he niversi of Mic t u ty higan

Madne ss in G re e k Tho ught and C usto m

AGNES CARR VAU GH AN

A ssis tan t Profeuor of Greek in Wells College

A D IS S E RT A T IO N

S IN AR AL FU LFILLME N U D P T m M R BME “ “ FO ITT TI Q IN U NIVERSIT"OF MICH IGA N

B A M LT I O RE

MPA N " 1 . H . FU RST C O

1 9 1 9

PREFACE

Before presenting the material of this di ssertation I wish to take the opportunity to express my deep appreciation of the assistance and encouragement given me in my work by the

G an d M reek Latin faculties of the University of ichigan and of B C ryn Mawr ollege . I wish to thank especially P rofessor Campbell Bonner of th e University of Michigan for his direction and supervision dur ing the entire period of preparation of this dissertation and to the express my gratitude to Professo r Francis W. Kelsey of University of Michigan for his interest in the work and for his t many valuable sugges ions . M f G m o I . . o th e am also indebted to Mr . F o re of depart ent Classical Philology of Columbia University for his courtesy in extending to me th e privileges of the Columbia Library .

N v m 1 91 9. o e ber ,

TABLE OF CONTENT S

H n u t n C AP R I. I t TE rod c io — haracte r of pre v ious studie s in ma dne ss Limits of C — pre se nt work Th omée first to mak e an his torica l study of — — madn e ss S cOpe of his work H is d iv isions of subje ct — n h —Musole aia and N m h ole sia—Le matte r Boa t ropy p y p g ' i n—Me t eal n —S e me a ne s w k ch iefi isla to — hods of h i g l ig —or y med—ica l Romanslegislation conce rning the in sane Tambor nine Limitation s of his work—His d iv isions of subject — — ’ ' ’ — matte r De po ssessish De posm eiom bue mmumbue Py h re n be l e —Me t d eal n —m tan e atta e t ago a i —f ho s of h i g I por c ch d e n u to incantatio n Purpose of pre s t st dy .

l u Md . HAP R II ua B e e o n e n n th e a e a ne C TE . Pop r li fs C c r i g C s of ss — m te nd n an t —Influe ce Signs of mad—ne ss Dre a s por —i s i y — n of th e plane ts G ods ca us e madness ionysus e us — — D Z Hera O the r d—iv initie s Personifie—d dise ase s in a—ncient and mode rn be lie f De monic caus e s A nthe ste ria Physical — — n m e —Me use s Ma ul e fin t a n a n in tca gic Pop ar d i io of d ss d ss lk -l e mod e rn fo or .

H II a n in Re at Re i i n C APTER I . M d ess l ion to l g o Two- l n—Mde mit v li fold aspect o—f re igio o rn pri i e be—e f in s acredne ss of i n sa ne S ac redne ss of insane in Gree ce S ac ’ - - — rifice of in spire d slav ch S o ca lle d Athamas v ase G ardne r s — ’ — in te rpretation C ook s inte rpre tation C onje cture of pre s e nt — — — write r S acrifice at Thar lia B eggars Pos sible sacrifice m me n in e e e dm n a men m e of a—d Gr c a good o —in od rn Greece Fee ling in time of The ophrastus Spitting on

mee ting e pile ptic.

I a n i i CHAP R V. e n Re ati n to ety TE M d ss l o So—c Lack of ca re for paupe r ins ane C ontrast be twe en Gree ce and Ro mH Madman a ubl la th n — t n n — p ic p y i g S o i g S tory — — ’ of Carabba s Ridicule of ins ane Are tae us classification of madmen— ea vi le ntl n ane—C le ome ne — b — F —r of o y i s — s C am yse s An tiochus No ins ane asylumsr Ha rmle ss madme n not — — ’ confined Imprisonment of Cassan—dra Aris to ha ne s pic tur e of confine ment of a madman Binding o He racle s m dme i tn o med —C o nfin e me n B indin—g of a n n La i C y — t of Cle o me ne s O the r e v ide nce from Gre ek lit—e rature Whipping to subdue ins ane no t practis e d in Gree ce Views of Gree k and

Roma n physician s on whipping .

ul CH A PTER V. Pop ar Belief s Conce rning th e Cur e of Ma dne ss N umbe r of cure s in d ire ct proportion to dre ad of dise as e ‘ ’ ' u e d b te —C ue Dog—s ha ir—c r s o—g s i r s a—scribe d to gods e us He ra rte mis O the r di v in itie s Participation in Z A— — — th e m—yste rie s Animal subs ta—nce s Pla nts Cathartic stones "Shame fe lt by epile ptic Popula r me thods of de

3 TABLE OF CONTENT8

eetin es e n e e le —A mulet an ent and m e n t g pr c of pi psy s , ci od r — Mus—O th e t ne —C u e e te —Cu e La pis Ohe bido r s o s r of Or s s r e l —Madn a e int t n — m tv e de a of H rac e s ess p ss s o s o e s Pri i i i of — — whipping E astIndi an cure for e ilepsy Drav idian tribe s N o parallel in Gre—ek lite rature usie a cure for madne ss C elsus on music Platon ic th e o lague at Sparta cure d — — by Thale tas Proe tide s O riginzyfpurpos e of mus ic difficult o de te m ne—Mellane u be l e s— lee d n — e u e t r i isc o s — i f B i g Fir c r in Egypt and modern parallels Epide mic of madn ess cure d — u n h e em n— b u e at Rome Pl ggi g t d o Ara c r .

- ‘ H E . Ma n L C APT B VI d ess as Dea ltwith in Greek aw — Religion and Gre ek—pe nal law Two fundam—e ntal belie fs conce rn ing m—ad ne ss C rimin al —re sponsibility S pirits of murde red me n Fin ing of ins ane Ins ane homicide banishe d - — a e h m da l madne e ned mad ne — 61 1 C s s —of o ici ss F ig ss x 1 "ups w ing ed ical e xamination apparently not re uired M — — q S tory of Soph ocle s Ancient bank ing system Marri age — ’ — — m l i n h e u and d iv orce S e e a g e s t ory S ondha—k Platon ic law conce rning—ma rriage with insan—e woman C oncubin age of a and a Ma e e e S an t C ss r rriag of h ir ss i y of mind not men ’ tione d in Plato s s ele ction of pare nts- Ma dne ss a proba ble au e d v e —Ri t te tame nt and ad t n— ull c s for i orc gh of s — op io F posse ss ion of mental f acultie s ne ce ssa ry Tre atm e nt of ma d la v es—St Th ras llu—iMo imu— s ory of y s n s Law l l i ing s a e of epi ept c slaves .

H I i C APTER VI . Conclus on A LIST OF TH E PRINCIPAL WO RKS A ND ARTICLES RE FERRED TO IN TH IS DISSERTATIO N

A taeus the Ca adocian E W k re , pp , the xtant or s of, ed . and tr. by

. A 1 85 6 F dams, London, .

- B ar H ebraeus The au ha bl Str e . E W o i s . . l B , L g e , ed A a lis udge , 1 89 London, 7 .

C A . B . Classical R view Z us Ju i r te and the O ak . ook, , e , e , p , , Vol

1 7 . 2 8 if pp 6 .

C A . B . Z us C 1 91 4 . ook, , e , ambridge,

M. C . The O ri in A ttic C med 1 91 4 ornford, F , g of o y, London, . W T P R - Crooks . he ular li ion and olk l r N r h rn , , op e g F o e of o t e Ind ia W 1 896 , estminster, .

D re H aussoulier R : R cueil des Ins cri tions Juri a ste, , einach e p

- di ues Grec ues 1 898 1 904 . q q , Paris, D B ' H . eitrci e z ur Zucktm sliteratur des Ok idents und iels, , g g z

r ent Z ' ii r M O i s Die riechis chen uckun sb che e , Part I . g g ( i ' r e l e d - W lom us Min A bhand . d . oni . r uss. Ale. p p ) K g P e W 0 de r ise B 1 9 7 . , erlin,

f Dittenber e r W. S llo Inscfi tionwm Graecamm 3rd . g , , y ge p ( ed )

1 91 5 . Leipzig,

A A H andb k G k R li ion " Fairbanks, rthur, oo of ree e g , New ork,

1 91 0 .

r i The Cults o the Gr k States O 1 896 Fa nell, Lew s, f ee , xford,

1 90 9.

a w The H i h r A s ects o Gree R li ion F rnell, Le is, g e p f k e g , London,

1 91 2 .

Sir J The G ld n B u h 3rd . 1 91 1 Frazer, ames , o e o g ( ed ) London ,

1 91 5 .

‘ Mi or O uae Ez taznt ed . Kiihn e G n in ed c wm era ale , p Q , , L ipzig,

- 1 82 1 1 833 .

E A our A r h C i o G me . J . c ardner, rnest , r Vase in h cago Repr BIBLIO GRAPH"

A s . 1 1 1 senting the Madness of thama , Vol pp .

3 31 ff.

H H . Tra ici Graeci ua arte i arries, , g q usi s nt in describenda

insania 1 891 . , Leipzig, ” H J P role omena to the Stud G eek Reli ion" arrison, g y of r g

C 1 908. ambridge,

H E . S Le end erseu 1 s 894 . artland, idney, g of P , London, ’ H O eu res C m le D H i v tes ocrates . é E ippocrates, o p pp , ed Littr , . ,

- 1 839 1 861 . Paris,

H R Die S r i ' - ta e d er Stein wn . A bha/nd d E i. Sachs irzel, , f g g . . g Ges d Wi s Ph - t . Kl. 2 2 2 . g . il Me . 7 . 7 pp . 5 ff. '

Ko echl A . Poeta Bucolici etDi i D e dactic Ed. r y, , , idot , (Int o 1 85 1 duction) Paris, .

J C Mr k F k o . . dern G ee l re nd An ientGr k Re Lawson, , o o l a c ee

li ion C 1 91 0 . g , ambridge,

Li sius J. H . Das A ttische Rechtund Rechtsoer ahren p , , f , Leip 1 90 5 -1 908 zig, . Mh fi P a a J. . S ocial Li e in Greece 1 902 y, f , London . M , , Si H A nc " 8 r S . ien tLaw 1 88 aine, enry , , New ork, . M ' R r . La li i l ri in D en R e n et es O es da it al. ev. Mauss, , g o g o P , in ’ R - d H s . l 2 2 e l i t d . e i . . 69 95 . 1 896 g , pp .

