ISSN 2278- 4136

ZDB-Number: 2668735-5

IC Journal No: 8192 Volume 2 Issue 1

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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Leguminosae () in Tribal Medicines

Meghendra Sharma1 and Ashwani Kumar2*

1. Department of Science and Technology, Govt of Rajasthan, SATcom office, IGPRS Campus, JLN Marg, Jaipur 302004, [Email: [email protected]] 2. Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India

According to Sushruta, no in this world is useless. A large number of crude drugs used in Ayurvedic system employ of family Fabaceae. The family Fabaceae popularly known as legumes, is the third largest order of seed-plants containing about 600 genera with 12,000 speices. All the three subfamilies of Fabaceae have been given the status of family and hence they will be treated here as distinct families. Details of medicinal plants of these families and their uses are presented here. Keyword: Fabaceae, Acacia, Tribal medicine, Ethnobotany

1. Introduction between and near the tropics and are more Some ethnobotanical work in India was done in abundant in the old than in the New World. The botanical survey of India. The scope, importance family includes the greatest number of Legumes, and methodology of this field have been out lined comparising 400 genera with about 7000 species. by various workers such as Jain (1965), Mitra and It is an extremely important family and its Jain (1991) Kumar (2000) Maheshwari and Singh members yield nutritious food, fiber, shelter, (1984). The ethanobotanical studied were carried valuable medicines and also virulent poisons out in different parts of India by various workers (Datta and Mukherji, 1952). as Shivani and Kumar (2000, 2002), Gupta and Kumar ( 2000, 2002a, b), Mishra and Kumar The members exhibit most varied properties, (2001 a,b), Kotia and Kumar ( 2000, 2001), and some are amylaceous, other oleaginous, many Trivedi (2002). The application of herbal yield resins, balsams and dyes, a few are medicines has been studied by and Seema and astringent, acrid and bitter, narcotic and Kumar (2004 and 2005) Sharma and Kumar poisonous, emetic and purging, tonic and (2006, 2007), Singh et al., (2010) and Sharma and restorative. The seeds are often anti periodic and Kumar (2011) Sharma et al., (2011). the anthelmentic.

2. Results and Discussion Some of the important genera are Abrus sp., Results are presented in table 3.1 to 3.4. Alhagi sp., Arachis sp., Butea sp., Cajanus sp., I. Family Paplionaceae (Fabaceae): Cicer sp., Derris sp., Glycine sp., Glycyrrhiza sp., The members of family Papilionaceae are herbs, Medicago sp., Pisum sp., Phaselous sp., Psoralea shrubs or found in all climates but mostly

