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Tc. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilmler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dali

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Tc. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilmler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dali TC. SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI ORTAÇAĞ ANADOLU’SUNDA İSTANBUL İLE AFYONKARAHİSAR ARASINDAKİ ASKERİ YOL GÜZERGÂHLARI Seda EDİZ 1130204513 YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ DANIŞMAN Doç. Dr. Abdullah BAKIR ISPARTA-2019 (Ediz, Seda, Ortaçağ Anadolu’sunda İstanbul ile Afyonkarahisar Arasındaki Askeri Yol Güzergâhları, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Isparta, 2018) ÖZET Yapılan bu tez çalışmasında İstanbul-Afyonkarahisar arasındaki askeri yol güzergahları ve bu iki şehir arasında kalan bölgenin tarihi coğrafyası hakkında bilgiler verilmektedir. Bu bağlamda öncelikle Eski Çağda bölgenin tarihi coğrafyası ve bu dönemde gerçekleşmiş, söz konusu saha üzerinden yapılan veya bu yollardan geçen savaşlar ele alınmıştır. Ardından Orta Çağda gerçekleşen Bizans Selçuklu mücadeleleri sırasında kullanılan yol güzergahları değerlendirilmiş sonrasında ise I., II., ve III. Haçlı Seferleri esnasında kullanılan yol güzergahları ana kaynaklar ve topografik eserler yardımı ile incelenmeye alınmıştır. Çalışmada konunun aydınlatılmasına yardımcı olması açısından söz konusu sahanın tarihi coğrafyası, Bithynia, Mysia, Troas, Aiolis, Lydia, Ionia ve Phrygia olacak şekilde sırasıyla ele alınmıştır. Tarihi coğrafya incelendikten sonra Eski Çağda bölgeden geçen askeri yol güzergahını kullanmış orduların savaşlarına kronolojik olarak yer verilmiştir. Öncelikle Pers kral yolu değerlendirilmiş ardından, Pers Kralı Kserkses’in Yunanistan Seferi (MÖ. 481-480) sırasında Anadolu’da izlediği yol güzergahı ve savaş esnasında yaşanan olaylara yer verilmiştir. Üçüncü konu olarak büyük İskender’in, Persler üzerine yapmış olduğu Doğu Seferi (334), yine bu savaş esnasında yaşanan olaylar ve savaşta kullanılan yol güzergahları incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde Bizans İmparatorluğu ve Selçuklu Devleti’nin arasında yaşanan savaşlar kronolojik olarak değerlendirilmiştir. İlk önce imparator Aleksios Komnenos döneminde Komutan Ioannes Dukas’ın Batı Anadolu ve Göller Yöresine düzenlemiş olduğu sefer (1097) sırasında kullanılan yol güzergahı ve savaş esnasında yaşanan olaylar konu alınmıştır. İkinci konu olarak İmparator Ioannes Komnenos’un Denizli üzerine yaptığı sefer (1119) sırasında gerçeklersen olaylar ve izlenilen yol güzergahı hakkında bilgi verdikten sonra yine aynı imparator döneminde yapılan Uluborlu Seferinde (1119) kullandığı yol güzergahları ve yine savaş esnasında yaşanan olaylar ile ilgili bilgi verilmiştir. Dördüncü konu olarak ise İmparator Ioannes Komnenos’un Göller Yöresine Düzenlediği Son Seferi (1141) ve bu sefer esnasında kullanılan yol güzergahları, geçilen bölgenin tarihi coğrafyası ve olay örgüsü ile ilgili bilgilere yer verilmiştir. Beşinci konu olarak Manuel Komnenos’un Konya Seferine (1146) çıktığı esnada ordusunun izlemiş olduğu yol güzergahı, yaşanan olaylar ve coğrafik değerlendirmeler yapılarak incelenmiştir. Diğer ele alınan konu da ise yine Manuel Komnenos’un Türkmenler Üzerine Düzenlediği Sefer Esnasında Kullanılan yol Güzergâhları (1158-1159) ve yaşanan olaylar değerlendirilmiştir. Bir sonraki konuda ise Manuel Komnenos’un 1176 yılında yaptığı Myriokephalon savaşı sırasında kullanılan yol güzergâhları ve olaylar incelenerek aydınlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde, I. Haçlı seferi (1096-1099), II. Haçlı Seferi (1147-1149), III. Haçlı Seferi (1189-1192) esnasında kullanılan yol güzergahları, savaş esnasında gerçekleşen olaylar ve kullanılan yol güzergahının coğrafik açıdan değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Askeri Yol Güzergahları, Tarihi Coğrafya, Bizans İmparatorluğu, Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti, Haçlı Seferleri iii (Ediz, Seda, Military Road Routes Between Istanbul and Afyonkarahisar in Medieval Anatolia, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Isparta, 2018) ABSTRACT In this thesis, information about the military route between Istanbul and Afyonkarahisar and the historical geography of the region between these two cities are given. In this context, first of all, the historical geography of the region in ancient times and the wars that took place or passed through these areas were discussed. Then, the road routes used during the Byzantine Seljuk struggles in the Middle Ages were evaluated and then I., II., And III. The road routes used during the Crusades were examined with the help of main sources and topographic works. In the study, the historical geography of the subject area has been handled as Bithynia, Mysia, Troas, Aiolis, Lydia, Ionia and Phrygia