Mi is-Wil k n G z ii tte c e rund e und Chrestma thie der Pa rus , g o py und e B 1 1 2 k 9 . , erlin,

r G ur Sta es Greek R li i n " Mu ray, ilbert, Fo g of e g o , New ork,

1 91 2 . Mi 1 L Grie chische hol e B 894 . . t Preller, , y og , erlin,

Mo An k- C B . The and ra ra the cients in l lore Randolph , . , g of Fo M o in t A mer A ca A Pr ceed s he . d . rts and edicine . g of of

and S ciences . 40 . 485 ff. , vol pp

uhrl L Grie R h Rosch r W H Aus iches exic n d . ch . u. omisc . e . , , f o Mh i 1 884 t olo e y g , Leipzig, R H D K na hro i b ha eln F ra s oscher W. . as nt e nd d . de , , y p e e g

''

M i A bh nd . d ni iichs Ges . arcellus e on Side n a . . s . ll. d , Ko g e

W - Kl s hil hist . is Vol; 1 7 P . . i 0 A A h nia n amil D . B 1 9 7 S . The t e . avage, , F y iss , alt more,

'

D Volks b n r N e riech n 1 871 . S B . as le e de u e chmidt, , g , Leipzig, BIBLIO GRAPH"

’ Se a R Et H istri A i e M ud s o ues r l l ion entale mel igne, , e q sw na t ’ dams l A nti uité i 1 869 g , Par s, .

Sondh aus C . De S lonis Le ibus D . J 1 909. , , o g , iss , ena,

mbornin o J D A nti D e G 0 Ta e uorwm a momlsmo e s 1 9 9. , g , i s en, ‘ ’ ' ' Télf Ew w wv r raw A rrucci w vo mv Cor u Iuris Attici y, y y ; u , p s ,

e 1 86 8. L ipzig,

' Thomée . H . H istoria Ins anorwm a ud Grae cos B 1 830 . , I , p , onn ,

T E . Ome ns and Su rstitions o S uthern India hurston, , pe f o , Lon

1 91 2 . don,

D D M I. H A ictionar Ps ch l ical edicine . Tuke, . ., y of y o og , Vol n 1 -2 6 H istrical Sk tch the I troduction pp . , o e of 1 892 London, . mi i 1 1 3 E . Pri tve o 9 . Tylor, , L ndon,

W W Th S ches Is C m i 1 904 . s . e aeus y e, , pee of , a br dge,

M MDN IN G REEK THO U GHT AND C U STO A ESS

CH APTE R I

INTRO DU C TIO N

The attention of the writer was first attracted to the subj ect of madness and its relation to popular thought by various allu sions in works of reference dealing with the social and economic G t side of ancient reek life . Investigatio n of previous disser a i 1 90 9 tions upon th s subject revealed that prior to the year , it 1 n e had , with a si gle exception , been treated only in its l gal and 2 pathological aspects . The effect upon the popular mind of Greece of so mysterious

l us a phenomenon as madness, its bearing upon the re igio , eco of so nomic, and legal institutions the country, have far received no attention beyond the scattered comments to be found in works 3 concerned with the social and religious phases of Greek life . E B S H s . ven in the writing of such authorities as chmidt, art

of a land, and Lawson, the existence so rich a field of investig tion for the student of comparative folk-lore has received only casual

mention . The original intention of the present study was to make a full presen tation of all phases of madness as portrayed through the

r o of G n literatu e and inscripti ns reece ; owi g, however, to the wide scope and heterogeneous character of th e material col

lected n n , it later seemed best to co fine the work withi more

definite limits . This decision was strengthened by the publica

‘ mes t . H i oric I n um 1 830 . s nsa or a u c . nn Tho , I H p d Gro cos Bo Diss ’ a b e t al u v e . Die t h . t uke H . n a n see . For ri f his oric s r y of i s i y , T , D , Psyc

- Med nd n 1 892 . Vol. . 1 2 6 , Lo o , I, pp .

‘ - exa m le Fa ne ll L . Cults o th e G ee k S ta tes O xf d 1 896 1 909 For p , r , , f r , or , ‘ az e Sir ame The G ld en u h nd n 1 91 1 -1 91 5 a n Fr r, J s , o Bo g , Lo o , ; H rriso , tu mb d u m l to the S d o Gr . a e 1 90 8 C k B . e Ca Pro . y f C ri g , ; oo , A. , Z s, u 1 91 4 R de E . he b n en 1 903 tc bridge, ; oh , , Psyc , T i g , , e . 1 0 AGNES CARR VA U GHAN

4 tion at Giessen in 1 90 9 of a dissertatio n by Tambornino deal

. f i e ing with demonology and exorcism In the ollow ng chapt rs , f 5 s of . there ore, there will be no discu sion this material Before making a detailed statement of the purpose and scope of the present investigation, it is advisable to survey, briefly, vi e of pre ous work done in this field, with the obj ct enabling the student to understand clearly the distinction in point of view between such works and the present study. In the year 1 830 there was published at B onn the first defi f nite attempt to make an historical study o madness . This was

- es a quasi medical dissertation by Thom , based upon material G r n —fifth gathered from the whole field of reek literatu e. O e of the entire dissertation is devo ted to a discussion of the prev a 6 of G lence insanity among the ancient reeks . The remainder deals with material selected from the philosophical writings of the period beginning with Empedocles and closing with Aris totle o of Gr f i , and from the w rks the eek physicians rom the t me

H of C o of A ni of ippocra tes s to that rchigenes and Posido us . Legislation as affecting madness is dismissed in a single para graph based upon a passage from Plato . ’ C ertain points in Th omée s dissertation call f or special criti i m c s . The first objection to be made is to his lack of system f e a atic classification of subj ect matter . This ault is esp ci lly noticeable in the first part of the dissertation ; for the second part follows the chronological order of the phi losophers and

of physicians cited by the author. The intention the author is to arrive at some definite conclusion concerning the prevalence of ins anity among the Greeks . The discussion is based almost entirely upon an earlier work by B oettiger 7 who seems to have

‘ ul u Tambornino De A n ti uorum Da emonismo e e n 1 909. J i s , q , Gi ss , I‘ For cant see Rosch er . H . Da s k na n . beko nd . a . de s Ly hropy, , W , y Fr g ' - t e W h l Ma r c on id e A ha n kon ai ch . Ge ll. d . ise . 1 . S . b d . d . ig s s 7 p i

hi t kl madne in nne t n w t th e ta e a e H . ra i i s . . For ss co c io i h s g , H rri s , , T g c

Gra eci ua a/ t u t in d escr ibenda insan a e 1 891 . Va e q r e si si n i , L ipzig, s

a nt n e e ent n ma dne H udd ilston . Greek a ed in th e p i i gs r pr s i g ss , , J H Tr g y

- h t o a e ain tin nd n 1 898. Lig f V s p gs , Lo o , u i In an rum ud eco Freq en ta s o ap Gra s . ' ’ Mth d . W der riech . e Uber die dltesten Spuren d . ulfswuth in g y ,

t i z ur h t M. 2 . h d ed Spr engel in B ei ri ge Gesc ic e . . I MD R K O G S O 1 1 A NESS IN G EE TH U HT AND CU T M

i h es . T es held the same v ew to whic Thom himself inclines hom , judging from the frequency with which madness is used as a

G e t theme in reek lit ra ure, maintains that it was far more prev H e alentamong the people than had previously been supposed . is strengthened in his opinion by the f act that throughout Greek

e i . i literature so many cas s of insan ty are feigned Th s, to his

a f mind, suggests the possibility of an adv ntage to be gained rom ’ f Thomée a plea o insanity . The second obj ection to s disser ta ion e h t lies , therefor , in the fact t at he neither states this opinion with any clearness nor draws from it any possible con

clusion . i s Later in his d ssertation , he in erts a classification of the kinds of insanity recogni zed by the Greek physicians (melan 8 cholia man ia a/men tia n , , ) , and after referri g briefly to the l 9 i works of scholars who have held various v ews on this subj ect,

is me n h lia he states his own opinion, which , that la c o was more man ia e tia f common that either or am n . The reason or this he assigns to the instability of economic conditions and to the ex 1 0 of i treme rigour the climate in certain reg ons of the country . The subject matter is treated under the following heads :

. of s G I MFrequency in anity among the reeks . II . ethod of treatment.

. I i III nsanity accord ng to the Gr eek physicians .

The first division consists of a rather superficial di scussion of Lycanthropy 1 1 in which the author is guided by the earlier

l" ’ Ih ome m e . 1 4 . N ee i , p non nsano ru omnia tria gene ra apud Graecos re eri eban tm' me lan ch oli ci cili et ma n a i t a men tia No attem t is p , s c , i c , e . p ma e to a a e a mad n und e h d rr ng c ses of ess r t e se h eads . ' ’ Le ich ensta ed t - Pla to n s L—e hren auf d em Ge bi ete d er Na turforschung a nd ei lkund e e l826 t u t ma nia m e evalent. N a s e De H , L ipzig, ho gh or pr s ,

nsan ia C ommenta tio e und um l b H i ocra ticos o nn 1 820 . mes I s c i ros pp , B , Tho and Nas s e a ee n e n n m la lic gr co c r i g e ncho .

