The Wasmann Collector Vol. 7 April, 1949 No. 5 Entomic N ematode Literature from 1926 to 1946, Exclusive of Medical and Veterina ry Titl es B y I nA LA RtvEH: University of Nevaclct I n 1928, Vnn /';wal uwt> nhurg brou gh t tog-Pt her the anil able title~ on nematodes of insects iuto a cotllprchensive bibliog­ raphy, and briefly discu ·sed the known salient features of the relationships irn-olvetl. '!'hat portiou dealing "·ith s pecies of medical i111portanee was lat·gel.r a ,·cry short resume of data alr·eady known and extensinlr publicized, but the bulk of his paper eonstjtuled a snbstantial contribution to the field by bringing together, for the first time, however briefly, a 11 avail­ able knowu information on insect nematodes. Van .:0wal nwenburg listed five associational categories exist­ ing between t·oun<lworms and insects, Yiz.: (1) pr·imary para­ sitism, in which th e inseet is the fin al host, and usually d ies; (2) secondary parasitism, ,,·here the insect serves as an iutcl'­ mcdiate host and is nsually not killed by the parasite; (3) internal mcchallical association, wherein the insect in \'olved merely distributes eitl1er the nematode or its eggs, ot· hoth, b~· transporting them unchanged in its digestive tract, neither species harming the other; (4) external mechanical association i11 which such tt·anspor·tation is effected extcmally; and (5) tommcnsalism. In all known examples o[ conuuensalistic asso­ ciation, only the nematode seems to profit, .feeding upon by­ products o£ insec.;t activity. I n the fo llowing list, chirf COliCcrn will he with prima ry pantsitisnr, cxtcr·tral mechanical associatimt, c.;onrmensa lism, and ra re instancl:'s o£ inter·nal rucchanical association not involving nwclica.l or \'CLe r·ina ry SJWCies; secondary p a r·asitism as well as Iu ost examples of internal mccltanical associations with mcd- 17, [Vol. 7, No.5 ically important nematodes are exclndcd principally on t he grounds tlwt they ah·eady possess the field. often to the ex­ clusion of the non-medical aspects of tile scieliCC of entomic nematology and consequently are h~· far the better known re­ lat ionsh i pl.. The Uordiacea a rc intlndl'd beta US<' 0 r their d ose a~sociat i o n ill t he l iterature. A t the time of Van Zwalnwenbut·g's writing, only.somc 750 insects were kn.o"·n t o be associa 1N1 witlt ll<'llla todes. The n utllbcr today is larger, lmt still au ins ig nifieani figure in light o f" whn t J·e nHti ns to he d iscovet·(' d. l•'ew grou pS of. a nimals today p ossess 11I e taxonomic pot('ntial or neii i111 0d es. Over thir ty yeats <lgo, D r. Natha11 Uoh b wrote: ""In sll ot·t, ii: all the matter in the un iYerse except the JH•tnatodPs were swept away, our world m>U id still be dimly recognizable, and if, as disem­ bodied spit·its. we could then ill\·estigate it, we should find its mountaius, hills, Yalcs. rivet·s, lakes and oceans represented by a film of nematodes. The location of town1> wonlcl be decipher­ able, since for every massing of huwan beings there would be a conesponding massing of certain nema todcs. 'l'1·ees would still stand in ghostly l'O\\"S r epresenting onr streets and highways. 'l'he location of va1·ions p lants and a nimals would still be de­ cipherable, and, h ad we sufficient k nowledg-e, in many cases even their species could be deter wined by an examination of th eir erst"\.vhile nematode parasites" (1914). No att empt will be mad e to r eiterate already condensed ma­ terial as presented by Van Zwaluwenbmg since h is paper is still r eadily aYailable, but merely to add what has been dis­ cover ed ( or repeated) by oth ers since his work. The list .is as complete as my access to l i tet·ature allowed, aud some items haYe undoubtedly been missed. DIPLURA CAl\I PODEID.\1:: l. Campodea fragilis. Womersley (1928} records a nema larva. thought to represen t that of a spirurid, enca ps ulated in the prothorax of this insect in E ngland. This adds a new family to the list of para­ s ilized insects. ORTHOPTERA L ocuSTtlM J·: 2. Locusta migr aton,t migratorioides. I-Ian ·is (1932} records a .111ennis s p. attacki ng n ymphs a nd adults. Ny mJlhs showed infection April, l!J.:H)) ]79 at about lhc fourth moult and those live days late in moulting were found to be 90 per cent infected. Changes noted in parasitized individuals were reduction of fatbody, Joss of alimentat·y canal rigidity and (in the 5th instar) a definite colot change. Tbe nema appeared not to inhibit ova production. The gravid female 1!1 ermis deposited her eggs on the grasshoppers' food plants. This parasitic association was apparenlly tirst noted in the deser t locust Schi8toce1·ca gregctria. 