National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Natural Resource Stewardship and Science

Vegetation Community Monitoring at Canaveral National Seashore, 2009

Natural Resource Data Series NPS/SECN/NRDS—2012/256

ON THE COVER Pitted stripeseed (Piriqueta cistoides ssp. caroliniana) Photograph by Sarah L. Corbett.

Vegetation Community Monitoring at Canaveral National Seashore, 2009

Natural Resource Report NPS/SECN/NRDS—2012/256

Michael W. Byrne and Sarah L. Corbett

USDI National Park Service Southeast Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network Cumberland Island National Seashore 101 Wheeler Street Saint Marys, , 31558 and

Joseph C. DeVivo

USDI National Park Service Southeast Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network University of Georgia 160 Phoenix Road, Phillips Lab Athens, Georgia, 30605

March 2012

U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado

The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public.

The Natural Resource Data Series is intended for the timely release of basic data sets and data summaries. Care has been taken to assure accuracy of raw data values, but a thorough analysis and interpretation of the data has not been completed. Consequently, the initial analyses of data in this report are provisional and subject to change.

All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner.

This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data.

Data in this report were collected and analyzed using methods based on established, peer- reviewed protocols and were analyzed and interpreted within the guidelines of the protocols.

Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government.

This report is available from (http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/secn) and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/nrpm/).

Please cite this publication as:

Byrne, M. W., S. L. Corbett, and J. C. DeVivo. 2012. Vegetation community monitoring at Canaveral National Seashore, 2009. Natural Resource Data Series NPS/SECN/NRDS— 2012/256. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.

NPS 639/112971, March 2012

ii

Contents

Page

Figures...... v

Tables ...... vii

List of Terms ...... ix

Executive Summary ...... xi

Introduction ...... 1

Overview ...... 1

Monitoring Objective ...... 1

Methods...... 3

Study Area ...... 3

Sampling Design ...... 4

Taxonomic Standards ...... 6

Sampling Methodology ...... 6

Plot Layout ...... 6

Canopy Measures ...... 7

Shrub Measures ...... 7

Groundcover Measures ...... 8

Data Analysis ...... 8

Findings...... 9

Measures of Community Structure ...... 10

Literature Cited ...... 27

Appendix A. known to occur at Canaveral National Seashore...... 29

iii

Figures

Page

Figure 1. Location of Canaveral National Seashore...... 3

Figure 2. Spatially-balanced random sampling locations at Canaveral National Seashore, 2009...... 5

Figure 3. Southeast Coast Network vegetation-community monitoring plot layout...... 7

v

Tables

Page

Table 1. Cover estimation coverage class, percent cover range, and value used for analyses for Southeast Coast Network vegetation-community monitoring protocol...... 8

Table 2. New species detected at Canaveral National Seashore during 2009 monitoring efforts and recommended NPSpecies classifications...... 9

Table 3. Average canopy cover in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Canaveral National Seashore, 2009...... 11

Table 4. Average canopy species size, measured as diameter (cm) at breast height (DBH) for species sampled in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Canaveral National Seashore, 2009. Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of individual measured within each plot...... 12

Table 5. Seedling frequency (/m2) for canopy and species in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Canaveral National Seashore, 2009...... 14

Table 6. Percent of vegetation cover (relative cover) and frequency of occurrence of shrub species in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Canaveral National Seashore, 2009...... 15

Table 7. Percent area covered (absolute cover) and frequency of occurrence of shrub species sampled in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Canaveral National Seashore, 2009...... 17

Table 8. Percent of vegetation cover (relative cover) and frequency of occurrence of groundcover species in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Canaveral National Seashore, 2009...... 19

Table 9. Percent area covered (absolute cover) and frequency of occurrence by groundcover species sampled in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Canaveral National Seashore, 2009...... 23

Table A-1. Vascular plant species known occur at Canaveral National Seashore (NPSpecies 2011) and species detected during 2009 monitoring efforts...... 29

vii

List of Terms

Absolute cover: The total amount of ground surface that is covered by each species or group. Describes the amount of cover that each species or group represents in a stratum. Expressed as a percentage. Can exceed 100% due to overlap. The total cover of each species or group divided by the total possible cover for a plot.

Canopy species: Woody species known to occur in the midstory or overstory of the canopy, or shrub species that grow greater than or equal to 4 cm DBH and measureable at breast height (1.4 m).

Canopy stratum: The structural zone above 1.1 m (i.e., elbow height of a typical observer as per densiometer instructions) and consists of all live and dead plant material that affects the amount of light penetrating to the ground. This includes individual elements whose cover is also potentially measured and accounted for in the shrub- or groundcover-stratum measurements, but exceeds 1.1 m in height, is detected by the densiometer, and contributes to canopy cover. Also referred to as the midstory, overstory, or sub-canopy.

Cover: The vertical projection of the outermost extent of a species, or the extent of the shadow cast by the species if the sun were directly overhead. Foliar cover.

DBH: Diameter at breast height, or 1.4 m above the ground’s surface.

Frequency: The number of times a species or group is detected in a plot, expressed as a percentage. Provides information on regularity at which a species or group is encountered.

Groundcover stratum: The structural zone that consists of all non-woody species (i.e., forbs and graminoids), and all woody species (i.e., and trees) with a DBH of less than 1 cm and seedlings 30 cm or less in height.

Relative cover: The cover of each species or group as a function of all other plant species that occurred in a plot. Describes the percentage of cover that each species represents out of the total vegetative cover in a stratum. Expressed as a percentage. Always sums to 100%. The total cover of each species or group divided by the sum of the cover of all other species that occur in a plot.

Seedlings: Woody dicotyledonous less than 30 cm in height.

Shrub stratum: All woody species greater than 30 cm in height with a DBH of 1–4 cm.

Stratum: A structural size category of vegetation at a site. These are the canopy, shrub, and groundcover layers.

ix

Executive Summary

In 2009, the National Park Service (NPS) Southeast Coast Network (SECN) Inventory and Monitoring Network began collecting vegetation community data as part the NPS Vital Signs monitoring program. Information collected under this Vital Sign will be used to help managers make better-informed decisions by understanding trends and variability related to plant species, frequency of occurrence, percent cover, diversity, and distribution in the groundcover, shrub, and canopy strata.

Within each stratum, vegetation communities were sampled using a of methods used by the Vegetation Survey nested-subplot design (Peet et al. 1998) within a circular plot similar to the Forest Inventory and Analysis protocol (Bechtold and Patterson 2005). This report summarizes vegetation community data collected at Canaveral National Seashore in 2009.

1. Data were collected at 22 spatially-balanced random locations at the Seashore. The findings below apply only to portions of the park that meet the following site selection criteria:

a) Sites are located within park boundaries and ownership.

b) Sites must be sampleable within safety guidelines.

c) Sites cannot be located in wholly non-natural areas, open water, or areas where application of the methods is inappropriate (such as marshes).

2. Sampling activities occurred at the Seashore from 8/11 – 8/29, 9/13 – 9/19, and 10/4 – 10/9/2009.

3. Monitoring efforts resulted in the addition of 16 species, subspecies, and varieties to the park’s species list.

4. Absolute canopy cover across the park was approximately 32%.

5. Sabal palmetto had the largest average diameter of any canopy species at the park.

6. No redbay seedlings were detected.

7. Saw palmetto was the most frequently occurring species in the shrub stratum.

8. Dichanthelium spp., Elliott's milkpea, saw palmetto, and muscadine were the most frequently occurring species in the groundcover stratum.

9. Saw palmetto had the highest absolute and relative cover in the shrub stratum.

10. Sand cordgrass had the highest absolute and relative cover in the groundcover stratum.

11. The full dataset, and associated metadata, can be acquired from the data store at http://science.nature.nps.gov/nrdata/

xi

Introduction

Overview Vegetation communities provide many ecosystem services. Among their many functions, they are an important component of food webs and wildlife habitat for many species, and serve as a carbon sink, produce oxygen, cycle nutrients and energy through an ecosystem, influence the local climate, improve water quality, and moderate flooding and erosion. Plant communities also respond to multiple stressors such as changes in air quality, hydrology, disturbance regimes, and climate. Determining trends in vegetation communities is vital to understanding the ecological processes occurring at a site, and identifying stressors and their impacts.

Vegetation communities are dynamic entities with constant changes in composition, cover, distribution, and structure that reflect stressor response, natural or anthropogenic in origin. Disturbance is the primary stressor and regulating mechanism of SECN vegetation communities. The timing, type, and extent of the disturbance generally evoke a distinguishable response in the species composition, diversity, and structure of the landscape (Foster et al. 1998, Turner et al. 1990). The primary natural-disturbance processes in SECN parks are fire and weather (e.g., hurricanes, drought). Anthropogenic influences include fire suppression, landscape fragmentation, altered hydrology, and non-native species introduction.

The SECN is composed of a diverse assemblage of vegetation communities. Approximately 180 vegetation associations (i.e., fine-resolution floristic description), as defined by the National Vegetation and Classification System (FGDC 2008), occur in the SECN. These communities vary widely in distribution, species composition, and structure, and include sparsely vegetated primary dune communities, late successional old-growth bottomland hardwood forest communities, and highly diverse herbaceous-dominated mesic pine savannah communities.

Given the widespread anthropogenic influences in SECN parks and the importance of vegetation communities, quantifying trends in plant cover, frequency, diversity, and distribution is a high priority (DeVivo et al. 2008). Evaluating trends in these metrics provides measures for assessing the ecological integrity and sustainability of southeastern ecosystems, and identifying the need for specific management activities on our park lands. The National Park Service Omnibus Management Act of 1998, and other reinforcing policies and regulations, require park managers ―to establish baseline information and to provide information on the long-term trends in the condition of National Park System resources‖ (Title II, Sec. 204). The vegetation-community monitoring data summarized herein is a tool to assist park managers in fulfilling this mandate.

This report summarizes data collected as a part of the SECN’s Vegetation Community Vital Signs monitoring efforts.

Monitoring Objective

 Determine trends in plant species frequency, percent cover, diversity, and distribution in the groundcover, shrub, and canopy strata.

1

Methods

Study Area Canaveral National Seashore (CANA) is on the east coast of central (Figure 1). The park is approximately 57,000 acres, including Mosquito Lagoon, and the southern portion is jointly managed by the NPS and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s (USFWS) Merritt Island National Wildlife Canaveral National Seashore Refuge. The park’s natural resources include a diverse assemblage of wildlife, vegetation communities, geophysical features and natural processes reflecting the complexity of the land/lagoon/sea interface of east-central Mosquito Lagoon Florida. Mosquito Lagoon, extending along the backside of Canaveral’s barrier island, is the northernmost part of the Indian River Lagoon and has been designated as an Estuary of National Significance by the Environmental Protection Agency and an Outstanding Florida Water by the State of Florida. The lagoon acts as an important nursery area for a wide variety of wildlife species. Unlike Indian many barrier islands, CANA has a less complex dune River system separating the lagoon from the ocean and generally consists of a single primary dune, averaging 12 ft in height. The park provides habitat for 15 federally-listed species. Between 3,000 and 4,500 sea turtle nests are recorded on 0 5 10 20 CANA's 24 miles of beach each year. CANA also sustains Kilometers nationally-renown recreational and commercial fisheries, including finfish, oysters and clams. The park has a rich Native American occupational history and several shell middens occur at the park.

Predominant vegetation communities at CANA include coastal dune/coastal strand dominated by Serenoa repens, Coccoloba uvifera, Myrcianthes fragrans, and Morella cerifera, (Quercus spp.) scrub, slash pine (Pinus Figure 1. Location of Canaveral elliottii) flatwoods, hardwood hammock, mangroves, and National Seashore. salt marsh. One federally endangered species, applecactus ( fragrans) occurs in the park.

The park is exposed to natural and anthropogenic stressors that affect vegetation communities. Natural disturbances include severe storms, such as hurricanes and tropical storms, which can have a substantial impact on the distribution of vegetation communities. Frequent fires historically occurred in many of the vegetation communities at the park and, consequently, these communities are fire dependent. Over the last century, many of these naturally occurring fires were suppressed. The park, in cooperation with the USFWS, has an active fire management program to reduce fuel loads and restore this vital process to park lands. The park has a prominent wildland-urban interface along the northern and northwestern boundary. Potential anthropogenic stressors from adjacent lands include polluted runoff (e.g., nutrients, sewage), encroachment of non-native plant species, and landscape fragmentation. Historic fire

3

suppression at Kennedy Space Center, which borders the park to the south, has also influenced the park. Canals and mosquito ditches in portions of the park altered natural hydrologic processes, and have likely influenced the distribution of plant and wildlife species. Historic land uses of the park include orange groves, timber harvest, and several homesites.

Several non-native occur in the park that threaten native ecosystems by altering ecosystem processes. Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius), guineagrass (Megathyrsus maximus), rosary pea (Abrus precatorius), cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica), and Australian pine (Casuarina equisetifolia, C. glauca) are of particular management concern. Brazilian pepper is a particularly aggressive species and as been the focus of a widespread eradication program at the park. Examples of non-native fauna that negatively affect CANA resources include the Asian ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus) and feral hogs (Sus scrofa). The Asian ambrosia beetle is the primary known vector for the spread of the fungal pathogen Laurel Wilt (Raffaelea lauricola) that has decimated redbay (Persea borbonia) populations throughout the southern extent of the range of redbay. Rooting by feral hogs causes extensive damage at the Seashore, especially in communities. Further, feral hogs are known vectors for non-native plant species and their rooting activities can facilitate the establishment of non-native species. Despite an eradication program by USFWS that removes over 2,000 feral hogs each year, population estimates appear consistent due to high productivity and the immigration of feral hogs from lands adjacent to the Refuge and park.