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sp., Sesbania sp., Tephrosia sp., Vicia sp. and whole plant, mixed with curd and give once a Vigna sp.. day (or if needed twice) to cure diarrhea. Rice Medicinal plants of family Papilionaceae are with such curd should be taken as a diet given in table 3.9. during treatment and no sugar or salt should be used in the diet. 1. Butea monosperma O Kuntze.‘Palas’ 6. Alysicarpus vaginalis Linn. DC. ‘Davai’: It The Oraon and Korwa tribes of Madhya is known for cough. Santhals of Santhal Pradesh make the root decoction and Pargana in Bihar use its root as an antifertility used it in urinary troubles. The agent. decoction is used in loose motions. Andh, 7. Atylosia scarabaeoides Benth. ‘Banherwa’: Bhil, Gond, Halba, Kokna, Korku and In Raigarh (Aeppu) of Madhya Pradesh the Malhar tribes of Khandala region in tribal people use the plant decoction (100 ml.) Maharashtra use its flowers for urinary as a tonic after delivery. The fresh paste complaints. Fresh or dried flowers are is applied on swellings of leg. The pod are crushed and mixed with water. One cup of also eaten for this purpose. In Bihar tribal extract is given for proper urination. people make plant or root into a paste and Santals of Santal pargana in Bihar use its mix with coconut oil to apply on head for for tuberculosis. It is also known as fifteen days to check falling hairs to cure depurative, aphrodisiac, astringent, baldness (Tarafdar and Chaudhari, 1997 ). anthelmintic, rubifacient, antidote to 8. Atylosia volubilis Blanco. ‘Gamble’: snake bite and it is also used for Inhabitants of Orissa use its root for mumps. diarrhoea, piles, tumours, dysentery and The root is made into a paste and applied herpes. locally. 2. Flemingia chappar Ham. ‘Salpan’: 9. Clitoria ternatea Linn. ‘Aparajit’: In Bihar the people of santhal tribes use 1 Inhabitants of Dhasan valley in Bundelkhand to 2 drops of juice extracted from pressed region of Utter Pradesh apply the powdered seeds put in the eyes as a remedy in eye root externally for the treatment of gotire. In troubles and to remove cataract. In India it is also used as cathartic, diuretic and Madhya Pradesh this plant is also known antidote against snake bite. It is also useful as ‘Galphule’, in Gamharia (Raigarh) of against leprosy. Madhya Pradesh, the leaf juice mixed 10. Crotolaria alata Ham. ‘Gunghra’: In with seven drops of mustard oil and a Gamharia (Raigarh) of Madhya Pradesh the little amount of jaggery is used in eye pain Oraon tribal people use to rub the paste of by the tribal people. the whole plant on the body for curing joints 3. Flemingia congesta Roxb. ‘Mahadeokama’: and muscular pains. The root decoction 50 In Gamharia (Raigarh) of Madhya ml. is used 5 times daily in scorpion stings Pradesh, the root decoction 50 ml. is and in snake bite. administered orally three times daily in 11. Crotolaria albida Heyne. ‘Banmethi’: The spermatorrhoea by the tribal people. tribes of Ambikapur in Madhya Pradesh use 4. Indigofera cassiodies Rotle ex DC ‘Jhilla’: give about 2 gm.powdered root twice a day to The Kusmi tribal people of Madhya Pradesh a victim of snake bite. use the root of the plant powdered with bark 12. Crotolaria bialata Heyne.‘ Murgijori’: The of Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.) and Kurmi Mahato tribes of Bihar use root paste half teaspoonful powder prescribed to women three times for nine days in discharge of for preventing conception. blood with urine. 5. Indigofera linnaei Ali. ‘Runkhadi’: 13. Crotolaria pallida Dry. Syn. C.Striata DC. Inhabitants of Gujrat and South East ‘Thankur’: Mikirs of Assam take about 20 Rajasthan take about 10 gm. fresh juice of

