114, 235, 237 108 tuitio, see embassies, accommodation, expenses, death of 46, 69, 71 travel and Majorian 68 Tulvin, patricius praesentalis 190, 199, 203 and Suevic kingdom 42, 45, 48, 50, 52, 59, 62, 64, 66, 69, 72, 83, 236, 257 United Nations 5 and Vivianus of Saintes (?) 144, 145–148 Urbicus, (?) quaestor 245, 249 Theodomer, Visigothic king 254 Utrigar Huns 247 Theodora, eastern augusta 178, 179 Theodore Lector, Ecclesiastical History 131 Valens, eastern emperor 19, 131, 260, 262 Theodore of Tarsus, archbishop 265 Valentinian I, emperor 19, 38, 95, 124, 258 Theodorus, relative of Avitus 99 Valentinian II, western emperor 124 Theodorus, senator and envoy 183, 234, 263 Valentinian III, western emperor 21, 51, 61, 67, Theodosian Code 239 68, 89, 90, 91, 92, 101, 111, 119, 174, Theodosians, imperial dynasty 8, 93, 95 236, 253 Theodosius I, emperor 10, 37, 40, 56, 93, 95, death of 87, 88, 95, 97, 103 124, 130, 264 embassies from 233, 235 Theodosius II, eastern emperor 40, 65, 73, 95, ad gentes 46, 70, 73 111, 232, 233, 235, 247, 260, 264; see to Attila 114, 130, 232 also Attila, embassies to wedding of 65, 75, 224, 233, 281, 282 Theophylact Simocatta, historian 31, 262 Vallia, Visigothic king 56, 64 Thessalonica 65 Vandal kingdom Theudebald, Frankish king 235, 257, 266 entry into Gaul 139 TheudebertI, Frankish king 235, 266, 270 in North Africa 8, 10, 55, 67–70, 218, 260 TheudebertII, Frankish king 209 entry into Africa 57, 62, 64 Theuderic I, Frankish king 244, 265 relations with; empire 51, 52, 67, 68, 109, Theuderic II, Frankish king 260 111, 264; war of Justinian 42, 254, 255; Thorismod, Visigothic king 111 Ostrogothic kingdom 186, 205; Sueves Three Chapters controversy 235 46, 67, 75; Visigoths 57 Thuringians, king of 179, 182, 207, 212, 247; sack of Rome in 455 68, 87, 89, 96, 103, see also Herminafred 105 Tibatto, Armorican leader 134, 280 in Sidonius’ Panegyric on Avitus 94 Tiberius II, eastern emperor 257, 259, 267 see also Amalafrida; Geiseric; Gelimer; Tonantius Ferreolus, praetorian prefect of Gaul Hilderic; Huneric; Justinian, wars in 106, 111, 231 West; Ricimer; Transamund Totila, Ostrogothic king 232, 235, 254, 262, in Spain 6, 55, 57, 64 263, 264; see also Pelagius, deacon entry into Spain 45, 61 Totila, envoy, see Tatila see also Baetica; Suevic kingdom Toulouse, see Visigothic kingdom Var ro 17 Tours 270 Venantius Fortunatus 209, 266 tractoria,see embassies, accommodation, Venice 5 expenses, travel Vetto, (?) envoy 46, 64, 82 trade, and political communication 19 viaticum (travelling expenses) 25 Trajan, emperor 95 Victor, bishop of Turin 153, 164, 241

334

Index

Victorius, comes 282 Vitalian, Pope 265 ‘victory ideology’ 43, 93 Vitellius, emperor 95 Victricius of Rouen 130 Vitigis, Ostrogothic king 32, 174, 176, Vigilius, Pope 216, 235, 243, 266 220–222, 242, 247, 249, 252, 263 Vignier, Jerome´ 285 letters of 180, 184, 220 violence, see civilians Vitus, magister militum 64 Virgil, Aeneid 108, 196, 258 Vivianus, bishop of Saintes Visigothic kingdom tomb of 140 in Gaul 8, 34, 42, 56, 69, 71, 97, 240 Vita Viviani 33, 115, 138, 143–148, 154, 169, relations with; Frankish kingdom 52, 206, 170, 239, 243, 258, 276 235, 260; papacy 275; Roman influence of Paulinus, Vita Ambrosii 145 provincials; in Gaul 56; in Spain 43; see influence of Vita Germani 138 also Gallaecia, embassies to Gothic influence of Vita Martini 138 kings; Suevic kingdom 36, 40, 45, 46, structure 144 51, 52, 62, 64–66, 67, 68, 71, 76; Vandal Volusianus, Rufius Antonius Agrypnius, kingdom of North Africa 57, 71; senator and envoy 233, 238, 281 western empire 68, 71, 84, 85, 89, 101, Vouille,´ battle at 36, 49, 142, 151, 182, 207 102, 111 negotiations preceding 34, 208–212 settlement in southern Gaul 56, 97 see also Alaric II; Avitus; Gallaecia, Gothic warfare, and communication 2, 9 assaulton; Euric; Orientiusof Auch; Warmarius, envoy 234 Theoderic I; Theoderic II; Thorismod; Warni, king of 179, 207, 247, 257 Vallia; Vivianus of Saintes; Vouille,´ waterways 205, 241 battle at Witteric, Visigothic king 209 in Spain relations with Frankish and Lombard xenia, see proxenia kingdoms 73, 209 see also Gundemar; Leuvigild; Orientius of Zahulfus, envoy 258 Auch; Reccared; Rigunth; Witteric Zeno, eastern emperor 160, 173, 186, 199, 233, Vita Marcelli 147, 240 235, 251, 254, 257 Vitae of saints, see hagiography Zercon 257 Vitalian, eastern magister militum 228, Zeus Xenios 14 229 Zotanus, envoy 258

335