CANA has 770 known vascular-plant species, subspecies, and varieties (NPSpecies 2011), including 16 species, subspecies, and varieties added to the species list based on these monitoring efforts (Appendix A, Table 2).

Sampling Design To allow for park-wide inference, the park’s administrative boundary was used as the sampling frame, which was divided into a systematic 0.5-ha grid; the center point of each grid cell served as the potential sampling site and the grid cell served as the macroplot. A spatially-balanced sample was drawn from this grid using the Reversed Randomized Quadrant-Recursive Raster (RRQRR) algorithm (Theobald et al. 2007). Alternate points were used when selection criteria (i.e., including safety and access issues) were not met. A sample size of 30 was chosen after consideration of park size, hypothesized variability, and logistical issues regarding travel time and conducting monitoring activities in five to six park units per year. Only 22 of the 30 planned sampling points were sampled in 2009 (Figure 2) due to logistical issues. The park was sampled from 8/11 – 8/29, 9/13 – 9/19, and 10/4 – 10/9/2009.

4

Figure 2. Spatially-balanced random sampling locations at Canaveral National Seashore, 2009.

5

Taxonomic Standards Species nomenclature for this report follow the current NPSpecies database accessible through the Integration of Resource Management Applications (IRMA) portal (https://irma.nps.gov/App/Portal/Home), which represents the most recent updates from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS; http://www.itis.gov). Standards used for the botanical in this report and for all work conducted by the Southeast Coast Network are in accordance with those set forth in by ITIS (http://irma.nps.gov/content/help/taxonomy/FAQ.aspx).

Occasionally, if the available characteristics of a plant did not facilitate identification to , species, variety, or subspecies, the lowest level of taxonomy identifiable (i.e., the most refined) was used. For example, species of Dicanthelium are extremely difficult to identify to species when they lack floral or fruiting structures. In this case, the specimen may only be identified to genus as Dicanthelium sp. In the event that a species has more than one variety or subspecies that occurs for a park and the specific variety or subspecies cannot be identified in the field, only the genus and species name were used. For example, several varieties of Pteridium aquilinum are known. If for some reason the observer was only able to identify the plant as Pteridium aquilinum and not further to variety, only Pteridium aquilinum was reported. In these cases, the identified and reported name may not be included in the existing park species list from NPSpecies, only the sub-species or varieties are included in the park species list. Because the genus or species is already known to occur in the park, the general taxonomy will not appear in the ―new vascular plant species‖ (Table 2). In the event a family name, generic name, or genera and species name only (no variety, subspecies, etc.) is used, the most recent taxonomy represented in ITIS is used for these general terms.

Sampling Methodology Vegetation community measures were divided into three strata based upon diameter at breast height (DBH) of woody species: canopy, shrub, and groundcover. Any non-woody (i.e., herbaceous) species was considered part of the groundcover stratum. Within each stratum, vegetation communities were sampled using a hybrid of methods used by the North Carolina Vegetation Survey nested-subplot design (Peet et al. 1998) within a circular plot similar to the Forest Inventory and Analysis protocol (Bechtold and Patterson 2005).

Plot Layout The layout consisted of a circular plot with a radius of 15 m within the 0.5-ha macroplot. Subplots were systematically placed along six transects that radiated out from the center point at azimuths of 0°/360°, 60°, 120°, 180°, 240°, and 300° (Figure 3). To avoid overlap, subplots originated four meters from the macroplot (i.e., 0.5-ha grid) center point and extended away from the center point. Five measures were collected in the nested subplots within each plot: canopy cover, shrub cover, DBH, canopy-species seedling frequency, and herbaceous cover. Canopy cover was measured from the center point of the 0.5-ha macroplot. Shrub coverage was measured in two 2 × 4 m shrub plots along each transect. The shrub plots were further subdivided into 2 × 2 m subplots to improve cover-estimation accuracy and precision because cover-estimation error increases with plot size (solid gray shading, Figure 3). Groundcover coverage, groundcover nested frequency, and seedling frequency was measured in two 1 × 1 m groundcover plots (solid black shading, Figure 3) along each transect. Canopy species DBH was

6

measured in three sections, each representing 1/3 of the total circular plot (hashed gray shading, Figure 3).

Groundcover Plot Shrub Plot Canopy DBH Plot

Figure 3. Southeast Coast Network vegetation-community monitoring plot layout.

Canopy Measures Absolute canopy cover was estimated in the four cardinal directions with a concave spherical densiometer placed on a 1.1-m tall tripod at the plot center. Canopy cover reported is the mean of three observers across the four cardinal directions. The circular plot was subdivided into six sections occurring between the 0–60°, 120–180°, and 240–300° compass transects of the circular plot. Diameter at breast height (i.e., 1.37 m above the ground) was measured to the nearest millimeter for all trees (identified by species) with a diameter greater than or equal to 4 cm that occur within the 0–60°, 120–180°, and 240–300° section.

Shrub Measures Shrub cover of all shrub species was visually estimated for each of the twelve 2 × 4 m plots. A common source of error in visual estimation of vegetation cover is that as plot size increases, cover-estimation error increases. Each shrub plot was therefore sub-divided into two 2 × 2 m subplots. The plots are situated at 15 m and 8 m (extending toward the plot center) along each of the transect lines of the circular plot. Shrub cover was categorized into one of seven coverage classes (Table 1) for each subplot. A coverage class of zero (Table 1) is assumed for any shrub

7

species not detected and not recorded on the datasheet. The measurements of subplots were combined by averaging the midpoint for the coverage class in the two shrub subplots resulting in a total shrub cover estimate for the 2 × 4 m plot. The authors have established consistent performance in the accuracy and precision of visual-cover estimates within and across observers in plots this size.

Groundcover Measures Groundcover was visually estimated in each of the twelve 1 × 1 m plots situated on the clockwise side at 15 m and 8 m (extending toward the plot center) along each of the transect lines of the circular plot. Groundcover was categorized into one of seven coverage classes (Table 1) for each plot. A coverage class of zero (Table 1) is assumed for any groundcover species not detected and not recorded on the datasheet. The authors have established through trials that these coverage classes are discriminatory and repeatable across observers. Canopy- species seedling counts were estimated by counting the number of seedlings that occur in each of the 1 × 1 m plots.

Table 1. Cover estimation coverage class, percent cover range, and value used for analyses for Southeast Coast Network vegetation-community monitoring protocol.

Coverage Class Percent Cover Range Value Used for Analyses 0 0% 0.0 1 Trace (<1%) 0.5 2 1-5% 2.5 3 5-25% 15.0 4 25-50% 37.5 5 50-75% 62.5 6 75-95% 85.0 7 95-100% 97.5

Data Analysis Because this is the first year of this protocol’s implementation at the Seashore, only the status of the elements presented in the aforementioned monitoring objective are determined; except diversity and distribution. The data in this report are presented by plot and pooled across plots. Sampling locations are presented in Figure 2 and summaries by plot are presented in Tables 3–9.

Summaries include (a) new species detected (Table 2),(b) canopy cover (Table 3), (c) canopy species size (Table 4), (d) seedling frequency (Table 5), (e) shrub species relative cover and frequency (Table 6), shrub species absolute cover and frequency (Table 7), (f) groundcover relative cover and frequency (Table 8), (g) groundcover absolute cover and frequency (Table 9), and (h) species detected (Appendix A).

8

Findings

We detected 137 species, subspecies, and varieties during this monitoring effort (Appendix A), including 16 new species, subspecies, and varieties not previously known to occur at the Seashore (Table 2).

Table 2. New vascular plant species detected at Canaveral National Seashore during 2009 monitoring efforts and recommended NPSpecies classifications.

Management Exploitation Species Abundance Nativity Pest Priority Concerns Apocynum cannabinum Unknown Native No No No angustifolia Unknown Native No No No caroliniana Unknown Native No No No Cyperus haspan Unknown Native No No No caroliniana Unknown Native No No No Hypericum fasciculatum Unknown Native No No No alata Unknown Native No No No Linum medium Unknown Native No No No Paspalum notatum Unknown Non-native Unknown No No Pinus serotina Unknown Native No No No Quercus nigra Unknown Native No No No Rotala ramosior Unknown Native No No No Sabal minor Unknown Native No No No Sagittaria graminea var. graminea Unknown Native No No No Smilax glauca Unknown Native No No No Stellaria media Unknown Non-native Unknown No No

9

Measures of Community Structure Absolute canopy cover was variable across all sampling locations at the park ( ̅ = 34.28%, SD = 38.24; Table 3). The largest detected was pignut (; 49.60 cm), but sabal palmetto (Sabal palmetto) had the largest average DBH ( ̅ = 28.97 cm, SD = 6.48) of any species where more than ten individuals were sampled (Table 4). An average DBH of 8.37 cm (n = 24, SD = 3.62) for Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius) was measured across all sampling locations at the park (Table 4). Average live redbay (Persea borbonia) DBH was 10.56 cm (SD = 3.89) and the one standing dead redbay DBH measured 14.90 cm (Table 4). No redbay seedlings were detected and Brazilian pepper seedlings were estimated at 0.03/m2 (Table 5). Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) was the most frequently occurring shrub species at the park (f = 76.19) and had the highest relative cover of all other shrub species ( ̅ = 27.54%, SD = 27.42; Table 6). Brazilian pepper occurred in the shrub stratum of one third of sampling locations and had an average relative cover of 8.36% (SD = 21.61; Table 6). Redbay occurred in the shrub stratum in approximately 14% of sampling locations (Table 6). Saw palmetto also had the highest absolute cover in the shrub stratum at the park ( ̅ = 22.00%, SD = 23.02; Table 7). Brazilian pepper had an absolute cover of 4% (SD = 9.55) in the shrub stratum (Table 7). Dichanthelium spp., Elliott's milkpea (Galactia elliottii), saw palmetto, and muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia) were the most frequently occurring species (41%) in the groundcover stratum, (Table 8). Sand cordgrass (Spartina bakeri) had the highest absolute cover in the groundcover stratum ( ̅ = 4.00%, SD = 11.34; Table 8). Sand cordgrass also had the highest relative cover in the groundcover stratum ( ̅ = 7.58%, SD = 21.22) followed by Dichanthelium spp. ( ̅ = 4.51%, SD = 11.69; Table 9).

10

Table 3. Average canopy cover in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Canaveral National Seashore, 2009.

Sampling Location Average Canopy Cover Standard Deviation 2 0.00 0.00 5 0.00 0.00 6 0.00 0.00 9 77.00 0.50 10 0.00 0.00 12 3.00 --- 13 0.00 0.00 14 80.58 3.09 16 56.50 11.77 18 92.75 1.95 19 90.75 1.75 20 0.00 0.00 21 70.92 1.46 22 89.75 1.50 23 24.42 6.01 24 29.00 3.36 27 0.00 0.00 28 79.50 1.09 30 2.00 1.95 A1 15.75 2.14 A2 0.00 0.00 A3 7.92 0.80 Park Average 34.28 38.04

11

Table 4. Average canopy species size, measured as diameter (cm) at breast height (DBH) for species sampled in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Canaveral National Seashore, 2009. Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of individual trees measured within each plot.

Sampling Location Species Avg Std Dev 2 5 6 9 10 12 13 14 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 30 A1 A2 A3 Live Acer rubrum 15.69 12.67 15.69 (15) Avicennia germinans 5.18 0.80 5.18 (8) Carya glabra 49.60 49.60 (1) Citrus sp. 4.24 0.21 4.24 (5) Cornus sp. 5.97 2.06 5.97 (3) Ilex vomitoria 5.34 1.33 5.90 (1) 5.20 (4) Juniperus virginiana 33.05 9.87 26.30 47.20 32.40 (2) (1) (1) Laguncularia racemosa 4.00 4.00 (1) Lyonia ferruginea 7.47 2.31 9.17 (3) 6.84 (8) Magnolia grandiflora 9.58 2.41 9.58 (8) Morella cerifera 5.70 1.30 5.73 (6) 5.60 (2) Persea borbonia 10.55 3.89 13.30 7.80 (1) (1) Persea palustris 8.95 6.58 8.95 (2)

Pinus elliottii 27.56 11.44 8.85 (2) 28.12 42.00 15.50 52.10 12

(19) (1) (1) (1)

Quercus chapmanii 8.10 2.69 8.10 (2) 7.39 3.53 7.39 (14) 7.71 2.34 8.77 (6) 4.55 (2) Quercus virginiana 23.71 15.32 13.38 34.10 41.95 36.37 43.18 15.80 (8) (3) (2) (6) (5) (20) Sabal palmetto 28.97 6.48 47.10 26.36 26.51 30.30 28.83 21.40 34.85 32.40 27.30 32.80 (2) (8) (27) (2) (3) (2) (8) (2) (1) (3) Salix caroliniana 13.18 2.88 13.18 (4) Schinus terebinthifolius 8.37 3.62 8.37 (24) Serenoa repens 16.07 4.07 15.00 22.60 12.60 18.57 15.20 (9) (1) (1) (3) (1) Ulmus americana 13.65 0.64 13.20 14.10 (1) (1) Vitis rotundifolia 5.10 1.27 6.00 (1) 4.20 (1) Zanthoxylum clava-herculis 4.00 4.00 (1) Dead Acer rubrum 6.40 2.50 6.40 (3) Cornus sp. 4.95 0.21 4.95 (2) Juniperus virginiana 14.01 8.85 16.10 5.20 (1) 10.75 27.50 (4) (4) (1) Lyonia ferruginea 6.40 1.77 6.40 (7)

Table 4. Continued.

