liMATCAIAL COLLr C'

istitute Q Culture and East-. tvist Cuuci L Honolulu Hawaii

and the Aboriginal affairs arena. Assimilationist policies that Language Planning sought to impose a lifestyle on the Aboriginal people Development of an Australian in which all vestiges of traditional culture and values Creole were supplanted with Western ones were replaced Aboriginal with self-determination policies that allowed Aboriginal people to choose for themselves the Sandefur* by John composition of the life-style toward which they would move. The cumulative result has been a phenomenal The of major language problem Aborigines in the rise in "Aboriginality"-a societywide reassertion of north of Australia, as perceived b non-Aboriginal Aboriginal heritage, including recognition of time for a is do not people almost century, that they speak legitimacy and importance of Aboriginal languages. "correct" English.' Language treatment before the The issue I wish to address in this paper is the role 1970s involved mainly attempts to replace Aboriginal language planning, in both the pre- and post-1972 forms of speech with English. Since such treatment periods, has played in the emergence and was deliberate, government-sponsored language development of a nontraditional Aboriginal change that focused on a defined problem, it could be language-Kriol. considered to have been language planning by definition. However, it could not be said to have been the characterized by formulation and evaluation of The emergence and spread of creole optimal alternatives, and members of the community affected did not have opportunity for input through A creole came into existence in, the River the political process (cf. Rubin and jernudd 1975; Roper area of the Northern after the Jernudd 1982). Territory shortly establishment of an Anglican mission in 1908. The situation changed significantly in 1972 when Pidgin had been present in the area for some thirty-five years the Australian government announced a new policy prior to the arrival of the missionaries, and the that allowed Aboriginal children the right to have emergence of the creole occurred a their primary education in their own language rather following period of violence that had extreme social and than in English only (see Sandefur 1977). Under this linguistic for the of the new policy, the consequences Aboriginal groups Roper Aboriginal language problem needing River area. treatment is still perceived by most non-Aboriginal The adults of these were people as being the lack of English competence. The groups typically multilingual, fluent in each other's treatment, however, no longer demands the becoming languages over the course of a lifetime of for elimination of Aboriginal languages. In addition, the meeting ceremonial and other purposes each The to planning process relevant to specific Aboriginal year. fifty children who attended the school at the a deal of from the seventy languages requires great input mission, however, were forced into contact with other speakers of the language. children whose languages they had not yet had time to The language policy change took place in the learn. Their parents could communicate with other context of broader policy and practice changes in the adults by speaking languages, but the children could not. What they had in common was the English pidgin *'I'be author is a member of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, P 0 Benrimah, NT. 5788, Australia. (Continued on page 2)

