The Wasmann Collector

Vol. 7 April, 1949 No. 5

Entomic N ematode Literature from 1926 to 1946, Exclusive of Medical and Veterina ry Titl es B y I nA LA RtvEH: University of Nevaclct

I n 1928, Vnn /';wal uwt> nhurg brou gh t tog-Pt her the anil able title~ on nematodes of iuto a cotllprchensive bibliog­ raphy, and briefly discu ·sed the known salient features of the relationships irn-olvetl. '!'hat portiou dealing "·ith s pecies of medical i111portanee was lat·gel.r a ,·cry short resume of data alr·eady known and extensinlr publicized, but the bulk of his paper eonstjtuled a snbstantial contribution to the field by bringing together, for the first time, however briefly, a 11 avail­ able knowu information on nematodes. Van .:0wal nwenburg listed five associational categories exist­ ing between t·ounU id still be dimly recognizable, and if, as disem­ bodied spit·its. we could then ill\·estigate it, we should find its mountaius, hills, Yalcs. rivet·s, lakes and oceans represented by a film of nematodes. The location of town1> wonlcl be decipher­ able, since for every massing of huwan beings there would be a conesponding massing of certain nema todcs. 'l'1·ees would still stand in ghostly l'O\\"S r epresenting onr streets and highways. 'l'he location of va1·ions p lants and a nimals would still be de­ cipherable, and, h ad we sufficient k nowledg-e, in many cases even their species could be deter wined by an examination of th eir erst"\.vhile nematode parasites" (1914). No att empt will be mad e to r eiterate already condensed ma­ terial as presented by Van Zwaluwenbmg since h is paper is still r eadily aYailable, but merely to add what has been dis­ cover ed ( or repeated) by oth ers since his work. The list .is as complete as my access to l i tet·ature allowed, aud some items haYe undoubtedly been missed.

DIPLURA

CAl\I PODEID.\1:: l. Campodea fragilis. Womersley (1928} records a nema larva. thought to represen t that of a spirurid, enca ps ulated in the prothorax of this insect in E ngland. This adds a new family to the list of para­ s ilized insects. ORTHOPTERA L ocuSTtlM J·: 2. Locusta migr aton,t migratorioides. I-Ian ·is (1932} records a .111ennis s p. attacki ng n ymphs a nd adults. Ny mJlhs showed infection April, l!J.:H)) ]79 at about lhc fourth moult and those live days late in moulting were found to be 90 per cent infected. Changes noted in parasitized individuals were reduction of fatbody, Joss of alimentat·y canal rigidity and (in the 5th instar) a definite colot change. Tbe nema appeared not to inhibit ova production. The gravid female 1!1 ermis deposited her eggs on the grasshoppers' food plants. This parasitic association was apparenlly tirst noted in the deser t locust Schi8toce1·ca gregctria. 3. Romalea microptera. Following s imilat· work in other s pecies, Christie (1929) found that when the number of Menuili sttlmigr eseens in a single host was less than 3, alJ the worms were females; when 4-21, females and males in mixed numbers occurred; and aiJove 21, only males resulted. He estimates the same would proba!Jiy hold true for the nemas Aga1nennis (le<·auaata, Ll. f)(Waclecauclata and Allomenni.l· 111YI"11LCCO/!lli1a. -!. Melanoplus femur-rubrum. Christie (1928) describes the new species Agct1no.~pint7'a. melauop/i. a larval spirurid parasitic in the body cavity of this grasshopper in the United States.

TETTIGONUDAE .1. Anabrus simplex. Christie (1930) describes the new species Agamospint7·a mtabri from the 1\formon cricket in l\lontana from speci­ mens collected by Gerald Thorne. This adds but one more to the wide array of pests to which this cricket is h eir. The large hairworm Gonlius ·villoti. individuals of which have been known to attain a length of 48 inches, are consistent parasites of .Ll. si?n1J1ex over appropriately humid sections of its range. G. Tettigonia verrucivonts. Deronde (1936) records "le dragonneau" (Gonli?ts aq?tatic?~s) from this insect, I isting t be latter as Dectic1tS VC?TUCiVO?'?GS.

GRYLLOT_U.PIIlAE Gryllotalpa sp. Basir (1942) describes the following new genera and new species from G1·yllota1pa: Gryllocol" g1·y11ocola, G1'yllo7Jhila gTyllo- 1Jhila, 1'a1pico1a talpicola and Mi1·zaie1la asiatica. The n ew species Peri111anetico1a 1Jeriplanetico1a is also described.

7. Periplaneta americana. In discussing the life his tory of Lei­ dyncma "JlJlC11clicttlctla in I he Amer ican roach, Dobrovolny .and Acltert (1934) round 86.3 per cent of 259 roaches in Manhattan, Kansas. to be infected with this nematode and its associated nema H ammerschntidt­ iellc' cliesingi. Roach nymphs had the highest incidence, but mature females possessed the heaviest infestations. Transmission from host-to­ ltost seems direct. Bash· (1940) again meutions H.

THYSANOPTERA

TnnrPJn .\ 1~

13. Aptinothrips ntfus. In 1932, Sharga described the new species or nema 'Fy/e11drus ct JJi in i from t.his th rips. The type mater ial conHis ted of two larval worms, a nd therE< was some doubt whet her one or two species were involved. The thrips came from t he vicinit y of Edinburgh, Scot· land, and infected individuals were [ou nd only on two plots, of ten LA Rrn:R5---E::\''l'OMJC ~JDIA'l'ODES 181 localities sampled. I nfected thrips were found all seasons of the year, most in t he summer, least in spring. No males were infected. and parasitized females were rendered infertile. In escaping, larval nemas bore into the intestine, and pass out of the anal opening. Further work ( Sha1·ga 1933) revealed an unknown nema i n these insects which, like Tylencllus aptini, caused sterility in infected fe males. In 1936, Lysaght recorded further work on the Sharga nematode, now referred to the genus Anguillulincl. Her work seemed to indic:ate that fertilization of female nemas occurred during the free-living stage, and la1·val nemas penetrate the host by means of buccal stylets. Both larval and pupal thrip!> were infected. Continuing her work (1937), Lysaght found it possible for linrtuill1tUna. aptin-L to complete its life cycle without utilizing soil, employing grass sheaths instead. Nemas were ra1·ely found on two of the plots s tudied; this was attributed to the rank g rowths or floiC'us lanatus prevalent there. She concludes that the nemic parasitism does not markedly affect the thrips population. H. Limnothrips cerealimn. This s pecies was involved in the occur­ rence of an unnamed parasitic nema in liptillo/11'/'iJlS 1'ttfus. but no details were mentioned.