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ml. extract of in early morning to kill The members of family Caesalpiniaceae are trees, intestinal worms. shrubs or rarely herbs numerous in the Tropics. 14. Crotolaria semialata Linn. ‘Gulabi’: The They scarcely extend beyond the tropical belt in Kurmi tribes of Madhya Pradesh use about the old world and they are rather few in North half tea spoon powdered root for malarial America. The sub family includes 56 genera with fever . about 650 species. The members exhibit mostly 15. Crotolaria sericea Retz ‘Ghurhiti’: The tonic, astringent and mucilaginous properties, tribes of Ambikapur, use the roots of this some have a pectoral and or cathartic plant and Byttneria herbaceae Roxb.They are action; others are anthelmintic antiseptic, powdered and 2 gm. of this powder is used antipyretic, styptic. Some of the important genera for curing gonorrhoea . are Bauhinia sp., Cassia sp., Cynometra sp. 16. Crotolaria spectabilis Retz ‘Sonokai’: In 1. Bauhinia purpurea Linn. ‘Khairwal’: In Bihar Oraon and Khond tribes used plant Raigarh (Sisrangha) the tribal people used paste in rheumatism twice daily for fifteen the stem bark decoction (50 ml.) three days. The patient should take it with an empty times daily in body pain and fever. The stomach one hour before his meal. Another young leaves and buds are cooked as method of tribal use is the fresh plant swept food. Santhals, Bhumij, Birhors and over the body of a patient three times daily Kherias of West Bengal apply paste of its for fifteen days . bark on sores of small-pox ( Jain and De, 17. Crotolaria prostrata Rottl. ‘Bilaiban’: Oraon 1966 ). Nagas of Nagaland use its bark for and Korwa tribes of Madhya Pradesh made curring cancerous growth in stomach ( the twigs into pieces and used in nabhi locally known as ‘Chapo’). Paste of bark treatment. is given in internally. Among the 18. Desmodium gyroides (Lamk.) DC.: inhabitants of Dharmpuri Forest Division Inhabitants of Hazaribagh district of Bihar use in Tamil Nadu, the leaf – paste of this its whole plant to promote conceptions. The plant mixed with milk (latex) of Jatropha plant is made into paste with 4 leaves of curcas is administered to cure jaundice. It Ocimum sanctum (scared Tulsi ), put in a is also known as anthelmintic, diuretic, banana and given to a lady for conception. astringent, carminative and for diarrhoea. 19. Desmodium motorium DC. ‘Jugni’: In 2. Bauhinia purpurea: In Sisrangha Gamharia (Raigarh) of Madhya Pradesh the (Raigarh) of Madhya Pradesh the Korwa leaves are used for hypnotizing tribal women tribal people make the root paste and in the treatment of diseases by the tribal mixed with jaggery and ghee and used it people. in bone fracture. Seeds are roasted and 20. Desmodium pulchellum Benth. ‘Jat salpar’: eaten. Leaves are used for making plates In Bihar, Bihar tribal people made root into a by korwa tribe. paste and mixed with sugar candy. This is 3. Bauhinia variegata Linn. ‘Guiral’: It is prescribed to a patient suffering from burning known as astringent, carminative, sensation in the abdomen or chest once in the alterative, anthelmintic antidote to snake morning on an empty stomach and another poison and laxative and used for dose in the evening. (Tarafdar and Chaudhri, dysentery, diarrhoea, skin disease, ulcer, 1997). piles and leprosy. Inhabitants of Garhwal 21. Desmodium triflorum DC. ‘Ban’: In Himalayas use its bark for malaria . Basantpur (Surguja) of Madhya Pradesh, the 4. Caesalpinia pulcherrima (Linn.) Swartz. plant decoction 30ml. is used three times ‘Puraiphul’: It is used as an abortifacient, daily in wormicide by the tribal people. febrifuge, purgative, emmenagogue, tonic, II. Family: Caesalpiniaceae stimulant and for asthama, bronchitis and malerial fever. Seeds and some common

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salts are made into a paste and applied on and purgative. It is used for skin affection, ring worm. Kondh, Bhumij and Saora itches and ring worm. tribes of Orissa use the decocation of its 9. Cassia occidentalis is also used in tribal fresh seeds for pain in gums due to medicine. inflammation. It is also used as tonic, iii. Family: Mimosaceae: purgative, stimulant, abortifacient, The members of sub family Mimosaceae are trees emmenagogue, febrifuge and also used for or shrubs, very rarely herbs. They are found in bronchitis, asthama and malerial fever. the tropical zone and are especially numerous in 5. Cassia auriculata Linn. ‘Anwal, Africa and Australia. They are rare in the sub- Avaram’ Syn auriculata : Tribals tropical region of the northern hemisphere. The of Eastern Rajasthan use the extract of its member exhibit tonic and astringent, emetic, seeds for asthama. Inhabitants of antiperiodic and anthelmintic properties. Many Maharashtra use its root extract for yield demulcent gums. rheumatism pain. The root are mixed with Maytenus emarginatus roots. In India it is The sub family of Mimosaceae includes 23 used as astringent and anthelmintic, used genera with about 550 species. Some of the for urinary complaints, skin affection, important genera are Acacia sp., Albizzia sp., diabetes, and ophthalmia. Entada sp., Leucaena sp., Neptunia sp., 6. Cassia occidentalis Linn.‘Dhendheni’: sp., Parkia sp., Mimosa sp., Pithecolobium sp. In Kundi (Surgiya) of Madhya Pradesh 1. Entada pursaetha DC. ssp. the tribal people use the twigs as tooth sinohimalyenesis Grierson and Long. brush. Syn. E.scandens Auct. ‘Pangra’: 7. Cassia sophera Linn. ‘Raw Asan’: Inhabitants of Sikkim apply the paste of Bhoxa of U.P. use its leaves for piles. In its kernel locally to cure mumps. . Gond, India it is used as diuretic, purgative and Halba and Maria tribes of Abujmarh area antidote to snake bite and used for ring in Madhya Pradesh use the paste of the worm and bronchitis. The leaf paste with seeds for curing paralysis. The paste is Neem oil is applied locally, it relieves rubbed on the affected part 3-4 times a itching and pain . day. 8. Cassia tora Linn. ‘Panavar’ Syn. Cassia 2. Acacia chundra ( Rottl. ) Willd. Syn. obfusifolia L., Senna oblusifolia L.: In Acacia sundra DC. ‘Kair’: Bhils, Bihar the Oraon and Khond tribes, make Nayakas and other tribal communities of root into a paste and along with the Gujrat, use its for leucoderma. Paste powder prepared from the horns of a cow, of wood is applied locally. given orally once daily in high fever and 3. Acacia nilotica: Commonly found in to a patient who are unable to speak and Rajasthan has great medicinal value. hear. In Raigarh (Aeppu) of Madhya 4. Albizzia lebbek Benth.‘ khairi’: Fresh Pradesh the tribal people make the seed decoction is used three times daily in powder and mixed with tea and is used 2- stomach troubles and dysentery in Bihar 3 times daily in cough, headache and by many tribes. fever. In Madhya Pradesh the tribals of 5. Neptunia triquetra Bent. ‘Lajalu’: Kols, Ambikapur district take stem and seeds in Gonds, Lodhs and Gujars of Banda equal quantities are boiled in water and district in Uttar Pradesh give extract of its filtered by tribals and about 100 ml filtrate root for dysentery. taken orally twice a day for 5 to 10 days Besides these plants Acacia senegal, as an anti-asthamatic drug. The young Acacia leucopholea leaves are cooked as vegetable. In India it is used as laxative, antidote to snake bite