Sampling Location

Species Avg Std Dev 2 5 6 9 10 12 13 14 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 30 A1 A2 A3

Dead

Morella cerifera 8.28 2.15 11.2 7.90 6.10 (1) (2) (1) Persea borbonia 14.9 14.9 (1) Pinus elliottii 9.75 7.28 9.75 (2) Quercus virginiana 35.03 7.22 28.7 38.2 (1) (2) Schinus terebinthifolius 5.96 2.00 5.73 6.20 (12) (12) Serenoa repens 16.8 16.8 (1)

Unidentified Magnoliopsida 5.33 0.51 5.33 (4)

Unidentified Dead Magnoliopsida 7.12 1.66 7.08 7.30

(4) (1) 13 Lauraceae 7.40 7.40 (1)

Table 5. Seedling frequency (/m2) for canopy and shrub species in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Canaveral National Seashore, 2009.

Sampling Location Species Total Seedlings Seedlings/m2 Std Dev 2 5 6 9 10 12 13 14 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 30 A1 A2 A3 Live Acer rubrum 2 0.01 0.04 0.17 Asimina sp. 1 0.00 0.02 0.08 Avicennia germinans 4 0.02 0.07 0.33 Baccharis halimifolia 4 0.02 0.07 0.33 Befaria racemosa 7 0.03 0.12 0.58 Borrichia frutescens 9 0.03 0.12 0.25 0.50 Carica papaya 4 0.02 0.07 0.33 Carya glabra 1 0.00 0.02 0.08 Cephalanthus occidentalis 1 0.00 0.02 0.08 Citrus sp. 3 0.01 0.05 0.25 Coccoloba uvifera 1 0.00 0.02 0.08 Cornus sp. 3 0.01 0.05 0.25 caroliniana 4 0.02 0.07 0.33 Ilex glabra 17 0.06 0.28 0.08 1.33 Juniperus virginiana 1 0.00 0.02 0.08 Kosteletzkya virginica 1 0.00 0.02 0.08 14 Lycium carolinianum 1 0.00 0.02 0.08 Lyonia ferruginea 2 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.08 Lyonia fruticosa 16 0.06 0.27 1.25 0.08 Lyonia lucida 276 1.05 2.97 4.50 1.25 13.42 1.75 2.08 Morella cerifera 19 0.07 0.14 0.08 0.58 0.25 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 Persea palustris 2 0.01 0.04 0.17 21 0.08 0.22 0.67 0.33 0.75 Quercus geminata 142 0.54 1.21 3.92 0.42 1.50 4.17 0.67 1.17 Quercus laurifolia 3 0.01 0.04 0.08 0.17 Quercus myrtifolia 155 0.59 1.39 4.17 0.17 3.75 4.00 0.75 0.08 Quercus nigra 8 0.03 0.14 0.67 Quercus virginiana 59 0.22 0.64 0.17 0.50 0.17 1.17 2.83 0.08 Rhus copallina 9 0.03 0.08 0.25 0.08 0.08 0.25 0.08 Sabal palmetto 24 0.09 0.33 0.50 1.50 Schinus terebinthifolius 8 0.03 0.08 0.08 0.17 0.33 0.08 Serenoa repens 53 0.20 0.53 0.08 0.08 0.08 1.50 2.08 0.17 0.33 0.08 Ulmus americana 14 0.05 0.21 1.00 0.17 Vaccinium myrsinites 70 0.27 0.66 1.33 0.83 2.67 1.00 Unidentified Magnoliopsida 19 0.07 0.24 1.0 0.58

Table 6. Percent of vegetation cover (relative cover) and frequency of occurrence of shrub species in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Canaveral National Seashore, 2009.

Sampling Location Species Frequency Avg Std Dev 2 5 6 9 10 12 13 14 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 30 A1 A2 A3 Live

Acer rubrum 4.55 0.2 0.86 4.05 Asimina sp. 4.55 0.1 0.43 2.01 Avicennia germinans 4.55 0.9 4.06 19.04 Baccharis angustifolia 4.55 0.0 0.15 0.71 Baccharis halimifolia 27.27 6.4 19.66 67.89 3.06 1.45 1.18 66.22 0.05 Befaria racemosa 18.18 0.5 1.41 3.97 5.54 0.74 0.48 Borrichia frutescens 18.18 4.4 12.18 50.00 29.77 7.23 10.59 Callicarpa americana 4.55 0.2 0.80 3.73 Carica papaya 4.55 0.1 0.29 1.34 Cephalanthus occidentalis 4.55 2.2 10.18 47.74 sp. 9.09 0.2 0.66 3.01 0.84 Citrus sp. 4.55 3.1 14.67 68.83 Coccoloba uvifera 4.55 0.0 0.14 0.67 Cornus sp. 4.55 0.4 1.91 8.98 Diospyros virginiana 4.55 0.1 0.36 1.67

Erythrina herbacea 4.55 0.0 0.15 0.72 15

Eugenia axillaris 4.55 0.0 0.14 0.67

Hypericum fasciculatum 4.55 0.0 0.19 0.91 Ilex cassine var. cassine 13.64 0.0 0.09 0.19 0.29 0.26 Ilex glabra 27.27 1.1 3.57 1.31 1.93 3.69 0.12 0.93 16.58 Ilex vomitoria 9.09 1.0 3.11 11.16 9.94 Iva frutescens 4.55 2.1 10.02 46.99 Kosteletzkya virginica 18.18 1.5 5.35 25.00 4.25 1.34 2.35 Laguncularia racemosa 9.09 0.7 2.21 7.21 7.83 Lycium carolinianum 9.09 0.2 0.74 3.49 0.02 Lyonia ferruginea 22.73 0.8 2.18 0.61 2.66 9.41 4.12 0.93 Lyonia fruticosa 4.55 0.2 0.84 3.93 Lyonia lucida 22.73 3.8 8.56 32.43 7.55 22.74 12.38 9.05 Magnolia grandiflora 4.55 0.0 0.03 0.12 Morella cerifera 63.64 6.7 8.63 3.49 25.00 5.27 1.06 16.25 2.80 2.03 10.57 14.85 28.43 17.31 2.60 7.12 10.47 Opuntia humifusa 4.55 0.1 0.55 2.60 Persea borbonia 13.64 0.2 0.63 0.72 1.43 2.60 Persea palustris 9.09 0.0 0.13 0.57 0.17 Pinus serotina 4.55 0.0 0.22 1.01 Prunus caroliniana 4.55 0.1 0.26 1.24 Quercus chapmanii 22.73 2.2 6.01 0.76 26.13 11.02 4.80 6.19 Quercus geminata 31.82 3.3 6.83 13.21 16.60 6.51 26.13 4.67 5.31 1.19

Table 6. Continued.

Sampling Location Species Frequency Avg Std Dev 2 5 6 9 10 12 13 14 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 30 A1 A2 A3 Live

Quercus laurifolia 4.55 0.1 0.66 3.11 Quercus myrtifolia 40.91 5.9 10.53 20.08 2.44 6.22 3.65 24 38.7 11.37 20.66 3.09 Quercus sp. 4.55 0.1 0.36 1.67 Quercus virginiana 13.64 1.1 3.76 3.41 17.22 4.13 Rhus copallina 36.36 2.0 3.63 4.28 14.52 1.95 0.8 3.36 5.87 5.65 7.16 Sabal minor 4.55 0.1 0.66 3.11 Sabal palmetto 45.45 4.1 8.51 12.82 6.43 3.54 7.21 1.34 37.65 3.01 12.75 4.79 0.05 Salix caroliniana 4.55 1.5 7.05 33.05 Schinus terebinthifolius 31.82 8.9 21.18 4.13 41.16 41.89 5.73 17.47 85.88 0.24 Serenoa repens 72.73 26.3 27.39 44.2 9.9 24.69 38.41 15.35 10.54 29.6 23.51 84.66 93.86 52.18 14.01 1.57 44.64 45.43 45.71 Sideroxylon sp. 4.55 0.3 1.19 5.58 Vaccinium corymbosum 4.55 0.1 0.66 3.11 Vaccinium myrsinites 18.18 1.0 2.30 7.86 4.36 6.8 2.1 Ximenia americana 18.18 0.2 0.67 0.87 0.12 3.09 0.08 Unidentified Rosaceae 4.55 0.2 0.79 3.71

16 Magnoliopsida 13.64 0.46 1.87 0.09 8.75 1.17

Table 7. Percent area covered (absolute cover) and frequency of occurrence of shrub species sampled in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Canaveral National Seashore, 2009.

Sampling Location Species Frequency Avg Std Dev 2 5 6 9 10 12 13 14 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 30 A1 A2 A3 Live Acer rubrum 4.55 0.11 0.48 2.21 Asimina sp. 4.55 0.06 0.27 1.25 Avicennia germinans 4.55 0.78 3.59 16.46 Baccharis angustifolia 4.55 0.01 0.03 0.13 Baccharis halimifolia 27.27 2.09 6.67 11.98 1.67 1.25 0.10 28.88 0.02 Befaria racemosa 18.18 0.42 1.13 4.08 3.44 0.63 0.63 Borrichia frutescens 18.18 0.99 3.14 0.21 13.33 6.25 0.94 Callicarpa americana 4.55 0.09 0.41 1.88 Carica papaya 4.55 0.06 0.27 1.25 Cephalanthus occidentalis 4.55 0.90 4.14 18.96 Chamaecrista sp. 9.09 0.20 0.78 3.54 0.73 Citrus sp. 4.55 2.10 9.64 44.17 Coccoloba uvifera 4.55 0.03 0.14 0.63 Cornus sp. 4.55 0.23 1.07 4.90 Diospyros virginiana 4.55 0.03 0.16 0.73 herbacea 4.55 0.03 0.14 0.63

17 Eugenia axillaris 4.55 0.03 0.14 0.63

Hypericum fasciculatum 4.55 0.04 0.20 0.94 Ilex cassine var. cassine 13.64 0.02 0.04 0.10 0.13 0.10 Ilex glabra 27.27 1.36 4.73 1.25 1.98 2.29 0.10 1.25 21.77 Ilex vomitoria 9.09 0.68 2.25 5.00 9.27 Iva frutescens 4.55 1.93 8.87 40.63 Kosteletzkya virginica 18.18 0.11 0.30 0.10 0.75 1.25 0.21 Laguncularia racemosa 9.09 0.48 1.60 3.23 6.77 Lycium carolinianum 9.09 0.08 0.34 1.56 0.02 Lyonia ferruginea 22.73 0.69 1.86 0.63 3.13 8.13 1.27 1.25 Lyonia fruticosa 4.55 0.18 0.82 3.75 Lyonia lucida 22.73 4.08 8.86 33.33 4.69 19.17 16.67 11.88 Magnolia grandiflora 4.55 0.00 0.02 0.10 Morella cerifera 63.64 4.11 4.84 3.33 0.10 5.42 1.25 8.85 2.42 0.63 6.56 12.92 12.40 6.88 2.19 9.58 13.75 Opuntia humifusa 4.55 0.08 0.36 1.67 Persea borbonia 13.64 0.16 0.50 0.63 0.63 2.19 Persea palustris 9.09 0.02 0.07 0.31 0.10 Pinus serotina 4.55 0.03 0.14 0.63 Prunus caroliniana 4.55 0.03 0.14 0.63 Quercus chapmanii 22.73 2.65 7.06 0.73 30.73 9.58 6.46 8.13 Quercus geminata 31.82 3.26 7.19 12.60 8.33 6.69 30.73 4.06 4.48 1.56

Table 7. Continued.

Sampling Location Species Frequency Avg Std Dev 2 5 6 9 10 12 13 14 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 30 A1 A2 A3 Live Quercus laurifolia 4.55 0.07 0.34 1.56 Quercus myrtifolia 40.91 6.24 10.93 19.17 1.56 3.13 3.75 28.23 33.67 9.58 27.81 4.06 Quercus sp. 4.55 0.03 0.16 0.73 Quercus virginiana 13.64 0.55 1.92 2.19 8.65 0.73 Rhus copallina 36.36 1.83 3.01 4.08 7.29 2.00 0.94 2.08 5.10 7.60 9.40 Sabal minor 4.55 0.07 0.34 1.56 Sabal palmetto 45.45 2.47 4.85 8.23 3.23 0.63 3.23 1.25 20.52 2.60 7.92 4.17 0.02 Salix caroliniana 4.55 0.63 2.86 13.13 Schinus terebinthifolius 31.82 4.01 9.55 0.73 18.44 39.06 3.13 15.10 7.60 0.10 Serenoa repens 72.73 22.00 23.02 42.19 6.35 12.40 39.48 2.71 12.40 27.60 12.81 73.13 28.96 32.40 12.19 0.63 37.63 61.15 60.00 Sideroxylon sp. 4.55 0.31 1.43 6.56 Vaccinium corymbosum 4.55 0.07 0.34 1.56 Vaccinium myrsinites 18.18 0.98 2.20 7.50 4.48 5.73 2.83 Ximenia americana 18.18 0.17 0.59 0.83 0.10 2.60 0.10 Unidentified Rosaceae 4.55 0.15 0.70 3.23 Magnoliopsida 13.64 0.54 2.33 0.10 10.94 0.73

18

Table 8. Percent of vegetation cover (relative cover) and frequency of occurrence of groundcover species in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Canaveral National Seashore, 2009.

