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Available Online at http://www.recentscientific.com International Journal of CODEN: IJRSFP (USA) Recent Scientific

International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Research Vol. 11, Issue, 05(E), pp. 38716-38720, May, 2020 ISSN: 0976-3031 DOI: 10.24327/IJRSR Research Article

DIVERSITY OF THE FAMILY LEGUMINOSAE IN POINT CALIMERE WILDLIFE AND BIRD SANCTUARY, TAMIL NADU

M. Padma Sorna Subramanian1 A. Saravana Ganthi2 and K. Subramonian3

1Survey of Medicinal Unit (S), CCRS, Salem, Tamil Nadu 2Department of Botany, Rani Anna Govt. College for Women, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu 3Department of Botany, The MDT Hindu College, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2020.1105.5363

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article History: The family is the third largest family in Angiosperms and placed in the in the APG III system of classification. Many plants of this family provide food, fodder, fuel, Received 24th February, 2020 th medicine and other basic needs for the human and animal since the ancient time. This family also Received in revised form 19 play a key role on ecosystem functioning. Point Calimere Wildlife and Birds Sanctuary, March, 2020 encompassing 17.26 km of sandy coast, saline swamps and thorny scrub around the backwaters and Accepted 25th April, 2020 th a resting and migratory route for lakhs of birds, is one of the greatest avian spectacles in the country. Published online 28 May, 2020 The Point Calimere coastal area was declared a Ramsar site (No.1210) and a place of international importance for conservation of biodiversity. The present study is an attempt to document different Key Words: legume and their uses in Point Calimere Wildlife and Birds Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, . Conservation, Endemics, Exotics, Flora, The present floristic survey recorded 67 species of Fabaceae and covering 26 genera. The Medicinal plants has maximum occurrence with 8 species. The common species of this area, Dalbergia coromandeliana is endemic to Peninsular India. About 48 species have medicinal potential and used to treat many diseases. Geographic landmark and iconic wetland complex of Tamil Nadu, Point Calimere is facing severe ecological pressures including intermittent freshwater flows, hyper salination, degrading health and loss of biodiversity. Government should formulate new policies for the protection and preservation of the biodiversity.

Copyright © M. Padma Sorna Subramanian A. Saravana Ganthi and K. Subramonian, 2020, this is an open-access

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and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

INTRODUCTION Economically, Fabaceae is second in importance only to Poaceae. Leguminosae (Lewis et al., 2005; Yahara et al., The Fabaceae (=Leguminosae A. L. de Jussieu) are of 2013), or Fabaceae (Lewis and Schrire, 2003) is an cosmopolitan distribution. Based on the genus Faba Mill. the economically and ecologically important family. India term Fabaceae was first used by J. Lindley (1836). The new represented by 173 genera 1192 species (Karthikeyan, 2000). classification, Angiosperm Phylogenetic System (APG IV) uses (Fabaceae Lindl.) are one of the largely cultivating made comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of legumes. Based food crops. It provides highly nutritious sources of protein and on the plastid matK gene sequence, long-recognised and widely micronutrients. Significantly it promotes health and accepted subfamilies, DC., livelihoods, particularly in developing countries (Yahara et al., DC., and Papilionoideae DC., are outdated. The separated 2013). Many legumes are improving the fertility by the families of earlier classifications are pooled into a single symbiotic nitrogen fixation (Van den Bosch and Stacey, 2003). family. The total number of plant species described and Legumes products are contribute to world economy though accepted in the APG 2016 is 374,000, of which approximately food, fodder, timber, gums, bio-fuels and medicine. The present 308,312 are vascular plants, with 295,383 flowering plants study is an attempt to document different legume species and (angiosperms; monocots: 74,273; eudicots: 210,008). The their uses in Point Calimere Wildlife and Birds Sanctuary, family Fabaceae consisted of 956 genera 24,505 species (The Tamil Nadu, India. Plant List, 2013); 751 genera, 19,500 species (Maarten and James, 2016); 741 genera, 20200 species (Mabberely, 2017), Study area

770 genera and over 19,500 species (Lewis et al., 2005, 2013; The Point Calimere, the renowned wildlife and bird sanctuary LPWG, 2013). Fabaceae is the third largest angiosperm family on the seashore in Nagapattinam district (Tamil Nadu). It is in terms of species numbers after Asteraceae and Orchidaceae.