T e mes . 1 8. lterum v er em a te no ra e no n umu insan ia m h , p A o p r ig r poss s , ' raeci ue ries ts tem o ribu cum vi ra tio ns me ribaa re li ion eiu p p p p s ve nd i , , g s s a ta tla e t cwm lima t ma m me i e h s c e i cohaes ss . T e mo ros e disp osi tion of He siod is consid e red by Th omes to have bee n caused by clima tic cond i tions i B ta n o e o i . “ u i - See n te 6 . a di n ant o in lk l e . o For sc ss o of Lyc hr py fo or , cf Tylor , - E . r m . Cult nd n 1 91 3 n 1 93 a n th e bl u ke v e e n , P i , Lo o , , , , Ag i , ood s c r is ry g 1 2 AGNES CARR VA U GHAN

1 2 investigations of Boettiger and to which he himself makes no M1 3 i orig nal contribution . The discussion of arcellus is little more than a mere statemen t of the symptoms of Lycan thropy

’

A c . The Pro etides as given by tins malady of the , classed as

B B o e oanthropy (a term borrowed from ettiger) , receiv s the o most detailed considerati n of the first part of the study. In ’ 1 “ e t H nu conn ction wi h this, a certain statement of esiod s is derstood by the author to indicate that the Proe tides were

ff t e a of B n a ec ed with leprosy. Under the h d oa thropy are

of B a o f O r of . placed the tales the acch ntes, pheus, and Pentheus

of i of sf The myth Io too, and the var ous legends tran ormation

o into animal shapes, ccupy a brief space under the first divi

of n sion . The enumeration these lege ds, however, is incomplete

a Ot - of and their tre tment inadequate. her well known legends D i H D madness, such as ionysus dr ven distracted by era, ionysus

s f n n f en him el se di g a homicidal insanity upon Lycurgus, the r zy

of H of A A n eracles, thamas, and of j ax, and the delusion u der

Thras llus e which the mad y labor d are mentioned, but with no f attempt at discussion or classification . A s examples o mad due e ness to intoxication , a phase which has not been touch d

of Cl m n A upon by the present writer, the cases eo e es and pollo

are S dorus cited . everal cases of feigned madness are also

mentioned . M ‘ 5 usclepsia and Nympholepsia Thomée classifies as dis

erall d e bed unde th e "S lav n name we e -w l wilk o dlak b uk e y scri r o ic s of r o f ( , r laka etc th e d e i t n h o at n xt l m x , ) ; scr p io s of t e tw cre ure s are i e ricab y i ed

u and a ma n w e e e -b w meet a ul we tak n fl h l k p, hos y ro s , s if his so re i g ig t i e a butte fl to ente me t e b ma be ma k ed b t a a r y , r so o h r ody, y r y his sign s w w l m ” e e a v a e . e tt e ac o d n to mes 3 ba ed r o f or pir Bo ig r , c r i g Tho (p . ) s a ment on vi d M2 4 f ll u o O e t . 7 . A o d . 3 . 81 . a e ent di s his rg , , I , p , For r c ' cussio n se k Z u fl e C . 64 . , oo , e s , pp " f n te . C . o 7 ” C i x note 6 .

1 . Eusta th . ad . Od ss. 1 4 . . 1 746 . 7 . Fr . p y p

a t d a w xe ah ¢n Ka r t) . xvéos a lvbv z ever K y p ¢ ¢ fi x ,

d b d éa 1 rd vr a xar é edev 8x as vv a ira h¢ s 7 p xp e x , x c

" w6x xe ah éwv /0 e 63 xa h d xci ra Meo ¢ 4 pn . ,

mes 5 C f . Th e . . , p m 9 es 1 . Tho , p . S M 1 3 MD SS R K O G C O A NE IN G EE TH U HT AND U T

s case , the causes of which are ascribed to climatic conditions in the neighborhood of Cithaeron an d H elicon . In the discussion

m es e of this phase of adness, Thom shows that his int rest is ,

s r of . for the mo t pa t, that a physician The second part of the dissertation opens with the following

: P octoc hiZOSO hi e tmedici Graecorwm insan ormn statement , p p mod e a iciebantur e tcivitati i si eorwm mala sorte miro onvnes fl , p 1 6 ta cur r The salus lege sanc e ac e at. authorities upon whose 1 7 1 8 homé A elian evidence T e has relied are Polybius, , and 1 9 al Plato . This materi should have been treated, logically, in the last division of the disse rtation in which there is a brief

‘ discussion of Greek legislation concerning the insane . The es passage in Plato mentioned by Thom does not prove, as he

h e c infers , t at laws were passed to alleviat the ondition of this

i s unfortunate class of society and, later, he h m elf arrives at the correct conj ecture that Greece did not concern herself to i any marked extent w th the care of her insane.

The the remainder of d isse rtation may, for the purposes of

s e xce the pre ent study, be disregarded ; for with the possible p two tion of a paragraph or relating to methods of healing, the attention of the writer is wholly given to a discussion of mad

f an d n A ness rom a philosophical medical sta dpoint. side from ’ s and o ofl erin s lustration expiat ry g , the only cures mentioned n l belo g strictly in the rea m of medicine . ’ fo Thomée s Un rtunately, contribution is rendered almost valueless by its incoherence and failure to draw any definite H i conclusions . s chi ef importance lies in the fact that in this particular field he was a pioneer and as such alone does he merit attention .

t i S Etud s The nex work to be cons dered is that of emelaigne , ( e ’ ’ H iatori ues sur L A ié M l nation enta le dans L A nti uité q q , Paris , A glance at the table of contents shows th at Semel aigne was primarily interested in tracing historically the de

” bid . . 2 1 . I , p rv . 20 f . n v H 5 1 . ., . 5 . L w xx 4 a s . 92 8 93 . a d s u n th e a a e m l , , For i c ssio of p ss g s fro Po ybius , ' l an and l m at s id e Th o ée . 1 1 1 fi As i , P o, , pp . 1 4 AGNES CARR VA U GHAN

velopment of pathological treatmen t applied to the insane .

Theinvestigation is thorough and the results satisfactory . The

s of of s book con ists six chapters , the first five which discu s the

of H t of A n period ippocra es, the age the lexandria physicians,

- R i of and the Grace oman period . Th s part the work. interest in- e b of n g from a m dical point of view, has een use to the prese t writer only for the information contained therein con cerning

e : the treatment of the violently insan tying, chaining, whip ping, etc . ’ The sixth and last chapter of Semelaigne s work is entitled

i Le s e a Se u s Parte gi lativ . It de ls with such special topics as q e ' tration Res nsabilité Crimine lle Res onsabilite Civile Cura , po , p , M l telle aria e Tes taments C dicil es . , g , , o , etc The authorities quoted extend from the L aws of the Twelve Tables through the h R E Ro declining years of t e oman mpire . me is taken as the f G type o ancient legislation . Since reece was the model upon R f f G which ome ashioned her early laws, the author in ers reek legislation to have bee n practically the counterpart of that of

Rome . So convinced is he of this fundamental similarity that H e he dismisses Greek legislation without further comment . s G e e believe , then, reek l gislation on the subj ct of the insane to

e to R have b en similar , if not identical with, that found in oman ’ . o f Semelai ne s law To the mind the present writer, g position

f or n is not tenable ; , since we k ow that in certain other aspects

G ff of reek law did di er materially from that Rome, and since we have no proof that in this respect they were identical, we so u have no right to ass me.

e G c In dealing with the l gal aspects of madness in ree e, the ’ sixth chapter of Semelaigne s work h as been of great value to e s c ff the pr sent di sertation, sin e it a ords a convenient means of a n f n S in comp riso between the laws o the two natio s . uch debtedness has been fully ackn owledged in the footnotes to the f h . O fi th chapter, in which t is material has been treated wing

th e c of to te hnical nature the subject matter, a certain similarity in terminology has been unavoidable . The dissertation by Julius Tambornino (De an tiquaria n dae moni mo G ff r s ; iessen, di ers ma kedly from all pre

1 6 AGNES CARR VA U GHAN

Iux ta adnotare volo veteres Grae cos numen hominibus omnis

rv o Sci / m generis mala infligens sig ificare c nsuevisse v oce p . The first place among divinities of p ossession is accorded by Tam

bornino . to the diseases themselves In support of this, he ’ adduces Pliny s statement that such divinities are wont to enter 2 2 r is e the body in food . The Pythago ean belief allud d to in 2 3 o t r of this c nnection, and the s o y the old man who was stoned to death by the Ephesians as the spirit of the pestilence is also 2 4 i n Ma x . Pe rsonificato s as n ia ssa mentioned , such , Ly , and

Fe bri s are briefly touched upon . It is to be regretted that the author did not make any detailed comparison between the ancient belief in personified diseases and its counterpart in

- modern folk lore . nn'rpdkmr'ros‘ and w e bdl nvrf os are merely referred to in the

of C Co e . Pan H e discussion ybele, the rybant s, and Pan and

T mbornin cate have the power to cause epilepsy . a o also calls fi attention to the fact that the nymphs were said to be p a ma Bece; f or he who drank the waters of certain springs was thought to

of n f C be in dange r possessio by the nymph o the water. uri ousl e y enough, he makes no allusion to the inter sting survivals

f - o these older be liefs in the fo lk lore of the present day. The power of possession is also attributed to all lunar god

S H A mi e e d . desses ; elene, ecate, and rte s b ing the diviniti s name . The greater part of the dissertation is given up to a detailed investigation o f the nature of the Sa fao ves and upon the con

f n elusions arrived at the author bases his theory o possessio . h The third division of t e second chapter is extremely short . It deals briefly with methods of healing the p ossessed ; but pcpu lar cures similar to those included in the fifth chapter of the

' ” ‘ Na t i Mah a t 1 8. 1 1 8 Ma h ofl b arata . . Nala e s de w e e H s , ( y ) cf h , pi o , h r “ Ka li is repres ented as ente ri ng into Na la ; also Bloomfield O n th e A rt of ’ E n t rin A n t B in m ceed m h er d P . o e h il e . . S oc. vol 5 6 g o s o y f A r P , . ” Th e ll we of th a a w e e fonbidde n to eat fo o rs Py gor s r beans , for by so m h t th i h n d n th e t ea e t t e a e t . i 62 oi g y ig sp ri s of ir c s ors Tamborn no (p . ) ' ”

to R. uen h Da Frii h h n s es t de r I e t M e e s ns a lta . 3 1 fl . r f rs W sc , g f , pp For h d t n n h e e to h M t e e th e d o e ad arc l m Nauck oc ri of r f rs Porp yry, e la ed . ,

281 . 24 . p . “ u i o llo ni IV 1 0 amb 6 . Ph lostrat. e . . 3 , Lif f A po s, ; T , p MD SS GREE O G A ND S O 1 7 A NE IN K TH U HT CU T M

x n present investigation are ignored . A single e ceptio , however, occurs in the dis cussion of amulets . G Tambornino mentions the belief held by theMreeks that G through sacrificesto Dionysus and to the reat other , or by the participation on the part of the possessed one in the mys A C teries of H ecate at egina, and in those of the orybantes , the ff divinity might be pe rsuaded to leave the bo dy of the su erer .