Sampling Point Species Frequency Avg Std Dev 2 5 6 9 10 12 13 14 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 30 A1 A2 A3 Live Acer rubrum 4.55 0 0.01 0.06 Acrostichum danaeifolium 9.09 0.42 1.51 2.44 6.77

Agalinis sp. 4.55 0.34 1.58 7.39 latifolia 9.09 0.02 0.07 0.09 0.3

Ampelopsis arborea 9.09 0.24 1.1 5.16 0.19 Andropogon glomeratus 9.09 0.14 0.47 1.9 1.17

Andropogon virginicus 22.73 0.21 0.5 1.38 0.19 1.01 1.79 0.19 Apocynum cannabinum 4.55 0.01 0.03 0.12

Aristida spiciformis 4.55 0.04 0.18 0.85 Aristida stricta 13.64 0.26 0.87 3.94 0.73 1.13

Asimina sp. 4.55 0.01 0.05 0.22 Avicennia germinans 4.55 0.07 0.34 1.58

Baccharis halimifolia 4.55 0.01 0.03 0.15 Bacopa caroliniana 4.55 0.04 0.19 0.88

Bacopa monnieri 4.55 0.05 0.25 1.18 Batis maritima 9.09 1.44 4.69 17.08 14.67

Befaria racemosa 9.09 0.04 0.16 0.73 0.22 19 Berchemia scandens 4.55 0.01 0.03 0.15

Bidens pilosa 4.55 0.05 0.25 1.17 sp. 9.09 0.09 0.3 0.9 1.13

Blechnum serrulatum 4.55 0.14 0.66 3.08 Borrichia frutescens 9.09 0.04 0.15 0.16 0.68

Buchnera americana 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.19 Carex sp. 9.09 0.01 0.03 0.16 0.03

Carica papaya 4.55 0.07 0.34 1.6 sp. 13.64 0.06 0.22 0.1 0.12 1.03

Carya glabra 4.55 0 0.01 0.05 Cenchrus sp. 4.55 0.01 0.03 0.16

Centella asiatica 4.55 0.03 0.15 0.72 Centrosema virginianum 9.09 0.23 1.04 0.15 4.89

Cephalanthus occidentalis 4.55 0.01 0.03 0.15 Chamaecrista nictitans 9.09 0.03 0.12 0.54 0.15

Citrus sp. 4.55 0.05 0.22 1.02 Cladium jamaicense 4.55 0.66 3.1 14.55

Clitoria mariana 9.09 0.28 0.99 4.33 1.87 Coccoloba uvifera 4.55 0.01 0.06 0.27

Cornus sp. 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.19 angustifolium 4.55 0.01 0.05 0.25

Cyperus haspan 4.55 0.15 0.71 3.31 Cyperus sp. 27.27 0.28 0.52 1.29 0.27 1.6 1.17 1.04 0.89 Dalea feayi 4.55 0.03 0.13 0.59

Table 8. Continued.

Sampling Point Species Frequency Avg Std Dev 2 5 6 9 10 12 13 14 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 30 A1 A2 A3 sp. 4.55 0.22 1.03 4.84

Dichanthelium sp. 40.91 2.42 6.37 11.83 0.97 27.27 9.59 0.19 1.72 0.2 1.19 0.19

Diodia teres 4.55 0.1 0.47 2.18

Distichlis spicata 18.18 1.8 4.35 16.62 4.56 10.1 8.35

Eragrostis sp. 4.55 0.3 1.41 6.62

Erechtites hieraciifolius 4.55 0 0.01 0.04

Eupatorium capillifolium 13.64 0.22 0.84 0.65 3.94 0.33

Eupatorium sp. 18.18 0.19 0.55 1.99 1.7 0.54 0.03

Eustachys petraea 9.09 0.16 0.57 0.97 2.53

Euthamia caroliniana 9.09 0.09 0.33 1.48 0.54

Fimbristylis caroliniana 9.09 0.66 2.25 4.93 9.59

Fimbristylis castanea 4.55 0.06 0.29 1.35

Fimbristylis dichotoma 9.09 0.07 0.28 1.3 0.14

Flaveria linearis 4.55 0.04 0.21 0.98

Galactia elliottii 40.91 1.72 3.52 3.84 12.43 0.12 4.16 1.16 1.29 3.31 11.16 0.34

Galium sp. 4.55 0 0.01 0.03

Hydrocotyle bonariensis 4.55 0 0.02 0.11

Hydrocotyle umbellata 4.55 0.01 0.03 0.16

Hypericum cistifolium 4.55 0 0 0.02

Hypericum sp. 4.55 0 0.02 0.1 20 Hyptis alata 4.55 0.01 0.03 0.15

Ilex glabra 9.09 0.12 0.52 0.22 2.45

Ipomoea sagittata 9.09 0.09 0.31 1.35 0.59

Ipomoea sp. 18.18 0.1 0.26 0.09 0.25 0.86 0.89

Juncus roemerianus 13.64 0.51 1.93 1.16 9.05 0.98

Juncus sp. 4.55 0 0.02 0.09

Juniperus virginiana 4.55 0.01 0.03 0.16

Kosteletzkya virginica 4.55 0.01 0.06 0.27

Licania michauxii 4.55 0.04 0.21 0.99

Linum medium 4.55 0 0.02 0.09

Lycium carolinianum 4.55 0 0.01 0.03

Lyonia ferruginea 13.64 0.04 0.18 0.85 0.05 0.04

Lyonia fruticosa 9.09 0.04 0.13 0.59 0.19

Lyonia lucida 22.73 1.26 3.62 4.99 1.29 16.49 2.57 2.26

Megathyrsus maximus 9.09 0.23 0.89 4.08 1.09

Melinis repens 4.55 0.58 2.73 12.81

Mikania scandens 31.82 0.53 2.1 0.1 0.16 9.88 0.04 0.22 0.12 1.13

Morella cerifera 31.82 0.14 0.39 0.1 1.82 0.3 0.23 0.22 0.14 0.19

Myriophyllum sp. 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.18

Oplismenus hirtellus 9.09 0.02 0.05 0.16 0.19

Opuntia sp. 4.55 0.05 0.24 1.12

Osmunda cinnamomea 9.09 0.22 1.01 0.04 4.72

Oxalis corniculata 4.55 0 0.01 0.03

Table 8. Continued.

Sampling Point Species Frequency Avg Std Dev 2 5 6 9 10 12 13 14 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 30 A1 A2 A3 Panicum hemitomon 4.55 0 0.01 0.03

Panicum sp. 9.09 0.05 0.25 0.03 1.17

Panicum virgatum 4.55 0.11 0.54 2.52

Parthenocissus quinquefolia 9.09 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.19

Paspalum notatum 9.09 0.38 1.74 8.18 0.16

Paspalum sp. 9.09 0.17 0.6 0.97 2.68

Passiflora incarnata 9.09 0.12 0.52 2.42 0.19

Persea palustris 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.19

Phyla nodiflora 4.55 0.01 0.03 0.15

Pityopsis graminifolia 4.55 0.04 0.18 0.86

Pleopeltis polypodioides 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.19 var. michauxiana Pluchea rosea 9.09 0.05 0.17 0.56 0.56

Pteridium aquilinum 36.36 1.42 2.9 0.59 2.91 3.15 10.89 0.22 4.03 8.09 1.32

Pterocaulon virgatum 4.55 0.03 0.13 0.59

Quercus chapmanii 13.64 0.08 0.26 0.37 0.17 1.2

Quercus geminata 27.27 0.75 1.78 3.84 0.97 2.18 7.46 0.43 1.73

Quercus laurifolia 9.09 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.22

Quercus minima 4.55 0.01 0.03 0.14

Quercus myrtifolia 27.27 0.87 1.95 3.94 0.12 7.64 4.03 2.3 1.03

21 Quercus nigra 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.19

Quercus virginiana 27.27 0.18 0.45 0.17 0.32 0.27 1.53 1.58 0.15

Rhus copallinum 27.27 0.12 0.28 0.22 0.16 0.73 0.26 0.14 1.13

Rhynchospora sp. 18.18 0.08 0.25 0.1 0.12 0.29 1.15

Rivina humilis 4.55 0.07 0.34 1.6

Rotala ramosior 4.55 0.03 0.16 0.74

Rubus argutus 4.55 0.04 0.21 0.97

Rubus sp. 4.55 0.05 0.25 1.19

Rubus trivialis 9.09 0.05 0.22 0.04 1.04

Ruppia maritima 4.55 0.07 0.32 1.48

Sabal palmetto 9.09 0.09 0.33 0.39 1.52

Sacciolepis striata 4.55 0.22 1.05 4.9

Sagittaria graminea var. 4.55 0.04 0.19 0.88 graminea Sagittaria lancifolia 4.55 0.97 4.53 21.27

Salicornia virginica 4.55 0.02 0.12 0.54

Sarcocornia perennis 18.18 0.48 1.36 0.1 2.28 5.64 2.58

Schinus terebinthifolius 18.18 0.03 0.1 0.09 0.2 0.45 0.03

Schizachyrium scoparium 9.09 0.09 0.41 1.94 0.14

Scleria triglomerata 4.55 0.22 1.04 4.89

Scoparia dulcis 4.55 0.04 0.19 0.89

Serenoa repens 40.91 0.27 0.6 0.03 0.12 0.05 0.19 2.47 0.45 0.22 1.34 1.03

Sesuvium portulacastrum 4.55 0.22 1.01 4.76

Setaria sp. 4.55 0 0.02 0.1

Table 8. Continued.

Sampling Point Species Frequency Avg Std Dev 2 5 6 9 10 12 13 14 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 30 A1 A2 A3 Smilax auriculata 13.64 0.16 0.53 0.79 2.42 0.22

Smilax glauca 9.09 0.39 1.29 3.64 5

Smilax laurifolia 22.73 0.11 0.37 0.2 0.15 0.19 0.23 1.73

Smilax sp. 13.64 0.08 0.24 0.54 0.15 1.03

Spartina bakeri 18.18 4 11.34 32.36 6.61 43.98 4.99

Stellaria media 9.09 0.01 0.02 0.09 0.03

Teucrium canadense 4.55 0.07 0.31 1.47

Toxicodendron radicans 4.55 0.05 0.22 1.04

Ulmus americana 9.09 0.03 0.1 0.43 0.18

Utricularia sp. 4.55 0.01 0.03 0.15

Vaccinium myrsinites 18.18 0.53 1.39 5.32 1.58 3.84 1.03

Viola sp. 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.19

Vitis aestivalis 4.55 0.04 0.18 0.86

Vitis rotundifolia 40.91 2.54 5.45 2.17 6.7 21.95 0.19 11.63 1.01 0.15 2.4 9.62

Woodwardia virginica 9.09 0.38 1.45 6.67 1.69

Unidentified 4.55 0.01 0.03 0.15

Asteraceae 9.09 0.02 0.06 0.19 0.19

Cyperaceae 9.09 0.11 0.51 0.1 2.42

22 Euphorbiaceae 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.2

Fabaceae 22.73 0.29 0.81 0.58 0.97 3.62 1.17 0.15

Lauraceae 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.19

Magnoliopsida 18.18 0.33 1.4 0.33 0.04 0.22 6.56

Poaceae 9.09 0.22 0.71 2.58 2.24

Ground Condition Aquatic or Obligate Non- 4.55 0.22 1.04 4.87 Vascular plants Bare Ground 68.18 7.96 9.15 22.96 15.43 2.58 29.93 1.45 11.93 19.66 1.5 9.04 15.54 5.64 18.04 0.15 15.38 5.85

Exposed Humus 31.82 8.27 15.63 40.96 5.79 39.86 14.6 2.16 35.44 43.12

Leaf Litter or Duff 90.91 42.71 30.18 24.64 0.58 32.17 40.99 16.12 21.72 61.89 28.64 93.55 45.35 95.06 77.7 72.57 50.94 25.06 51.88 4.4 46.03 80.25 70

Open Water 13.64 5.97 19.39 78.25 2.71 50.45

Tree Stump 9.09 0.21 0.68 2.44 2.16

Upland Non-Vascular plants 9.09 0.03 0.1 0.25 0.41 or Lichen

Table 9. Percent area covered (absolute cover) and frequency of occurrence by groundcover species sampled in vegetation monitoring sampling locations at Canaveral National Seashore, 2009.