*Corresponding author: M. Padma Sorna Subramanian Department of Dermatology, Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, United Kingdom M. Padma Sorna Subramanian A. Saravana Ganthi and K. Subramonian., Diversity of the Family Leguminosae in Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu a wetland of international importance as it is one of the 26 Vegetation at Point Calimere designated Ramsar sites in India. It is a protected area in Tamil Vegetation of the area of study can be classified into sea-shore Nadu, along the Palk Strait where it meets the Bay of Bengal at vegetation, aquatic vegetation, dry evergreen vegetation and Point Calimere. The sanctuary was created in 1967 mangrove vegetation. The vegetation varies with different for conservation of blackbuck antelope, which was list as habitats such as foreshore sandy, inland sandy, salt marsh, Threatened in IUCN. The sanctuary is famous for large mangrove, sand dune and woody scrub jungles. Around congregations of water birds including Greater Flamingos. railway tract area, near old light house and new light house the Several sites of religious, historical or cultural importance are soil contains high amount of calcium carbonate and calcium located within the sanctuary. It is basically an oxide, which favour the growth of xerophytic species island surrounded by Bay of Bengal, Palk Strait and swampy Dichrostachys cinerea and scandens. Fresh water backwaters and salt pans. Sand dunes, tidal mud-flats and vegetation such as Pithecellobium, dulce Canavalia virosa, shallow seasonal ponds are found along the coast. It is an area Dryptes sepiaria, Lablab purpureus remarkably grow around of high biodiversity, with many unique species of animals and Nalla thaneerkulam. As the Point Calimere forest is surrounded birds. The flagship species is Blackbuck antelope. There are on the East and South by the sea and on the north and west by many salt pans near the sanctuary. The total area of the the extensive salt swamps the littoral vegetation is marked. sanctuary is 17.26 Sq kms, (https://www.forests.tn.gov.in). Sand dunes observed adjoining the sea and inhabited by Two villages are located inside the area of study, Kodikkadu in Stylosanthes fruticosa, Tephrosia purpurea, T. villosa, the north and Kodikkarai near angular extreme of Point Caesalpinia bonduc and planifrons. Nearer to the two Calimere are connected by road. It is observed that there are villages, an introduced plant is progressively large water bodies along the coast from Kodikkarai to encircling patches of natural vegetation and strangles them Muthupet. extending inwards. In the fresh water pools of the rainy season, METHODOLOGY aquatic ephemeral indica come up. The ridges around the water pool are predominant with Canavalia virosa, Field trips were carried out in whole areas of the Point trilobata, Zornia diphylla and Mucuna pruriens which Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary in various seasons are unique to this area. Derris scandens is a liana found along during February 2008 - June 2010. The Fabaceae species are the sea coast and on the edges of muddy salt water creeks. collected and identified with the help of floras (Gamble and siamea is an introduced from South East Asia and Fischer (1915 -1936), Mathew (1981 – 1988) and Daniel and are planted as an avenue plant in human habitations. Umamaheswari (2001). The details like name (family, plant elata, fistula, Dalbergia sissoo are the common name, and local name), locality, date of collection, habit and deciduous in the study area. Large and small trees habitat, uses, distribution and salient features like association are associated with a few climbers and twiners which become were recorded in an elaborate field book. The voucher prominent in the rainy season. The undergrowth herbs usually specimens are housed in Survey of Medicinal Plants Unit (S), cover small round and discontinuous patches. The common CCRS, Salem, Tamil Nadu. Information on nomenclature and undergrowth herbs are Zornia diphylla, Senna italic, Rothia family was taken from an online botanical database Tropicos indica and Indigofera glandulosa. Many species such as (2017). The plants were arranged based on APG IV Alysicarpus vaginalis, pallidam Dalbergia classification. For the uses and common names, Useful plants coromandeliana, Indigofera aspalathoides, Tephrosia of India (1986) and Yognarasiman (2000) were referred. purpurea, Acacia leucophloea occur in different habitats.