M of x i agical means e pulsion and incantations to th s end are i of particularly emphasized . Th s portion the dissertation is

s of peculiar value to the student of the cla sics, since the author includes in it a complete list of the various materi als used in antiquity f or th e purpose of incantation and exorcism . The present dis sertation is not an historical study of the medical theories and treatment of madness in ancient Greece k and recourse, therefore, has been made to the wor s of the Greek physicians only in so far as these works reveal the trend of p opular thought upon this subj ect. The bulk of the mate rial here presented has been gathered from the entire field of Gree k classical literature and has been supplemented in many instances by the citation of parallel customs as preserved in

- modern folk lore. The obj ect of the investigation is to present the popular con ception of insanity and the popular methods of dealing with w of it as sho n in the general literature ancient Greece . To this end it has been necessary to study not only the beliefs of

e c s the p ople oncerning the cause and cures of the disease, but

the o f the o also relation phenomen n of madness to religion, k h society, and law. The wor has, t erefore, the character of a sociological investigation . ’ O to Tambornino s wing the nature of dissertation, some of the material presente d therein and ce rtain of the conclusions a rrived at by him have necessarily been incorporated into the s pre ent study. In all such instances full acknowledgment of the indebtedness has been made. CHAP TER II

O P U R B E L I FS N C RN IN H E A S n MA DN SS P LA E CO E G T C U E S o E

Inherent in the Greek mind was th e belief in signs an d portents and in the popular mind of today such a belief still survives in the superstitions that warn the unwary against the evil con sequences of death and disas ter that follow such casual

as n of of acts the ope ing an umbrella in the house, the breaking a

an d of O n n mirror, the killing a spider . e versed in the k owledge of such superstitions feels that he can foretell with accuracy the kind of misfortune consequent upon any one of such por

: o of um of tents the pening the brella, death ; the cracking the l B mirror, ill luck ; the ki ling of the spider, rain . In the ritish West Indies it is believed that to sleep with the light of the ’ B f moon upon one s face is to run the risk of madn es s . elie s

e Gr e . G similar to this last exist d in ancient eec alen, for ex

a of n ample, writes that the incre sed beating the vein in the in er 2 5 e c side of the arm is symptomatic of madn ss and, ac ording to

A n s n rtemidorus, for a poor man to dream of repeati g o gs in the

e marketplace or on the str ets was a sign of similar significance, 2 6 e H b cause such was the behavior of madmen . e also states that to dream of carrying the thyrsus in honor of the god was

f e s an indication o future madn ss . From the con equences of this 2 7 dream slaves , however, were exempt . There is some evidence to Show that among the Greeks th e season of the ye ar was believed to have an influence on the T of n phenomena of madness . hus attacks insa ity or epilepsy

H s were more feared at certain se asons than at others . ippocrate

” m E l - Medicorum era ua e e ta nt ed . u e z 1 82 1 1 833 v ol. 4 . op q ih , L ip ig, , men ta u t m era se ua n t r l. n u d animi m e or o r e . 803 1 6 . O Q o or s c p is p q , p , f ‘ Z ur . k r th e ub e t ul se/tions see iel H . B eitrti e z ack d . O e . a nd O . s j c of p , D s, , g ' u u 1 re l m i e" in bba nd d on . e Di ri ch Za k Melam . . . e e . c I . g . ( p s p n ) A K ig Pr ss

A k d . . 1 907 . . Wiss , ” ' ” ‘ m I 6 . 26 fl . bid . 2 . 37 . 1 2 fl . te . . 7 Ar , I , MD SS REE O 1 9 G G C S M A NE IN K TH U HT AND U TO says that phrenitis seized upon a great many victims during the period which lasted from approximately the time of the equin ox H until the setting of the Pleiades . e also mentions the begin 2 8 i A a n ng of winter as a time of especial danger, and ret eus expresses the opinion that relapses were to be feared in the 2 9 i spring. A statement of Sudas agrees with that of H ippoc Mm rates ; for he states that in th e month ai acte rion it was the ff Z M eilichios t custom to o er to eus a propitia ory victim , since at t i u his season of the year the air was d sturbed and g sty, with 80 e . frequent changes , and fanatical madn ss was to be feared Interesting in this connection are certain passages in the late m M3 1 astronomical poe of anetho in which it is stated that when s s m the heavenly bodies are in certain po ition , hu an beings are A more prone to attack from mental disorders . ttacks of epilepsy u 82 may be feared when the moon is in conj nction with Mars . Frenzy an d madness are indicated when Saturn and Ma rs are

nki th e o . A si ng, and sun and m on are in opposition t this time 88 men imagine they see the forms of the dead about them. Slaves of the gods and custodians of the temples are subj ect to “ S in madness when Venus and aturn are conjunction . Belief in the power of the gods to caus e mMadn ess was wide in an i spread the popular thought of Gre ece . ncurred the

of i of s m o anger a d vinity by some act omi sion or co missi n, for which he was then duly punished , and a favorite method of f chastisement seems to have been the infliction o madness . Thus Dionysus is credited with sending madness upon those who 3 5 r hi s . the opposed the int oduction of worship Pentheus ,

” ” E id I. 9 . et 1 . 6 . 5 9 da ms . p , (p Ar , , p ( A ) ” ' xr w f Eu th d 2 . 4 1 t Suida Ma m . s . v . a c sta . ad O ss 2 8 Ha r ocra . s m np ; y ., ; p

‘ v Mxr é v. i . . a a c us i on MilioMo se e a nell Cult eu e s s m flp For d sc s of Z s , F r , s

o th e G eek S ta te . 64 . f r s , I f For complete di sosusion of th e poem ( writte n und e r fore ign i nfluence )

l . e u lici see Koech A m . es . . x f . Poe ta e et Dida ctioi . d t ed . y, , p f p p , B co Di o

85 1 . l C et i t de la i tt een a i 1 91 0 vol 5 . a 1 . . G . v . 80 P ris , A so rois , H s L r , P r s , , , p ” ' u v l a net 6 . 608 fl . a us u v i a t be l e see 1 7 M ho , For c rio s r of his i f , ch . ’ l Medica l trol nd n 1 91 0 . Ra a e of ph s As ogy, Lo o , “ ' “ Manet 1 . 5 229 fi . bid . 4 . 2 1 4 fl . ho , ( ) I ,

. 6 1 6 849 A ollod . ur. 36 a ne l Cult o th reek Eur. Bacoh e p ; F r l , s f G

S ta t v . 1 5 1 1 67 . es , , f 2 20 AGNES CARR VA U GHAN

M3 6 3 7 inyae, Lycurgus , and the daughters of Eleuther are num ’ . a e of Eleuth er bered among the god s victims The d ught rs , says 3 8 Suidas D , saw an apparition of ionysus wearing a black ” w goatskin and they reviled him, hereupon they were punished

od. Eleuth er n by the g , in obedience to an oracle, then i stituted D B G the cult of ionysus of the lack oatskin, in order that through this act of propiti ation his daughters might be freed from the ir 3 9 ” 4 0 “ . t C o f madness The s ory, writes rn ord, is a double of the more famous instance of the madness sent upon the women

of e the God Th bes , when came to his own, and his own receive d ” ' . A a th e Meh a va him not ccording to F rnell, ep ithet uyls poin ts “ the f D H i to chthonic character o ionysus . s as sociation with Eleutherai suggests that the A ttic god brought from B oe tia his double character of a vegetation deity, worshipped n with a phallic ritual, and of a chthonian divinity con ected with ” 4 1 of the world souls . The popular conception was, however,

D n f t e n s . that ionysus was a gered, and that her ore he sent mad e s Mi The sacrifice of a victim to Zeus e lichios in the month of

Mim ri n . h fif a acte o has be m previously noted This is t e th

Z M/ G a a Jt month in the reek year and was n med from eus ima c es. 4 2 Z Mei i hios. E l c uphemistically he is known as eus It is , how

in od . ever, his character as an angered g that he sends madness f S lmoneus n This may be seen in the case o a the scor er, who 4 3 for his presumption was struck by the divine thunderbolt .

al‘ u t ut. uaest Gr. 38 A el. . . 3 . 42 a nell C l o Lib. 1 0 l . A nton . ; P Q ; V H ; F r , s f

k S t te v . 3 1 64 1 67 . the Gre e a s , , ,

m . 6 5 . ahe l. Il V ollod m . 34 H . a b. 1 32 B . . S . I. Ap . ; yg f ; iod Sic

1 31 a ne ll Cult o the Gre e k S ta te v . 88 1 03 ; H a n le . ; F r , s f s, , rriso , Pro g t e e entati n Baumei te os ch er. Lew I . 2 1 93 . an 369 if ; R . L f For r pr s o s, s r , 4 Mael nna l. n t. 1 872 . 2 88 70 . n k . 83 De ., p 7 ; ich is, A I s , pp ‘ 6 2 Meh a v . Lobeck A la o h . 6 S . v . ; cf , g p ; an ‘ Meha v H . a b. 225 Fan s. 9. 20 . 2 . S uida s 8 . v . ; yg f ; “ tt me d nd n 1 91 4 . 66 . M. Th e O ri n o C n d . C or for , F , gi f A ic o y, Lo o , , p '

“ h i m s “ E w6s e . G eek S tate V. 1 3 1 . Cults of th e r s, ; cf w y p A sch

698 k Zeu . 65 7 n te 1 . S even agai ns t Th e bes Coo , s , p , o

te 30 . Of . no

uidas . Ed ard s. H . a b. 6 1 S w i 4 . 68. 2 . 89 B d . S c. ; f ; , A pollod . I ; io yg s ME GREE O G M 2 ADN SS IN K TH U HT AND C US TO 1

‘ 5 H Io era is said to have caused the madness of , " “ 8 ‘ 9 A Proetides D thamas , the , and that of ionysus

s An a of l him elf . ex mination these legends wi l show that the prevailing motives by which H era was actuate d were j ealousy and anger . m A C That madness ight be caused by phrodite, Pan, the ory ban tes C H i l tus , or by ybele is indicated by a passage in the ppo y 5 0 “ 1 - A referring to the love sick Phaedra . ctaeon was maddened 5 2 “3 A t A e A C by r emis, j ax was victimiz d by thena , and assandra A by pollo. The diseases 5 4 under the guise of “ individual personal ” spirits were believed to roam over the earth and to enter at i H ’ w ll into the human body. omer s sick men are oppressed by 5 5 O these spirits . ften they entered the body through the food, and their presence was made known through strange noises in