HEMIPTERA

CICADELLlllAg

15. Nilaparvata oryzae. Kaburaki and Imamura (1932) describe th e new nema species Jl gcwwnnis ltnka. from this and the following species of leafhO(lper in Kyushu, J apan. Larval nemas escape from the host in ea1·ly a utumn and reach maturity in the soil during winter, at a depth of about 10 cen timeters. Adult worms mate in mid-May, oviposit in July and August, and th e resultant larvae hatch in three weeks. They surface and migrate to rice plants and invade the overwintering hosts. The infected insect becomes inactive, with swollen abdomen. After a pa1·asitic life of from 2-3 weeks, nemas escape between the sclerites of the nymphs. One-to-two. rarely more. are found in each insect. The authors consider i t an im portant control of this rice plant pest. lG. Sogoto furcifera. This leafhopper was also infested with dgamernds 1mka. Cicadellidae sp. Further studies by Imamura (1932) revealed un­ named mermithid nemas in unidentified leafhoppers.

CrrERllJDAE

17. Chermes alni. This and the following two :;pecies of plant lice are J'epol·ted as being hosts to an unnamed mermithid nematode in the .Jura l\lountains (Pussanl 1932). All species or Chi'I'IIICS utilized .A lnus and l'ill1ll'lllilll as host plants. The nemas c:aused no external modifica­ tion of the h ost, bu t destroyed th e generative apparati in fe male 182 [Yo!. 7, No.5

Chcnnc.~: males were not simi lady affected. The mennithids, but not the hos ts, we1·e s trangely limited to regions with calcareous soils. JR. Cbennes viburni. See No. 17. l !J. Chermes foresteri. See No. 17.

~0. H elopeltis t11eivora. Vande! ( 1932) mentions the nema Aya 111 cr- 111 is Jl(l}'(IClccmulala from this pesl o[ lea, without details.

Gn:rmmA J~

:!J. Gerris najas. The new species or nematode Br aclynema gen·iclis is described from this bug by Poisson (1!!33), from a s ingle specimen and without further details.

Vr~LITDAE

2:!. Velia currens. Poisson (1933) describes th e new species Brady· ncmct r eliae from this watet· bug. Paras itized bugs were paler than normal, but active even when literally fill ed with worms; the worm population in a given individual, at a given time, included both larval forms and viviparous females. Up to 50 nemas were taken from a single insect.

NEP IDaE

Nepa sp. Bnulynema n epae is d escribed from an unidentified species of this water creeper (Poisson 1933), and was often found swarming in the host's abdominal cavity.

COLEOP'l'EfiA

CARABIDAE

Feronia sp. Sciacchitano (1933 ) records the gordiaceal worm Para­ chorclo

DYTISCIDAE

!?:l. Dytiscus semisulca.tus. Dollfus (1932) m e nlions this species with­ out further data as a lmown host or Cordiacea and t.lennithidae wol'ms. ~ 1. Dytiscus marginalis Dollrus (1932) l'CCOI'd s the escape of a Oorclius ~p. fi'Olll t he s piracles or this watel' beetle instead of by the usual method or pel'foraling the hody wall in 1 he l'eg-ion of the !ltl1 tergite. 2:3. Agabus ferrugineus. Same as fol' No. 24. .\.pl'il , l!J-i!J] L .1 RII 'Jo:n~ExTO.:IIJC X I!:M.ITODES 183

26. Acilius sulcatus. Same as for No. 24. 27 . striatus. Same as fo r No. 24. The info rmation in Dollfus' paper is scanty, a nd several nematode names h e proposes are automatically 110111i11a nuda, being without description. sp. Two new species of nemas, 0Cl1cbiella galebie11a and G. is1amabacli are described from an unmentioned water beetle of this family in Kashmir (Basir 1941).

28. H ydrous triangularis. Todd (1944) deseribes the new species P sc uclonynms b1·achyce1·cus and P. lcz>toce1·c ns from this water beetle in Nebraska and Louisia na, with no biologica l data. 29. Tropisternus lateralis. The new species Zonoth?"ix I!"OlJistcrlla is described from this wa ter beetle (under its synonym Tropistenws nimbct /us) in Ncbraslia (Todd 1942) , with no biological data.

SILPUJll.\F.

Necrophorus sp. Christie (1930) men tions the nema ~tga?IIOIIC11W i ii/Cs tans from this genui3 of can·ion beetle in Massachusetts.

STAPIIYLINlDAE

30. Tachinus ftavipeunis. Chris tie (1930) describes the new ~p ec i es Agamonema mig1·ans from this rove beetle in Virginia; specimens were also taken from the scarabaeid Oeotntl)''S sp1encl.icl1LS. Staphylinidae sp. Bovien (1937) Tecords two undetermined Dip­ logasters from decaying cabbage which bad life cycle s tages on the exoskeleton of unnamed of th is famil y, both larvae and imagines. Experiments of Bovien in 1934 with the uema CheilobiLS quad1·i/abiatus we1·e successfully concluded by culturing the worms on agar. This spe­ cies l'ests coiled like a watchs pring and attached by a peduncle to th e exoskeleton of unidentified staphylinid larvae and adults.

S CARABAETDAE

31. Popillia japonica. Steiner (1929) describes the new species Ncoaplectana (/ lase1·i discove1·ed paras itic in the Japanese beetle. Glaser (1932), in studies on the life history or K. g/aseri. round that second stage larvae of the nematode caused 70 per cent mortality in grubs and pupae of P. ja7Jonica . The average time from initiul invasion to death was 11.3 days, and infection was by mouth. Two-to-three gen­ era tions developed in the grubs. and red on their tissues. On artificial media, the wo1·m·s life cycle was 4-5 days. Ability to develop was lost a ft\)r a period of culturing on media, but was rcgainl'd by passage th rough h ost la r vae. It seems practiral to introduce the nema a s a control into regions wh ere it is now absent. ] -1- T 111:: '\V .\ Si\1A1\~ Cor~t.Et:TOR [Vol. 7, Ko. 5