OBSERVATION AND DISCUSSION Forms of plants

Family Fabaceae includes trees, shrubs or herbs. are The considerable interference of human population badly usually pinnate compound with pulvinate base. affected the natural forest, still plants of almost all the habit symmetry may be radial (actinomorphic) to bilateral groups are represented in the flora ( Table: 1). The analysis (zygomorphic). It is in turn adapted to a wide range of shows a comparatively higher representation of herbaceous pollinators such as insects, birds and bats. are valvate. plants. Most of the herbaceous plants prefer to grow as Sepals are united and odd sepal anterior. are 4-many, heliophytes. Very moist weather during the November – free or connate, filaments often long exserted and showy. January helps in the luxurious growth of herbaceous plants in Ovary is superior, carpel 1, a pod or lomentum. All of forest margins, road sides and in other open places. At some these characteristics make these members adopted for wide places monotypic population occur over large areas. Like herb, range of habitats. shrubs are also mainly heliophytes. Only few species are found to grow deep inside the forest eg. Indigofera trita, Indigofera The Fabaceae Flora longeracemosa. Species like , Indigofera The present floristic survey of the Point Calimere Wildlife and caerulea, Desmodium gangeticum are occur singly or Bird Sanctuary recorded 67 species of Fabaceae and covering associated with two or three such species. Though only 16.4% 26 genera. The genus Indigofera has maximum occurrence with of recorded species are climbers, their contribution to the forest 8 species. Some other well represented genera are Senna, is very significant. These almost found almost in all types of Tephrosia and Crotalaria. forest, covering the hedges or climbing the tall trees. Climbers such as Caesalpinia bonduc, Dalbergia coromandeliana are shrubby and deciduous. Tree represented by 29.8% of the legume flora.

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Table 1 List of Fabaceae species

Botanical Name Habit Distribution Uses Regional name Abrus precatorius L. Climber Common Used to treat leucoderma Kuntri Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn ex Benth. Tree few trees in and around the forest bungalow Timber - Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. Tree Common used in bronchitis and biliousness Velvel Decoction of bark used as gargle and of pods in urino-genito Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del. Tree Not common Karuvelam diseases. Acacia planifrons Wight & Arn. Tree Common in sandy lands used to make agricultural implements. Kudaivel, Udaimaram Netti Aeschynomene indica L. moist fallow lands Seeds yield fatty oil.

Albizia amara (Roxb.) Boivin Tree Not common Dry leaves powdered and used as bathing powder Usil, Unja, Araippu. Whole plant used in diseases of kapam, leucorrhoea, venereal Albizia lebbeck (L.) Willd. Tree Frequent. Vaagai diseases, bleeding piles, diarrhoea, dental disease and leprosy Alysicarpus bupleurifolius (L.) DC. Herb rainy seasons among grasses - Chithiraparani Alysicarpus monilifer (L.) DC. Prostrate herb Common among grasses used to arrest bleeding Kuruthiadakki Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. Prostrate herb Common Plant poultice arrests uterine bleeding - Armed rambler Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. Common along sea coast Leaves and bark used as febrifuge, emmenagogue, anthelmintic Kazharchi kottai spreading Koliavarai, Kattu Canavalia virosa (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. Climber Spreading on bushes Young used as vegetable. thummattai Used in constipation, skin diseases, venereal diseases, and Kontrai, Konnai, Cassia fistula L. Tree Very common throughout the jungle leprosy. Sarakontrai Cassia roxburghii DC. Tree Planted Ornamental - Idikollu, Mulaipalvidai, Chamaecrista absus (L.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby Annual herb Occasional after the rains Seeds used in ophthalmia and in skin diseases Kattu Kanam Chamaecrista pumila (Lam.) K.Larsen Prostrate herb Less common Seeds used as purgative Nallajiluga Clitoria ternatea L Twiner Spreading on bush. Common cathartic and diuretic. Kakkartan Crotalaria angulata Mill Prostrate herb Common - Naipidukku Crotalaria laburnifolia L. Large herb Common along roadsides Leaves used as gargle Moovilaikilukiluppai Crotalaria pallida Dryand. Sub-Shrub Common. - Moovilai kilukiluppai Crotalaria retusa L. Shrub Common Plants used in scabies and impetigo - Crotalaria tecta Heyne ex Roth Shrub Not Common - - Crotalaria verrucosa L. Shrub Common along roadsides Leaves used in scabies and impetigo Kilukiluppai Dalbergia coromandeliana Prain, Climbing shrub Common - - Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Tree Planted in the village for timber Wood as valuable timber. Thesi maram. Vathanarayanan Delonix elata (L.) Tree Less common along road sides. Leaves used in rheumatism and flatulence