used between Aboriginal and European people and soeiolinguistie situations of the last decade that have the English they were hearing in school. With this been instrumental in bringing about the rise in status limited input, this younger generation, in the course of the ereoles. I will limit my discussion here to the of their lifetimes, created the creole, manipulating the two most significant developments that have directly lexical resources available to them and drawing on affected the creole-namely, the establishment by the linguistic universals to create a language that catered Northern Territory Department of Education of a to their communicative needs (Harris and Sandefur bilingual education program using the language in the 1984:15). school at Bamyili and the undertaking by the Summer Creole emerged at Roper River in spite of the efforts Institute of Linguistics (SIL) of a Bible translation of the missionaries to it out. stamp The mission had project in the language. an active language policy that discouraged the use of The use of the language in a school program and focused on pidgin teaching Aborigines to speak brought with it official government recognition of the correct English. Many of the Aborigines who grew up creole as a legitimate language, a recognition that at the original mission did in fact learn to speak filtered down to creole speakers themselves. The English fluently. English did not, however, supplant school program has also helped raise the status of the the created for their first language they language. language by giving it the name Kriol. This provided The emergence and development of creole at Roper the language with an identity and helped reduce River were not direct of the consequences language prejudices against the language due to the negative treatment activities of the Anglican missionaries. They connotations of its previous names (e.g., pidgin or had applied their language policy at all their missions, bastardized English). but it was only at Roper River Mission that it was The SIL translation project has been involved in unsuccessful. At Emerald River Mission on Groote raising the status of Kriol primarily through the Eylandt 200 kilometers to the northeast, for example, dissimination of information about the nature and no creole ever emerged. A creole failed to develop extent of the language and its implications for there because the of sociolinguistic context the education and communication. Prior to the beginning community was such that there was no need for a of the project, very few linguistic or soeioliriguistie creole to develop. The Groote Eylandters already had studies had been made of the language. Language their own language, and they had no need to develop planning relating to Kriol was based on virtually no a first language in the mission community. objective information about the language. 511, The creole is not restricted to the Roper River area therefore focused much attention during the 1970s on but is currently spoken by an estimated 20,000 basic field research and documentation of the Kriol Aborigines in about 150 Aboriginal communities in situation, the three states of north Australia. A complex of social changes brought about by World War II was largely for the unintentional of the responsible emergence Corpus planning creole as a first language in most of those communities. No language corpus planning activities were directed at Knot until the early 1970s. Nun-Kriol Status planning speakers have, of course, always informally affected the expansion of the Kriol lexicon. For example, Until the 1970s the creole was almost universally stockwork has been assimilated by Aborigines into held in low' esteem by non-Aboriginal people as well as their contemporary lifestyle. As a consequence, the speakers themselves. Commonly it was viewed as vocabulary associated with stoekwork has been being a structureless, bastardized version of English incorporated by Aborigines into their Kriol speech. that was capable of being used for only the barest of Most of the corpus planning development of Kriol communication, a form of speech that hindered the has arisen from the SIL Kriol Bible translation project cognitive development of its speakers. The attitudes of and the Batnvili Kriol bilingual school program. Their creole speakers toward their language have effects in increasing the expressive power of Kriol are significantly changed during the last decade with an evident in three main areas. increasing number of them publicly identifying with Firstly, SIL and Banìy ili School have worked the creole. Many non-Aboriginal people have also together with Kriol speakers in developing a written accepted the creole as a legitimate language in recent mode for Kriol. Most of the direct influence of years. There has been, in fact, a dramatic rise in the non-Aboriginal people on the written mode relates to status and social standing of the creole since 1972. the development of orthography. Non-Kniol speakers I have elsewhere (Satidefur 1984) discussed in detail have also encouraged the development of various the many-faceted aspects of the sociopolitical and written styles, but it is Kriol speakers themselves who

2 Language Planning Newsletter 9 Volume 11 0 Number

are doing the writing and thereby developing the Future development particular styles of writing. Because virtually all Kriol writers to date first obtained their literacy skills in Kriol have to English, the inflence of English style in Kriol literature Many speakers expressed opposition the of Kriol. This is not surprising, for is clearly evident Some Kriol writers show signs, development what de Rieux about creole in the however, of not being constrained by English writing (1980:268) says is also for Kriol: "The dominant rules. Seychelles applicable group, speaking the dominant language, [has] Secondly, although standardization has not been managed to persuade the creole-speakers that their overtly planned, it is generally supposed that the 'speech' [is] so inferior in status as to be a development of'a written Kriol literature will have a 'non-language'.'' standardizing effect upon the language. It should he 'there is an increasing number of Kriol speakers out, however, that Kriol literature is still very pointed who are themselves from the attitudes much in an and limited to freeing negative incipient stage relatively toward their which the white Australian few communities. The effect language Aboriginal standardizing dominant culture has them. of Kriol literature therefore the impressed upon During depends upon the last few two and continual of the of literature and its years significant growing groups growth body of Kriol have These distribution. speakers emerged. speakers may widespread well exert a substantial influence on the future the Bible translation is to Thirdly, project expected development of' Kriol. have a standardizing effect on Kriol terminology One of these groups consists of the Kriol speakers across dialects. As with the standardizing effect of who have worked in the Baiiiyili school Kriol bilingual written literature, this of is standardizing terminology program or been involved in the SIL Kriol Bible a of the translation rather than the by-product process translation the most result of a deliberate or conscious project. Possibly important planning process. contribution these two entitles have thus far made has Two basic of the of the principles modus operandi been the development in Kriol speakers of positive Bible translation should be out. The project pointed attitudes toward their language. first is the reliance on Kriol principle heavy speakers The other significant and influential group of Kriol who are familiar with terms that occur in the English speakers consists of teachers and teacher trainees. Bible and have well notions as to how fairly developed These Kriol speakers are becoming acutely aware of to translate them into Kriol. The actual translation is the importance of their pupils' first language in not done non-Kriol While SIL by speakers. personnel education. As more and more Kriol speakers become assist with the task, their is to responsibility primarily trained as teachers, their influence on education policy ensure to the source text. It is the Kriol fidelity and programs for their communities will increase. speakers who translate the source text into Kriol. This principle helps to ensure an idiomatic translation that will sound natural and be understood by Kriol speakers, and it also helps to prevent the unwarranted Summary introduction of English loanwords into the translation. The Bible translation project was begun at a time To summarize then, Kriol originally emerged in when terms and concepts relevant to the Bible were spite of the early language planning efforts of already fairly well developed in Kriol. missionaries, and it persisted despite continuous The second basic principle of the Kriol translation efforts by missionaries and teachers to eradicate it. project is that of the use of Kriol expressions and Since the early 1970s, a number of non-Aboriginal structures which enjoy wide currency and acceptance. people, including myself, have been heavily involved The translation is not being produced in a particular in raising the status and social standing of Kriol. It is local dialect. The first draft often starts out in a local doubtful that Kriol would have risen in status to the dialect, but localized constructions are edited out and degree that it has if it were not for their support and Such replaced with more widely used equivalent advocacy. recent and supportive influence of expressions. non-Aboriginal people has been restricted to status and has had little on The influence of non-Aboriginal people has thus changes hearing corpus The of Kriol arose and been mainly restricted to the development of an development. corpus originally further the orthography and subsequent written literature, developed largely through spontaneous of I including the translation of the Bible, and the linguistic creativity Aboriginal people. suspect Kriol in the future will become more standardization that is arising from that literature. speakers directly involved in status for their and that The enlargement of the expressive power of Kriol has planning language will continue to be carried out taken place almost in its entirety as a consequence of corpus development the spontaneous efforts of Kriol speakers themselves. (Continued on page 4)