In 1935 studies. Glaser and Farrell write that N. glaseri is now per­ manently esta blished as a control of the J·apanese beetle, and annually causes high mortality. Subsurface methods of inocnlatiug soil with the nemas gave better •·esults than s pray ing them on open ground, and when so introduc·ed. the won ns spread rapidly into surrounding areas. Little diiTerencc was noted in results a chieved by I he nema in lightly and heavily infested areas. Birds, moles, climate, et<·., aJlpear to render it impossible lo maintain:> constantly heavy population or the n ematode in any given Iol'a li ty over a period o( years, clue nresuma])ly to tltei•· romnimpUon or lhe insect reservoir population. J 11 19 :~8. McCoy. Girth and Glaser reeordetl a gianl form or N. (Jlcu;er·i O<'<' lll'l'ing in l i ~htly infected Japanese beet les. 'l'ho gia nts ranged i11 s ilm from 5-!l 111111. (normal= 4.7 mm.). and thei•· progeny grew into norma !-sized i ndividu,als. During 19·10. Glaser separately and with his associates (McCoy and Girth) publi!< hed several s hort notes dealing principally with techniques of N. {tlascri-cu! tu•·ing on artificial media and resum6s of past work and re;;ults or atlempts to control the .Japanese beetle with the nematode. In 1942. Glaser. :\fcCor and Girth added the notorious Corn earworm. Jleliulllis annigera, to the growing list of insects known to be attacked b~· N eoa]Jl ec/(ma glaseri. :l::!. Pantomorus peregrinus. Swain (194 3) records experiments in which thi!'< Whitef•·inged beetle was su ccessfully Infec-ted with XPoaplec­ la11a r11asrri from New Jersey. N. glaseri and an undetermined XeoaJJlec­ tmw ('II. ljf(}.1.i ) we•·e about equally efficacious as parasites of this beetle. " In lnhoratory tests with beetle larvae or pupae in which dosages of 1. ~. nnd 10 thousand nematodes pe1· ounce of soil were used, mortality averaged 58, 78, and 91 per cent, respectively. In large flower pot cages Ret in tho soil out of doors, dosages of 15, 7!l, and 1500 n ematodes per oun ce or soil gave average mortalities or from 44 to 99 per cent. In these tests the period of exposur e uever exceeded -1 weeks; therefore, iu some ins ta nces the total effectiveness of tlle uema to des may not have been measured" (Swain 1943). P•·ojectecl fie ld tests have not yet been •·eported on. P. 11CrerJrimt.~ is considered as an introduced s pecies, and Swain found the Xeoa]J /rctana spp. he worked w ith in the southeastern United States to be utilizing ,·arious native, undetermined scarabaeids as hosts; they have a lso been found in the vegetable weevil ( T.i.~tl·oclel·cs obliqtms). an introduced species, and in the laboratory, :Xeoa(Jlectan(l spp. will infect Panlomorus taell'ialulus. the sweet potato weevil (Cylas fonni­ t'01'i1tS ell.'{/(111/ulus). and a Ourculio sp. Swain also menlions, in passing, t he nema NeoaTJlerlana chresima. "another nematode pa rasite of the .Jat>ane::;e beetle which has been found to attack Pan/omor us 11 ereg rim~s:• as well as undetel'llliued mermithids (one bein g a Rcn:r.m cnnis sp.) rou nd producinp; a :\.2 per cent inreclion of the \Vhitel'ringed beetle iu 1\liR;;issippi. AH re~;nr cl s tl!e life cycle oC Ncoapl edaua '11035, which is s imila r to that or N. glascri- 186 1'11..: \\".\ si\IA ~~ ('oLI.I·:eTo H [ \'ol. 7. :\o. 5

:.Hi. Aphodius fimetarius. This very commonly dis tr ibuted dung beetle is descrihed a s host to the n emas JJiplogas ter arJII orlii new species. and /J. sccu11rlus new s pecies, in (Hovien 1937). The worms are eucloparas iti<· in grubs and adults, or this s pecies. as well as other . lfJIIorlii. J<'ive·to-seventy pe1· cent of the heelles we1·e infested the year around wi th n. Oflltorli i. tbe latter heing round in Ute body cavity and between the thoracic muscles. The same author round Brcu l!fl1!'11111 ri(Ji

C nw.: ;;o~J ~: J . J u . u:

:lfl. Phyllotreta undulata. The new nemn lfotcarrlula J)ltyllolrPioe is des

H P.Di l!l.\E

Helmis sp. The new species Pa•·asityle11clt liN lrclmidi.v is described fl'Om specimens of this genus of aquatic Coleoptera {Stammer 1934} . However, no description accompanies the name, wh ich automatically becomes a nomen 11111111111. Latellnis sp. Same as preceding item.

Passalidae sp. Ar tigas {1926} desc1· ibes as new tile fo llowing nema­ todes from Bmzilian passalids: Hystrign(l//tu .~ leiclyi. H. lougicollis. H . etegans. H. t·esiculosus. H . lloel111ei. H . simi/i.~. H. longicaiula a nd 11. iuermis. withoub fu r the 1· details.

CIIHCl ' r.lOX I 11 .\ J·:

·1 1. Conorrhynchus mendicus. This ser ious s uga1· beet weC\•il is host to a new species of nematode. -:o.·eoap/eclana me11ozzii. in Italy {T ravas­ sos 1932) . The parasites live in the abdominal cavity of all stages of the beetle. 4:). Chilo simplex. In 1932. Kaburaki and Imamura describe the new pantsitic nema .lllt]J ltimcnni.~ zui11111.~1ti rrom this r i<:e borer in the Numazu di>;tl'icl. S hizuol

ScOLYTIIMI·:

