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Caryologia International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics 0008-7114 2019 Vol. 72 – n. 1 72 – n. Vol. Caryologia 2019 International Journal of Cytology, Vol. 72 - n. 1 Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics Caryologia International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics International Journal of Cytology, FIRENZE PRESSUNIVERSITY FUP Caryologia. International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics Caryologia is devoted to the publication of original papers, and occasionally of reviews, about plant, animal and human kar- yological, cytological, cytogenetic, embryological and ultrastructural studies. Articles about the structure, the organization and the biological events relating to DNA and chromatin organization in eukaryotic cells are considered. Caryologia has a strong tradition in plant and animal cytosystematics and in cytotoxicology. Bioinformatics articles may be considered, but only if they have an emphasis on the relationship between the nucleus and cytoplasm and/or the structural organization of the eukaryotic cell. Editor in Chief Associate Editors Alessio Papini Alfonso Carabez-Trejo - Mexico City, Mexico Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale Katsuhiko Kondo - Hagishi-Hiroshima, Japan Università degli Studi di Firenze Canio G. Vosa - Pisa, Italy Via La Pira, 4 – 0121 Firenze, Italy Subject Editors Mycology Plant Cytogenetics Histology and Cell Biology Renato Benesperi Lorenzo Peruzzi Alessio Papini Università di Firenze, Italy Università di Pisa Università di Firenze Human and Animal Cytogenetics Plant Karyology and Phylogeny Zoology Michael Schmid Andrea Coppi Mauro Mandrioli University of Würzburg, Germany Università di Firenze Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia Editorial Assistant Sara Falsini Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy Editorial Advisory Board G. Berta - Alessandria, Italy G. Delfno - Firenze, Italy M. Mandrioli - Modena, Italy D. Bizzaro - Ancona, Italy S. D'Emerico - Bari, Italy G. C. Manicardi - Modena, Italy A. Brito Da Cunha - Sao Paulo, Brazil F. Garbari - Pisa, Italy P. Marchi - Roma, Italy E. Capanna - Roma, Italy C. Giuliani - Milano, Italy M. Rufni Castiglione - Pisa, Italy D. Cavalieri - San Michele all'Adige, Italy M. Guerra - Recife, Brazil L. Sanità di Toppi - Parma, Italy E. H. Y. Chu - Ann Arbor, USA W. Heneen - Svalöf, Sweden C. Steinlein - Würzburg, Germany R. Cremonini - Pisa, Italy L. Iannuzzi - Napoli, Italy J. Vallès - Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain M. Cresti - Siena, Italy J. Limon - Gdansk, Poland Q. Yang - Beijing, China G. Cristofolini - Bologna, Italy J. Liu - Lanzhou, China P. Crosti - Milano, Italy N. Mandahl - Lund, Sweden Caryologia International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics Volume 72, Issue 1 - 2019 Firenze University Press Caryologia. International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics Published by Firenze University Press – University of Florence, Italy Via Cittadella, 7 - 50144 Florence - Italy http://www.fupress.com/caryologia Copyright © 2019 Authors. Te authors retain all rights to the original work without any restrictions. Open Access. Tis issue is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY-4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Te Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication (CC0 1.0) waiver applies to the data made available in this issue, unless otherwise stated. Firenze University Press Caryologia www.fupress.com/caryologia International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics Te efect of TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles and salinity stress on expression of genes involved in parthenolide Citation: M. Khajavi, M. Rahaie, biosynthesis in Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.) A.Ebrahimi (2019) The effect of TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles and salinity stress on expression of genes involved 1 2,* 1 in parthenolide biosynthesis in Fever- Mahshid Khajavi , Mahdi Rahaie , Asa Ebrahimi few (Tanacetum parthenium L.). Caryo- 1 Department of Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and logia 72(1): 3-14. doi: 10.13128/cayolo- Research Branch of Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran gia-246 2 Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, Uni- Received: 30th July 2018 versity of Tehran, Tehran, Iran * Corresponding author: Tel: +98-21-86093408; Fax: +98-21-88497324; Email: mra- Accepted: 24th December 2018 [email protected] Published: 10th May 2019 Abstract. Medicinal plants can produce various chemical compounds as second- Copyright: © 2019 M. Khajavi, M. ary metabolites that have beneft to human. Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.) Rahaie, A. Ebrahimi. This is an open is a medicinal plant belongs to the Asteraceae family. Tis plant due to have parthe- access, peer-reviewed article pub- lished by Firenze University Press nolide compounds has attracted much attention for medicinal value and pharma- (http://www.fupress.com/caryologia) cological activity. Due to the economic importance of the plant metabolite in cancer and distributed under the terms of the and migraine treatment, application of approaches for increasing the metabolite was Creative Commons Attribution License, the objective of this study. For this purpose, afer cultivation in greenhouse, plants which permits unrestricted use, distri- were treated with TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles and salinity stress at diferent times and bution, and reproduction in any medi- concentrations. Real Time PCR used to evaluate the expression of TpGAS, COST and um, provided the original author and TpCarS genes which involved in secondary metabolites biosynthesis pathway (par- source are credited. thenolide and β-caryophyllen). It was found, SiO2 NPs can increase the expression of Data Availability Statement: All rel- TpCarS, COST and TpGAS in the concentration of 25mM with increasing time from evant data are within the paper and its 6 to 24h. In this concentration (25mM), TiO2 treatment, up-regulated the COST and Supporting Information fles. TpGAS in contrast, down-regulated the TpCarS with increasing time from 6 to 24h. Salinity treatment afected the expression of all three genes, so that with increasing Competing Interests: The Author(s) time, the expression of all three genes was elevated. In conclusion, according to above declare(s) no confict of interest. and HPLC results, it was shown the nanoparticles and salinity treatments can increase parthenolide synthesis in whole plant of Feverfew and then they can be used as elicitor for more production of the metabolite. Keywords. Tanacetum parthenium L., Nanoparticle, SiO2, TiO2, Salinity stress, Gene expression analysis. Abbreviations: GAS, Germacrene A Synthase; COST, Costunolide Syn- thase; CarS, Cariophyllene Synthase; PTL, Parthenolide; NP, Nanoparticle. INTRODUCTION Medicinal plants have a specifc role in treatment and prevention of many human diseases. These plants are attracting more attention for produc- Caryologia. International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics 72(1): 3-14, 2019 ISSN 0008-7114 (print) | ISSN 2165-5391 (online) | DOI: 10.13128/cayologia-246 4 Mahshid Khajavi, Mahdi Rahaie, Asa Ebrahimi ing safer medicine because it is believed that they rarely sis and accumulation of secondary metabolites in plants have side effects compared to chemical drugs. Feverfew through induction of defense responses (Ramirez-Estra- (Tanacetum parthenium L.) (Asteraceae), is a diploid da et al. 2016). The components of microbial cells and (2n=2x=18) and perennial medicinal plant. This plant poly and oligosaccharides, chemicals such pesticides, has medical applications on a wide range of disease heavy metals, and the signaling compounds in plant such as migraine headaches, stomach aches, toothaches, defense responses (growth factors, e.g. jasmonate) and insect bites, rheumatoid arthritis and infertility (Pareek physical factors such as hyperosmotic stress, UV, cold et al. 2011). These medicinal properties are due to the shock, ultrasound, and pulsed electric feld can act as existence of chemical compounds which called second- stimulators for hyperproduction of secondary metabo- ary metabolites. Terpenoids are the largest class of plant lites (Zhao et al. 2010; Gueven and Knorr, 2011; Lin and secondary metabolites (Croteau et al. 2000). Sesquiter- Wu, 2002). pene lactones are the main group of terpenoids and fre- Nanoparticles (NPs) are new materials which show quently are derived from Mevalonic acid (MVA) path- unique properties related to their physical size. The way (Van Klink et al. 2003). T. parthenium (L.), con- nanoparticles used in present work are SiO2 and TiO2 tains many sesquiterpene lactones and parthenolide has which are among the most used nanomaterials (Servin the most concentration (comprises up to 85%) among the et al. 2012; Siddiqui and Al-Whaibi 2014). Titania total sesquiterpenes (Pareek et al. 2011). (TiO2) has a wide range of applications such as cosmet- Parthenolide is used for the treatment of migraine ics (Anselmann, 2001), cancer treatment (Kalbacova et and shows specifcally anticancer and anti-infammato- al. 2008), sunscreens or food (Lan et al. 2013). Silica ry activity, as well (Tassorelli et al. 2005; Walsh et al. (SiO2) is another popular metal oxide NPs used in mul- 2011; Mathema et al. 2012; Al-Fatlawi et al. 2015; Wang tiple varieties of applications such as disease labeling, and Li, 2015). β-caryophyllene is
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