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Table 3.1: Plant Used in Musical Instruments

S. No. Name of the Plant Parts used Musical instruments

1. Acacia leucophloea Wood Dhol

2. Acacia nilotica Ghungroo

Wood Dholak, Chhang, 3. Ailanthus excelsa Leaves Papaya

4. Albizia procera Wood Dholak

5. Boswellia serrata Wood Dholak, Tambura

Wood Dholak 6. Butea monosperma Leaves Papaya

7. Cassia tora Leaves Papaya

8. Dalbergia sissoo Wood Dhol

Table 3.2: Plants Used for Female Disease

S. Name of Official Mode of Ailment No. plant organ Administration Powder taken Abrus Increase scanty 1. Seed orally after precatorius menstrual flow menstruation Acacia Paste taken orally 2. nilotica subsp. Pods Leucorrhoea with milk indica Butea Protrusion of 4. Bark Decoction orally monosperma uterus 5. Cajanus cajan Fruit Galactagogus Orally

Table 3.3: Plants Used as Birth Control

S. Name of the Plant Official organ Mode of Administration No. 1. Abrus precatorius Seed Powder taken orally with water during menstruation

2. Butea monosperma Gum Orally with water for a week

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Table 3.4: Plants of Sub-family Papilionaceae (Family Fabaceae)