4S. Dendroctonus mouticolae. Steiner (1932) describes three new species associated with this important Darkbeetle pest of conifers: Diplogasle1· oc·c·irle11talis. l l]Jheleuclloicl es ('0111£1'/ts and ; l. CLCI'OIJO-~tllion. The former occurs in the beetles' mines and frass a nd seems to be an associate and not a parasite. The relationshiJ> of .4.. conu 1·us is doubtful. In 1935, Thorne described a numbe1· of new s pecies of nemas associated with this heetle: AJJhelenchus 1·eversus, Angui/lu1i11o }Ji1101Jhi/a. A. mag11 ica uda. tiJJIIe lenclloides bracllycet>11(1/lls. A. ta10111LS. A. /. em~icl ens. A. latlls, D ·£p/ogasler pinicola and Panagrocl ontus clentalus. the last genus et species nova. A. 1·eve1·sus was the only endopa1·asite, the remainder being ectoparasites and associates. He also gives additional lnfoymatiou on the previously known associated nema tode Rha.bclit-!s obtllsa. 49. Dendroctonus micans. Plectoncll us clencl?·octoni species nov urn, is described from beneath the elytra of this Barkbeetle, specimens of which were attacking pine trees near Vlllach, Germany (Fuchs 1932). Sexually mattu·e worms develop ed f1·om larvae in four days. The nema is close to Plectonchns coronatu s and possesses s uggestions of Pcmagro­ laimus in the buccal cavity arrangement. 50. Tomicus bidens. Bovien (1937) describes the new species A1J11 el ellc1111lll.s /omid from the bod y cavity of about 60 per cent of larvae, a nd some 30 per cent of adults of this Darkbeetle, and mentions it as belonging to the "contorf1t.v-group of Fuchs.'' 5L Scolytus destructor. Laidlaw ( 1932) discusRes t he nemas PaTa­ -~ity 1 enc 111 t S sC'o lyti a nd CylinclTogaste1· ulmi and their relations hip to the Elm Barkbeelle. The former is a pa rasite causing ste1·ility in both sexes: GO per cen t of all beetles examined we1·e infected, a nd 40 pe1· cen t were s terile. 'I' he latter nema is a free-living fo rm found externally on pupae a nd imagines. :;::!. Scolytus scolytus. In a diHc u ~s ion oC the nema fauna oC the L::u·.e;c E lm Bal·khcetle, Fuchs (1933) lis ts 10 s pecies round in material 1\pril, 1! 1-UJ ] 18H

sent from Holland. The following are described as new: Pm·asitylenc1!1ts scolyti (previously desc1·ibed by Oldham in 1930-see No. 51). P. secml­ rlus. Hlw/.lclito1ai11llts schuunnm1si'i. R. j1·anseni. DiJJloyasler JJlH:l i 'e· ' :· t!1i s Ea ~ kbore1· in the Forest of Bialowies (Europe). Karpln>ki ( l!'l:!~) r;?· ports unidentified nemas from the beetle. A list or nematod:)s is IW'l:n isecl when identified. Fuchs (1930 ) descdbes the new species Parasilaplle­ /enc/11/., typog1·a]Jlti from this species . .ji. Ips implicatus. Karpinski (1935) also repo1·t<> undetenuined nemas from this species. :;s. Ips sexdentatus. Fuchs (1930) describes the fo llowing new spe­ cies from this beetle: R hoclolcLinuts J)t e,·ygi osoma. l'anag,·olaimus sex­ (/e/1/ati. PantsilctJ>II elPnchus nwcrogaster and P. mi11utus. fl·om Germany . .i!l . Dryocoetes autographicus. Fuchs (1930) describes the fo llowing new SlJecles and sub'.l pecies from this beetle : Plectu.v / entoculaltts. Palla· groluimus verr u co.~ u -Y . P. ren ustus (Austria), a nd ParasitaJITt e l e nclllt.~ (llttoyraplt'i: the new subspecies are 3Jononrllus paf)illalus ?llocrodoll and Plectus yrcuwlosus tenuica1tdata (see No. 54). CHI. Polygraphus polygraphus. Fuchs (1930) describes the following new species from P. polyg1·apllus: Plectns 1mste1· i . Hllorlolaimns 110li· arapl1i and Panaarolaim1tS conmtus. from Germany. Ul. Pityokteines curvidens. This s pecies is hos t to the new species of nematodes Rltoflolaimus J>U -~i ll1t-~ and ParagilaJ)IIelr.n(• /t u .~ curlliflentis, from Germany (Fuchs 1930). 62. Pissodes pini. The parasites 'l 'yl e11t 1J uecies PamSitiiJIIte· lenc111!-'' conjt£nclus (Austria) from t his genus (see No. 68). Scolytidae sp. Steine r a nd nuhrer (1934) descr ibe the new species dpltP/encltoicles ~·y lopltilus . associated with hluestain and othet· fungi in !>inc trees. The trees b ad previously been attacked by Ba1·kbeetles. which are suggested as caniers of both the nemas and the [ungi, the latter ro rming a possible source of food for the worms.

DIPTERA

LYCORIIO.H :

7 J . Lycoria pulhtla. T he parasitic nemu .,lpl·odoncHHt enl umoplw· yum and its 1·elationship to the host is discussed ( Keilin a nd Robin· son 1933 ). The Rootgnat D. !)lt/lula li ves in decaying wood. a nd the maggot is t he principal host stage. Nemas esrape from larvae by piercing the <'utic·lc. and from the imagines uy rupturing the inter· segme ntal chiliu or the abdomen during the fly's O\'iposition movements. PrcsC'nce of the worms dela y!; metamoi'Jlhosis in l h<' host. a nd nt least two gene rations may he rouud s imult

" . .. The worms exist free in tile soil only as ensheathed larvae. These a1·e the infective fonns of th e paras ite. They cu ter the host inse<·l. pres umably by way of mouth or anus. and penetrate to the body cavity, whe re they become su ccessively preadults and adults. There are two sexes. and the females a1·e ovoviviparous. " The host insect having died 2 or 3 days afte1· he<:oming infected with tlle parasites. Ycoa})lcc/(I JW multiplies in the cauavc1· until at length a ll availa ble nourishme nt is exhausted. The integume n t or the host, which is a ll that now remains. is a sa <: or ens heathed nema tode larvae which arc ready to break out into the soil and fi nd a new hosl. rr n new host IB not available, the worms can remain a li ve in tho soil [or a11 indefinite pe riod. The lil'e cycle is completed in a bout i JI Ioyuster was ti rs t recorded [rom Pm1to morus t!en•gr iu u.~ In 1940. TH]Jioyas lcr seems "primarily a sapt·ophagous species" a lt hough he records ins tances in which lethal Jlat·asitization was accomplished by the nematodes. The usual relationship hetween nema and beetle seems lo be one in w h ich the latter transpo1·ts the dauer larva a hout on the exoskeleton, the worm not achieving the adult stage until the insect dies, at w hich time the larvae enter the cat·cass and multiply. l\Jore rarely, la1·vae pene· trate t he livin!;' host and attain t heir adult s tate, but a re not acrorded any significance as a control of these beetles; in some instances, the larvae seem lo <:omplete their developm ent on the decomposing exterior of the host without intemal penetration. Their favo rite pos itions on atlu!L beetles a re beneath the elytra, about the ovipositor a nd, "most [requenlly. in the sockets of the thoracic segme nts in w hich the coxae rotate. In thef

P sYCllOillll.\ E

P sychodidae sp. Bovien (1937). in a general s umma ry of the litera· ture, desc1·ibes the new nema Rhabcli t i.~ (/ubiu from unidentified psycbo­ dids. The nema had a " resting stage" in tight-fitting rings around the abdomina l inte•·segmenta l run-ows.