Delonix regia (Boj. ex Hook.) Raf. Tree Planted along road sides Useful in diseases of rhumatism. Seemai Vathamadakki Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth. Woody climber Frequent along the railway tract. - Takil Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC Shrub Less common Root medicinal. Used as astringent and tonic. - Prostrate perennial Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC., Coastal grass lands. Common Root medicinal. Used as tonic in Siddha medicine preparation Sirupulladi herb Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. Tree The most frequent thorny bush Roots used in rheumatism Vidaththalai, Vidathther Minnikizhangu Dolichos trilobus L., Climber Common every where Roots used for constipation, ophthalmia and skin diseases

Planted in hedges for green manure and goat Leaves , diuretic, anthelmintic, galactogogue and Kalyana murukku, Mul Erythrina variegata L., Tree fodder emmenagogue. murukku binata Roxb. Tree Less common Useful in diseases of rheumatism Aacha Common all over the area. Whole plant used in leprosy, cancer, oedema, abscess, skin Sivanar vembu, Sivanar Indigofera aspalathoides Vahl ex DC., sub- shrub diseases. korandi Indigofera caerulea Roxb. Shrub Not common, found along roadsides. Root, useful in jaundice, leucorrhoea and poisoning Vellai avuri Indigofera glandulosa Roxb. Herb Common during rainy seasons Seeds nutritive and tonic. Baragadam Indigofera hirsuta L. Herb Gregarious herb in open grounds. Decoction of the leaves is stomachic - Common in grass lands Indigofera linnaei Ali, Prostrate herb Whole plant is given in fever, leucorrhoea and oliguria. Seppu nerunjil

Karu neeli Indigofera longiracemosa Boiv. ex Bull., Sub-shrub Less common. Leaves used in skin diseases.

Neeli, Avuri, Vannan Leaf juice becomes blue hence used as natural dye. Root Indigofera tinctoria L. Shrub Occasional. avuri medicinally used as antidote.

Indigofera trita L. Herb Found in the shady scrub forests. Roots useful in diseases of vatam, venereal diseases and itching. - Fruits edible. Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet, Twiner Common on bushes Mochai. Kattu avarai

Planted. Leucaena latisiliqua (L.) Gillis Tree Wood used for making paper pulp Nattuchavandal

Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. Herb Less common in grassy lands - Kollu Root, leaf used in diabetes, sinus wound, eye diseases, diseases Thottal surungi, Thottal Mimosa pudica L. Herb The most frequent thorny bush of vatam and urinary calculi vadi Root, seed useful in diarrhoea, hemiplegia, filariasis and as aphrodisiac. The stinging hairs from the fruits blown by wind in Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Climber Common all over except in dense shade Poonaikatchi, Poonaikali summer are a menace. Seeds are edible after processing by the native forest dwellers. Parkinsonia aculeata L. Tree Planted near Muniappan lake - - Introduced a few trees around the fresh water Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Tree Fruits edible Kodukkaipuli pond Leaf, root, flower, seed, oil is useful in glandular swellings, skin Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre, Tree Omnipresent. Pungam diseases, and abdominal disorders. Introduced and run wild. Closing in on the Fruits used as cattle feed. (Molina) Stuntz. Tree natural vegetation and extend in territory, hence Neerkarvel, Velikaruvai

detrimental to the natural flora. Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. Climbing herb Common. Leaves used as an abortifacient. Kattukanam Rothia indica (L.) Druce Prostrate herb Common in grass lands As green manure in alkaline . Vayuroothi kuzhai diffuse perennial Common Senna italica Mill. subsp. italica (Mill.) Lam. Leaves and fruits useful as laxative. Nattu nilavagai herb Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby Tree Planted as avenue trees Wood used as furniture Manjal konnei Senna auriculata(L.) Roxb. Shrub Very common in exposed situations Plant used in eye diseases, diabetes and chylous urine Aavaram Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Sub shrub Common Seeds roasted and used in the place of coffee. Ponnavarai Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Sub-shrub Common after the commencement of monsoon Leaves, seeds used in ringworm and in skin troubles Oosi Thagarai Stylosanthes fruticosa (Retz.) Alston Shrub Common in dry sandy localities. Leaves used in diarrhoea. Manipul Tephrosia maxima Pers. Prostrate herb Common in open wastelands Root useful in liver disorders. Perumkozhunji Vellai Vezhai Tephrosia pumila (Lam.) Pers. Procumbent herb Common in open lands Root useful in spleen disorders

Root useful in diseases of vatam, gingivitis, dyspnoea, and in Kozhunji Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers Herb Common in open waste lands abdominal disorders Tephrosia villosa (L.) Pers. Herb Common in open waste lands Fresh root considered hypoglycaemic Poonaikkai velai Kattulundu Teramnus labialis (L. f.) Spreng. Twining herb Frequent on hedges Seeds useful in fever and in pain

