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Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) of Rural Women in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka on Underutilized Vegetable Crops

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Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) of Rural Women in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka on Underutilized Vegetable Crops Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of rural women in the dry zone of Sri Lanka on underutilized vegetable crops Ruwan Chamara, Madhavi Wijerathna, Ishani Herath, and Ranil Rajapaksha Research should be taken to popularize and conserve underutilized vegetables. Documentation of information is also important for sustainable use and Abstract exploring the future potential. Background: Underutilized vegetables are those plant species with potential food and medicinal uses, Keywords: Underutilized Vegetables, Medicinal and contributing to the socio-economic welfare of the Values, Food Preparations, Conservation, Women, rural communities. However, they are Sri Lanka underexploited. These plants play a vital role in rural communities, particularly for the women, in food Correspondence supply and preparation and thus contributing to dietary variations and food security in households. Ruwan Chamara1, Madhavi Wijerathna 2 *, Ishani The present study was conducted to investigate the Herath2, and Ranil Rajapaksha1 knowledge, attitudes and practices on underutilized vegetables by rural women in selected village 1Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, communities in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 2*Department of Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Methods: A total of 328 respondents comprising of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. rural women were randomly selected from four villages in Mahailluppallama irrigation block of the *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Mahaweli zone H in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. Ethnobotany Research & Applications Primary data were collected through face-to-face 21:25 (2021) interviews using an interview schedule and also the direct observations. Results: Seventy-nine (79) underutilized vegetable Background species were reported to be consumed by the Zero hunger is the 2nd United Nations Sustainable respondents as a part of their normal diet. However, Development Goal (UNSDG) that the member 20 of them were least consumed due to factors such countries are committed to achieve by 2030 as lack of interest among the younger generation, (Jorgensen & Costanza 2016). The targets include lack of availability, lack of awareness, and sustainable food production through resilient inadequate knowledge on their preparation as a food agricultural practices that maintain ecosystem item. Women play the major role in collecting, sustainability. It also includes maintaining the genetic preparing and related decision making on diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and their related underutilized vegetables. wild species, ensuring equitable sharing benefits of genetic resources and associated knowledge and Conclusions: A considerable diversity of thus preventing from the extinction (FAO 2019). underutilized vegetables exist in the community. However, some of them were less consumed and World’s population is expected to increase up to 9.6 were not available in adequate quantities. Measures billion by 2050 (Gerland et al. 2014). Increased Manuscript received: 20/07/2020 - Revised manuscript received: 07/04/2021 - Published: 09/06/2021 http://dx.doi.org/10.32859/era.21.25.1-25 2 population will lead to increase in demand for foods, nutritious, yet neglected in terms of cultivation and threatening agricultural sustainability (Chen et al. use. Nevertheless, they would be much important to 2016, Farooq et al. 2019, Lewis & Nocera 2006,). At ensure the future food and nutritional security of Sri present, about 690 million people in under- Lankan community particularly in rural areas. These developed nations are unable to meet their daily food underutilized crops, which are predominantly fruits intake (FAO 2020), especially in the Asian and and vegetables, are considered to be sources of vital African regions (Porter et al. 2014). Majority of micronutrients with many health benefits. They also preschool children from countries of this region suffer have great economic potential and agronomic from energy deficiencies and malnutrition (Pinstrup‐ advantages including attributes such as climate Andersen 2007). resilience (Malkanthi 2017, Ranil et al, 2021). Food requirement of the contemporary world is met Underutilized plant species often have ability to primarily through limited number of species such as tolerate harsh climatic conditions and resist pest and rice, wheat and maize. Other crop species that can disease manifestations. Thus, they offer a great contribute significantly as food in a nutrient-rich diet opportunity for climate change adaptation. Moreover, receive