Sampling Location Species Frequency Avg Std Dev 2 5 6 9 10 12 13 14 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 30 A1 A2 A3 Live Acer rubrum 4.55 0 0.02 0.08 Acrostichum danaeifolium 9.09 0.43 1.46 3.13 6.25 Agalinis sp. 4.55 0.71 3.33 15.63 Ammannia latifolia 9.09 0.03 0.1 0.21 0.42 Ampelopsis arborea 9.09 0.31 1.42 6.67 0.21 Andropogon glomeratus 9.09 0.26 0.96 4.38 1.25 Andropogon virginicus 22.73 0.33 0.83 2.92 0.21 1.46 2.5 0.21 Apocynum cannabinum 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.21 Aristida spiciformis 4.55 0.07 0.31 1.46 Aristida stricta 13.64 0.49 1.79 8.33 1.25 1.25 Asimina sp. 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.21 Avicennia germinans 4.55 0.07 0.31 1.46 Baccharis halimifolia 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.21 Bacopa caroliniana 4.55 0.06 0.27 1.25 Bacopa monnieri 4.55 0.12 0.54 2.54

Batis maritima 9.09 1.61 5.37 21.88 13.54 23

Befaria racemosa 9.09 0.07 0.27 1.25 0.21

Berchemia scandens 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.21 Bidens pilosa 4.55 0.06 0.27 1.25 Bidens sp. 9.09 0.13 0.41 1.29 1.46 Blechnum serrulatum 4.55 0.32 1.51 7.08 Borrichia frutescens 9.09 0.04 0.14 0.21 0.63 americana 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.21 Carex sp. 9.09 0.01 0.04 0.21 0.04 Carica papaya 4.55 0.06 0.27 1.25 Carphephorus sp. 13.64 0.08 0.27 0.21 0.21 1.25 Carya glabra 4.55 0 0.01 0.04 Cenchrus sp. 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.21 Centella asiatica 4.55 0.08 0.36 1.67 Centrosema virginianum 9.09 0.33 1.51 0.21 7.08 Cephalanthus occidentalis 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.21 Chamaecrista nictitans 9.09 0.07 0.27 1.25 0.21 Citrus sp. 4.55 0.07 0.31 1.46 Cladium jamaicense 4.55 0.94 4.41 20.67 Clitoria mariana 9.09 0.34 1.16 4.83 2.71 Coccoloba uvifera 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.21 Cornus sp. 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.21 Cynanchum angustifolium 4.55 0.02 0.09 0.42

Table 9. Continued.

Sampling Location Species Frequency Avg Std Dev 2 5 6 9 10 12 13 14 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 30 A1 A2 A3 Cyperus haspan 4.55 0.21 0.99 4.63 Cyperus sp. 27.27 0.34 0.6 1.67 0.63 1.25 1.25 1.5 1.25 Dalea feayi 4.55 0.06 0.27 1.25 Desmodium sp. 4.55 0.28 1.33 6.25 Dichanthelium sp. 40.91 4.51 11.69 25 1.25 46.88 22.08 0.21 1.67 0.29 1.67 0.21 Diodia teres 4.55 0.14 0.67 3.13 Distichlis spicata 18.18 3.07 8.3 35.83 5.83 11.67 14.17 Eragrostis sp. 4.55 0.32 1.51 7.08 Erechtites hieraciifolia 4.55 0 0.01 0.04 Eupatorium capillifolium 13.64 0.29 0.97 1.5 4.38 0.46 Eupatorium sp. 18.18 0.38 1.08 4.21 2.92 1.25 0.04 Eustachys petraea 9.09 0.32 1.26 1.25 5.83 Euthamia caroliniana 9.09 0.2 0.71 3.13 1.25 Fimbristylis caroliniana 9.09 1.49 5.13 10.63 22.08 Fimbristylis castanea 4.55 0.06 0.27 1.25 Fimbristylis dichotoma 9.09 0.08 0.31 1.46 0.21 linearis 4.55 0.06 0.27 1.25 Galactia elliottii 40.91 2.53 4.92 8.13 17.79 0.21 9.58 1.29 1.25 4.79 12.13 0.42

24 Galium sp. 4.55 0 0.01 0.04 Hydrocotyle bonariensis 4.55 0.01 0.05 0.25 Hydrocotyle umbellata 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.21 Hypericum cistifolium 4.55 0 0.01 0.04 Hypericum sp. 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.21 Hyptis alata 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.21 Ilex glabra 9.09 0.13 0.58 0.21 2.71 9.09 0.17 0.64 2.92 0.83 Ipomoea sp. 18.18 0.14 0.4 0.21 0.21 1.46 1.25 Juncus roemerianus 13.64 1.12 4.44 2.5 20.83 1.25 Juncus sp. 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.21 Juniperus virginiana 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.21 Kosteletzkya virginica 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.21 Licania michauxii 4.55 0.09 0.44 2.08 Linum medium 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.21 Lycium carolinianum 4.55 0 0.01 0.04 Lyonia ferruginea 13.64 0.07 0.31 1.46 0.04 0.04 Lyonia fruticosa 9.09 0.07 0.27 1.25 0.21 Lyonia lucida 22.73 1.52 4.15 8.58 1.25 17.92 3.13 2.5 Megathyrsus maximus 9.09 0.38 1.33 5.83 2.5 Melinis repens 4.55 0.83 3.91 18.33 Mikania scandens 31.82 1.13 4.84 0.21 0.21 22.75 0.04 0.21 0.21 1.25 Morella cerifera 31.82 0.2 0.66 0.21 3.13 0.25 0.25 0.21 0.21 0.21

Table 9. Continued.

Sampling Location Species Frequency Avg Std Dev 2 5 6 9 10 12 13 14 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 30 A1 A2 A3 Myriophyllum sp. 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.21 Oplismenus hirtellus 9.09 0.02 0.06 0.21 0.21 Opuntia sp. 4.55 0.06 0.27 1.25 Osmunda cinnamomea 9.09 0.24 1.11 0.04 5.21 Oxalis corniculata 4.55 0 0.01 0.04 Panicum hemitomon 4.55 0 0.01 0.04 Panicum sp. 9.09 0.06 0.27 0.04 1.25 Panicum virgatum 4.55 0.13 0.62 2.92 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 9.09 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.21 Paspalum notatum 9.09 0.54 2.49 11.71 0.21 Paspalum sp. 9.09 0.23 0.83 1.25 3.75 Passiflora incarnata 9.09 0.15 0.67 3.13 0.21 Persea palustris 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.21 Phyla nodiflora 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.21 Pityopsis graminifolia 4.55 0.06 0.27 1.25 Pluchea rosea 9.09 0.09 0.3 1.29 0.63 Pleopeltis polypodioides var. michauxiana 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.21

25 Pteridium aquilinum 36.36 1.81 3.46 1.25 3.75 5.42 12.08 0.21 5.83 9.83 1.46

Pterocaulon virgatum 4.55 0.06 0.27 1.25 Quercus chapmanii 13.64 0.1 0.32 0.42 0.25 1.46 Quercus geminata 27.27 1.09 2.48 8.13 1.25 3.75 8.33 0.63 1.88 Quercus laurifolia 9.09 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.21 Quercus minima 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.21 Quercus myrtifolia 27.27 1.21 2.69 8.33 0.21 8.54 5.83 2.5 1.25 Quercus nigra 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.21 Quercus virginiana 27.27 0.19 0.45 0.25 0.42 0.21 1.29 1.75 0.21 Rhus copallina 27.27 0.16 0.37 0.46 0.21 1.25 0.25 0.21 1.25 Rhynchospora sp. 18.18 0.09 0.28 0.21 0.21 0.42 1.25 Rivina humilis 4.55 0.06 0.27 1.25 Rotala ramosior 4.55 0.06 0.27 1.25 Rubus argutus 4.55 0.06 0.27 1.25 Rubus sp. 4.55 0.08 0.36 1.67 Rubus trivialis 9.09 0.07 0.31 0.04 1.46 Ruppia maritima 4.55 0.08 0.36 1.71 Sabal palmetto 9.09 0.12 0.46 0.42 2.13 Sacciolepis striata 4.55 0.51 2.41 11.29 Sagittaria graminea var. graminea 4.55 0.06 0.27 1.25 Sagittaria lancifolia 4.55 1.37 6.44 30.21 Salicornia virginica 4.55 0.03 0.13 0.63 Sarcocornia perennis 18.18 0.58 1.5 0.21 2.92 5.21 4.38

Table 9. Continued.

Sampling Location Species Frequency Avg Std Dev 2 5 6 9 10 12 13 14 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 27 28 30 A1 A2 A3 Schinus terebinthifolius 18.18 0.04 0.11 0.21 0.25 0.42 0.04 Schizachyrium scoparium 9.09 0.12 0.53 2.5 0.21 Scleria triglomerata 4.55 0.32 1.51 7.08 Scoparia dulcis 4.55 0.06 0.27 1.25 Serenoa repens 40.91 0.27 0.57 0.04 0.21 0.04 0.21 2.08 0.5 0.21 1.46 1.25 Sesuvium portulacastrum 4.55 0.25 1.17 5.5 Setaria sp. 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.21 Smilax auriculata 13.64 0.21 0.66 1.67 2.71 0.21 Smilax glauca 9.09 0.53 1.73 5.21 6.46 Smilax laurifolia 22.73 0.16 0.53 0.42 0.21 0.21 0.25 2.5 Smilax sp. 13.64 0.12 0.37 1.25 0.21 1.25 Spartina bakeri 18.18 7.58 21.22 69.79 15.21 74.58 7.08 Stellaria media 9.09 0.01 0.04 0.21 0.04 Teucrium canadense 4.55 0.09 0.44 2.08 Toxicodendron radicans 4.55 0.07 0.31 1.46 Ulmus americana 9.09 0.03 0.11 0.46 0.25 Utricularia sp. 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.21 Vaccinium myrsinites 18.18 0.88 2.54 11.25 2.71 4.17 1.25 Viola sp. 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.21 Vitis aestivalis

26 4.55 0.06 0.27 1.25 Vitis rotundifolia 40.91 3.14 6.72 4.58 9.58 28.33 0.21 11.25 1.46 0.21 2.92 10.63 Woodwardia virginica 9.09 0.61 2.46 11.46 1.88 Unidentified Acanthaceae 4.55 0.01 0.03 0.15 9.09 0.02 0.06 0.19 0.19 9.09 0.11 0.51 0.1 2.42 Euphorbiaceae 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.2 22.73 0.29 0.81 0.58 0.97 3.62 1.17 0.15 Magnoliopsida 18.18 0.46 2.05 0.63 0.04 0.21 9.17 Lauraceae 4.55 0.01 0.04 0.19 Poaceae 9.09 0.22 0.71 2.58 2.24 Ground Condition Aquatic or Obligate Non-Vascular plants 4.55 0.22 1.04 4.87 Bare Ground 68.18 7.96 9.15 22.96 15.43 2.58 29.93 1.45 11.93 19.66 1.5 9.04 15.54 5.64 18.04 0.15 15.38 5.85 Exposed Humus 31.82 8.27 15.63 40.96 5.79 39.86 14.6 2.16 35.44 43.12 Litter or Duff 90.91 42.71 30.18 24.64 0.58 32.17 40.99 16.12 21.72 61.89 28.64 93.55 45.35 95.06 77.7 72.57 50.94 25.06 51.88 4.4 46.03 80.25 70 Open Water 13.64 5.97 19.39 78.25 2.71 50.45 Tree Stump 9.09 0.21 0.68 2.44 2.16 Upland Non-Vascular plants or Lichen 9.09 0.03 0.1 0.25 0.41

Literature Cited

Bechtold, W. A. and P. L. Patterson, (eds.). 2005. The enhanced forest inventory and analysis program — national sampling design and estimation procedures. General Technical Report SRS-80. USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC. 85 pp.

DeVivo, J. C., C. J. Wright, M. W. Byrne, E. DiDonato, and T. Curtis. 2008. Vital signs monitoring in the Southeast Coast Inventory & Monitoring Network. Natural Resource Report NPS/SECN/NRR—2008/061. USDI National Park Service, Fort Collins, CO, USA.

Federal Geographic Data Committee. 2008. National vegetation classification standard, version 2. FGDC-STD-005-2008. Available online: http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/project/FGDC- standards-projects/vegetation.

Foster, D. R., G. Motzkin, and B. Slater. 1998. Land-use history as long-term broad-scale disturbance: regional forest dynamics in central New England. Ecosystems: 1:96-119.

NPSpecies - The National Park Service Biodiversity Database. Secure online version. https://science1.nature.nps.gov/npspecies/web/main/start (Park list: accessed 1/13/2011).

Peet R. K., T. R. Wentworth, and P. S White. 1998. A flexible, multipurpose method for recording vegetation composition and structure. Castanea 63:262-274.

Theobald, D. M., D. L. Stevens, D. White, N. S. Urquhart, A. R. Olsen, and J. B. Norman. 2007. Using GIS to generate spatially balanced random survey designs for natural resource applications Environmental Management 40:134-146.

Turner, II, B. L., W. C. Clark, R. W. Kates, J. F. Richards, J. T. Mathews, and W. B. Meyer, (eds.). 1990. The earth as transformed by action: Global and regional changes in the biosphere over the past 300 years. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

27

Appendix A. Plant species known to occur at Canaveral National Seashore.

Table A-1. Vascular plant species known occur at Canaveral National Seashore (NPSpecies 2011) and species detected during 2009 monitoring efforts.