Common after the rain where the substratum is Panipayar Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdc., Prostrate herb Whole plant used in leucorrhoea and in micturition not salty Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers. Prostrate herb Seasonal during rainy season Whole plant used in dysentry. Nelamari

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Endemics valuable timber. Dried leaf powder of used as bathing powder. Fruits of Prosopis chilensis used as cattle feed. Indian flora has about 17,000 species of which 5725 are Tephrosia purpurea, Rothia indica and Crotalaria sp. are the endemic and belong to 140 genera (Nayar, 1996). Peninsular best green manures used by farmers. Many common shrubs and India has 2015 species distributed in 600 genera (Ahmeddullah trees are used as fuel wood. About 48 species have medicinal and Nayar, 1987). Dalbergia coromandeliana is endemic to potential and used to treat many diseases. Peninsular India. The flora of the region has close affinity with that of . There are 5 legume species which are Conservation measures exclusively to Sri Lanka and Peninsular India as cited in the The flora of the Point Calimere Wildlife and Birds sanctuary is Flora of Gulf of Mannar (Daniel and Umamaheshwari, 2001). very rich with tremendous diversity and wide range of The Indo - Sri Lankan species are Acacia planiferons, Bauhinia importance, but the steadily dwindling areas of natural racemosa, Crotalaria retusa, Dichrostachys cinerea and vegetation causing serious threat the existence of numerous Indigofera aspalathoides. Alysicarpus bupleurifolius (L.) species. Unless strict legistration is adopted it will be DC., Erythrina variegata L., Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre are impossible to save the diversity. With recent human assessed as Least Concern (LC) species in the IUCN Red List colonization have come a number of weeds that now pose a of Threatened Species. threat to the original flora. Perhaps the most noxious of these Exotics are Lantana and Prosopis. Geographic landmark and iconic wetland complex of Tamil Nadu, Point Calimere is facing Alien invasive plants always pose a major risk to native severe ecological pressures including intermittent freshwater biodiversity and human welfare (Sundarapandian and flows, hyper salination, degrading mangrove health and loss of Subashree, 2017). At present, there are 279 alien, invasive taxa biodiversity. Government should formulate new policies for the in Tamil Nadu and about 69% of these are herbs. Most of the protection and preservation of the biodiversity. exotic, invasive flora of Tamil Nadu belongs to the families Fabaceae and Asteraceae (Sundarapandian and Subashree, Acknowledgement

2017). Delonix regia, Leucaena latisiliqua, , Authors are thankful to the Dr. K. Natarajan, Head and Clitoria ternatea, Cassia absus, Cassia Professor, Department of Botany (Rtd.), St. Xavier’s College, occidentalis, Cassia pumila, Cassia tora, Crotalaria Palayamkottai for providing available research facilities. pallid, Indigofera linnaei, Indigofera trita and Mimosa pudica are common exotic plants in the study area (Sudhakar et References al., 2008).