TI::1\I)ll'l·: ulu.\ t;

7:2. Tendipedes thummi. In a somewhat genera l dis<·ussion. Vaudel (193:!) mentious the ne ma Paramtenll'is conlori

73. Anopheles lencosphyrus. An unnamed nematode is des(: rihetl l;y Walandouw ( 1934) from the la rva of this mosquito. Lar val and early a dult nemas a re free in the body cavity, but olde r a dults pierce thoracic a nd/ or a bdominal walls, kill the host , then feed o n the dead larva from t he outside.

7+. Bibio ferruginatus. Bovien ( 1937) descri hcs lhe new species XPoaJJiertana bibionis a nd S . aJ!inis from this and the two following species of :\1archflies. Nemas were found in nearly a ll larvae examined of the three host species, exhibiting both saprozoic a nd parasitic char­ acteris tics. Gravid female woJ·ms were fi rst oviparous, the n vi vi parous. If the larvae develop no n nally, the h ost dies. However. under unfavo•·­ a ble nutritional conditions, a "Daue 1· '' stage is interca la ted wh ich does not usua lly kill the maggot, a nd the worms remain alive in the intestine w ithou t further de velopment. H the host dies. the dauer larvae iu1·ade the hody cavity, mqture a nd multiply. Dauc1· larvae we re seen clinging to the exoskeleton or a dult fli es. pl·obaiJiy the method hy which they are dis trihuted. Adult 1ua le nemas a nd d ~Lu er larvae or both species are disting uishable bul fema les are nol sepa rable. Bovien 192 T ilE \\'.\ ~ MAC\ :'\ C oLI.EC'I'OR [Yol. 7, :\o. 5

1·eared the dauers of N. liibioui.v through several generations on egg a lbumin plus a s mall amount or insect tissue. 75. Bibio hortulanus. See No. 73. 7G. Dilophus vulgaris. See No. 73.

1\It.:SC JU.\Jo: 77. Musca vicina. Roy and :'11ukhcJ·jee (1937) , in two separate lla· IHll's, deHc rihe the two new nemas Allcmtrmt> ma musrct c and .\ . Ntricl>· / (1 ·111/i rrom this hos t. fi'i ve o[ HiOO dissected M . v·i.cina possessed female 11. ?IIIINta c. 11. shi.('l.' /mtai was found in a wild specimen of M. vioiua. a nd is des<' l'ihed as larger than A. 'ltlltNr ac a nd possessing a terminal cauda l process.

CJII.. OilOL'IU.\F.

73. Oscinella frit. The nema Ty/endti1temct osdue//ae. new genus and species, Is descl'ibed by C:oodey (1930A) from the I~ri t fl y f1·om St. Athans, England. The relationship hetween the two s pecies was dis covered while investigating parasiti:ted oats for supposed "tuliproot." caused by tbe plant nema 'l'ylencl llts cliJI.vo ci. After free-li ving impregna· tlon, the female nema enters F 1·itfly lan ·ae, presumably t h rough the skin, undergoing funher development as the h os t proceeds through its metamorphoses. The now viviparous parasitic nema increases g reatly in size, finally liberating large quantities of s mall larvae, who later leave the hos t by penetrating the intes t inal tract a nd passing out the anus. Meanwhile the host ha s metamorphosed to the adult s tage. Sterility results in both sexes of the fly , a nd infected females fl y about depos iting larvae instead of the ir own eggs , whic:h latter have failed to develop. Goodey found T. osc'incllae to he widely dlstl'ibu ted in Engla nd and Wales, and fo und per ccnt·pal·asitization to vary from 5·14. depending upon the time of year and host brood. In 1930B, Goodey publis hed au a bs tract of his Pl'eYious findings for the Journal or Helminthology. and in 1931 a dded fu rther observations on the species, particu la rly concerning data on occul'l'ence ofT. o .~c in e l · /a e lan·ae In overwintering Oy la1·vae and the point or entry into t be intestinal ·tract of escaping uema larvae. His results were based on dissections of over 10.000 flies. H e found t hat esca pe was effected hy [lenetration or the extremely th in-walled food J·ese1·voir, a n outgrowth of the esot>hagus. An exa mination of ma ter ial l'l'Olll other countries showed varying degrees of parasltizalion: Den mar l< 31.08·47. 6 per cent, Germany 0.73 Pt'l' cent. and Russia 0.38·1.94 per cent. The nema aud some a spects or its relations hip to the Fritny are discussed by Riggcrt (193'i ) . Tile incidence of infection was highes t in October (]93 1). Eighty-eig ht and nine-tenths per cent of the flies had less than two worms per host. The nemas' ca usation or host sterility was ad.iuclg<'d only or moderate valne in hiologic'a l (·onlrol. Filipjev (StoldJ ovcn tran:;lalion 1941) sums Ull most of the above data. .A pril, Hl4!:l] TJ.\ Rinms--ExTOi\llC x~! ;\l.\'l'ODES 193

K ~ l er ( 1932) records tile nematode from ; he dissected 2700 flies between July and August, finding 182 of them infected and sterile. More females t han ma les were fo und parasitized.

7!l. Hylemyia. antiqua.. Bovien (1937) describes the new nema H eterotylenc11us abe1TC111 S, new genus and species, from maggots a nd adults of the Onionfly; hosts were obtained at Lyngby, , in 1932. The nema exhibits both sexual and parthenogenetic generations. The fertile fe male invades thi! fly larva and develops into gravid, sausagc­ Khaped worms; in the adult fly, these prod.uce eggs which mature into parthenogenetic females. These rema in in the fl y producing eggs, and the t·esulting larvae escape via the host's oviducts to become free-living sexual forms. Fema le fli es are generally rendered s terile, but both sexes are allacked; the reported parasitization amounted to from 9-25 per cent.

AGRO)!YZID.\f::

F ergusonia sp. The nematode genus AngltilluliiW possesses many species parasitic on plants. Currie (1935) discusses some rela tionships between certain (unidentified) of these pla nt parasites and gall-forming fli es of the genus Fergusonia. His conclusions are not quite cleat· sin ce be a ttt·ibutes galls of E1~calypt1Ls t ·o.~ t ni tus and E . 11emiphoia to the Illes, then goes on to state that the nemas feed on the plant tissues, producing the proliferating cells upon which the fl y larvae feed. How­ ever, both maggots and nemas live together in the galls. Fertile female worms enter the body ca>ity of female fl y larvae and lay their eggs. When the adult fl y deposits eggs on young flow er buds, a number of larval nemas accompany the eggs to the new host plant.