Order Family Species This Study NPSpecies Scrophulariales Acanthaceae sexangularis X Scrophulariales Acanthaceae Ruellia caroliniensis X Scrophulariales Acanthaceae Ruellia caroliniensis ssp. caroliniensis X Scrophulariales Acanthaceae Ruellia caroliniensis ssp. ciliosa X Scrophulariales Acanthaceae Ruellia caroliniensis var. caroliniensis X Scrophulariales Acanthaceae Ruellia caroliniensis var. heteromorpha X Aceraceae Acer rubrum X X Liliales Agavaceae Agave decipiens X Liliales Agavaceae Yucca aloifolia X Liliales Agavaceae Yucca filamentosa X Aizoaceae Sesuvium maritimum X Caryophyllales Aizoaceae Sesuvium portulacastrum X X Alismatales Alismataceae Sagittaria filiformis X Alismatales Alismataceae Sagittaria graminea var. graminea X Alismatales Alismataceae Sagittaria lancifolia X X Alismatales Alismataceae Sagittaria lancifolia ssp. lancifolia X Alismatales Alismataceae Sagittaria subulata X Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae Amaranthus australis X Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae Amaranthus cannabinus X Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae Blutaparon vermiculare X Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae Froelichia floridana X Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae Gomphrena serrata X Caryophyllales Amaranthaceae Iresine diffusa X Sapindales Anacardiaceae Rhus copallina X X Sapindales Anacardiaceae Rhus copallinum X Sapindales Anacardiaceae Rhus copallinum var. leucantha X Sapindales Anacardiaceae Schinus terebinthifolius X X Sapindales Anacardiaceae Toxicodendron radicans X X Magnoliales Annonaceae Asimina obovata X Magnoliales Annonaceae Asimina parviflora X Magnoliales Annonaceae Asimina reticulata X Apiales Apiaceae Centella asiatica X X Apiales Apiaceae Cicuta maculata X Apiales Apiaceae Cyclospermum leptophyllum X Apiales Apiaceae Eryngium aromaticum X Apiales Apiaceae Eryngium baldwinii X Apiales Apiaceae Eryngium yuccifolium X Apiales Apiaceae Hydrocotyle bonariensis X X Apiales Apiaceae Hydrocotyle umbellata X X Apiales Apiaceae Oxypolis filiformis ssp. filiformis X

29

Table A-1. Continued.

Order Family Species This Study NPSpecies Apiales Apiaceae Ptilimnium capillaceum X Apiales Apiaceae Spermolepis echinata X Catharanthus roseus X Gentianales Apocynaceae Apocynum cannabinum X Celastrales Aquifoliaceae Ilex ambigua X Celastrales Aquifoliaceae Ilex ambigua var. ambigua X Celastrales Aquifoliaceae Ilex cassine X X Celastrales Aquifoliaceae Ilex glabra X X Celastrales Aquifoliaceae Ilex vomitoria X X Arecales Arecaceae Sabal minor X Arecales Arecaceae Sabal palmetto X X Arecales Arecaceae Serenoa repens X X Gentianales Asclepiadaceae curtissii X Gentianales Asclepiadaceae Asclepias pedicellata X Gentianales Asclepiadaceae Asclepias tomentosa X Gentianales Asclepiadaceae Asclepias tuberosa X Gentianales Asclepiadaceae Cynanchum angustifolium X X Gentianales Asclepiadaceae Cynanchum scoparium X Gentianales Asclepiadaceae Matelea gonocarpa X Gentianales Asclepiadaceae Matelea gonocarpos X Gentianales Asclepiadaceae Morrenia odorata X Polypodiales Aspleniaceae Asplenium platyneuron X Asteraceae Acmella oppositifolia var. repens X Asterales Asteraceae Ambrosia artemisiifolia X Asterales Asteraceae floridanum X Asterales Asteraceae Baccharis angustifolia X Asterales Asteraceae Baccharis glomeruliflora X Asterales Asteraceae Baccharis halimifolia X X Asterales Asteraceae subacaulis X Asterales Asteraceae Bidens alba X Asterales Asteraceae Bidens alba var. radiata X Asterales Asteraceae Bidens pilosa X X Asterales Asteraceae Borrichia frutescens X X Asterales Asteraceae vialis X Asterales Asteraceae Carphephorus corymbosus X Asterales Asteraceae Carphephorus odoratissimus X Asterales Asteraceae Carphephorus odoratissimus var. odoratissimus X Asterales Asteraceae Carphephorus odoratissimus var. subtropicanus X Asterales Asteraceae linearifolia ssp. dressii X Asterales Asteraceae Chrysopsis scabrella X Asterales Asteraceae Chrysopsis subulata X Asterales Asteraceae Cirsium horridulum X Asterales Asteraceae Conoclinium coelestinum X Asterales Asteraceae Conyza canadensis X

30

Table A-1. Continued.

Order Family Species This Study NPSpecies Asterales Asteraceae Conyza canadensis var. pusilla X Asterales Asteraceae leavenworthii X Asterales Asteraceae Eclipta prostrata X Asterales Asteraceae elatus X Asterales Asteraceae Elephantopus tomentosus X Asterales Asteraceae Emilia fosbergii X Asterales Asteraceae Erechtites hieraciifolia X X Asterales Asteraceae Erigeron quercifolius X Asterales Asteraceae Erigeron vernus X Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium album X Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium capillifolium X X Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium compositifolium X Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium leucolepis X Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium mikanioides X Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium mohrii X Asterales Asteraceae Eupatorium rotundifolium X Asterales Asteraceae X Asterales Asteraceae Euthamia caroliniana X X Asterales Asteraceae Flaveria linearis X X Asterales Asteraceae Gaillardia pulchella X Asterales Asteraceae americana X Asterales Asteraceae Gamochaeta falcata X Asterales Asteraceae Gamochaeta pensylvanica X Asterales Asteraceae angustifolius X Asterales Asteraceae Helianthus debilis X Asterales Asteraceae Helianthus debilis ssp. debilis X Asterales Asteraceae Helianthus floridanus X Asterales Asteraceae Heterotheca subaxillaris X Asterales Asteraceae Hieracium megacephalon X Asterales Asteraceae Iva frutescens X X Asterales Asteraceae Iva imbricata X Asterales Asteraceae Krigia virginica X Asterales Asteraceae Lactuca canadensis X Asterales Asteraceae Lactuca floridana X Asterales Asteraceae Lactuca graminifolia X Asterales Asteraceae Liatris tenuifolia var. quadriflora X Asterales Asteraceae Melanthera aspera X Asterales Asteraceae Melanthera aspera var. aspera X Asterales Asteraceae Melanthera nivea X Asterales Asteraceae Mikania cordifolia X Asterales Asteraceae Mikania scandens X X Asterales Asteraceae Packera glabella X Asterales Asteraceae Palafoxia integrifolia X Asterales Asteraceae Phoebanthus grandiflorus X

31

Table A-1. Continued.

Order Family Species This Study NPSpecies Asterales Asteraceae Pityopsis graminifolia X X Asterales Asteraceae Pluchea carolinensis X Asterales Asteraceae Pluchea foetida X Asterales Asteraceae Pluchea rosea X X Asterales Asteraceae Pterocaulon virgatum X X Asterales Asteraceae Pyrrhopappus carolinianus X Asterales Asteraceae Rudbeckia hirta X Asterales Asteraceae Sericocarpus tortifolius X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago fistulosa X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago odora var. chapmanii X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago sempervirens X Asterales Asteraceae Solidago stricta X Asterales Asteraceae Sonchus asper X Asterales Asteraceae Sonchus oleraceus X Asterales Asteraceae Sphagneticola trilobata X Asterales Asteraceae Symphyotrichum dumosum X Asterales Asteraceae Symphyotrichum simmondsii X Asterales Asteraceae Verbesina laciniata X Asterales Asteraceae Verbesina virginica X Asterales Asteraceae Verbesina virginica var. laciniata X Asterales Asteraceae Vernonia gigantea X Asterales Asteraceae Youngia japonica X Hydropteridales Azollaceae Azolla caroliniana X Batales Bataceae Batis maritima X X Scrophulariales Bignoniaceae Tecoma capensis X Polypodiales Blechnaceae Blechnum serrulatum X X Polypodiales Blechnaceae Woodwardia areolata X Polypodiales Blechnaceae Woodwardia virginica X X Boraginaceae Argusia gnaphalodes X Lamiales Boraginaceae Heliotropium angiospermum X Lamiales Boraginaceae Heliotropium curassavicum X Capparales Brassicaceae Cakile edentula X Capparales Brassicaceae Cakile lanceolata X Capparales Brassicaceae Lepidium virginicum X Capparales Brassicaceae Rorippa floridana X Bromeliales Bromeliaceae Tillandsia bartramii X Bromeliales Bromeliaceae Tillandsia fasciculata X Bromeliales Bromeliaceae Tillandsia fasciculata var. densispica X Bromeliales Bromeliaceae Tillandsia recurvata X Bromeliales Bromeliaceae Tillandsia usneoides X Bromeliales Bromeliaceae Tillandsia utriculata X Scrophulariales Buddlejaceae Polypremum procumbens X Sapindales Burseraceae Bursera simaruba X Nymphaeales Cabombaceae Brasenia schreberi X

32

Table A-1. Continued.

Order Family Species This Study NPSpecies Caryophyllales Cactaceae Cereus eriophorus var. fragrans X Caryophyllales Cactaceae Cereus gracilis var. simpsonii X Caryophyllales Cactaceae Opuntia ficus-indica X Caryophyllales Cactaceae Opuntia humifusa X X Caryophyllales Cactaceae Opuntia stricta X Caryophyllales Cactaceae Opuntia stricta var. dillenii X Campanulales Campanulaceae Campanula floridana X Campanulales Campanulaceae Lobelia feayana X Campanulales Campanulaceae Lobelia paludosa X Campanulales Campanulaceae Lobelia puberula X Zingiberales Cannaceae Canna flaccida X Capparales Capparaceae Capparis flexuosa X Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae Sambucus canadensis X Dipsacales Caprifoliaceae Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis X Violales Caricaceae Carica papaya X X Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Arenaria lanuginosa X Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Paronychia americana X Caryophyllales Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media X Casuarinales Casuarinaceae Casuarina equisetifolia X Casuarinales Casuarinaceae Casuarina glauca X Caryophyllales Chenopodiaceae Atriplex cristata X Caryophyllales Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium album X Caryophyllales Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium ambrosioides X Caryophyllales Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium berlandieri X Caryophyllales Chenopodiaceae Salicornia bigelovii X Caryophyllales Chenopodiaceae Salicornia virginica X X Caryophyllales Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia perennis X X Caryophyllales Chenopodiaceae Suaeda linearis X Rosales Chrysobalanaceae Chrysobalanus icaco X Rosales Chrysobalanaceae Licania michauxii X X Violales Cistaceae Helianthemum corymbosum X Violales Cistaceae Lechea cernua X Violales Cistaceae Lechea divaricata X Violales Cistaceae Lechea minor X Violales Cistaceae Lechea mucronata X Violales Cistaceae Lechea sessiliflora X Violales Cistaceae Lechea torreyi X Theales Clusiaceae Hypericum brachyphyllum X Theales Clusiaceae Hypericum cistifolium X X Theales Clusiaceae Hypericum fasciculatum X Theales Clusiaceae Hypericum galioides X Theales Clusiaceae Hypericum gentianoides X Theales Clusiaceae Hypericum hypericoides X Theales Clusiaceae Hypericum hypericoides var. multicaule X

33

Table A-1. Continued.

Order Family Species This Study NPSpecies Theales Clusiaceae Hypericum mutilum X Theales Clusiaceae Hypericum reductum X Theales Clusiaceae Hypericum tetrapetalum X Combretaceae Conocarpus erectus X Myrtales Combretaceae Laguncularia racemosa X X Commelinales Commelinaceae Callisia cordifolia X Commelinales Commelinaceae Callisia ornata X Commelinales Commelinaceae Commelina communis X Commelinales Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa X Commelinales Commelinaceae Commelina diffusa var. diffusa X Commelinales Commelinaceae Commelina erecta X Commelinales Commelinaceae Tradescantia ohiensis X X Solanales Convolvulaceae X Solanales Convolvulaceae Ipomoea indica X Solanales Convolvulaceae Ipomoea indica var. acuminata X Solanales Convolvulaceae Ipomoea pes-caprae X Solanales Convolvulaceae Ipomoea pes-caprae ssp. brasiliensis X Solanales Convolvulaceae X Solanales Convolvulaceae Ipomoea sagittata X X Solanales Convolvulaceae Merremia dissecta X Cornales Cornaceae Cornus foemina X Cornales Cornaceae Cornus foemina X Rosales Crassulaceae Kalanchoe pinnata X Violales Cucurbitaceae Melothria pendula X Violales Cucurbitaceae Momordica charantia X Pinales Cupressaceae Juniperus silicicola X Pinales Cupressaceae Juniperus virginiana X X Solanales Cuscutaceae Cuscuta campestris X Solanales Cuscutaceae Cuscuta indecora X Solanales Cuscutaceae Cuscuta pentagona X Alismatales Cymodoceaceae Cymodocea filiformis X Alismatales Cymodoceaceae Halodule beaudettei X Cyperales Cyperaceae Bolboschoenus robustus X Cyperales Cyperaceae Bulbostylis ciliatifolia X Cyperales Cyperaceae Bulbostylis stenophylla X Cyperales Cyperaceae Carex alata X Cyperales Cyperaceae Cladium jamaicense X X Cyperales Cyperaceae Cyperus croceus X Cyperales Cyperaceae Cyperus difformis X Cyperales Cyperaceae Cyperus distinctus X Cyperales Cyperaceae Cyperus erythrorhizos X Cyperales Cyperaceae Cyperus esculentus X Cyperales Cyperaceae Cyperus esculentus X

34

Table A-1. Continued.

