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(Rubiaceae), a Uniquely Distylous, Cleistogamous Species Eric (Eric Hunter) Jones

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(Rubiaceae), a Uniquely Distylous, Cleistogamous Species Eric (Eric Hunter) Jones Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2012 Floral Morphology and Development in Houstonia Procumbens (Rubiaceae), a Uniquely Distylous, Cleistogamous Species Eric (Eric Hunter) Jones Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES FLORAL MORPHOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT IN HOUSTONIA PROCUMBENS (RUBIACEAE), A UNIQUELY DISTYLOUS, CLEISTOGAMOUS SPECIES By ERIC JONES A dissertation submitted to the Department of Biological Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2012 Eric Jones defended this dissertation on June 11, 2012. The members of the supervisory committee were: Austin Mast Professor Directing Dissertation Matthew Day University Representative Hank W. Bass Committee Member Wu-Min Deng Committee Member Alice A. Winn Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii I hereby dedicate this work and the effort it represents to my parents Leroy E. Jones and Helen M. Jones for their love and support throughout my entire life. I have had the pleasure of working with my father as a collaborator on this project and his support and help have been invaluable in that regard. Unfortunately my mother did not live to see me accomplish this goal and I can only hope that somehow she knows how grateful I am for all she’s done. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the members of my committee for their guidance and support, in particular Austin Mast for his patience and dedication to my success in this endeavor, Hank W. Bass for his help in acquiring reagents needed for lab work and. Alice Winn for her guidance with statistical analyses. I would also like to acknowledge my fellow graduate students who helped me learn the skills that I came to need in order to accomplish my research and for many engaging conversations and moral support. In particular I owe a debt of thanks to Abigail Pastore, Chris Buddenhagen, and Elise Gornish for help with statistical analyses. I would also like to acknowledge the undergraduate students who formed Team Houstonia as my research group for all their efforts and support. Last, but certainly not least I would like to acknowledge my family for their support and patience with this endeavor. In particular I would like to thank my father for all his help with my research and his support throughout this process and my wife, Penny, and our son, Thanial, for all their patience as I missed so much time with them through the course of this endeavor. I look forward to making it up to them in the years to come. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. vii Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... viii 1. HOW UNIQUE IS THE CO-OCCURRENCE OF HETEROSTYLY AND CLEISTOGAMY AND WHAT IS THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF HETEROSTYLY IN THE COFFEE FAMILY (RUBIACEAE)? ............................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Methods ....................................................................................................................... 6 1.2.1 Assessment of the co-occurrence of heterostyly and cleistogamy .......... 6 1.2.2 Phylogenetic inference and ancestral state reconstruction ...................... 7 1.3 Results .......................................................................................................................... 8 1.3.1 Taxonomic accounting of heterostylous and cleistogamous taxa ........... 8 1.3.2 Phylogenetic inference and ancestral state reconstruction .................... 14 1.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 24 1.4.1 Co-occurrence of heterostyly and cleistogamy ........................................ 24 1.4.2 The evolution of heterostyly in the Rubiaceae ........................................ 26 1.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 27 2. RECIPROCAL HERKOGAMY IN HOUSTONIA PROCUMBENS (RUBIACEAE) . 29 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 29 2.2 Methods ..................................................................................................................... 35 2.2.1 Specimen collection and imaging .............................................................. 35 2.2.2 Morphometrics ............................................................................................. 38 2.2.3 Pollination dynamics ................................................................................... 40 2.3 Results ........................................................................................................................ 41 2.3.1 Organ reciprocity ......................................................................................... 41 2.3.2 Floral morphology ....................................................................................... 43 2.3.3 Pollination dynamics ................................................................................... 47 2.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 48 2.4.1 Reciprocal herkogamy in Houstonia .......................................................... 48 2.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 51 3. DISTYLOUS FLOWER DEVELOPMENT IN HOUSTONIA PROCUMBENS .......... 53 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 53 3.2 Methods ..................................................................................................................... 57 3.3 Results ........................................................................................................................ 59 3.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 71 3.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 73 APPENDIX A – GENBANK ACCESSION NUMBERS FOR DNA SEQUENCES USED IN PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE OF THE RUBIACEAE ................................................. 75 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 85 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ...................................................................................................... 92 v LIST OF TABLES 1.1 Accounting of heterostylous species reported by order, family and genus ............... 9 1.2 Genera that contain both heterostylous and cleistogamous species .......................... 13 1.3 Expected and observed co-occurrence of heterostyly and cleistogamy among angiosperms ................................................................................................................................ 15 2.1 Summary of growth form and floral characteristics of Houstonia species used in this investigation ................................................................................................................................ 33 2.2 Reciprocity measures for Houstonia ................................................................................ 43 2.3 Measurements of floral organs for Houstonia ................................................................ 46 3.1 Metrics of distylous flower development ...................................................................... 61 3.2 Analysis of rates of flower development ....................................................................... 65 3.3 Cell sizes for floral organs of H. procumbens (Hpro) and H. caerulea (Hcae) ............. 70 vi LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Overview of the phylogeny of the Rubiaceae based on rbcL ...................................... 17 1.2 Details of the Rubiaceae phylogeny ........................................................................ 18 – 23 2.1 Phylogeny of Houstonia reproduced from Church and Taylor (2005) ....................... 34 2.2 Maps of field sites and species distributions ................................................................. 36 2.3 Image of dissected flowers used in this study ............................................................... 37 2.4 Formulae employed in calculations of organ reciprocity for distylous taxa based on the method developed by Sanchez et al. (2008) ..................................................................... 39 2.5 Boxplots of reciprocity for Houstonia species ................................................................. 42 2.6 Boxplots of bootstraps of reciprocity for species
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