“ Eur. H er. FM. 830 A o llod . 72 H . a b. 32 al o a . r e H . p II ; yg f ; s H ri s , , u a te usi int in de scri bend a in nia Tra ioi Graeoi a a . 1 1 . g q r s s , p “ u 9 ll m 5 89 i b d . 2 1 A o od II 5 H 4 e h . . S . . . . 1 5 A sc Pro i pp p ; yg fa b. ;

264 an ent ati nal z a t n see Pala h . 1 6 No nnus, 3 . for ci r o i io , ep ‘ u a . v . h o ti t u . v 34. Mho . Graec. S e H eracl. ( y g id , s ; P s, s . ; L t l e l 4 6 l h Mh e n 1 89 . 1 8 ar e e . Grie s he B e t e . Pr l r, , c i c y o ogi , B r i , , p ; osch , L t - m de m d Da l II . 1 81 8 i n lk l e n G ee ce . t s ks le ben , , p fo or of o r r , B Sch i , Vo

'

1 8 1 a w o n . C . M N u n echen e 7 . dern G ee k def e g , L ipzig, , pp L s , J , o r

- k Re li io n mb e 1 91 0 . 1 4 lk l e and nc en t Gree C a 7 . Fo or A i g , ridg , , pp ff “ ‘ 4 t h Paroe m. Gr. . 94 . 38 ma ne A ollod . . 28 8 en s p III ; ; L sc , I for d s of

. M. 284 h l. ad . L co h . 2 29 . c ee S h l. Eur ed 1 S In , s c o ; c o y p l od II 33 v V E h l 1 0 . 43 A o l . I . S e . ad . . el. 6 . 48. be Bacc y . p ; r irg Ascri d 6 A l 2 l l Diod . ic IV 8. 4 e 3 4 a A l S . . . . o od . to Dionysus by . ; V H. . Cf . so p '

k 45 1 f . B A Kom u e b C o eu . et bha nd . d . 26 . II . Disc ss d y o , Z s , p ; osch , g

‘ h il ~h i kl sa k Gese ll. d . . v ol. 1 7 . 1 3 . st. . c s . Wiss , p , p “ ollo d . m 33 . A p . “ i o le om a l 1 42 . S ho l. on 1 43 a iso n J Eur . H pp . Pr g , so cf c ; H rr ,

mb orni no . 64 66 . h mi Camb d e 1 9 1 2 . 26 . c u e b Ta T e s, ri g , , p Dis ss d y , pp “ u . 9 . 2 . 3 H . a b. 1 80 o t e v e n see llod . 30 a Apo III . ; P s ; yg f ; for h r rsio s ,

l Eur. a h . 340 . S ic. IV . 81 . 3 . a B iod . cf so B oc “ ll . . 2 1 6 . h am 50 11 cf . S ho l. 1 . 5 0 A o od e ) S op . Aj , ; c ; p p ( “ men 408 A ollod . In . 1 5 1 ur. an ; m 1 080 f . E ; A e sch . Aga . ; Troj Wo , p

a b. 93 . Hyg . f “ lle l m m e n k l e Tamborn i no With th e excep tion of para s fro od r fol or , n e o nified 6 1 ha s ant a te the ll w n d u n c n e n g ( p . ) icip d fo o i g isc ssio o c r i p rs diseas es

96 . 1 0 . 64 . 0 d . 5 . 3 ; cf 22 A GNES CARR VAUGHAN

‘56 e the stomach . Madness was p rsonified in the dread goddesses 5 7 5 8 Mania and Lyssa ; the goddess of fever was kn own and R 5 9 feared in ome, and even today in northern India the goddess 6 0 of smallpox exacts her toll . The belief in personified dise ases among primitive peoples 6 1 has been well de scribed by Tyle r : The belief prevailing through the lower culture that the diseases which vex mankind are brought by individual personal spirits, is one which has produced striking examples of mythic development . Thus in ” B of urma the Karen lives in terror the mad la, the epileptic ’ o e la, and the rest of the seven evil demons who go ab ut s eking his life ; and it is with a fancy not many degrees removed from this early stage of thought that the Persian sees in bodily shape the apparition of A",the scarlet fever

u d oukn w A ll Sh e eem a blu h n ma d Wo l y o s s s i g i , ’ l k of flame and eek all ed With oc s ch s rosy r .

°2 From the world below came maleflcentbeings to prey upon

r . H E man and cause his mind to go ast ay ecate, the rinyes , and the spirits of murdered men were believed to send madness as 6 3 D punishment for certain crimes . uring the time of the

5‘ m . Ta b . p . 62

I 5 Ma rl mb 4 I P Wort rb a a . 6 see a e t. . . 9 a s e . . T . p ; lso F s p ; p , ” u t u i m 63 6 ar ie a . Gr a a e s s n t in a b . . S te . M88 . T p ; ph ; H r s , Tr g q r i descr. ins . p . 1 9. 5° m 6 mb 63 u ce : Plin . . . II. 1 5 Cic. d e na t. de ar. . 3 . Ta . p . ; so r s N H ; “ ula Re li n and lk -lo e o th e n nd ia k e W . Th e Croo , , Pop r gio Fo r f Nor r I , “ ‘ ’ l ve h e m 1 896 v ol. . . 1 25 S tala sh e t at t We st inste r, , I p , i , h o s cool , so called euph emi stically in consequence of th e fev er which a ccompan i es ” “ 26 Prion . Cult. I. . 1 . smallpox. Cf . Tylor, p “ u m o t men u e : Jas. tk n o n C t s he ult. 1 295 r m . . P i . C p ; so rc s A i s , s o f Wo ’ 49 Rus ia n be l e k eu . 1 85 . a . . of Persi , p ; cf s i f, Coo , Z s , p o“ m n nfluen e ull d s u e b Tambornino ma dnes s cause d by de o ic i c is f y i c ss d y , '

6 fl . pp . 7

“ é e . Ch oe h . is ea e . 1 . 362 ed . tt ; p Hipp . Sacred D s , ch , p ( Li r ) A sch

M1 1 2 Eur. . 1 42 . D S h l. Eur. ed . 7 1 04 8 lat La w IX . 865 ; pp P o, s , c o Hi '

tm sacks . Gese ll. Ro ch r A bha nd . . k i . amb . . 67 s e For d iscussion, T pp , d g

nne Cl. Fh . VI. 1 hilc his t. kl. . 41 n. 1 1 0 ; R . , d. Wiss ., 7 p p , J Bo r ’ . 279. Mau Rev . (1 . l hist. d . el . 6 . . 1 8 n . p , ; M ss , r ig p

24 A GNES CARR VA U GHAN

s i Magical meMans were al o employed to br ng about madness . The sorceress edea seems to have included this speci al power in her list of accomplishments ; for she is said to have caused

7 7 - . M madness to come upon Talus odern folk lore contains An many such tales . interesting one is the following : Among the Negroes of the United S tates the recipe for driving an enemy mad is to get one of his hairs and slip it in side the bark f W o . b l a tree hen the ark grows over it, his inte lect is gone ” 7 8 forever . M Plutarch writes that at the time of the ithradatic war, a

C n A reta hile woman from yre e, p by name, was believed to have ’ e employed magical m ans to destroy a young man s reas on . The e n woman, it s ems, wished to make the you g man fall in love 7 9 with her daughter . That evil will result from a fixed gaze was a well- grounded

f A ar o f S O belie . For example, in the j ophocles, dysseus will ’ a n n not venture to come within the madm n s ra ge of vision, u til 80 A z of f a thena has turned aside the ga e the renzied mani c, and in modern Greece the eyes of certain p eople may inflict mad 81 e e . ness, dumbn ss, or other misfortun s S uch were the popular beliefs con cerning the causes of

s madnes . If the subject has been somewhat lightly touched ’ e upon in this chapter, it has been due to the author s d sire not ’ to encroa ch upon that portion of Tambornino s dissertation f dealing with a part o this material . B We shall now consider the popular criteria of madness . y primitive people unusual behaviour was frequently con sidered

of n a of . a sign mad ess, often expl ined by the theory possession Thus the madman is accounted f or by the savage simply as one

" u 5 A ollod . . 1 41 ; o k Zeu . 720 n te . S e : Zenob . 5 . 8 p I C o , s , p o o rc s ; Rh 4 65 if Ap . . . 1 1 . “ a tland e end o e eu nd n 1 894 v ol. . . 73 f . . a H r , L g f P rs s, Lo o , , II p ; cf G ld en m l la d on . 3 v ol. t e e e az e grews o e ta e r e te p 7 ( II ) for o h r r cip s , Fr r , o

u h . 62 . Bo g I . p f ” u t ame th eme in t Mul Virt. 2 56 E an nte e t n se Plu . ; for i r s i g of his s ’ ” Me Ce v ante d e S aaved ra s E l Liceneiad o i iera . ite atu e see u l r r , ig l r s V dr 8° 69 e e e n e ma be me el to a ea . Aj . , r f r c y r y physic l f r

lkl re a nd A na . Gr . Re l. . 1 0 . Mod . Gr. aw n L so , Fo o p ES GREE O G S M MADN S IN K TH U HT AND C U TO

“ ” 82 bornin who has fiends . Tam o in his second chapter says Ba s i i that anyone who was po sessed by a d v nity was thought mad. T i i x i h s accords well w th the e planat on of the savage . Tambor nino states also that among the Greeks all who deviated from the normal course of life were accounted for by the same general “ : ff statement they were possessed . The natural e ect of the progress of civilization would be to differentiate between various

i s m i of k nd of adness , but it is to be noted that in the m nd the im G pr itive reek, no distinction was made between epilepsy or

omessin . the sacred disease, and the frenzy p g prophets and poets f e Moreover, trans ormation into animal shapes , s izure by the ni e nymphs , the unaccountable, sudden pa c which t rrorized 85 whole armies were all characterized as madness . The lack of discrimination throughout Greek literature in the use of various terms employed to convey the idea of madness

Thomée to led infer that insanity, as we understand the term 86 a G tod y, was widely prevalent in reece, whereas the truth is ' ta fVO M1 ' 5 a vfl ‘ that expressions such as i F 0 fl s must have been a G part of the ordinary vocabulary of the average reek, and have meant no more than does the popular misuse of the word ” z cra y . The survival of the popular conception of madness in the folk-lore of modern Greece can perhaps be best observed in the

- were wolf superstition or in the tale s of seizure by the Nereids . It is said that an A rcadian peasant put to an archaeologist certain questions with reference to an account which he had “ ” Be d se en of the cannibalistic habits of Indians , and he “ to r - wished know, fi st, whether they ran on all fours , and

m ult. 1 30 . ri . C . Tylor , P II “ 5 5 A c ionum id em is a nunvin e inmasus ha be ba tur ui me n te P . . pr qu , q ca ptus insan ie ba t. “ m la be l e in N t e n nd a see ke The . Re l. and For si i r i f or h r I i , Croo , Pop ” - lk lore o rth . Ind . v ol. . . 3 The G d n se a e . Fo f No I ch , o li gs of Di s ‘ Den i ue mne ii me nte a l e na ti ha be ban tur ui a li ua Tamb. p . 5 8. q o s i , q q ra tions a b usi ta ta vi tam agendi no rma a berraveran t.