Order Family Species This Study NPSpecies Cyperales Cyperaceae Cyperus haspan X Cyperales Cyperaceae Cyperus ligularis X Cyperales Cyperaceae Cyperus odoratus X Cyperales Cyperaceae Cyperus planifolius X Cyperales Cyperaceae Cyperus polystachyos X Cyperales Cyperaceae Cyperus retrorsus X Cyperales Cyperaceae Cyperus strigosus X Cyperales Cyperaceae Cyperus surinamensis X Cyperales Cyperaceae Cyperus tetragonus X Cyperales Cyperaceae Eleocharis albida X Cyperales Cyperaceae Eleocharis baldwinii X Cyperales Cyperaceae Eleocharis geniculata X Cyperales Cyperaceae Fimbristylis caroliniana X Cyperales Cyperaceae Fimbristylis castanea X X Cyperales Cyperaceae Fimbristylis dichotoma X X Cyperales Cyperaceae Fimbristylis puberula X Cyperales Cyperaceae Fimbristylis thermalis X Cyperales Cyperaceae Fuirena breviseta X Cyperales Cyperaceae Fuirena pumila X Cyperales Cyperaceae Fuirena scirpoidea X Cyperales Cyperaceae Rhynchospora ciliaris X Cyperales Cyperaceae Rhynchospora colorata X Cyperales Cyperaceae Rhynchospora decurrens X Cyperales Cyperaceae Rhynchospora fascicularis X Cyperales Cyperaceae Rhynchospora fernaldii X Cyperales Cyperaceae Rhynchospora filifolia X Cyperales Cyperaceae Rhynchospora globularis X Cyperales Cyperaceae Rhynchospora grayi X Cyperales Cyperaceae Rhynchospora inundata X Cyperales Cyperaceae Rhynchospora megalocarpa X Cyperales Cyperaceae Rhynchospora microcarpa X Cyperales Cyperaceae Rhynchospora microcephala X Cyperales Cyperaceae Rhynchospora odorata X Cyperales Cyperaceae Rhynchospora plumosa X Cyperales Cyperaceae Rhynchospora tracyi X Cyperales Cyperaceae Scleria ciliata var. ciliata X Cyperales Cyperaceae Scleria ciliata var. pauciflora X Cyperales Cyperaceae Scleria reticularis X Cyperales Cyperaceae Scleria triglomerata X X Cyperales Cyperaceae Scleria verticillata X Cyperales Cyperaceae Websteria confervoides X Polypodiales Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum X Polypodiales Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum var. caudatum X Polypodiales Dennstaedtiaceae Pteridium aquilinum var. pseudocaudatum X

35

Table A-1. Continued.

Order Family Species This Study NPSpecies Liliales Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea bulbifera X Nepenthales Droseraceae Drosera brevifolia X Nepenthales Droseraceae Drosera capillaris X Ebenales Ebenaceae Diospyros virginiana X X Ericaceae Befaria racemosa X X Ericales Ericaceae Gaylussacia dumosa X Ericales Ericaceae Lyonia ferruginea X X Ericales Ericaceae Lyonia fruticosa X X Ericales Ericaceae Lyonia lucida X X Ericales Ericaceae Vaccinium arboreum X Ericales Ericaceae Vaccinium corymbosum X X Ericales Ericaceae Vaccinium darrowii X Ericales Ericaceae Vaccinium myrsinites X X Ericales Ericaceae Vaccinium stamineum X Eriocaulales Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon compressum X Eriocaulales Eriocaulaceae Lachnocaulon beyrichianum X Eriocaulales Eriocaulaceae Syngonanthus flavidulus X Euphorbiales Euphorbiaceae Acalypha gracilens X Euphorbiales Euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce bombensis X Euphorbiales Euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce cumulicola X Euphorbiales Euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce hirta X Euphorbiales Euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce hyssopifolia X Euphorbiales Euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce maculata X Euphorbiales Euphorbiaceae Chamaesyce mesembrianthemifolia X Euphorbiales Euphorbiaceae Cnidoscolus stimulosus X Euphorbiales Euphorbiaceae Croton glandulosus X Euphorbiales Euphorbiaceae Croton glandulosus var. glandulosus X Euphorbiales Euphorbiaceae Croton punctatus X Euphorbiales Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia cyathophora X Euphorbiales Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia heterophylla X Euphorbiales Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus abnormis X Euphorbiales Euphorbiaceae Poinsettia cyathophora X Euphorbiales Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis X Euphorbiales Euphorbiaceae Stillingia sylvatica X Euphorbiales Euphorbiaceae Tragia urens X Fabaceae Amorpha fruticosa X Fabales Fabaceae Apios americana X Fabales Fabaceae Bauhinia variegata X Fabales Fabaceae Caesalpinia bonduc X Fabales Fabaceae Canavalia rosea X Fabales Fabaceae Centrosema virginianum X X Fabales Fabaceae X Fabales Fabaceae Chamaecrista nictitans X X Fabales Fabaceae Chamaecrista nictitans var. aspera X

36

Table A-1. Continued.

Order Family Species This Study NPSpecies Fabales Fabaceae Clitoria mariana X X Fabales Fabaceae pallida X Fabales Fabaceae Crotalaria pallida var. obovata X Fabales Fabaceae Crotalaria pumila X Fabales Fabaceae Crotalaria purshii X Fabales Fabaceae Crotalaria rotundifolia X Fabales Fabaceae Dalea feayi X X Fabales Fabaceae Dalea pinnata var. adenopoda X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium canum X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium floridanum X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium incanum X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium laevigatum X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium paniculatum X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium strictum X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium tortuosum X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium triflorum X Fabales Fabaceae Desmodium viridiflorum X Fabales Fabaceae Erythrina herbacea X X Fabales Fabaceae Galactia elliottii X X Fabales Fabaceae Galactia regularis X Fabales Fabaceae Galactia volubilis X Fabales Fabaceae Glottidium vesicarium X Fabales Fabaceae caroliniana X Fabales Fabaceae Indigofera hirsuta X Fabales Fabaceae Indigofera miniata X Fabales Fabaceae Indigofera miniata var. leptosepala X Fabales Fabaceae Indigofera spicata X Fabales Fabaceae Indigofera suffruticosa X Fabales Fabaceae Leucaena leucocephala X Fabales Fabaceae Lupinus diffusus X Fabales Fabaceae Macroptilium lathyroides X Fabales Fabaceae Medicago arabica X Fabales Fabaceae Medicago lupulina X Fabales Fabaceae Medicago polymorpha X Fabales Fabaceae Melilotus alba X Fabales Fabaceae Melilotus indicus X Fabales Fabaceae Melilotus officinalis X Fabales Fabaceae Mimosa quadrivalvis var. floridana X Fabales Fabaceae Mimosa strigillosa X Fabales Fabaceae Phaseolus polystachios var. polystachios X Fabales Fabaceae Pueraria montana var. lobata X Fabales Fabaceae Rhynchosia cinerea X Fabales Fabaceae Rhynchosia minima X Fabales Fabaceae Senna alata X

37

Table A-1. Continued.

Order Family Species This Study NPSpecies Fabales Fabaceae Senna obtusifolia X Fabales Fabaceae Sesbania punicea X Fabales Fabaceae Sophora tomentosa X Fabales Fabaceae Sophora tomentosa var. truncata X Fabales Fabaceae Tephrosia angustissima var. curtissii X Fabales Fabaceae Trifolium repens X Fabales Fabaceae Vicia acutifolia X Fabales Fabaceae Vigna luteola X Fagaceae Quercus chapmanii X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus elliottii X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus geminata X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus hemisphaerica X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus laurifolia X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus minima X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus myrtifolia X X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus nigra X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus pumila X Fagales Fagaceae Quercus virginiana X X Gentianales Gentianaceae Eustoma exaltatum X Gentianales Gentianaceae Sabatia brevifolia X Gentianales Gentianaceae Sabatia campanulata X Gentianales Gentianaceae Sabatia grandiflora X Geraniales Geraniaceae Geranium carolinianum X Campanulales Goodeniaceae Scaevola plumieri X Liliales Haemodoraceae Lachnanthes caroliana X Hamamelidales Hamamelidaceae Liquidambar styraciflua X Hydrocharitales Hydrocharitaceae Halophila engelmannii X Hydrocharitales Hydrocharitaceae Hydrilla verticillata X Liliales Iridaceae Hypoxis juncea X Liliales Iridaceae Nemastylis floridana X Liliales Iridaceae Sisyrinchium angustifolium X Juglandales Carya floridana X Juglandales Juglandaceae Carya glabra X X Juncales Juncaceae Juncus effusus X Juncales Juncaceae Juncus elliottii X Juncales Juncaceae Juncus marginatus X Juncales Juncaceae Juncus megacephalus X Juncales Juncaceae Juncus repens X Juncales Juncaceae Juncus roemerianus X X Juncales Juncaceae Juncus scirpoides X Lamiales Hyptis alata X Lamiales Lamiaceae Hyptis mutabilis X Lamiales Lamiaceae Monarda punctata X Lamiales Lamiaceae Physostegia purpurea X

38

Table A-1. Continued.

Order Family Species This Study NPSpecies Lamiales Lamiaceae Piloblephis rigida X Lamiales Lamiaceae Salvia coccinea X Lamiales Lamiaceae Salvia lyrata X Lamiales Lamiaceae Salvia serotina X Lamiales Lamiaceae Scutellaria integrifolia X Lamiales Lamiaceae Teucrium canadense X X Lamiales Lamiaceae Teucrium canadense var. hypoleucum X Lamiales Lamiaceae Trichostema dichotomum X Lamiales Lamiaceae Trichostema suffrutescens X Laurales Lauraceae X Laurales Lauraceae Nectandra coriacea X Laurales Lauraceae Persea borbonia X X Laurales Lauraceae Persea borbonia borbonia X Laurales Lauraceae Persea borbonia var. humilis X Laurales Lauraceae Persea humilis X Laurales Lauraceae Persea palustris X X Arales Lemnaceae Landoltia punctata X Scrophulariales Lentibulariaceae Pinguicula pumila X Scrophulariales Lentibulariaceae Utricularia purpurea X Scrophulariales Lentibulariaceae Utricularia subulata X Liliales Liliaceae Asparagus aethiopicus X Liliales Liliaceae Hymenocallis latifolia X Liliales Liliaceae Sansevieria hyacinthoides X Linales Linaceae Linum medium X Violales Loasaceae Mentzelia floridana X Gentianales Loganiaceae Gelsemium sempervirens X Gentianales Loganiaceae Mitreola petiolata X Myrtales Ammannia coccinea X Myrtales Lythraceae Ammannia latifolia X X Myrtales Lythraceae Lythrum alatum var. lanceolatum X Myrtales Lythraceae Lythrum lineare X Myrtales Lythraceae Rotala ramosior X Magnoliales Magnoliaceae Magnolia grandiflora X X Malvales Malvaceae Kosteletzkya virginica X X Malvales Malvaceae Malvastrum corchorifolium X Malvales Malvaceae Malvastrum coromandelianum X Malvales Malvaceae Pavonia spinifex X Malvales Malvaceae Sida acuta X Malvales Malvaceae Sida rhombifolia X Malvales Malvaceae Urena lobata X Myrtales Melastomataceae Rhexia mariana X Myrtales Melastomataceae Rhexia nuttallii X Myrtales Melastomataceae Rhexia petiolata X Caryophyllales Molluginaceae Mollugo verticillata X

39

Table A-1. Continued.

Order Family Species This Study NPSpecies Urticales Moraceae Broussonetia papyrifera X Urticales Moraceae Ficus aurea X Urticales Moraceae Morus rubra X Myricales Myricaceae Morella cerifera X X Primulales Myrsinaceae escallonoides X Primulales Myrsinaceae Myrsine floridana X Myrtales Myrtaceae Eugenia axillaris X X Myrtales Myrtaceae Eugenia uniflora X Myrtales Myrtaceae Myrcianthes fragrans X Myrtales Myrtaceae Psidium guajava X Caryophyllales Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia diffusa X Nymphaeales Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea capensis X Cornales Nyssaceae Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora X Santalales Olacaceae Schoepfia schreberi X Santalales Olacaceae Ximenia americana X X Scrophulariales segregata X Scrophulariales Oleaceae Osmanthus americanus X Myrtales Onagraceae Gaura angustifolia X Myrtales Onagraceae Ludwigia alata X Myrtales Onagraceae Ludwigia decurrens X Myrtales Onagraceae Ludwigia erecta X Myrtales Onagraceae Ludwigia lanceolata X Myrtales Onagraceae Ludwigia maritima X Myrtales Onagraceae Ludwigia peruviana X Myrtales Onagraceae Ludwigia repens X Myrtales Onagraceae Ludwigia suffruticosa X Myrtales Onagraceae Oenothera humifusa X Myrtales Onagraceae Oenothera laciniata X Ophioglossales Ophioglossaceae Cheiroglossa palmata X Orchidales Orchidaceae Encyclia tampensis X Orchidales Orchidaceae Epidendrum conopseum X Orchidales Orchidaceae Eulophia alta X Orchidales Orchidaceae Habenaria floribunda X Orchidales Orchidaceae Pteroglossaspis ecristata X Polypodiales Osmundaceae Osmunda cinnamomea X X Polypodiales Osmundaceae Osmunda regalis X Polypodiales Osmundaceae Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis X Geraniales Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata X X Geraniales Oxalidaceae Oxalis stricta X Violales Passifloraceae Passiflora incarnata X X Violales Passifloraceae Passiflora suberosa X Caryophyllales Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana X Caryophyllales Phytolaccaceae Rivina humilis X X Pinales Pinaceae Pinus clausa X

40

Table A-1. Continued.