3. Romalea microptera. Following s imilat· work in other s pecies, Christie (1929) found that when the number of Menuili sttlmigr eseens in a single host was less than 3, alJ the worms were females; when 4-21, females and males in mixed numbers occurred; and aiJove 21, only males resulted. He estimates the same would proba!Jiy hold true for the nemas Aga1nennis (le<·auaata, Ll. f)(Waclecauclata and Allomenni.l· 111YI"11LCCO/!lli1a. -!. Melanoplus femur-rubrum. Christie (1928) describes the new species Agct1no.~pint7'a. melauop/i. a larval spirurid parasitic in the body cavity of this grasshopper in the United States. TETTIGONUDAE .1. Anabrus simplex. Christie (1930) describes the new species Agamospint7·a mtabri from the 1\formon cricket in l\lontana from speci­ mens collected by Gerald Thorne. This adds but one more to the wide array of pests to which this cricket is h eir. The large hairworm Gonlius ·villoti. individuals of which have been known to attain a length of 48 inches, are consistent parasites of .Ll. si?n1J1ex over appropriately humid sections of its range. G. Tettigonia verrucivonts. Deronde (1936) records "le dragonneau" (Gonli?ts aq?tatic?~s) from this insect, I isting t be latter as Dectic1tS VC?TUCiVO?'?GS. GRYLLOT_U.PIIlAE Gryllotalpa sp. Basir (1942) describes the following new genera and new species from G1·yllota1pa: Gryllocol" g1·y11ocola, G1'yllo7Jhila gTyllo- 1Jhila, 1'a1pico1a talpicola and Mi1·zaie1la asiatica. The n ew species Peri111anetico1a 1Jeriplanetico1a is also described. 7. Periplaneta americana. In discussing the life his tory of Lei­ dyncma "JlJlC11clicttlctla in I he Amer ican roach, Dobrovolny .and Acltert (1934) round 86.3 per cent of 259 roaches in Manhattan, Kansas. to be infected with this nematode and its associated nema H ammerschntidt­ iellc' cliesingi. Roach nymphs had the highest incidence, but mature females possessed the heaviest infestations. Transmission from host-to­ ltost seems direct. Bash· (1940) again meutions H. <liesiugi. in this t·oach, and describes 180 [Vol. 7. Ko. :i the following nemas: PerijJianelicola mirzclia new genus a nd species, and Thelastoma aligal·llica new s pecies. TlrelaNtoma icemi. a nema known from several s pecies of lJlattids. has ueen recorded for the first time in the United States from this roach by Todd (1934). In this paper. Todd des<-rihes the male worm for the first t ime. Periplaneta brunnea. Todd (1943) reports 'J' helastoma icemi from this s pecies of r oach (see preceding species) in the United States (or the first time. 9. Periplaneta a ustralasiae. The new s pecies 03'1Jit1"is 01tslntlas·iae is desc: ri!Jed from the intestine or this roach (Pessoa and Correa 1926) . J O. Pauesthia javanica. Chitwood and Chitwood (1933) have de· scribed the fo llowing nemas from this roach ; the new species Jl ontrus pllilippinensi .~. 'l'lrelasl oma Jl(l /?nc/tum. Leitlyucma nocolum: the new genus and species J,eiclynemclla paracranijcr: and the new suhs pccies Rlaltophila SJiliCterol cL'ima ja van ·ica. A new species is accredited post· humous ly to Nathan Cobb ( L ciclyu cm e/l(L fu sifo nni.~ ). and Oxynris JI011CS!iliae is placed in the new genus Leiclyucmello: these last two snecies are r ecorded from the dubious species Prm estllia lar•ricollis. l l. Blatta orientalis. In a s tudy of parasitis m in this roach, Sobolev ( 1937) round a 96 Ile1· cent infection with llommerscllmicltiella rliesingi and a 57 per cenl with Leiclyncma 071/ICIHlicnl<rla. His data was obtained from 423 spiders fed on the roaches, then dissected for tile parasites. 12. Blattella germanica. Sobolev's 1937 studies showed 72 per cent or a given series of litis roach in Russia to be infected w ith the uema Blatticol a blattae. Dissections of spiders fed on the roaches we1·e the means of recovering the parasites. Bas h· (1940) records Blat tc llirola blaltellicolo from this roach in India. 'lch e nematode RICLtticola lila / tae is reported from the large intestine of this species by Bozeman (1942). H e found the number per hos t to be s mall, neve1· more than four. F emale 1·oaches b ad mo1·e nemas than males. The parasites appear not to aiiect the ho::;t. L eucophaea sp. Basir (1940) describes the new nema Tlrelastoma iurlia ua from a species of th is I'Oacb in India. Blattidae sp. An unknown w ild roach in Brazil yielded the new spe<·ies of nema tode .<lereri(I)IOio moguo (Perell'a 193a).