S. Common name in Common name in Botanical name Part used No. Hindi English Crab’s eyes, Indian Roots, leaves 1. Chirmiti Liquorice, Rosary pea, Abrus precatorius Linn. and seeds Rati seed Javansa, Jawasa, Arabian Manna Plant, Twig root and 2. Junwasa, Juwasa, Camel Thorn Persian Alhagi camelorum Linn. leaves Yavasa. Manna Plant Arhar, Thur & Arhar Pigeon pea, cango pea, Seeds, leaves 3. Cajanus indicus Spreng. dal Dal. and flowers Barasem, Gojiaseme, Broad Bean, Sword 4. Canavalia ensiformis DC. Leaves Sem Bean Chick pea, Horse 5. Chan, Chunma gram, Black gram, Cicer arintinum Linn. Seeds Brown gram. Aparajita, Aprajit, Root, leaves, Kalijer, Kowa, Blue pea, Mussel 6. Clitoria ternatea Linn. seeds, stem and Shobanjan, shell, creeper flower. Vishnukranti Devil Bean, Wedge – 7. Ghunghunian C. retusa Linn. Roots and leaves leaved Crotalaria Basam, Bansham, 8. Warted crotalaria C. versucosa Leaves and root Jhunjhunia Blackwood of south Shisham, Shisu, 9. India, Bombay D. latifolia Roxb. Whole plant Sistal, Paharisissu blackwood. Shisham, Sisam, SouthIndian Redwood, Bark, leaves, oil 10. D. sissio Roxb. Sissai, Sissu, Sisu Sissoo and wood 11. Gonj Hog, Creeper Derris scandens Benth Bark Salpan, Salpani, Desmodium gangeticum 12. Salun, Salwan, Tick Trefoil Root DC. Shalpani Horse Grain, Horse Gahat, Kulat, Kultha, 13. gram, Kooltee, Madras Dolichos biflorus Linn. Pulse Kulthi, Kulti, Kurti gram 14. NA NA D. falcatus Klein. Root and seeds Bhatavasu, Lobia, Egyptian Bean, Indian 15. Bhetarasu, D. lablab Linn. Seed and leaves Bean, Kidney Bean Makhanism Mandara, Paltamandara, Red bean , Indian 16. Erythrina indica Lam. Bark and leaves Pangara, Pangra, coral tree, Bastard teak Panjira Dauldhak, Madar, Madara, Nasut, 17. Corky Coral tree E. suberosa Roxb. Bark Pangara, Rowanna, Rungra Jethimadh, Root, leaves and 18. Liquorice Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. Joshtimadhu drug China bean, Japan Bhat, Bhatwan, 19. bean, Soy bean, White Glycine Soja Sieb. & Zucc. Root Ramkurthi bean Surat indigo, Wild Root, leaves and 20. Surmainil Indigofera argentea Linn. indigo seeds Common Indigo, 21. Gouli, Lil, Nil, Nir. I. tinctoria Linn. Root and leaves Indigo 22. Masur, masuridal Lentil Lens esculenta Moench. Seed

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Banmethi, Metha, 23. Marvo, Gorhadal, Small Melilot Melilot indica All Whole plant Sinji King’s Clover Melilot 24. Aspurk M. officinalis Lam. Plant trefoil Gaunch, Goncha, Kaunch, Kawanch, Root, fruit, pod, Cowage, Cowhage, 25. Kivach, Kivachh, M. prurita Hook. seeds, leaves and Cowitch Kivanchh, Konch, branches Kuyach. Asainda, Kalaphulas, Ougeina dalbergioides 26. Pamar, Sandan, Chariot Tree, Sandan Bark Benth. Timsa, Tinnas Phaseolus aconitifolius 27. Urad, Moth Kidney Bean Pulse Jacq. Butter Bean, Curry 28. Bean, Lima kidney Hursumhulle pullie Phaseolus lunatus Linn. Pulse Bean 29. Harrimung, Mung Mung, Green Gram P. mungo Pulse Dord, Mung, Urid, Black Gram, Green Pulse, root and 30. P. radiatus Linn. Urud, Thikiri Gram, Mung Pulse seeds Mugani, Mugawana, 3- Lobed kidney bean, 31. Rakhal Kalai, P. trilobus Ait. Leaves Wild kidney bean Trianguli French Bean, Kidney 32. Bakla, Loba P.vulagris Linn. Flour and bean Bean Baramattar, 33. Battanichola, Garden pea, Blue pea. Pisum sativum Linn. Seed and peas Golmattar. Kanja, Karanj, Root, oil, leaves, 34. Indian Beech Pongamia glabra Vent. Karanjaka, Kirmal seeds and bark Banda, Bija, Bijasal, Bijasal, Indian kino Gum, bark and 35. P. marsupium Roxb. Paisar tree. leaves Red Sandal Wood, Lalchandan Wood and 36. Red Sanders, Ruby P. santalinus Linn. fil. Ragatchandan legume wood. 37. Brihatchakramed Dhumchee hemp Sesbania aculeate Poir. Seeds Dhandiain Jaint, Seeds, Leaves 38. Jaint, Jait, Janjhan, Egyptian Sesban Sesbania aegyptiaca Poir. and Root Jayanti, Rasin, Jhijan Sarphoka, Sarphonka, Root and whole 39. Wild indigo T. purpurea Pers. Sarphuka plant Khulbi, Lassan, Fenugreek, Greek Trigonella Foenum – 40. Methi, Muthi, Sag Seeds and leaves Hayes. graecum Linn. methi Broad Bean, field 41. Anhuri, Bakla Linn. Shoot and beans bean, Garden bean Common Vetch, Tare, 42. Akra, Ankra Vicia sativa Linn. Seed Vetch Asparagus Bean, Blackeye Pea, Chinese Bora, Chowli, Lobia, Bean, Chowlee, Cow 43. Ransi, Rausa, Rawas, Vigna catiang Walp. pea,Cuba bean, Rice Pulse and seeds Rianish, Sonta bean, Small fruited bean.