SCATOPSliiAg

SO. Scatopse fuscipes. Bovien (1932) describes the nematode Scato­ n ema tvii/1.-el·i, new genus a nd species, from the body cavity of these flies. S. f uscipes breeds in manure. etc., having several generations per year. The female nema penet rates to the hos t 's body cavity, there undergoing considerable morphologic change, first l.lecoming torpedo-shaped, then sausage-shaped. The firs t and second fl y larval s tages a re those mos t hea vily infected, this infection often amounting to 25 per cent. Gener­ ally there is one worm per insect, rarely three. The insect's fatbody is cons umed. the cycle ending with the death of the host. The nemas grow so rapidly that females reach maturity and produce a second generation hefore the infected maggots are half-gt·own. Only fertilized females leave the hos t, since the males lack stylets and seem unable to penetrate to the exterio1· of the insect. Fly imagines are from 5-10 r>cr cent infected, with 1-4 worms per hos t as a rule. the maximum number reco rd ed from a single hos t being 20. Nemas lodge in the abdominal 194 Tr iE \Y\~"ZirA ~~ CoLLECTOR [Vol. 7, No. 5 and thoracic cavities of adult flies, and if not uumerous, seem not to deleteriously utiect the host. I n the adul t fly, a fe male nema may contain within the uterus other· females in a ll stages or growth, some of which are g ravid and producing escaping lar vae; larval worms escape at oviposition and remain with Lhe tt y eggs and infect the resulting maggots.

LEPIDOPTERA

SPII ! NOI DAf: SJ . Smel'inthns ocellatus. F iedler ( L927) reJJOrls a n unidentified mennithid ft ·o m Lhe caterpilla r of this moth.

2. Heliothis obsoleta. This Corn earworm is reported as succumb­ ing to the attacks of the nematode DitilOg1ogaster aeriwra in this moth, fide Christie (see No. 32). 4. Cucullia scrophuiariae. This species of moth is host to the nema j]J ennis albiccws, which attacks the caterpillar stage (Fiedler 1927). 85. F eltia segetUIU. Filipjev (1934) describes the new species Neoa­ plectana. feltiac from the body cavity of the caterpillar of this moth, s pecimens of which carne from the Votjak region of east Russia. The nema infection even tually killed the llos t.s. From 100-200 females, some 30 males, ancl thousands of larvae were obtained per host! He here advocates moving the genus N eoaplectana from the Order Oxyurata to the Order Anguillu!ata.

Eucos:\rr n A F:

Laspeyresia? sp. Oldham (1935) records the oc<'urrence of Rltaliclitis coctn:tata. cysts on the exoskeleton of caterpillars presumed to belong to this genus of moths; these latter were found burrowing in fruit of the Tahitian chestnut ( lnocannts ecl nlis).

PYllAUSTlllAF:

Sfi. Pyrausta pubilalis. Kotlan (1!!27-1928) describes the new species DiJJIO{taster lli'CI'ir in , hut t11e par a.s l t i <~ nature o[ the relal.iouship h as not bee n estn hi is hed. April , IH-'1-!l J L.\ HI\ " Et<~E~TOilli C i'JE:UATOOE~ 195

HYMENOPTERA

TF:X1'11REIJJ :X IIIAf:

Sl. Pamphilius stellatus. Steiner ( 1929 J describes the new species of uema I HJJio!la.\·lcl· cllfomo}Jiwga ft·om specimens fo und in dead inescts in Get·many.

FotottCJ 11 .\ 1-:

HH. Acanthomyops fi avus. Taylor (19:!3) records a s pecies or Mrnwis pat·asilill ing a colon y or these a nts in England. In l !);{!;. Taylor reports rurthe1· on the rela tiouship, a nd finds that males or Infected ' ' · tlar'/1 8 differ from norma l males onl y hy s light distensious or the a bdomen. and do not show tile usual short-winged condition of mennithogynes. S!l. Myrmecia forficata. rubra. Wheeler (1933) discusses some gen­ eral aspe<·ts or Me rmis pa t·asitizatioJt in a nts. 'Vithout s pecif1 c men· tion, he states all host insects wer e misshapen, the head a nd thomx being s maller in prepupae aud pupae, the change being even more marked in imagines. H e refers to infected hosts as "pathological inter­ rastes." Specimens or this ant came from Australia. !lO. Camponotus consobrinus. Same as No. 88. fll. Camponotus claripes piperatus. Same as No. 88. !l:!. Camponotus abdominalis stercorarius. Same as No. 88. Speci­ mens or this ant were from Mexico. !)3. P heidole pallidula. A H examenni:s sp. is recorded from this a nt by Va n del ( 193-1). Each host had one nema larva which escaped from the a nus and moulted about a month later into an adult. Du1·ing s ummer and autumn, 1-8 adult worm s were found from 10-25 centi­ meter s deep in the soil about the ants' nest, but never in the galler ies or chambers. P arasitized insects die in winter, a few existing l1 aH-dead until April. Adult uemas pair in October-to-January, and oviposition takes place from Novem her-to-Mat·ch. The entire li fe cycle is sexual and a nnual. !l-1. Lasius fiavus. Gosswald (1938) t·ecords studies of Jlfermi.~ s p. infections of this and the following s pecies of ant. Worms were found commonly in dry limeston•! biotopes poor in vegetation, rich in a nts. a nd possessed of a warm microclimate. In s uch areas. some 70 per cent of both ant species wet·e infected. Only about 0.5 per cent of s imilat· n ests in damp, cold biotopes poor in ants and richly vegetated wet·e infested. The spread of the worms is closely linked with the e<·ology of the a nts. He gives tile fo llowing list of categories into which lnreeted a nts may he divided: (a) Mcnnil/l(m es a t·e it!fected males wilh normal external a ppear- a nce; (b) Jllermitllogynrs a re females ana logous to (a); (c) Mrnnithrrgall '.~ arf' workers ana logous to (a) and (b); (d) TJra e ltypt emu.~ 111etm:il llan eg a r e short-winged males; (c) Jltat·II:IJJ>/ Cl"O II s w ennillwgynes a rc s hort-winged fema les; 196 THE W .\SMA::\'N CnLLEC'fOR [Yol. 7, No.5

(f) F emales wi/11 alaT st-umps: (g) F emales witll alar s l11 mps. stunted thoraces and yellow worker· like head; (h) F emales rri/11 ala1· strtmps. stunted thoraces and head. this last partly resembling that of a worliel· and partly that of a female. Early infested larvae dv not deYelop. Those hosts exhibiting any of the a bove eight characteris tics are infected late in life and the degree of modification seems to depend upon the time of initial infection. 95. Lasius abenus. Same as No. 94.