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the rather than spontaneously by speakers through Harris, John, and John Sandefur. 1984. "The Creole planning. Language Debate and the Use of Creoles in Australian Schools," The Aboriginal Child at School 12.1:8-29. Note Jernudd, Bjhrn H. 1982. "Language Planning as a Focus for Language Correction," Language 1. I am Planning Newsletter 8.4:1-3. indebted to Phil Graher for his helpful Rubin, and 1975. comments in the of this for Joan, BjOrn Jernudd. "Language preparation paper as an publication. Planning Element in Modernization." In Can Language Be Planned? Sociohrigvistic Theory and Practice for Developing Nations, ed. J. Rubin and B. H. Jernudd, pp. xiii-xxiv. Honolulu: References University Press of Hawaii. Sandefur, John R. 1977. "Bilingual Education for de Rieux, Danielle D'Offay, 1980. "Creole and Aboriginal Australians," Language Planning Educational Policy in the Seychelles." Theoretical Newsletter 3.2:1,6. Orientations in Creole Studies, ed. Albert Vaidman 1984. "A of Kriol and Arnold Language Coming Age: Highfield, pp. 267-271. New York: of North Australia." M.A. thesis, of Academic University Press. Western Australia.

Study of China's Toward Ethnic Minorities Policy Call for Papers for DSNA 1985 Biennial Meeting Some ethnic minorities in China are in of The fifth danger biennial meeting of the Dictionary Society their cultural identities, to gradually losing according of North America will be held at The University of Hsieh, an from the Chinese Jiann anthropologist Michigan, Ann Arbor, from Sunday, August 18, to of University Hong Kong who is researching China's Wednesday, August 21, 1985. The main themes of the toward its national minorities. One of policy aspect meeting will be Desiderata in English Lexicography Hsieh's study examines how language policy affects and Historical Lexicography. Members of the DSNA minorities. Hsieh out that the pointed constitution of are invited to submit abstracts of proposed papers China guarantees the right of national minorities to before March 1, 1985, to Professor Robert F. Lewis, use and develop their own languages and requires that Middle English Dictionary, 555 South Forest, Ann all Chinese learn Mandarin. But in practice, textbooks Arbor, Michigan 48104. Further details about the in some minority dialects are scarce. meeting will appear in the spring 1985 DSNA To illustrate, Jlsieh has described some of the Newsletter. difficulties facing the Samei, a small national minority group in Yunnan province. "Because the children have seldom been exposed to the (dominant) Hart society, they don't understand Mandarin at all," Hsieh said. "They speak Samei at home. When they go to school, they are expected to change their language immediately. It's impossible." Bilingual preschool classes in Mandarin and Samei are intended to introduce children to the new language. "But this requires bilingual teachers, and the expense of the pre-school is borne by the commune." Thus, while primary education is nearly universal in Yunnan, classes are usually conducted in Mandarin and home. minority dialects are being used less outside the Fifty-six national minority groups are currently registered representing about 6.7 percent of the population; the rest are Han. Although their numbers are relatively small, the minorities are widely distributed: roughly 1,500 of China's 2,200 counties contain national minorities. (Abstracted from Center Views, March/April, 1984)