- o i o 5 5 6 2 . Discusse d by Tamb rn n pp . 1 2 fl' Pp . . A GNES CARR VA UGHAN

” 8" l n l - second y, whether they we t naked or wore wo f skins . The characte r of these question s shows with what the peasant 88 was comparing his newly acquired kn owledge . The belief existing among the ancien t Greeks in the power of the nymphs to take poss ession of a mortal has been fully recog - W 7 0 89 niz e d. Tamborn ino 9 , by whom W W has been briefly e o discuss d, has, h wever, not called attention to the story of H s a H . a immor ylas, the mall p ge of eracles The t le has been 9 0 liz We H ta e d by Theocritus . see eracles wandering over the f H deserted land calling vainly upon the name o ylas . Thrice t he called and hrice the boy replied, but faint came his answer ; for Hylas was sitting below the surf ace of the pool on the knees

- of the water nymph who would n ot let him go. So n d Woodland nymphs were also to be feared . crates a Phaedrus withdrew to the shade of a nearby tree and offered a 9 1 e propitiatory prayer to the nymphs and to Pan . The count r part may be found in the modern Greek term Nereid ” 9 2 93 of r r . seized . Numerous tales seizu e by NerMeids are cu rent Thus the supposed sanctuary of the Pierian uses is feared as 94 C i a place where one may be seized by madness . alam ty of e some kind, often madness, overtakes the unwary one who pen trates to the inmost recesses where the Nereids disport them H r e e selves . e who ventures to int ude at midday is in sp cial f 9 5 danger o this disaster .

‘7 M lkl an d A na Gr. Re l. . 240 . aw n od . Gr e . L so , . Fo or p GI‘ - m ult v ol. . 308 3 1 5 aw n . 239 e entt e lS e e l ri . C . . Ty or, P I pp ; L so , p ; r c h ory ,

o k eu . 63 . C o , Z s , p f “ Id . 1 3 . P . 66 . ” ha ed r. 238 . Plat. P D ” u N eraid es se e . S m t Das lk le ben der Ne For discussion of , B ch id , Vo s

- i chen . 98 1 3 1 e s . . 1 2 1 . gr e , pp , p p ” Mod . t e att buted to Ne e i aw n S e izure of a girl and h er fa h r ri r ds , L so , m d 2 1 u B . S t 0 . I. G . 6 0 . Rel. . 1 60 f . . , k a nd A na. Gr . Gr. Fol lore) p ; cf p ch i 1 42 : . tr aw n . p . 1 22 n . . L so , p

’ ‘ tis not e at but th e n m th e ve Trust ye th e fable s of yore : D h , y phs of ri r ’ be t e el h t. Se e ing your d aughte r so sweet stole h er to h ir d ig

“ 1 62 . kwre an d A na. G e ek Re l. . Mo d Gr. Fo l Law son , . r p

Mod . Gr. 2 aw n mid Da lk le ben d er N eu rieoh en . 1 1 ; , B . S ch t, s Vo s g p L so

na Gr. Re l. . 1 39. Folklore and A . p M E S GREE O M ADN S IN K TH UGHT AND C USTO 27

A modern survival of this belief in seizure by the Nereids is found in an ins tance cited as having happened some two genera

G of tions ago in reece, when the death a young girl was ascribed 9 6 A nd to th e nymphs who desired her for a playmate. a counterpart of the same belief is found in the folk tales of the children who are be loved of the fairies and who spend long al hours playing with them . In such t es a child disappears and the bereft parents can only that he has been carried off by his elfin playmates.

“ aw n M od . Gr . lk l re and A na . Rel . 41 Gr 1 . 1 4 L so , Fo o . . p ; cf p . 2 . u in Th s Arcadia 1 was once assur ed tha t a small girl had been ca rried off b Ne e in a w i lw nd and had y r ids h r i , bee n found again some week s a fte r o l n a lone y moun ta in side some five or six hours dista nt from he r home in a condi tion which showed that sh e had bee n we ll fed and we ll ca red for CH AP TER III

MADNESS IN RELATIO N TO RE L IGIO N

S o ince, in the concepti n of primitive man, madness is, for o e the m st part, poss ssion by a divine being, we must expect to fin d o a cl se connection existing between madness and religion . The amount of respect or sacredn ess f elt toward a god by a people who hold the theory of possession must necessarily be transferred to that human habitation in which the god has

e f of temporarily enshrined hims l . The converse this state ment

. So th e n is also true long as a people worship , in true se se of

d o f or the word, their go s, those g ds never lose them the mysterious awe inspired by the inexplicable . It is necessary to bear in mind the two-fold aspect of Greek religion which

t : of t s s s consis s of first, a worship ho e deitie or spirits who e

t b an d rela ions with man are on a friendly asis ; second, a worship in which the element of propitiation is pre sent . The trend of recent investigation into the religion of primitive

G f of th e reece is toward a belie in the priority cult of the dead, which would in turn tend to establish the priority of rites of

on . o propitiati Up n the basis of our present knowledge, the f question of priority can not be settled . The act remains that primitive man believed in the existence of friendly and

f s ff un riendly spirit , and his e ort was directed, on the one hand,

n toward the maintena ce of the friendly relation, and on the

o n . ther, toward the winning over of the unfrie dly powers No philosophic reflection was pre sent in his mind concerning the nature of the possessing deity ; for it was only in later specula tive thought that any attempt was made to define the nature ” 9 7 of . of god, and the relation man to god In mode rn primitive belief the insane are often accorded a f n as certain amoun t o reverence . Their perso s , the abode of Ar s . n the deity, are acred Thus it is said that amo g the abs an

Rel i n Ne w " k 1 91 0 . 26 . a bank A . and b k o Greek F ir s , , A H oo f ig o , or , , p

28 ME ADN SS IN GREEK THO UGHT AND C US TOM 29

e e t A A insane p rson is under the special prot c ion of llah . kind

B aralon s s of worship is paid by the g to all deranged person , ” ”8 as under the direct influence of a deity. The ascendancy — “ ” which the so called holy men of Syria have gained over the

e li minds of the people is enormous . Th y are be eved to be possessed by a jimt or spirit and all orders given by them to the 9 9 A Ch people must be obeyed . mong the inese and North

Am th e erican Indians a similar feeling toward insane is found . A s illustrative of this attitude among the A frican blacks is a story which is told o f a white family who were living in A A frica at the time of a native uprising . n attack was made

in of upon them which the entire family, with the exception one

. e girl , were murdered The girl managed to scape to the top of

o — the h use, where, climbing upon the ridge pole, she began to i shriek, tear her hair, and dance as wildly as her precar ous l foothold would al ow . The atte ntion of the revelling savages G below was soon attracted . radually they became quiet as the whisper passed aro und tha t the girl had lost her soul. Realizing that her scheme had succeeded, she scrambled down the outside

an d e of the house walked f arlessly about among the savages ,

k not f o . ta ing care, however, to orget her r le The crowd parted

f n be ore her, allowi g her to go her way unmolested . Later she

of was approached reverently, and offered the use a hut, and

f or fo r there she remained some time, well cared , until she managed to make her escape . The point made clear by this and similar tales is that to the

” m ult n 1 3 m t t l are l r C . . 0 a n t e au e s te Ty or , P i . , o g o h r hori i ci d by Ty or , ‘ ’ ‘ ’ l maz ulu . 1 4 e tc . Ca sa l a ut . 247 Callawa Re . o . 7 is , B s os , p ; y , f A p , For

e e t a d to ma dmen in th e an and S et land . l r sp c p i e G orgi oci y Is s , cf Ty or , ” m Cult n 2 di ri . . . 1 8 n te e n d t. P ; o phras , i spire i o ” m m R a ld en th . u t r . Se . el. e G u h v 77 au t S . G C Fr z r , o Bo g , . , ori y r iss , P i

52 u h v . 65 . da . 1 . az e G l en To y , p , cf Fr r , o d Bo g , “ Th w te e ad it ea s autho rity ca n be gi v en for th is story . e ri r r y r

- a o in me b k on m na t avel lk l e . Ct wev e the fol g so oo issio ry r or fo or , ho r, “ m l m ult 43 h e N Gu nea . w n ri . C . . 7 t e n r e t lo i g fro Ty or , P I , To g o s of or h i de range me nt or dotage is ca use d by the p a ti e nt be i ng pr emature ly d e se rted ” ’ ‘ m m wit d l ' u h orit ul l e be n a e te a awa . T or s a t by his so , s e p i g or por ry h r l y y ’ l n . A r. . 220 . is J . L . Wi so , W f p 30 A GNES CARR VAUGHAN native A frican mind any strange or inexplicable conduct is due t of f to the momentary depar ure the soul . The body, le t to its i i own dev ces, is rresponsible and must be well treated and cared

e for, in ord r that the soul, upon its return, may find its abode n in good conditio . o G There is s me evidence to show that the ancient reeks, in

of common with primitive peoples today, considered a madman sacred ; although it is probable that such a f eeling was prevalent only toward those who seemed filled with a kind of inspired

s . i madne s It must be remembered, however, that inspirat on “ 1 A “ 2 implied insanity. n Epirote custom noted by Strabo is illustrative of this feeling. The sanctuary owned church

of n e lands great exte t peopl d by sacred slaves , and it was ruled

- n M t . by a high priest, who ra ked nex after the king any of these slaves were inspired by the deity and prophesied ; and when one of them had been for some time in this state of divine

- him frenzy, wandering alone in the forest, the high priest had u ca ght, bound with a sacred chain, and maintained in luxury

r anoinwd fo a year . Then the poor wretch was led out and

w t s o . i h unguents , and acrificed with other victims to the mo n The s : A mode of acrifice was this man took a sacred spear, ’ A s an d thrust it through the victim s side to the heart . he f staggered and fell, the rest observed closely and drew omens rom f d e the manner of his all . Then the body was ragg d or carried away to a certain place where all his fellows stood upon it by

of . i t way purification In th s cus om, the prophet, or rather the n nl - ma iac, was plai y supposed to be moon struck in the most

is o s e s e literal sense, that , p s ess d or in pir d by the deity of the

Moon . C learly these temple slaves were kept for the purp ose of

c sacrifice to the god or, ac ording to Frazer, they served as scape

”‘ - E h 2 9 h m e z u e e . 8 l d e . e . l . o u r. e C f . a b . . 5 9 . S T p f rc s B c P i o, sp c g m m d d e t n at n l insa n . aw n . 343 M. In e n G ee e e t p o r r c ir c i spir io i p i s i y , cf L so ,

k Rel. . 299 . Mo d . Gr . l l re and A na. Gr. Fo o p f

” - u h v VI. . 65 2 nd . H 4 . 7 . C 5 03 tr. a z e Ge ld en . , Fr r , Bo g , p ( cf m ic 1 x . 2 1 7 . u te b a e in nne t n w t th e a a e bid . . p f q o d y Fr z r co c io i h p ss g fro

Stralbo justmentioned .