!) 6. Vespa vulgaris. Beck (1937) recor·ds an u nideutitiecl mermithicl worm [rom this wasp in England (Bridgwater). E ight or 31 wasps were found pa1·asitized.

APID.\ E

97. Apis mellifera. The common nema Jfe nnis s 111m igre.~ce11S is re· ported f1·om the Honeybee by Milum (1938). This seems to be the first record fo1· the United States (Illinois), and Infected bees had the entire abdominal content;; consumed. Bombus sp. Stammer (1934) records a 96 per· cent ln(eclion of an unidentified Domhus with a species or Sp/wer111aeia In the Botanic Gardens at B1·esla u, Germany.

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L .\llli ..\W, W. B. R . 1932. Enemies of tbe Elm bar k beetle (Scolytns des/nl(·/01' Oliv.). Scottish Forestry Jour. 46 ( 2): 117-129.

LF:\'1 :'\F., P . P. 1936. A new method [or embryonating nematode eggs in fecal dis­ cha r ges. Jour . Parasit. 22(3) :291. :202 TuE W .\ SMANN Cor,LECTOil [Vol. 7, ~o . 5

Ln;AO liT, M. A. 1936. A note on the adult female of Anguillulina apfini {Sha rga). a nematode parasite of Apfinotllf"ips 1'11/us. Gmelin. Parasit. 28 ( 2) : 290·292. 1937. An ecologica l study of a thr ips (:tp/inoflwi.ps nt/us) and its nematode pa rasite (An guWuli11a UfJiiwi). Jour. E col. G( 1): 1G!J.l92. l\1c·CclY, E. E ., Gllt'l'll, H . B., .\XIl G J..\St:JC , U. \ V. 1938. Noles on a g ia nt Corm of the nematode XCOIIfl lcrlmllt alasrri. .Jour. Pamsit. 24(5) :171·172.

MJJ .I ' ~I, v. G.

1938. A lar val mermit hid Menni.~ .~ 1tl!ll i fii'I'SI'f'll8 Cobh. as a parasite of lhe honeybee. J olll·. Econ. E nt. 31{3) : ~ 60 .

MU 1.1.P.n,G. W. Hl26. Uber Gordiaceen. Zeitschrift Morphologic und Okolog ie Tiere 7 (1-2): 134-219.

Ol.lli J.\lC, J. N. l !l33a . On H o1vardula. 7Jhyllot1·ctue. n. sp., a nema tode parasite of f! c;a beetl es {Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera) with some observa­ tions on its incidence. J our. H elmin. 11(3) :119-136. l!J33 b. Helminths in t he biological con trol of insect pests. lmper. Bur. Agl'ic. & Paras it. Memorandum 9: 1·6. 1935a. On the occu rrence of Rlla bclitis coa1·ctata {Nematoda ) on caterpillars in t he Mat·quesas I slands. Jour. H e! min. 13 {1): 13- 18. 1935b. Further obser vations on the incidence of parasitism of fl ea beetles by the nematode Ho1v01·du la 71 1! yllot1·etae. Jout·. H elmin. 13(3) :163-1 66.

PF:JIEIRA, c. 1935. Sabre un Lepidonemidae T rav. 1919 e u n Rha bdiasidae R ail­ li·~t 1915 {l'\ematoda) novos. Re\·ista de B iologica e Hygiene. Sao Paulo 6{1 ) : 19-21.

1!137. Rlwbc/i.fi.~ l1amliletoni n . sp., nema appa rentemen te semi­ l>ar asito de " b1·oca do algodoeriro" (aast et·ocel·cotl es IJra­ siliensis). Archivos do Instit uto Biologico 8:215-230.

P J·: ssn.\, S. B., ANil CounEA, CLOVI S. 1926. Notas sobre os Oxyu1·is 1WTasitas das ha ratas domesticas. com a descripcao de une nova especie: Oxyn?'i8 a1tst1·a1asiae n. S!). Mem. Ins t. Butantan 3 (1) :71-74. .\pril, L!l-1:!1] L.\ R I \ ' EH~-EXTO)IIC ::-\E)l.\TODES 203

POISSON", R. 1933. Tt·ols nouvelles especes de nematodes de Ia cavitli generale d'hlimipteres aquatiques. Ann. Parasit. Humaine et Compat:ee ll(G) :463-466.

Pl' RS.I RD, R . 1932. Su r un Nematode parasite de Psyll ides. Compte R endus des Seances de I'Academie des S ciences 19·1(5): 493-494.

RIC1M:II'I', E. 1935. Untersuchungen iiber die Parasiten de•· F'l'itfll ege. At·beilen ii her P hysiologische und An gewandle E n lomolog-ic am; Ber· lin-Dahlem 2(1):1-23.

RoY, D N., .~:>;ll M u ron:nJt-:E, P. K.

1937. Jtllcm lonema mu.~cae n. sp., a new paras itic nematode of t he fami ly Rhabditidae from the hemocoele or .llusca t'iCi?ICI. Ann. Trop. l\Jed. & Parasit. 31 (4) :449-451. 1937. A 1/antouema stricklandi n. s p., a parasitic nematode of house­ fli es, .lluscct ~:icina. Ann. Trop. Med. & Paras it. 31(4) :453-456.

SIIAilO.I, u. s. 1932. A new nematode, Tylenclms aptini. n. sp., parasite of Thys­ anoptera (Insecta : A JJtinothri7JS rut us Gmelin). Parasit. 24 ( 2) :268-279. 1933. Biology and life history of Limnotll1'i7JS cereaHu.m Ha!iday and A ptinothritJs 1'U/1ts Gmelln re·ed ing on Gt·aminene. A nn. Appl. Bioi. 20(2) :308-326.

SOIA CCII ITA NO, I. 1933.. Gord li de Romagna. Bolletino di Zoologica 4(5) :187-189.