0 0 I 4 Language Planning Newsleucr Volume 11 Number

B0oks and Articles

NOW AVAILABLE-International Education Journal, Heller describes the relationship between English Vol. 1, No. 2, 1984 (PC) Box 1301, Scarsdale, N.Y. and French and between Quebec French and 10583). European French and discusses the social and stylistic This issue has a number of articles of interest to significance of alternate forms. She provides a detailed use in social context in the language planners: description of language Samir Abu-Absi Language Planning and factory, citing examples from such places as the Education in the Arab foreman's office, the laboratories, and the lab coffee World breaks. She concludes that the brewery exemplifies the of old boundaries. At the time Richard B. Baldauf, Jr. Language Policy and process of redefinition Education in American of writing, the engineering department was a forum Samoa for working out the conditions of change and the labs few Maurice M. Chrishimba Language Policy and showed what the brewery would be like in a years' Education in Zambia time "a French social institution where those who not W. Zimmermann Language Planning, only are bilingual but who are able to effectively use Language Policy and their own language and to influence the assignment of Education in Namibia social value to it will dominate the key situations where Donald I-I. Burns Qucchua/Spanish decisions are made." This dissertation is a valuable Bilingual Education and illustration of the interaction of macro language Language Policy in planning promotion of language change and micro Bolivia change where individuals work out their own agenda.

NOW Ethnicity and Politics in AVAILABLE-Language, NOW AVAILABLE-Bang/a poribhasa: Monica Heller. Doctoral dissertation Quebec by itihash-o-shamasyo (Baugla Terminology: History and submitted to the University of California, Berkeley, Problems) by Monsur Musa. 1984. Bangla Sahitya December 1982. (Available from Microfilms University University of Chittagong. 131 pp. Iaka 20. International, Ann Arbor, Michigan.) Sanity, This which adds to the author's recent This dissertation describes changes in language and study, depth lead article in the Newsletter the changing role of language in establishing identity Language Planning (Vol. 10, No. evaluates the of and achieving social status change in the province of 2), acceptance terminology to of formation. Musa's Quebec. In addition to describing the macro changes according linguistic principles textbook on will be in language policy in Quebec, Heller examines the (in Bengali) language planning the next changing role and use of language in a brewery in published by Bangla Academy year. Montreal. This is of particular interest because of the unique focus of Bill 101, which stipulated that it is NOW Contact necessary to provide economic incentives for the use AVAILABLE-Bilingualism, Language and Use and of French. The implementation of this section of the Planning: Proposals for Language Language in Zimbabwe E.A. 1982. Mambo bill was carried out through its policy agency, the Teaching by Ngara. Press, Cwelo, Zimbabwe. Office de la Langue Français, which set up the following stipulations: (1) the only language an employer can require of NOW et Territoire a candidate for employment, promotion, or AVAILABLE-Lange (Language and A. 1984. transfer is French, unless the employer can Territory) by Jean Laponce. Quebec, Canada, Les Presses de l'université Laval. show that the conditions of'a specific job Quebec, 282 entail knowledge also of a language other pp. $14 (Canadian). than French; (2) all written communication in a private or This is a discussion of language rights considered public enterprise must he in French only; from the individual (or ticuropsychological) and the (3) all organizations must prove to the geographical perspectives. Some of the individual government that they are functioning in rights discussed are: the right of speaking, the right to French in order to receive a "certificate of understand and be understood, the right to schooling francisation" which constitutes, in essense, a in one's mother tongue, and the right of language license to do business in Quebec. This applies identity. In discussing the territorial issue, the author to business firms, whether privately owned or considers the following solutions: Switzerland, state owned, and to other units such as Belgium, Yugoslavia, and Finland, as well as situations hospitals. with a fixed or changing boundary.