32 A GNES CARR VA UGHAN

the vase-painter has pictured an earlier version of the tale of lm M 1 0 8 n H S a o eus. iss arrison identifies Salmoneus as an a - t i f ncient weather king, here represen ed in the gu se o a victim. Neither interpretation accounts fully for certain features of

. r f the painting The present w iter, however, feels that su ficient evidence has not as yet been advanced upon which to base a

more positive identification . Legends in which madness played a conspicuous part were so numerous in antiquity that this composition may have been the composite expression of various o legends or may have been based upon s me contemporary event.

In other words , it need not have been inspired wholly by any

one legend. The woolen fillets may indicate sanctity or future

s acrifice . The fetter points to restraint of some kind . Legend

n ot i Salmon eus does tell of the sacr fice of , although the painter

may have had knowledge which has not been preserved to us . The conj ecture o f the present writer is that the figure repre sents an escaped madman destined for sacrifice possibly as a

scapegoat. It should be recalled in this connection that the inspired slave referred to by lStrabo was bound with a sacred

for e . chain, and kept in confinement a y ar before his sacrifice

a of The yearly s crifice two victims, a man and a woman, as scapegoats at the festival of the Thargelia is well attested . It i s als o kn own that degraded and useless beings were main tained ” 9 at public expense for use as scape goats . Is it possible that madmen were included among these social outcasts ? An answer “ to this question will first necessi tate a brief discussion of the

p osition of beggars . For our earliest authentic knowledge on this subject we turn

to the Od sse Iliad r o i y y, since the th ows no light up n th s ques of o tion . In its delineation various phases of d mestic life the

’ z u I. 3 1 0 9 11 a le . 335 a e G lde n o h pp . 7 ; lso Pro g ; Fr r, o B g , f ;

1 81 . cf . 1 1 .

m “ u d v v xdda a . B a 8 . . . t. . v a 9 Ha rpocra 8 . ¢ pua x6 3 i s pu, Lys ’ 6 a e - at wt Albd era in h l A risto h . Km h ts 1 1 3 . St n n 6 5 3 ; S c o . p g , o i g of sc p go 46 fi d us n and l t aut t e a e Th a e O v d Ibi 7 . ; , , r c , i , s , isc sio is of hori i s Fr z r

' - e at a Ma e lle i bid . xx . 2 5 3 t 1 x. 2 54 n . 1 ca ; Gold en Bough , , ; s p go rs i s,

2 5 . a nell Cult o the Gree k S ta tes N . . 7 F r , s f , p MADNESS IN GREEK THO UGHT AND CU STOM 33 former contains numerous pictures of the ragged beggar 1 1 ° huddled on the threshold of the well-to-do or wandering 1 1 1 in m H through the streets begg g of all who he meets . e is W 1 1 2 greeted now ith blows or a shower of stones, now with kindly 1 1 3 A w help . s the ne smonger of the day, he obtains shelter and 1 1 4 of e . food ; he is, in fact, a kind animated n wspaper The if H o A e l e of the beggar in the er ic g was a wandering one, full “ 5 of hardships and constant fears ; for even though he was un der the protection of the ears of the god seem at m O . W ti es to have been closed against him hen dysseus, in the

hi s o guise ofMa beggar, enters own home, the ins lent maid e servant, lantho, threatens him with a beating if he does not ’ s l ofl . to take him e f In justice Penelope , it must, however, be said that she reproves the girl and summons the beggar to give 1 1 7 if . her, he can, news of her absent lord Perhaps even she

s h ad would not have been so kindly dispo ed, she not been a prey A i O to keen anxiety . lthough the d sguised dysseus is , on the

whole, received in a friendly fashion by the suitors (with the 1 1 8 of A exception ntinous) , still we do not carry away from the O f d r e dyssey a eeling that the wan e ing beggar met, at all tim s ,

with a hearty welcome .

H : s From esiod comes only a single, vivid line Potter vie

f i n with potter and cra tsman w th craftsma , beggar is jealous of ’ “ 9 beggar and bard of bard . Co ntempt of vagrancy was a k strongly felt also in the lyric age . Tyrt eus writes of the lac

‘ n‘ m - m Ibid . 1 1 0 . 1 7 . 1 8 fi . Od . 1 8 pa ssi . , ; cf m ' ”‘ bid . 1 6 . 272 i . 1 2 8 cf . 23 fl . Ibid . 7 . 7 ; I ’ d n 1 2 4 mu Mah a fl . P. S cia l Li e i n ree e n 90 . 7 . y, J , o f G c , Lo o , , p f So ch mmun a ti n elt t at w an e n be a ev i was th e w ant of r egular co ic o f , h d ri g gg rs d ently atta i ned an impo rtance simi la r to tha t of th e begga rs and also of ’ v l wh o mb ne w th th e t ad e ell n th e p edlars in S cotts no e s , co i d i r of s i g goods

a n new a nd we e even at t me em l e as nfi den tal that of c rryi g s , r i s p oy d co i ’ e e v a ant in ome d a e it e a e nvente d mes se nge rs . Th s gr s , H r s y, h r c rri d or i ” w and dbta ined t e l vi n in e wa d it. O f . Od . 1 4 . 1 1 8. ne s , h ir i g r r for 2 3 fl' bid . 1 7 . . Od . 1 8. 83 i

1 3 2 1 3 1 4 . 422 1 4 . 58 . Ibid . . ; ; f ' bid . 1 7. 474 if . fl . Od . 1 9 . 66 I

Wo rks and Days 25 f . 34 A GNE S CARR VA UGHAN

1 2 0 f or of of regard a wanderer or beggar even good blood . In 1 2 1 the fifth century Plato wrote : Let there be no beggars in if i our state ; and anybody begs, seeking to pick up a livel hood

a s by unav iling prayer , let the wardens of the agora turn him th e out of agora, and the wardens of the city out of the city, and the warden s of the country sen d him out of any other parts

th e of the land across the border, in order that land may be f ’ freed from thi s so rt o animal . The beggar seems to have f - f received short shrift from his ellow men . The old story o the fine imposed upon H omer f or begging his bread may be taken

at f . is D Chr sos its ace value It significant, however, that ion y : tom, who tells this tale, writes some gave to him as to a beggar, m ’ 1 2 2 others as to a mad an . The above quotations would indicate that in the time of Dion Chrysostom the wandering madman and the beggar were alike

ru . im obj ects of a rather g dging charity For, although it is pos sible to state that at any one period in the history of Greece a common attitude was maintained toward both beggar and mad i man, still tis probable that there grew up the tendency to class them both simply as useless members of society. A t e the time when the gods were sincerely rever nced, the s madman, as a being touched in ome way by the divine, shared

H set in the awe inspired by the supe rnatural . e was a being apart from hi s fellows and it may be that for this very reason he was considered peculiarly acceptable as a sacrifice . In the ’ case of Strabo s inspired slave this is certainly the explanation of his choice as a victim ; for the sacrifice was not consummate d until the god had taken possession of the man . A lthough it is true that this Epirote custom mentioned by Strabo is the only one of its kind alluded to throughout the G r entire body of reek lite ature, yet from this and similar instances of the sacrifice of , divine men which have been

' 1 . Mah afl S cia l i e in Gree e . 95 . r Tyr . f . ; cf y, o L f c , p f

a w X1 936 tr. e wett. L s, . A , J ” n . 3 1 2 R. MESS GREE G M 35 ADN IN K THO U HT AND CUS TO

1 2 3 b The G ld n B u h e collected y Frazer in o e o g , the pres nt writer feels that the evidence is sufficiently strong to warrant the conjecture that at ce rtain periods in the history of Greece mad

of men , by reason their supposed selection by the god , were at ff m times o ered in sacrifice . Thus the god received his own . The red-figured celebe to which attention has been called perhaps f repre sents an instance o such a sacrifice . H n c owever, as religion slowly lost its in er ontent and tended u toward the p rely conventional, the fearful respect imposed upon the popular mind by the madman gradually weakened . In other words, the madman was stripped of his sanctity and reduced to the level of a social outcast . If, under such condi

a o f tions, any s crifice of a madman in the guise a scapegoat

c G a did o cur in ancient reece, the reason for such sacrifice would be due not to the fact that his madness made of him a

d as i h being ivinely chosen a vict m, but rather to the fact t at he was a useless member of society. In modern Greece a certain amount of religious awe is conn ected with madness. To meet a madman on the stree t is a i T i good omen , for he is connected w th the powers h s di ff same feeling of awe, though manifested in a erent way, was G W — t felt also in ancient reece . hen you meet a madman hus 1 2 ° — Theophrastus advises the superstitious man s pit in your A n T h bosom . insane man was then , in the time of heop rastus ,

i i . S a th ng of evil omen, a th ng to be avoided pitting to avert

v a i evil, or to a oid contagion was often pr cticed in antiqu ty, 1 2 7 C but particularly upon meeting an epileptic. Latin omedy

m “ xx 22 ma u e te t at th e u t m m n v 7 . t be e a n . y s sp c d h c s o of ploy i g di i e man or an ima l as a public sca pe-goat is much mo re widely d iff use d than ” a ea m h x m le te . It ann t wev e ma inta in pp rs fro t e e a p s ci d c o , ho r, be e d that c a e- o wa alwa d v n th e s p g at s ys i i e . ”‘ d n ll la uman a fi e was ab ut 6 to a ne th e C . Accor i g F r st h s cri c o 00 B .