little attention (Williams & Haq 2002). they could contribute to food security and poverty Currently, more than 7,000 species are neglected alleviation, consequently reducing malnutrition within (Ulian et al. 2020). According to Reeves (2016), half the rural communities. However, modern agriculture of the global requirement for protein and favors few cash crops that generate attractive carbohydrates are provided by rice, maize, and income within a short time period. This in turn leads wheat, resulting in unbalanced diets leading to to the neglect of remaining crops and lowering of the obesity and malnutrition among people. This utilization of plant genetic diversity (Dansi et al. situation is expected to worsen further in the future 2012). Therefore, genetic erosion has become with increasing population and consequences of intensive (Williams 2002). Underutilized crops are global climate change. Sri Lanka is not an exception. generally found in many agricultural ecosystems, The economic growth of Sri Lanka has been slower fallow lands, along the irrigation channels, roadsides, in the recent past especially in the agricultural sector home gardens, and also from natural forests in Sri (CBSL 2009, CBSL 2019), with an increasing trend Lanka. These crops had been regularly used by the in poverty and hunger mainly in the rural areas. indigenous communities for many years in their diet Population growth and urbanization is expected to especially during famines and lean seasons increase further with the increased demand for food. (Williams 2002). They have multiple uses in the food This will also lead to less land availability for ways including staple, appetizer, gruel, soups, cultivation, further increasing the pressure on beverages, dessert, snacks, and source for agricultural lands resulting in poor land management medicinal purposes. and enhanced degradation. Therefore, meeting the increasing demand for food in an environmentally Despite the diversity and consumption of friendly manner will be one of the major challenges underutilized crops in Sri Lanka, there is a scarcity of to be faced by Sri Lanka. information on their geographical distribution, and nutritional, medicinal and other phytochemical Sri Lanka is a lower-middle-income earning island properties, as well as their potential to enhance the nation with approximately 21.8 million people living economic status of the rural communities. Moreover, in a total area of 65, 610 km2. Population density is the indigenous knowledge associated with about 348/ km2 (CBSL 2019). About 18.2 percent of underutilized vegetables (UVs) still remain as the population is urban, 77.4% in rural areas and personal memories within the rural society. Such 4.4% in the state sector (CPH 2015). Being a tropical knowledge on UVs with respect to their food and country located in the low latitudes between 60 and medicinal uses has not been properly explored and 100 N in the Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka shows a typical documented, where the knowledge repositories are maritime- tropical climate (Punyawardena 2008). mainly with the rural women having associated with The country is divided into three climatic zones food preparation (Aluko 2018, Howard 2003) and namely, Wet, Intermediate and Dry Zones, based on family health (Ibnouf 2012). the spatial distribution of the annual rainfall. The concept of cultural eco-feminism explains the Despite the relatively small land mass, Sri Lanka has unique relationship between women and nature been identified as a country rich in biodiversity (Tiondi 2000), which can be used in managing (Muthukudaarachchi & Wijeratne 2007). It also has a natural resources, particularly UVs. Ethnobiological wide range of agro-biodiversity including neglected knowledge and practice of rural women in plants are and underutilized crop genetic resources. The important features as they are considered as the majority of elements of biodiversity are edible and main managers of plant diversity through wild food 3 gathering, agro-biodiversity conservation, natural Field survey and data collection resource management, and therefore the A field survey was conducted in four selected transmission and conservation (Howard & Cuijpers villages (Figure: 1) in Mahailuppallama block of the 2002, Pfeiffer & Butz 2005). Their traditional Mahaweli zone H in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka, knowledge on plants is important in promoting food namely Senapura, Katiyawa, Dikwewa, and diversity and healthy food systems in ethno nutrition Dangollagama. while contributing to policies protecting plant biodiversity. Moreover, it helps to make conservation A total of 328 women from rural households in the plans on existing structures of local knowledge four study villages were selected by simple random (Kuhnlein 2014, Padmanabhan 2011). Fonjong sampling technique to collect primary data through (2008), argues that women are critical both as interviews and observations. All households in the
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