SonOJ.I·:v, A. A. 1937. H elminthofauna of Blattidae of the U.S.S.R. Papers on Hclmln. puhl. in commemontion of t.be 30-year jubileum of K. J. Skrjabin and of the 15th Anniversary of the All-Union Institute of Helminthology. Moscow: 663-670.

STA)l.\!ER, H. J. 1934. Die l'ematoden als Kommensalen und Paras ilen det· Insekten. Verhandlungen det· Deutschen Zoologisch en Gesellschaft 36: 195-206.

STEJl\'En , G.

l 926. A uew Arctic mennithid, J,i nwo1nenwi.~ CIII'(I{Ji1JOia, n. sp .. fr om Novnya Zemlya. Revt. Sci. Resul ts Norwegia n Exped. to N. A., 1921. Zool. No. 33:3-8. ~0+ 'l'uE \'l.\~MA:-.11\ C oLLECTOR l Vol. 7, 1\o. 5

1929. Xeoaplecta11a glaseri. n . gen .. n. sp. (Oxyuridae). a new nemic parasite of the Japanese beetle ( P opillia japo11ica Newn.). J our. Wash. Acad. Sci. 19(19) :436-440.

UJ2!l. fli7>loga .~ ler e11 tomopilaga n. s p., a new Oiplogaste r (DiiJ· logaste ridae: Kematoda) found in a P ampllilins stellat1ts {Chris L) {Tenthredinidae: Hymeno]>tera) . Zoologische An­ zeiger SO (5·6): 143-145. 1929. On a collection of mermithids rrom tho basin of the Volga r iver . Zoo!. J ahr. Abt. Syst. Okol. u. Ceog. Tiero 57(304) :303- 328. 1932. Some nemic parasites and associa tes or tho Mountain pine bcelle ( De1 1d mctomt;~ moul"icolae ) . Jour. A.gric. Res. 45 (7) : 437-444. 1932. Die a rl\lischen Mermithiden, Gonlioiden und· Nectonema· toiden. F a nna Arctica 6(3) :161·174. 193-1. A new species of nematode genus Apilclellciloifles living in sugar cane. Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 24(3) :141-143.

S1't;J:-n:n, G., ,, xu BurrnER, E . .M.

1934. AJ>IIel eni'IIOide.s xylopllil~ts . n. sp .. a nematode associated with blue-stain and other fungi in timber. J our. Agric. Res. -!8(10) :949-951.

StJ(lL\10 '1'0, M., A:\'11 NISHIYA~L\, s. 1937. O!l the nematode, T7·ozJ isnnts fissisl)inus (Diesing) 1861 and Its transmission to chickens ln Formosa. Jour. Japanese Soc. Veterinary Mecl. 16(3) :305-313.

S\1'.\ IX, R. B. 19-13. Nematode parasites of the White-fringed beetles. Jour. Econ. Ent. 36(5) :671-673. 1945. The association of ne matodes of the genus DiJ>logaster with White-fringed beetles. Jour. E con. Ent. 38 ( 4): 488·490.

T .\ YLOH, J. N. 193 3. :\Iennithogynes. Entomologis t's Record 45 ( 12): 162-164.

1935. Nematode worms pa•·asitic on lhe Yellow :~nt (.4.c·m•lhomyops flavus F.).

' l'IIOIINJ-:, G.

J!l:l5. Nomic· paras ites and as sociate~ of lhc Mountain pine beetle ( D eu!lroctonrts monticolae) in Ulah. .Jour. Agric. Res. (i] ( 2) :131-144. April, HJ49 J L.\ RJ\" E R s- -E ~TOd ll C KE::UATOD8S 205

Tonn, A. C. 1942. A new parasitic nematode from a water scavenger beetle. Trans. A mer. Micro. Soc. 61 ( 3) : 286-289.

1943. Thelc.~toma icemi (Schwenck), a nematode of cockroaches. Jour. Parasit. 29(6) : 404-406. 1944a. On the development and h atching of the eggs of Hanunel·· scllmillliella cliesingi and Leiclyuema UJ11)C11(/iculatum. nema­ todes of cockroaches. Trans. Amer. Micro. Soc. 63(1) :54-67 . 1944b. Two new nematodes from the aquatic beetle Hyd1"01LS tl·i· an.q ulctl·is. Jou r. Parasit. 30(4) :269-272.

Tti.\V.\SSUS, L . 1929. Contribuicao preliminar a sys tematica dos nematodeos dos Arthropodos. Instituto Osw aldo Cruz, Suppl. Mem. 5:19-25. 1932. Una specie del genere " Neoaplectana" Steiner (Nema toda: Oxyuridae) paras ita del 00110rrhynclm .~ (Cieomts) me11dic1t.~ Gyll. (Coleopte•·a: Curculionidae). Bolletlno del Laborato1·io de Zoologica Generale e Agraria del R. Ins tituto Superiore Agraria in P ortici 26 : 115-118.

Tttll-"~'1'1', M. J., A NO 01.1111.\) f , J. N. 1927. Observations on the morphology and ))luomlcs of Rllabclitili com·ctata. Leuck., occurring in dung beetles. Jour. Helmiu. 5 ( 1) : 33-46.

V .\;<(OEL, A. 1932. Le sexe des parasites depend·il du nombre d'!ndividus reu­ fermes dans Ia meme bote ? Livre de Ceuteuaire, Soc. Ent. , pp. 245-252.

1934. Le cycle ~v olutif d'H examennis sp., parasite de la fourmi (Pheillole pallid'ILla). Ann. Sci. Nat. Zoo!. 17 (10): 47-58.

V.\X Z \1" .\lXWEXRL"RG, R. H. 1928. The interrelationships of insects and roundworms. Bull. Exper. Stat. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Assoc. Ent. Series 20 :1-68.

W .\ L.\ NIIOV\1", E . K. 1934. Nematodcn a ls bestrijdm·s van anopheles lat·ven. Genees­ kundig Tijdschrift voot· Nederlandsch -Indie 74 (19): 1219-1224.

Wm:r·: u :n, \ V. M . 1933. ilfennis paras itism in some Australian a nd Mexican ants. Psyche 40 (1) :20-31. :206 [Vol. 7, !\o. 5

"\V!i'i:BURX, T. F., AND P ,\INTER, R. H. 1932. Insect enemies of the Corn earw9nn ( H eliotkis ol,soleta). Jour. Kansas Ent. Soc. 5 ( 1) : 1-28.

\Vol\IEHSLEY, H . 1928. Note on a nematode par asite oE Camzwclect. Ent. Monthly :vrag. 64 (766): GG.