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Orissa Review * December - 2007

Pathani Samanta : The Great Hindu Astrologer

Prabhukalyan Mohapatra

Pandit Samanta Chandra Sekhar Harichandan and perseverance, this last and foremost orthodox Mohapatra, locally known as "Pathani Samanta", Hindu writer could rise above his was the illustrious author of "Siddhanta Darpan"- environment and left an indelible stamp of his a systematic record of his life-long relentless work genius on the history of . His composed in beautiful metrical verses . ability in the preparation of "Manayantra" "Siddhanta Darpan" is an astronomical treatise in (measuring instrument), "Golyantra" (spherical elegant Sanskrit verses, developed and improved instrument) and "Surya-Ghadi" (Sun dial to upon the 'Surya-Siddhanta' and the 'Siddhanta- measure the time) proved him to be a good Siromani' of the past. This architect with engineering skill. magnum opus of Chandra He had also interest in the Sekhar, the last and best book preparation of fire works with that worth to its name is really a knowledge to launch the same mirror of India's astronomical to a particular height. knowledge. India is a nation of ancient A Hindu orthodox by culture and tradition. It reached nature, Chandra Sekhar, with his the zenith in all spheres at one traditional background alone time when most of the so called studied the subject of advanced nations of to-day were astronomy, observed the not discovered. Indian movements of planets through astronomy is nearly as old as the naked eyes and was able to . As a science, it rose to reach the approximate reality as its peak in the days of Aryabhatta founded by scientists with the aid in the 5th century A.D. Indian of modern equipments. He was an outstanding astronomy of the Hindus is a mere curiosity to mathematician of high order and engaged himself the scholars of West, because they know very in the field of mathematical calculations known as little about our traditional mathematical astronomy 'astronomy'. In 'Siddhanta Darpan' poetry and as that does not come under the mainstream of mathematics are in tune with each other which astronomy which originated in Babylonia and stands as a specimen of his genius. By sheer efforts evolved through the Greeks and Europeans.

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Hence neither the scholars of the West are fair scholarly approach to the problems and moral enough to assess the merit of our system nor are effulgence, Chandra Sekhar no doubt shines best we sincere to project ourselves sufficiently in order in the history of "-Samskara". In 1876, to establish our wit and wisdom before the so the computed according to 'Siddhanta called advanced world. Darpan' found recognition in the temple of Sri Jagannath and religious rites are calculated / Chandra Sekhar recorded all of his findings determined as per the latest Siddhanta of Chandra in 'Siddhanta Darpan',a small book with about Sekhar . 2500 verses(24 chapters) in Sanskrit language entirely written on palm-leaves. Will Durrant was Nearly one thousand years before the birth amazed to find this great Hindu scholar writing of Chandra Sekhar no astronomer of repute had treatises on mathematics even in verses. This made any reformative study in the field of invaluable contribution of Chandra Sekher to the astronomical science. In order to know the exact astronomical science, 'Siddhanta Darpan' was longitude(grahasphuta of the planets) he took the written on12th April1869 and completed in all help of as his base book and respect by 12th November1892. Out of its 2500 innovated new method in each chapter of verses (slokas) 2184 are his own. The 'Siddhanta Darpan'. As moon changes its position composition and structure of the verses indicate more frequently than any other planet, it is very his extra-ordinary genius and deep knowledge in difficult to ascertain the exact longitude of moon. Sanskrit. The verses are highly ornamental and Hence, Chandra Sekhar innovated three orderly. They flow like a running stream un- principles, i.e. Tungatanra,Pakshika and Digamsa checked, un-controlled, un-restricted and un- to know the exact longitude of moon. These three briddled. The contents of 'Siddhanta Darpan' look formulas expounded by him are very correct and amazing and un-imaginable as the achievement they hold good in every respect. Likewise he had of a single mind. Chandra Sekhar observed, devised many new formulas for ascertaining the verified and corrected all that was known to the exact longitude of all the planets. His formulas Hindu astronomers for thousand of years. Even regarding the solar and lunar eclipse are still on many occasions he has gone beyond them to invaluable objects in the astronomical treasury. discover new phenomena, formulations and came Completely unaware of the scientific and out with predictions which as per his claim will technological developments in the West, Chandra remain valid for at least next ten thousand years. Sekhar had employed the traditional methods for In the field of observational astronomy, very often, astronomical measurements. He was well known he has given new methods of calculation. At the in India and beyond for his accurate astronomical end of his treatises he has furnished the calculations calculations, new theories about the planets, their of an almanac which has been named as "Kautuka movements which were based on observations Panjee" Among those who applied their brain and made by his naked eyes or with primitive mind for the improvement as well as development instruments designed by himself. So he is rightly of 'Panjika', the name of Chandra Sekhar figure called the second Bhaskara in India. Chandra in a very eminent position. A glorious personality Sekhar seems to be the last link in the long order by virtue of his high academic attainments, of great Hindu astronomers like Aryabhatta,

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Varahamihira, Brahma Gupta and Bhaskara as per the rules of 'Siddhanta Darpan' and they whose genius blazed from places spread all over have stood the test of time in successfully India scaling a time span of nearly 1500 years, predicting the eventful occasions like eclipses. He with available systematic record from 5th century had broken the ice which blocked the path of A.D. to the turn of last century. This continuous progress in Indian astronomy for about a thousand stream of genius appeared to have broken after years and mirrored the in modern Bhaskara for about seven hundred years and one perspectives which paved the way for future sees the burst of the last glow in Chandra Sekhar. development. Our researchers today boast of The long traditional culture of 'Jyotisha' in degrees conferred on the basis of works which Orissa for so many centuries was epitomized in can hardly be compared with originality and Chandra Sekhar, who was honoured with the title innovations, but Chandra Sekhar had exhibited of' Mahamahopadhyaya' by British government in a single chapter of 'Siddhanta Darpan' barring in 1893 for his monumental work on Hindu its stupendous tables called 'saranis'. His astronomy known as 'Siddhanta Darpan'. He contribution to the field of Hindu astronomy is corrected the discrepancies in the astronomical little known and assessed due to non-availability calculations found in the annually prepared of a lucid Commentary explaining the intricacies Almanac of Orissa. of astronomical calculations involved in understanding the Sanskrit verses composed in Astronomy is a science in which elegant pendantic style. observations go simultaneously with the calculations. Besides a thorough knowledge of 'Pathani Samanta' alias 'Chandra Sekhar' motion of the stellar objects, it requires sufficient was born in Khandapada, an ex-state of Orissa, computational skill to tackle the vast multitude of in the un-divided Puri district of Orissa, on ( the big numbers. Chandra Sekhar was extraordinary 8th lunar day of black fortnight in Pausa month of in this respect who demonstrated a computational Saka era 1757) 11th January 1836 and his final fit by providing tables with cores of data which departure from this mortal world was on 11th June posses a challenge even in this computerized age. 1904. As per his own prediction, he came all the way to Sri Jagannath temple of Puri to breathe Chandra Sekhar had expressed his deep his last. gratitude to all his predecessors in general and Bhaskaracharya in particular. He improved upon their calculations after careful observation of the planetary position. Like any other original research work his contributions are purely of intellectual Writer is a based freelance journalist, interest in the field of mathematical astronomy. who lives in VR 3/2, Unit-3, Behind R.B.I., Bhubaneswar, The present Oriya are being prepared Orissa. [email protected]

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