Economical importance 1. (2013). version 1.1 published on the internet http://www.theplantlist.org/ The legumes collected from the Point Calimere Wildlife and 2. Maarten J.M. Christenhusz and James W. Byng (2016). Birds sanctuary have many potential uses such as food, fodder, The number of known plants species in the world and its industrial lubricants, natural dyes, medicine and sources of annual increase Phytotaxa 261 (3): 201–217. edible oil and timber; and indirectly affect socio-economic 3. Mabberley, D.J. (2017). Mabberley’s Plant-Book, A development of the region. Fruits of three legumes such as, portable dictionary of plants, their classification and Canavalia virosa, Pithecellobium dulce, Lablab purpureus are uses, Fourth Edition. Cambridge University Press, edible. Cambridge, pp: 1102. The people who dwell in Point Calimere jungles are presently 4. Lewis, G., Schrire B., Mackinder, B. and Lock, M. called “Seenthil Valayars” a name thrust on them by the (eds.) (2005). Legumes of the World. Richmond, U.K.: Gandhi Smark Nidhi. Many medicinal and economical Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. important plants practiced by the Forest Dwellers and the 5. Lewis, G.P., Schrire, B.D., Mackinder, B.A., Rico, L. inhabitants of the two villagers i.e Kodikkarai and Kodiakkadu and Clark, R. (2013). A linear sequence of legume of Point Calimere. Mucuna pruriens seeds are collected genera set in a phylogenetic context: A tool for extensively during Jun. to August. Seeds are roasted and then collections management and taxon sampling. S. African boiled. After removing the outer skin the kernels are ground to J. Bot. 89: 76–84. flour and the flour is washed in water at least for 10 times, 6. LPWG, Legume Phylogeny Working Group (2013). dried and stored. The flour along with coconut or chillies is Legume phylogeny and classification in the 21st century: taken as food. Consuming excess of the flour with water is said Progress, prospects and lessons for other species-rich to produce sedation. This item is also one of their major foods. clades. Taxon 62: 217–248. Dolichos trilobus long fleshy roots are cooked and eaten after 7. Yahara, T., Javadi, F., Onoda, Y., Queiroz, L.P. de, discarding the outer skin. Senna occidentalis seeds are dried Faith, D., Prado, D.E., Akasaka, M., Kadoya, T., and powdered. The powdered seeds are then mixed with coffee Ishihama, F., Davies, S., Slik, J.W.F., Yi, T., Ma, K., powder and are used in the preparation of coffee. Bin, C., Darnaedi, D., Pennington, R.T., Tuda, M., Shimada, M., Ito, M., Egan, A.N., Buerki, S., Raes, N., Pongamia pinnata seeds used to produce non-edible oil, which Kajita, T., Vatanparast, M., Mimura, M., Tachida, H., ha commercial importance as industrial lubricant. Indigofera Iwasa, Y., Smith, G.F., Victor, J.E. and Nkonki, T. tinctoria leaf is famous source for natural dye. Dalbergia (2013). Global legume diversity assessment: Concepts, sissoo, Senna siamea, Hardwickia binata, Acacia key indicators, and strategies. Taxon 62: 249–266. auriculiformis, Acacia planifrons, Albizia lebbeck are yield 38719 | P a g e International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 11, Issue, 05(E), pp. 38716-38720, May, 2020

8. Lewis, G.P. and Schrire, B.D. (2003). Leguminosae or 14. Tropicos, (2017). Botanical information system at the Fabaceae? Pp. 1–3 in: Klitgaard, B. & Bruneau, A. Missouri Botanical Garden, Saint Louis, Missouri, US. (eds.), Advances in legume systematics, part 10, Higher Available at https://www.tropicos.org/home. level systematics. Richmond, U.K.: Royal Botanic 15. Yoganarasimhan (2000). Medicinal plants of Tamil Gardens, Kew. Nadu. Interline Publishing Private Ltd., Bangalore 9. Karthikeyan, S. (2000). A statistical analysis of India: pp. 90 – 91. flowering plants of India. In: Singh, N.P., D.K. Singh, 16. Useful Plants of India (1986). National Institute of P.K. Hajra and B.D. Sharma (eds.). Flora of India Science Commission, New Delhi. Introductory Volume Part-II, B.S.I. New Delhi. 17. Nayar, M.P. (1996). Hotspots of Endemic Plants of pp. 201–217. India, and Bhutan. Thiruvanathapuram, Kerala. 10. Van den Bosch K and Gary Stacey (2003). Advances in 18. Ahmedullah, M. and M.P. Nayar (1987). Endemic Legume Biology In: Plant Physiology American Society of Plants ofthe Indian Regions. Botanical Survey of India, Plant Biologists. 131, p. 839. Calcutta. 11. Gamble, J.S. and Fischer. C. E.C. (1921-1935). Flora of 19. Sundarapandian, S. M. and Subashree, K. (2017). Status Presidency of Madras Vol. I, II and III. London, Adlard of invasive plants in Tamil Nadu, India: their impact and and Son Ltd. significance. In: Editor(s) Ansari, A. A., Gill, S. S., 12. Matthew, K.M. (1981- 1988). Flora of Tamil Nadu Abbas, Z. K., Naeem, M. Plant biodiversity: monitoring, Carnatic. The Raphinat Herbarium Tiruchirapalli, assessment and conservation. CABI publishers India. India. 13. Daniel, P. and Umamaheswari, P. (2001). The Flora of the Gulf of Mannar, Southern India. Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore.

How to cite this article:

M. Padma Sorna Subramanian A. Saravana Ganthi and K. Subramonian.2020, Diversity of the Family Leguminosae in Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu. Int J Recent Sci Res. 11(05), pp. 38716-38720. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2020.1105.5363

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