Volume 11 0 Number t " Language Planning Newsletter Now. NOW AVAILABLE--La Cr/se des Langues (Standard stages, beginning in the tenth century, and makes Language Crisis) edited by Jacques Maurais. Le several recommendations for a language policy. In Conseil de la langue françaisc and les Editions Robert. particular, the author suggests three lines of action: (Order from Minisére des Communications, Direction (1) making Catalan the language of the means of de la commercialisation, C.P. 1005, Quebec, Québec, social communication, changing the language of mass G1K 7115, Canada or Editions Le Robert, 105 Avenue communication, public administration, and education; Pannentier, 75011, Paris, France). (2) dismantling the cultural colonization, including changing the way in which social relations are in education and the control of This volume includes authors and chapter titles as presented changing mass communication; and a national follows: j. Maurais-Introduction; N. Gueunier-The (3) promoting Crisis of French in France; J. Manrais-'I he Crisis of Popular culture. It is of considerable note that many of the recommendations are French in Quebec; J.-M. Klinkenberg-Belgium; C. language policy currently in LPN has Rnbattel-Switzerland; R. Ruiz-The Crisis of English being implemented; particular, published information about recent of in the U.S.; C. jolly & R. Robertson-Commonwealth; activities public administration in the of W. Sauer-Germany; R. Avila-The Spanish of promoting development Catalan in Mexico; C. Salvaclor-Thc Spanish of Spain; L. Spain. Behares-'The Spanish of Uruguay; K. Rotactxe & X. Altiibar-The Basque of Spain; A. Bastardas--Catalan; D. Kostic & R. R. Hillman-Swcden; E. Bugarski-Yugoslavia; NOW AVAILABLE-Die Linguistic Challenge of the Hansen-Den mark; C. A. Gundersen-Norway; 80's: Issues in Bilingualism Language and Society, No. 10, 0. Schwarzwald & R. Sehestyén-Hungary; Summer 1983. Proceedings of the Colloquium Herzlich-Israel; H. J. Jeon-Korea; j. sponsored by the Office of the Commissioner of Rubin-Indonesia (extract of a text); and A. Official Languages, Trent University, Peterborough, Rey-Summary. September 10-11, 1982. (Copies available are free of charge from Editor, Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, Ottawa, Canada KIA 0T8.) NOW AVAILABLE-"Achieving Nationhood Through Language: The Challenge of Namibia' by A group of distinguished Canadians gathered at Mubanga E. Kashoki. lijird World Quarterly, Vol. 4, Trent University in 1982 to assess the future of No. 2 (April 1982). Pp. 281-290. bilingualism its Canada. This special issue of Language and Society features excerpts from a variety of at the and This cogent article argues the need to recognize presentations given colloquium highlights the debates on reform. language diversity as part of nation-building, and ensuing language The session featured discussion of suggests that it is helpful for new nations to recognize, opening bilingual districts. the B and B Commission and accept, and be prepared to address this diversity. The Proposed by for in the federal Official Act, author offers the "heresy that the reality of all nations, provided Languages districts have never been without exception, is that, if there is an intrinsic bilingual formally Has an been lost forever? characteristic which they share, that characteristic is proclaimed. opportunity Are the difficulties that might disharmony or national conflict." The author then political proclamation Is there another way to get the suggests that this acknowledgment "for those of us on bring insuperable? same result without into such difficulties? the brink of independence, (should) serve the useful running These and other were debated with a mix of purpose of preparing us to face the future with less questions and alarmist or pessimistic propensity than is normally the pessimism optimism. The second session, devoted to language in the case when our political attitudes gear us only to expect sector, to determine the direction (bat. harmony within our nations." public sought language reform measures should take in the future. Should a major thrust be given to new breakthroughs, particularly in language of work? Should the present NOW AVAILABLE-El Con/lie/u Lengi/istico en system be dismantled? Or should the goal be steady Catalnna: Historia y Presente (The Language Conflict in and consistent progress along the lines of current Catalan: Past and Present) by Francesc Vallverdii. federal and provincial language policies? 1981. Ediciones Peninsula, Barcelona. 175 pp. The third session dealt with language and business and focused particularly on language of work in Vallerdri's book describes historical changes in the Quebec and in other French-speaking regions of sociocultoral position of the Catalan language in nine Canada. The issues covered included: the language(s)

