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Sistema De Clasificación Artificial De Las Magnoliatas Sinántropas De Cuba

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Sistema De Clasificación Artificial De Las Magnoliatas Sinántropas De Cuba Sistema de clasificación artificial de las magnoliatas sinántropas de Cuba. Pedro Pablo Herrera Oliver Tesis doctoral de la Univerisdad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universitat d'Alacant. 2007 Sistema de clasificación artificial de las magnoliatas sinántropas de Cuba. Pedro Pablo Herrera Oliver PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO COOPERADO DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE: MANEJOS FORESTAL Y TURÍSTICO UNIVERSIDAD DE ALICANTE, ESPAÑA UNIVERSIDAD DE PINAR DEL RÍO, CUBA TESIS EN OPCIÓN AL GRADO CIENTÍFICO DE DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS SISTEMA DE CLASIFICACIÓN ARTIFICIAL DE LAS MAGNOLIATAS SINÁNTROPAS DE CUBA Pedro- Pabfc He.r retira Qltver CUBA 2006 Tesis doctoral de la Univerisdad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universitat d'Alacant. 2007 Sistema de clasificación artificial de las magnoliatas sinántropas de Cuba. Pedro Pablo Herrera Oliver PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO COOPERADO DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE: MANEJOS FORESTAL Y TURÍSTICO UNIVERSIDAD DE ALICANTE, ESPAÑA Y UNIVERSIDAD DE PINAR DEL RÍO, CUBA TESIS EN OPCIÓN AL GRADO CIENTÍFICO DE DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS SISTEMA DE CLASIFICACIÓN ARTIFICIAL DE LAS MAGNOLIATAS SINÁNTROPAS DE CUBA ASPIRANTE: Lie. Pedro Pablo Herrera Oliver Investigador Auxiliar Centro Nacional de Biodiversidad Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática Ministerio de Ciencias, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente DIRECTORES: CUBA Dra. Nancy Esther Ricardo Ñapóles Investigador Titular Centro Nacional de Biodiversidad Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática Ministerio de Ciencias, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente ESPAÑA Dr. Andreu Bonet Jornet Piiofesjar Titular Departamento de EGdfegfe Universidad! dte Mearte CUBA 2006 Tesis doctoral de la Univerisdad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universitat d'Alacant. 2007 Sistema de clasificación artificial de las magnoliatas sinántropas de Cuba. Pedro Pablo Herrera Oliver I. INTRODUCCIÓN 1 II. ANTECEDENTES 6 2.1 Historia de los esquemas de clasificación de las especies sinántropas (1903-2005) 6 2.2 Historia del conocimiento de las plantas sinantrópicas en Cuba 14 III. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS 17 3.1 Características físico - geográficas del Archipiélago cubano 17 3.1.1 Ubicación 17 3.1.2 Clima 17 3.1.3 Geología 18 3.1.4 Suelos 18 3.1.5 Relieve 18 3.1.6 Hidrología 18 3.1.7 Diversidad biológica y vegetación 19 3.1.8 Población 20 3.2 Trabajo de campo 20 3.3 Selección del grupo taxonómico 21 3.4 Metodología y desarrollo 21 IV. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN 28 4.1 Efectos provocados por la acción antrópica 28 4.2 Sistema de Clasificación 33 4.2.1 Stirps ecsynanthropophyta 38 4.2.2 Stirps synanthropophyta 39 4.2.3 Substirps parapophyta 39 4.2.4 Substirps apophyta 39 4.2.5 Substirps anthropophyta 40 4.3 Claves para el Sistema de Clasificación Artificial de los Magnoliófitos Sinántropos de Cuba 41 4.3.1 Clave para los táxones artificiales de la Stirps (Estirpe) Synanthropophyta 41 4.3.2 Clave para los táxones artificiales de la Subestirpe Apophyta 42 4.3.3 Clave para los táxones artificiales de la Subestirpe Anthropophyta 43 4.4 Stirps synanthropophyta 44 4.4.1 Substirps