respectively. After examining the historical geography, the wars of the armies that used the military road route passing through the region in ancient times are given in chronological order. Firstly, the Persian king road was evaluated and then the route of the Persian King Xerkses in Anatolia during the Greek Expedition (481-480 BC) and the events that took place during the war were mentioned. As the third subject, Alexander the Great, the Eastern Expedition on the Persians (334), the events that took place during this war and the road routes used in the war were examined. In the second part of the study, the wars between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk State were evaluated chronologically. First of all, during the emperor Alexios Komnenos 'commander Ioannes Dukas' (1097) expedition to Western Anatolia and Lakes Region, the road route and the events during the war were discussed. As the second subject, if you have realized during the campaign of Emperor Ioannes Komnenos on Denizli (1119), after giving information about the events and the route followed, Uluborlu Campaign (1119) and the events that took place during the war were also given. As the fourth issue, Emperor Ioannes Komnenos' Last Expedition to the Lakes Region (1141) and the route used during this time, the historical geography of the region passed and information about the plot is given. As a fifth issue, the route of the army followed by Manuel Komnenos when he went to Konya Expedition (1146) was examined by making events and geographical evaluations. The other topics discussed were the road routes used during the campaign organized by Manuel Komnenos on the Turkmens (1158-1159) and the events that took place. In the next issue, the road routes and events used during the battle of Myriokephalon by Manuel Komnenos in 1176 were examined and illuminated. In the third part of the study, I. Crusade (1096-1099), II. The Crusade (1147- 1149), III. The geographic evaluation of the road routes used during the Crusade (1189- 1192), the events that took place during the war and the road route used were made. Keywords: Military Routes, Historical Geography, Byzantine Empire, Turkey Seljuk Empire, the Crusades iv İÇİNDEKİLER TEZ SAVUNMA SINAV TUTANAĞI .......................................................................... i YEMİN METNİ .............................................................................................................. ii ÖZET ............................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... iv İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................... v KISALTMALAR .......................................................................................................... vii ÖN SÖZ ......................................................................................................................... viii GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM ESKİ ÇAĞDA BÖLGENİN TARİHİ COĞRAFYASI VE BÖLGEDEN GEÇEN YOL GÜZERGÂHLARI 1. BÖLGENİN TARİHİ COĞRAFYASI ................................................................ 13 1.1. Bithynia Sınırları .............................................................................................. 13 1.2. Mysia Sınırları .................................................................................................. 17 1.3. Troas Sınırları ................................................................................................... 20 1.4. Aiolis Sınırları .................................................................................................. 23 1.5. Lydia Sınırları ................................................................................................... 24 1.6. Ionia Sınırları .................................................................................................... 29 1.7. Phrygia Sınırları ................................................................................................ 30 2. PERS VE HELEN DEVRİ YOLLARI ................................................................ 36 2.1. Pers Kral Yolu Güzergâhı ................................................................................. 36 2.2. Pers Kralı Kserkses’in Yunanistan Seferi Sırasında Anadolu’da İzlediği Yol Güzergâhı .................................................................................................. 39 2.3. Büyük İskender’in Doğu Seferi Sırasında Anadolu’da İzlediği Yol Güzergâhı ......................................................................................................... 43 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM BİZANS ORDULARININ TÜRKİYE SELÇUKLULARININ ÜZERİNE DÜZENLEDİĞİ SEFERLERDE KULLANDIĞI YOL GÜZERGÂHLARI 1. İMPARATOR ALEKSİOS KOMNENOS DÖNEMİNDE TÜRKİYE SELÇUKLULARI ÜZERİNE DÜZENLENEN SEFERLER .......................... 48 1.1. Komutan Ionnnes Dukas’ın
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