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3. References 1. Gupta, R. and Kumar, A. 2000. Ayurvedic Crude 16. Sharma, H. and Kumar, A. (2011): Effect of plant Drugs as Potential (Cure of Diabetes. growth regulators and chemical fertilizers on International Journal Mendel Vol. 17 (3-4) plant growth and productivity of Chlorophytum Pg.127-128. tuberosum and Pergularia daemia Journal of 2. Gupta, R. and Kumar, A. 2002a. Searching for Medicinal Plants Research 5, 2647-2651 anti-diabetic agents among Ayurvedic crude 17. Sharma, M., Sharma, A. and Kumar, A. (2011): drugs. Int. J. Mendal. 19 : 9-10. Ethnopharmacological importance of 3. Gupta, R. and Kumar, A. 2002b. Ethnobotanical Asparagus racemosus: A review. journal of and Ayurvedic applications of Methi-Trigonella pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences 6, 1- foenum-graceum Linn. Int. J. Mendal. 19(3) : 13. 124. 18. Shivani and Kumar, A. 2000. Ayurvedic 4. Jain, S.K. 1963. Studies in Indian ethnobotany . Medicinal plants for Skin disease. International Origin and utility of some vernacular plant Journal of Mendal Vol. (3-4) : 105-106. name. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India 33:525-530 19. Shivani and Kumar, A. 2002. Some important 5. Kumar, A. 2000. Traditional Indian Ayurvedic medicinal plants of family Solanaceae used in Medicines : Some potential plants for Ayurvedic system of medicines. International bioenergy, medicine from India. Institute of Journal of Mendal Vol. 19 : 97-98. Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and 20. Singh, K.P., Upadhyay, B., Prasad, R. and Kumar, Pharmaceutical University, Japan. 27 : 3-15. A. (2010): Screening of Adhatoda vasica nees as 6. Maheshwari, J.K. and Singh, J.P. 1984. Putative HIV-Protease inhibitor. Journal of Contribution to the ethanobotany of Bhoxa Phytology Phytopharmacology 2, 78–82. tribe of Bijnor and Pauri Garhwal district, Uttar Pradesh J. Econ. Bot. 5(2) : 251-259. 7. Mishra, A. and Kumar, A. 2001a. Medicinally important trees of Rajasthan. Int. J. Mendel. 18 : 37-38. 8. Mishra, A. and Kumar, A. 2001b. Studies on Ayurvedic crude for the cure of urinary tract stones. Int. J. Mendel. 18(1-2) : 41-42. 9. Mishra, A.and Kumar, A. 2000a. Ayurvedic Medicinal plants for Skin disease. International Journal of Mendal Vol.-17(3-4) Pg. 91-92. 10. Mishra, A. and Kumar, A. 2000b. Medicinaly important trees of Rajasthan. International Journal of Mendal Vol.-18 : 37-38. 11. Mishra, A. and Kumar, A. 2001. Studies on Ayurvedic Crude Drugs for the cure urinary tract Stones. International Journal of Mendal Vol.-18(1-2) Pg. 41-42. 12. Mitra, R. and Jain, S.K. 1991. Medicinal plant Research in India. An overview Ethanobotany 3: 65 – 77. 13. Seema and Kumar, A. 2004. Importance plants in present scenario. Int. J. Mendel. 21(1-2) : 29- 30. 14. Seema and Kumar, A. 2005. Study of some traditional medicinal plants used by tribal peoples of Rajasthan in human ailments. Int. J. Mendel. 22 : 47-48. 15. Sharma, L., and Kumar, A. 2006. Antimicrobial activity of Agertum conyzoids Linn. A Plant with extra medicinal value. Asian J. Exp. Sci. 20(1) : 41-46.

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