parapophyta 54 4.4.1.1 Superphydium parapophyta 54 4.4.1.1.1 Phydium parapophyta 54 4.4.2 Substirps apophyta 63 4.4.2.1 Superphydium extrapophyta 63 4.4.2.1.1 Phydium extrapophyta endémica 63 4.4.2.1.2 Phydium extrapophyta normalia 69 4.4.2.1.3 Phydium extrapophyta secundaria 75 4.4.2.2 Superphydium intrapophyta 81 4.4.2.2.1 Phydium intrapophyta endémica 81 4.4.2.2.2 Phydium intrapophyta normalia 89 4.4.2.2.3 Phydium intrapophyta primaria 97 4.4.2.2.4 Phydium intrapophyta recurrentia 104 4.4.3 Substirps anthropophyta 111 4.4.3.1 Superphydium archaeophyta 111 4.4.3.1.1 Phydium archaeophyta 111 4.4.3.2 Superphydium cenophyta 126 4.4.3.2.1 Phydium efemerophyta 126 4.4.3.2.2 Phydium ergasiolipophyta 133 4.4.3.2.3 Phydium holagriophyta 144 4.4.3.2.4 Phydium holagriophyta-hemiagriophyta 151 4.4.3.2.5 Phydium hemiagriophyta 156 4.4.3.2.6 Phydium hemiagriophyta-epecophyta 164 4.4.3.2.7 Phydium epecophyta 170 4.5 Especies de filiación dudosa (incertae sedis) 175 4.6 Sinantropismo, Biogeografía, Ecología y Antropocentrismo de las Magnoliatas sinántropas cubanas 177 4.6.1 Especies expansivas de Magnoliatae 177 4.6.2 Especies invasoras de Magnoliatae 199 4.7 El sistema de clasificación artificial de las magnoliatas sinántropas de Cuba en español 205 V. CONCLUSIONES 207 VI. REFERENCIAS 208 ANEXOS Tesis doctoral de la Univerisdad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universitat d'Alacant. 2007 Sistema de clasificación artificial de las magnoliatas sinántropas de Cuba. Pedro Pablo Herrera Oliver 1 I. INTRODUCCIÓN La ecología de la invasión es una de las ramas de la ecología que ha tenido un desarrollo más rápido en los últimos años (Williamson, 1996; Pysek, et al., 2004; Rejmánek et al., en prensa) y aunque De Candolle (1855) y Darwin (1859) notaron ya la importancia de las invasiones biológicas, Elton (1958) fue el primero en estudiarlas a fondo, seguido por programas internacionales como los coordinados por SCOPE (Drake et al., 1989) y el Programa de Especies Invasoras Globales (GISP; Mooney, 1999; Mooney et Hobbs, 2000; McNeely et al., 2001). Ésta se basa principalmente en las especies alóctonas cuyo número de individuos y poblaciones crece sin cesar, a medida que estas especies son introducidas íntencionalmente o no, en todos los países, e invaden, a nivel mundial, los ecótopos ruderalizados y/o cultivados. Sólo para las especies alóctonas pueden emplearse los términos invasión y especie invasora, ya que estos términos no son apropiados para las especies autóctonas, en las cuales los términos correctos son expansión y especie expansiva (Pysek et al., 2004). Ambos grupos están constituidos por especies sinántropas o sinantrópicas (Font Quer, 1975), vinculadas al impacto antrópico o seguidoras de las actividades humanas, aunque sólo desde el punto de vista antropocéntrico se les puede llamar a ambos grupos malezas, malas hierbas, plantas indeseables o banalizadoras del paisaje. Desde el punto de vista ecológico son especies colonizadoras, propias de los primeros estadios de la sucesión en tránsito hacia la vegetación climax, si bien este último término actualmente se sustituye por el de "no equilibrio dinámico". Conforme al enfoque biogeográfico se les separa netamente en invasoras (alóctonas) y expansivas (autóctonas). Según Pysek et al. (2004), este último enfoque debe ser priorizado. Las plantas sinántropas o sinantrópicas interfieren con las actividades económicas del hombre, ya que compiten con los cultivos básicos por la luz, los nutrientes y el agua, y sirven, en algunos casos, de hospederas intermedias de muchos fitopatógenos (virus, bacterias, hongos, nemátodos, insectos y arácnidos), y de refugio a animales ponzoñosos y/o que transmiten Tesis doctoral de la Univerisdad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universitat d'Alacant. 