0 5 Language Maiming Nrwstrnei " Volurnr 11 Number

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of corporate headquarters, the responsibility of Crown need for Canadians at large to be better informed of corporations to act as linguistic trend-setters, the educational options vis-à-vis language education. advantages and disadvantages of government (Abstracted from pp. 1-2) intervention in the form of language legislation NOW AVAILABLE-Bilingualism or Not: The Education regulating the private sector, and the overall effects of Minorities by love Skutnabb-Kangas. 1984. for business and society of Quebec's francization Multilingual Matters Ltd, Clevedon, Avon, England. program. 378 pp. £22.80. On language and education, the topic of the final session, the discussion unraveled into several quite In addition to describing educational and linguistic distinct threads: the impact on educational authorities considerations in understanding the process of book has of the new Charter of Rights and Freedoms; the need becoming (or not becoming) a bilingual, the for a national language-in-education strategy; a call one chapter describing some of the social concerns for universities to set second-language entry and winch a country, in particular those iii Scandinavian graduation requirements; and the equally important areas, should bear in mind.

Tliti Dictionary of the Hebrew Language__.it was clear, even to lien Yehuda when The Historical Dictionary of the Nevertheless, he was alive, that by the very nature of the ease his Hebrew Language Thesaurus was not complete. Therefore, in 1959, the Hebrew Language Academy decided to continue in Fellman* Jack Ben Yehtida's footsteps and 1.0 set up an ongoing a As one of their main tasks in language planning, project to compose, with the aid of computers, historical of the Hebrew most language academies are involved in preparing complete dictionary language of all based on a selected and dictionaries for their respective languages. The periods, carefully and edited set of Hebrew Language Academy is involved in preparing a scientifically prepared critically sources from classical and historical dictionary of Hebrew. Indeed, Hebrew is the ranging (Biblical times, the medieval and only language which is not Indo-European which at post-Biblical) through and down to the creation of the present is being so treated by a language academy. pre-modern periods, state of Israel in 1948. Actually, composing a historical dictionary of Hebrew is a most difficult task because Hebrew has more than Now, some 25 years later, the historical dictionary is in full In a Ben Ychuda of three thousand years o uninterrupted textual activity progress. special Building the Hebrew on the of the and, as such, has the longest historically attested Language Academy campus Hebrew in a staff of 16 record of any language extant. Nevertheless, because University Jerusalem, and 6 Hebrew died in speech around the year 200, and was language specialists computer specialists prepare the materials for the full realization of Ben Yehuda's only successfully revived as a spoken tongue in concordances Palestine some one hundred years ago, most lexicographical dream. At present, and word-lists of the main texts of the classical researchers tended to regard only the early periods of period to ca. million words arid Hebrew-anti in particular the Biblical period-as (clown 1000), totalling some 5 in more than 80 volumes, are available. worthy of any serious and extended attention. quotations Materials of the medieval and modern are also Anything later was disregarded, or regarded at best as periods available, but in lower a linguistic curiosity or oddity. significantly proportions. material has been to enable Because of such linguistic prejudice, Eliezer Ben Enough already gathered in of a for Yehutla, the "hither of the Hebrew language revival," the publishing 1982 specimen dictionary one of the most roots in Hebrew. This took great pains to consider all of Hebrew as one complex received continuous historical progression and to seek to create pamphlet was very well among language and here one sees the the a historical dictionary of both ancient and modern specialists, clearly shape future will take. The will Hebrew. His single-handed, monumental achievement dictionary dictionary make available the entire of in the lexicographical sphere, his Thesaurus Totius ultimately history every J-Iebraitatis et Veteris et Recentioris, was finished Hebrew word: its source, origin, and derivation; its historical and uses, arid posthumously and published in 1958 in 17 volumes developmental meanings, collocations; its various vocalizations, and covering some 20,000 words and some half million spellings, forms; and its of all quotations in a little under 8,000 pages. grammatical frequencies usage, supported by a long list of chronologically ordered over lack Fcllniaii is a professor 01 Ilebi ew and Semitic languages quotations spaced (where possible) 30-year Bar-flan University, Rainat-Gan, Israel. periods.