Order Family Species This Study NPSpecies Pinales Pinaceae Pinus elliottii X X Pinales Pinaceae Pinus elliottii var. densa X Pinales Pinaceae Pinus serotina X Plantaginales lanceolata X Plantaginales Plantaginaceae Plantago major X Plantaginales Plantaginaceae Plantago virginica X Plumbaginales Plumbaginaceae Limonium carolinianum X Plumbaginales Plumbaginaceae Plumbago scandens X Cyperales Poaceae Amphicarpum muehlenbergianum X Cyperales Poaceae Andropogon brachystachyus X Cyperales Poaceae Andropogon floridanus X Cyperales Poaceae Andropogon glomeratus X Cyperales Poaceae Andropogon glomeratus var. glaucopsis X Cyperales Poaceae Andropogon glomeratus X Cyperales Poaceae Andropogon glomeratus var. hirsutior X Cyperales Poaceae Andropogon glomeratus var. pumilus X Cyperales Poaceae Andropogon gyrans var. gyrans X Cyperales Poaceae Andropogon longiberbis X Cyperales Poaceae Andropogon ternarius X Cyperales Poaceae Andropogon virginicus X Cyperales Poaceae Andropogon virginicus var. decipiens X Cyperales Poaceae Andropogon virginicus var. glaucus X Cyperales Poaceae Andropogon virginicus X Cyperales Poaceae Aristida purpurascens var. tenuispica X Cyperales Poaceae Aristida spiciformis X X Cyperales Poaceae Aristida stricta X X Cyperales Poaceae Arundo donax X Cyperales Poaceae Axonopus fissifolius X Cyperales Poaceae Cenchrus echinatus X Cyperales Poaceae Cenchrus spinifex X Cyperales Poaceae Chasmanthium laxum var. sessiliflorum X Cyperales Poaceae Coelorachis rugosa X Cyperales Poaceae Cynodon dactylon X Cyperales Poaceae Dactyloctenium aegyptium X Cyperales Poaceae Dichanthelium aciculare X Cyperales Poaceae Dichanthelium acuminatum var. acuminatum X Cyperales Poaceae Dichanthelium commutatum X Cyperales Poaceae Dichanthelium dichotomum X Cyperales Poaceae Dichanthelium dichotomum var. breve X Cyperales Poaceae Dichanthelium ensifolium var. ensifolium X Cyperales Poaceae Dichanthelium laxiflorum X Cyperales Poaceae Dichanthelium oligosanthes X Cyperales Poaceae Dichanthelium portoricense X Cyperales Poaceae Dichanthelium scabriusculum X

41

Table A-1. Continued.

Order Family Species This Study NPSpecies Cyperales Poaceae Dichanthelium scoparium X Cyperales Poaceae Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon X Cyperales Poaceae Dichanthelium strigosum var. leucoblepharis X Cyperales Poaceae Digitaria ciliaris X Cyperales Poaceae Digitaria filiformis var. filiformis X Cyperales Poaceae Distichlis spicata X X Cyperales Poaceae Echinochloa muricata X Cyperales Poaceae Echinochloa walteri X Cyperales Poaceae Eleusine indica X Cyperales Poaceae Eragrostis ciliaris X Cyperales Poaceae Eragrostis elliottii X Cyperales Poaceae Eragrostis hirsuta X Cyperales Poaceae Eragrostis pectinacea var. pectinacea X Cyperales Poaceae Eragrostis secundiflora ssp. oxylepis X Cyperales Poaceae Eragrostis spectabilis X Cyperales Poaceae Eremochloa ophiuroides X Cyperales Poaceae Eriochloa michauxii var. michauxii X Cyperales Poaceae Eustachys petraea X X Cyperales Poaceae Imperata cylindrica X Cyperales Poaceae Megathyrsus maximus X X Cyperales Poaceae Melinis repens X X Cyperales Poaceae Oplismenus hirtellus X X Cyperales Poaceae Panicum amarum X Cyperales Poaceae Panicum anceps X Cyperales Poaceae Panicum dichotomiflorum var. bartowense X Cyperales Poaceae Panicum hemitomon X X Cyperales Poaceae Panicum longifolium X Cyperales Poaceae Panicum rigidulum X Cyperales Poaceae Panicum verrucosum X Cyperales Poaceae Panicum virgatum X X Cyperales Poaceae Paspalum caespitosum X Cyperales Poaceae Paspalum conjugatum X Cyperales Poaceae Paspalum floridanum X Cyperales Poaceae Paspalum notatum X Cyperales Poaceae Paspalum notatum var. saurae X Cyperales Poaceae Paspalum setaceum X Cyperales Poaceae Paspalum urvillei X Cyperales Poaceae Paspalum vaginatum X Cyperales Poaceae Pennisetum purpureum X Cyperales Poaceae Phragmites australis X Cyperales Poaceae Polypogon monspeliensis X Cyperales Poaceae Saccharum giganteum X Cyperales Poaceae Sacciolepis striata X X Cyperales Poaceae Schizachyrium scoparium X

42

Table A-1. Continued.

Order Family Species This Study NPSpecies Cyperales Poaceae Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium X Cyperales Poaceae Setaria corrugata X Cyperales Poaceae Setaria macrosperma X Cyperales Poaceae Setaria magna X Cyperales Poaceae Setaria parviflora X Cyperales Poaceae Sorghastrum secundum X Cyperales Poaceae Sorghum halepense X Cyperales Poaceae Spartina alterniflora X Cyperales Poaceae Spartina bakeri X X Cyperales Poaceae Spartina cynosuroides X Cyperales Poaceae Spartina patens X Cyperales Poaceae Spartina spartinae X Cyperales Poaceae Sphenopholis obtusata X Cyperales Poaceae Sporobolus indicus var. indicus X Cyperales Poaceae Sporobolus virginicus X Cyperales Poaceae Stenotaphrum secundatum X Cyperales Poaceae Tridens flavus var. chapmanii X Cyperales Poaceae Triplasis purpurea X Cyperales Poaceae Tripsacum dactyloides X Cyperales Poaceae Uniola paniculata X Cyperales Poaceae Urochloa distachya X Cyperales Poaceae Urochloa fasciculata X Cyperales Poaceae Urochloa fusca var. reticulata X Cyperales Poaceae Urochloa maxima X Cyperales Poaceae Urochloa mutica X Solanales rubra X Solanales Polemoniaceae Phlox drummondii X Polygalales Polygalaceae Polygala grandiflora X Polygalales Polygalaceae Polygala grandiflora var. angustifolia X Polygalales Polygalaceae Polygala incarnata X Polygalales Polygalaceae Polygala nana X Polygalales Polygalaceae Polygala rugelii X Polygalales Polygalaceae Polygala setacea X Polygonales Polygonaceae Coccoloba uvifera X X Polygonales Polygonaceae Polygonella gracilis X Polygonales Polygonaceae Polygonum hydropiperoides X Polygonales Polygonaceae Polygonum punctatum X Polygonales Polygonaceae Rumex hastatulus X Polygonales Polygonaceae Rumex verticillatus X Polypodiales Polypodiaceae Phlebodium aureum X Polypodiales Polypodiaceae Pleopeltis polypodioides var. michauxiana X X Liliales Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes X Liliales Pontederiaceae Pontederia cordata X Caryophyllales Portulacaceae Portulaca pilosa X

43

Table A-1. Continued.

Order Family Species This Study NPSpecies Caryophyllales Portulacaceae Portulaca rubricaulis X Primulales Samolus ebracteatus X Primulales Primulaceae Samolus valerandi ssp. parviflorus X Proteales Proteaceae Grevillea robusta X Psilotales Psilotaceae Psilotum nudum X Polypodiales Pteridaceae Acrostichum danaeifolium X X Rhamnales Rhamnaceae Berchemia scandens X X Rhamnales Rhamnaceae Sageretia minutiflora X Rhizophorales Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora mangle X Rosales Rosaceae Prunus angustifolia X Rosales Rosaceae Prunus caroliniana X X Rosales Rosaceae Prunus persica X Rosales Rosaceae Rubus argutus X X Rosales Rosaceae Rubus trivialis X X Rubiales Cephalanthus occidentalis X X Rubiales Rubiaceae Chiococca alba X Rubiales Rubiaceae Diodia teres X X Rubiales Rubiaceae Diodia virginiana X Rubiales Rubiaceae littoralis X Rubiales Rubiaceae Galium sp. X Rubiales Rubiaceae Galium hispidulum X Rubiales Rubiaceae Galium pilosum var. laevicaule X Rubiales Rubiaceae Galium tinctorium X Rubiales Rubiaceae procumbens X Rubiales Rubiaceae Mitracarpus hirtus X Rubiales Rubiaceae Oldenlandia corymbosa X Rubiales Rubiaceae Oldenlandia uniflora X Rubiales Rubiaceae Pentodon pentandrus X Rubiales Rubiaceae Psychotria nervosa X Rubiales Rubiaceae Psychotria tenuifolia X Rubiales Rubiaceae Richardia brasiliensis X Rubiales Rubiaceae Spermacoce assurgens X Alismatales Ruppiaceae Ruppia maritima X X Sapindales elemifera X Sapindales Rutaceae Citrus aurantium X Sapindales Rutaceae Zanthoxylum clava-herculis X X Sapindales Rutaceae Zanthoxylum fagara X Salicales Salicaceae Salix caroliniana X X Sapindales Sapindaceae Exothea paniculata X Ebenales Sapotaceae Sideroxylon foetidissimum X Ebenales Sapotaceae Sideroxylon reclinatum X Ebenales Sapotaceae Sideroxylon tenax X Scrophulariales Scrophulariaceae Agalinis fasciculata X Scrophulariales Scrophulariaceae Agalinis filifolia X

44

Table A-1. Continued.

Order Family Species This Study NPSpecies Scrophulariales Scrophulariaceae pectinata X Scrophulariales Scrophulariaceae Aureolaria pedicularia var. pectinata X Scrophulariales Scrophulariaceae Bacopa caroliniana X Scrophulariales Scrophulariaceae Bacopa monnieri X X Scrophulariales Scrophulariaceae Buchnera americana X X Scrophulariales Scrophulariaceae Gratiola hispida X Scrophulariales Scrophulariaceae Mecardonia acuminata X Scrophulariales Scrophulariaceae Mecardonia acuminata ssp. peninsularis X Scrophulariales Scrophulariaceae Nuttallanthus canadensis X Scrophulariales Scrophulariaceae Penstemon multiflorus X Scrophulariales Scrophulariaceae Scoparia dulcis X X Scrophulariales Scrophulariaceae Seymeria pectinata X Liliales Smilacaceae Smilax auriculata X X Liliales Smilacaceae Smilax bona-nox X Liliales Smilacaceae Smilax glauca X Liliales Smilacaceae Smilax laurifolia X X Solanales Solanaceae Capsicum frutescens X Solanales Solanaceae Lycium carolinianum X X Solanales Solanaceae Physalis pubescens X Solanales Solanaceae Physalis pubescens var. pubescens X Solanales Solanaceae Physalis walteri X Solanales Solanaceae Solanum americanum X Solanales Solanaceae Solanum chenopodioides X Polypodiales Thelypteridaceae Macrothelypteris torresiana X Polypodiales Thelypteridaceae Thelypteris dentata X Polypodiales Thelypteridaceae Thelypteris kunthii X Polypodiales Thelypteridaceae Thelypteris ovata X Polypodiales Thelypteridaceae Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens X Violales Turneraceae Piriqueta caroliniana X Violales Turneraceae Piriqueta cistoides ssp. caroliniana X Typhales Typhaceae Typha domingensis X Typhales Typhaceae Typha latifolia X Urticales Ulmaceae Celtis laevigata X Urticales Ulmaceae Ulmus americana X X Urticales Urticaceae Boehmeria cylindrica X Urticales Urticaceae Boehmeria cylindrica var. drummondiana X Urticales Urticaceae Parietaria praetermissa X Urticales Urticaceae Urtica chamaedryoides X Lamiales Avicennia germinans X X Lamiales Verbenaceae Callicarpa americana X X Lamiales Verbenaceae Clerodendrum indicum X Lamiales Verbenaceae Glandularia maritima X Lamiales Verbenaceae Lantana camara X Lamiales Verbenaceae Lantana depressa X

45

Table A-1. Continued.

Order Family Species This Study NPSpecies Lamiales Verbenaceae Lantana depressa var. floridana X Lamiales Verbenaceae Phyla nodiflora X X Lamiales Verbenaceae scabra X Violales Violaceae Viola sororia X Santalales Viscaceae Phoradendron leucarpum X Rhamnales Vitaceae Ampelopsis arborea X X Rhamnales Vitaceae Cissus trifoliata X Rhamnales Vitaceae Parthenocissus quinquefolia X X Rhamnales Vitaceae Vitis aestivalis X X Rhamnales Vitaceae Vitis rotundifolia X X Rhamnales Vitaceae Vitis shuttleworthii X Polypodiales Vittariaceae Vittaria lineata X Commelinales Xyridaceae Xyris brevifolia X Commelinales Xyridaceae Xyris caroliniana X Commelinales Xyridaceae Xyris elliottii X Commelinales Xyridaceae Xyris fimbriata X Commelinales Xyridaceae Xyris flabelliformis X Commelinales Xyridaceae Xyris jupicai X Commelinales Xyridaceae Xyris platylepis X Commelinales Xyridaceae Xyris smalliana X Cycadales Zamiaceae Zamia pumila X

46