2007 Sistema de clasificación artificial de las magnoliatas sinántropas de Cuba. Pedro Pablo Herrera Oliver 2 enfermedades a las comunidades humanas. También destruyen o aceleran con sus raíces el proceso de desgaste de azoteas, aleros, paredes, aceras, contenes e incluso calles pavimentadas sometidas a descuido y/o a poco tránsito automotor y sus raíces pueden secretar sustancias que inhiben el desarrollo de las plantas cultivadas. Algunas son venenosas para el ganado, los animales domésticos e incluso para el hombre, lo cual resulta extraordinariamente peligroso en el caso de que los niños lleguen a tener contacto con ellas (Went, 1961; Ricardo era/., 1995). En las plantas sinántropas se incluyen las especies cultivadas, integradas por dos grupos (Font Quer, 1975): los eciófitos (plantas autóctonas cultivadas) y los ergasiófitos (plantas alóctonas cultivadas). La supervivencia de varias especies animales terrestres, incluida la humana, depende de ellas en gran medida. El resto de las especies sinántropas terrestres, tanto invasoras como expansivas, cubren los espacios vacíos y retienen la tierra con sus raíces, ayudando a combatir la erosión eólica e hídrica, emiten oxígeno, consumen carbono, absorben la energía solar reflejando y devolviendo sólo una parte de ella y además, muchas son alimenticias, medicinales, maderables, ornamentales, artesanales o industriales e incluso esotéricas. Rapaport (Lozano, 2004) clasifica los llamados malos cultivos, que con humor prefiere llamar "buenezas" en lugar de malezas, y estima que de las 250 mil especies vegetales existentes unas 13 mil son comestibles, pero la humanidad apenas utiliza unas 110 de ellas. Lozano (2004) refiere que la Doctora Rhonda Janke, de la Universidad de Kansas City, en indagaciones sobre el llamado diente de león (Taraxacum officinale), afirma que los investigadores aseguran que contiene más calcio que la leche, más vitamina C que la lechuga, más hierro que la espinaca, más vitamina A que el tomate y sus hojas son adecuadas para cocinarlas como si se tratara de tallarines y que la cuarta parte de las especies vegetales de un bosque son comestibles, así como el 60% de las malezas más agresivas. La verdolaga (Portulaca olerácea), especie sinántropa común en Cuba, se encuentra entre las plantas recomendadas por los especialistas argentinos. Tesis doctoral de la Univerisdad de Alicante. Tesi doctoral de la Universitat d'Alacant. 2007 Sistema de clasificación artificial de las magnoliatas sinántropas de Cuba. Pedro Pablo Herrera Oliver 3 Went (1961) define las malezas en sentido negativo como plantas que no deseamos, es decir, que si no existieran, sería mejor. Otra característica es que están donde no queremos que estén. Este autor señala que una espuela de caballero o una amapola son malezas en un huerto, mientras que los rábanos que quedan tras la cosecha son malezas en cualquier lugar menos en un huerto de rábanos. La gran importancia negativa que tienen las malezas para los cultivos ha hecho que se hayan realizado muchos estudios sobre su determinación, cantidad de cultivos que atacan y de países atacados (Holm eí al., 1977), control químico y biológico, morfología externa, anatomía, fisiología, genética y ciclos de vida, pero hasta ahora, no se ha tratado de agrupar las plantas sinántropas en grupos coherentes que puedan ser ubicados en un sistema de clasificación formal, faciliten su estudio y permitan poner orden en el caos que constituye el gran número de malezas que existen.
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