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THE NEED FOR AN EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES OF GLOSA INTERNATIONAL AUXILIARY All Glosa words are etymologically lively and interesting. For example, tree is Dendro, as in the Greek rlrodo-dendroo LANGUAGE (literally, red-tree); dendro is connected with druid, dryad, and true. Archz-tect is Greek chief-builder. teet occurs Wendy Ashby* meaning in tectonic plates, and from the same root is techno, meaning Many people, many linguists included, believe that in skill, art as in technology. The Latin teet has come to mean this age of electronic communication humanity needs a one part of a building, the roof, cover, from which we get constructed international auxiliary language. Modern detect, to uncover. The German words dach and thatch come technology now gives everybody in the world the means to from the same Indo-European root. communicate, to speak with and to see any other individual Glosa uses the international botanical and zoological anywhere. The chief obstruction to the easy exchange of names for plants and animals. By studying Glosa 6,000, the information is the existence of thousands of languages. A student is able to understand the meanings of more than a world that is being knit together into one electronic web million scientific words occurring in biology and medicine. demands a world language, a second language that people Scientists coin thousands of new words each year and almost can learn in addition to their own native tongues. all are now derived from Greek. All Glosa words are defined Such a language must have a potentially infinite by the modern scientific meaning. vocabulary to keep pace with the accelerating rate of Glosa helps enormously in the speedy acquisition of the scientific discovery and have no grammar. It must be easy to European vocabularies. learn, a language equally suitable for scientist, computer, peasant, and poet. THE NETWORK IS SPREADING GLOSA IS THE BEST ADVOCATE Glosa has been publicized on a small scale for only a short time; however, and educationalists from Such a language now exists-Glosa. The vocabulary many linguists consists of Latin and Greek words and roots common to the around the world are adopting the language with much enthusiasm. Euro-languages and to scientific and technical terminology Various dictionaries are available Glosa 1,00(1 which carry them into every part of the modern and including (basic), Glosa 6,000 (intermediate), and Glosa Advanced, modernizing world. There is a central vocabulary of about which lists 5,000 rarer Greek and Latin elements which 1,000 words with which any kind of information can be occur in international scientific terminology, the dictionaries exchanged. This small, efficient vocabulary is easily learned. contain all the instructions for The words are brief, have a good alternation of vowels and necessary communicating, immediately, in the language. consonants, and so are easy to pronounce, especially easy for The newsletter Flu Glosa Note members Orientals, who find consonant clusters difficult. Brief words monthly keeps up-to-date with Glosa progress and contains articles about mean rapid writing, rapid reading, rapid thinking, and linguistics, etymology, science, education, the Third World, conservation of paper. There are no homophones, and each and conservation; also letters, pcnfriends, and puzzles. word represents only one concept. Therefore, Glosa is ideal for computerization. There are five vowel sounds as in Further information is availablefrom: Spanish. Each word can be represented by one to four arid Glosa sometimes five letters, thus enabling highspeed typing and 132 Kew Road providing a shorthand system for rapid note taking. In Richmond, Surrey addition to the central vocabulary, there is an extended TW9 2AU vocabulary of more than 100,000 words for literature, ENGlAND poetry, and stylistic variety. GLOSA HAS NO GRAMMAR

Glosa has no grammar in the everyday significance of that term. It has no useless rules and no inflexions. It is an isolating language. Instead of an inflexion, Glosa uses a functional word, in the same way that English employs shall and did to form the future and past tense of a verb: "I did think" instead of "I thought." An isolating language is capable of much greater subtlety than an inflected one, for the number of inflexions is limited, but an isolating language has its whole vocabulary available for modification. Glosa is easy, accurate, euphonious, and subtle. Each word can serve as any part of speech just as in Chinese and increasingly, in English. In "a bottle," bottle is a noun; in "bottle-green," an adjective; and in "bottle the wine," a verb. The only rules Glosa has is word order, which is almost the same as English; subject-verb-object.

*The author has been working with Ron Clark to promote a modified version of Professor Lancelot Hoghen's international language Interglossa (1943).

1 Language Planning Newsletter " Volume 11 0 Number I