Cults o the Greek S ta te W . . a s n r le . . 1 1 0 . ( f s , Cf H rri o , P o g p “ n M l 3 Re . 0 . aw od Gr lkl re and A na. Gr. . 7 L so , . . Fo o p “ 6 33 Cha r . 1 . . ” “ u er l ud . I 1 89 The Sa l va S ti ti n O f . N co n a v . S t 7 i so , H r VII ( ) i p s o ’ - ke Chm id es . 1 32 a nd n te a tlan E . S ne e en o e seus Bec r s , p o ; H r d , id y , L g d f P r 25 8 if II. . 3 36 A GNES CARR VA UGHAN

. Ca ti vi contains many such instances Thus in the p of Plautus ,

f i H io a flicted with the d sease which must be spit upon . eg , 1 2 8 f beneficial. however, assures him that spitting has o ten proved A different application of the spit superstition is shown by the fact that one di d not always spit ’ 1 2 9 but into one s own boso m .

“ 547 11 CH APTER IV

MADNESS IN RELATIO N TO SO C IET"

Ancient Greece seems to have felt none of the modern horror f of insanity, nor was there, apparently, any great e fort made f W to conceal the a fliction from the public . hen material benefit

was to be derived therefrom, the son of the house did not hesitate ’ 1 3 0 a to m ke known his father s madness . Rome may have made 1 3 1 v special pro ision for her pauper insane , but there is no evidence to show that Greece ever bestirred herself in this 1 3 2 t . s direc ion The madman became, in fact, almo t a public play 1 3 3 . H e thing was followed by the children or the street loafers ,

i o e o es . rid culed, abused , and ften pelt d with st n 1 “ In the Birds of Aristophanes the following lines occur

Ga r ep fla vouévovs ’ fidhhow was

M90 7 0 3 in explanation of which the scholiast adds 9 “ . In 1 3 “ the Was ps an amusing scene takes place between Philocleon and Xanthias in which the old dicast bounds out upon the stage

skipping and dancing.

h l si te who wa t at th e ent a n e ate ? P i . Who , i s r c g s and m e t e v l a dvan cin " Xa nth . More or is his i g B h b l un ne we av ut be un Phi l. e t e o ts do , h e j s g ;

ee . 6 din r a a vola s. S ch , j p ’ ’ t r A lién Men. l A nt 2 1 6 . S emela ne Etude is . ea . l . ams . . . 8 Cf . ig ; s H d pp ’ This is a con j ectur e on Semelaigne s pa rt. f ev d n e ma be due h w ev e me e l to a de fi en in This want O i e c y , o r , r y ci cy l al no th at G ee e ev e ma nta ne th e extant ite rature. Th ere is so proof r c r i i d ’ om nc lu n a e e wi th ult O f h ospitals for th e insa ne . Th ée s co sio gr s th e r es

v n Th e n ane a s we ll kn own we e ent to th e pre se nt i n estiga tio . i s , is , r s ma t e e e n e tu e t a a hel eb re t ea tment. It "be t A nticyr for l o r y, h r for , co j c r d h v w a ma d t e a e e t far as th e e e nt tud some pro ision s e for h ir c r ; y , so pr s s y

e no nfi mato ev d en e h as bee n und to u rt u a is conce rn d , co r ry i c fo s ppo s ch

T mes s t ria Insan orwm a ud Graeco s . 1 1 0 . supposition ; cf . ho , Hi o p , p ”‘ R. nir 3 . 42 n . . 35 . 65 Artem. O . ; Dio Chry s if 1 482 . 52 4 f . 38 A GNE S CARR VA UGHAN

h th the fi tev lut n dan T is , is is rs o io of cing.

t ev lut on madn e I t nk . Firs o i of ss, hi t th e t n nt t n th e b twi t und Wi h s ro g co or io ri s s ro , A nd th e "no t l snorrts and th e nt und s ri , joi s reso ,

A nd the ten d n a k Xan th O ell d i " o s cr c . . , h ebor e r nk C o kl k e Ph r n ichus u e and w c i , y cro ch s co e rs , " ’ll k ou stri e by and by .

‘ en h e ki k le to th e w nde n k Th c s his g o ri g s y, 0 k to u e l l k u l k u loo yo rs f, oo o t, oo o t. Fo r now in th e se sinewy joints of ours “ Th e cu -lik ke i l ab u p e soc t s twir ed o t.

“ ’ In the Gree k text the verb ren dered by Rogers as "ou ll

a h h v o' ei of S R strike is B j s, instead which choliast read

- ’ 1 87 " a a h x a ei cwrt roi h dr . hi S B fi , explaining by B n j g To t s tarkie,

of Birds on the analogy the passage just quoted from the , adds

Me 8th 1 3 8 ‘ ow In Dion C hrysostom we read : if him anyone follows you alleging himself to be a disciple, drive h ’ away by striking him and hurling clods and stones at im. This reference to the custom of driving away by stoning 1 3 9 any ’ importunate or annoying person makes Starkie s suggestion a

n Thus n reaso able one . i if a madma made himself a nuisance he was driven away with stones in much the same way as the dogs of Eumaeus had to be stoned off from the disguised 1 40 O dysseus .

The f th e A children, then, who ollowed upon heels of rtemi ’ dorus m adman probably pelte d him with stones . That they als o ridiculed and mocked him is quite possible and seems well 1 4 1 of C arabbas substantiated by the story a certain , apparently

1 ” The use of hellebore as a cure for madne ss h as b een di scusse d by

e mes . 92 . Th , p f

R e . Tr . og rs

as i to a ne n o n 1 897 . . 384 . Th e W ps of Ar s ph s, Lo d , , p m 3 5 . 66 R. m n n in ant u t see el die S t a e der S te i mt t id . O n sto i g iq i y, Hirz , r f g g, A

il t. kl. v ol. 27 . 225 . a ne l . i . h . Me . l ti k . Gee . d (1 . kg . s c s W ss , p , pp cf F r l , u t o the G eek S ta te W 272 to n n in O ld d a was m e l kel to C l s f r s, , , S i g ys or i y ” hav e been a religious than a secula r mode of exe cution .

4 . 35 . Od . 1 f

m ' - F u 6 . Ba r H eb raeus The a u ha ble hil ud . a ins t lacc s P o J , Ag ; cf , L g “ unat und w m a u e . 1 60 a n t e l a e S tories (tr. B dg ) , p , To o h r ic , ro ho l rg ed t et e itw as s ai Go and lie d wn in a numbe r of boys we re gath er og h r, d, o

40 A GNES CARR VA UGHAN

of the insane would vary according to circumstances . Toward 1 “ i o the v olently insane a lively fear was ften felt . Aretaeus classified madness according to the presence of j oy ffli or anger as manifested in the actions of the a cted ones . To the first class belong the light-hearted madmen who dance and sing in the market-place to the second class those who become ” 5 . s angry and often kill their keepers The latter cla s, it is f a s clear, would not a ford mu ement to the populace, but would f o f be eared in pr portion to the possibility o physical injury. In Plato we find the following passage : Buthow could we live in safety with so many crazy people ? Should we not long since

r have paid the penalty at their hands, and have been st uck and beaten and endured every other f orm of ill- usage which madmen 1 4 6 ? n e are wont to inflict In this con ection, the stori s told of Cleomenes C A mi , ambyses, and ntiochus ght be quoted, but

be f r there would no particular gain o the point in question . - “ A rtemidorus says that madmen were h aikurod From

A f - retaeus we learn o madmen who go openly to the market place . ZElian causes one of his characters to say : I am mad and I

W o I a kill and hate the human race. heref re strike the p ssersby ’ “ 8 C with clods and stones . ambyses wreaked vengeance on all 1 4 9 u Cl men who vent red near him . eo es kept everyone in a state

1 “ D ura/ltd O f. th e vivi tu a madma n ven in Gale n e co nos. a . d pic re of gi , g l u bea (m. mor. v . 22 . an a a e in b t G e ek a nd at n te a t e . p M y p ss g s o h r L i i r r r

l n l n a n . Menan e witne to l h h v e t e ss fea r fe t in t e presence of t e io y i s ; cf d r ,

E t. 4 5 fi . lau . M82 ii i i 6 62 111 S h . aw 6 8 al i 7 t en . 1 b d . 00 8 . p ; P ; , ; op Aj so

88 Luc. Disin h 1 4 a b tz . (J co i 1 “ r. 6 . l t 1 3 D P a . A la. 1 1 . 9 . 1 “ d un m e ma men are t a n . O ntr. 3 . 42 . et. . 6 a e e ; cf Ar I , h r l ss r s r i d “ 3 E 1 4 th an ua u e meta h al but ma w ell e te p . ; e l g ge is , of co rs , p oric , y r p

h n madman . Go el St Ma k 5 . 1 6 s en t t e actions o i a da gerous ; cf sp of . r , m ‘ m l w B ar- ebr us T an w t un l e t st ne . H ae he i h c ean spirit ga shes hi s f i h o s ,

h . h d mo av n la Lau a ble S t r ie tr. ud e 1 5 7 A n ot e e n ac g o s ( B g ) , p , r i , h i g id ld u e w im wn unde him and was k n h im wh en ho pon a man, thr h do r cho i g , m hi A nd w en t e we e ce rta i n folk came and r escued th e man fro m. h h y r ‘ beat n h im t e a k ed h im wh ‘h e did th and h e a d If h e did not i g h y s y is , s i , wish to be chok ed why did ‘h e fall un de r me ? A nd h e did no t suffe r for a m d ’ mo ent in my han s .

- e d 1 1 1 30 38. H ro . . MADNESS IN GRE E K THO UGHT AND CUS TO M 41

”0 c s D of on tant panic for fear of his next mad fancy. o we read of any attempt to introduce the royal madman to impro vise d strait- j ackets ? The classification of madmen made by A retaeus should be recalled in this connection : some go ope nly

- t n to the market place, o hers rend their clothes a d kill their T s keepers . his point clearly to restraint of violent maniacs ;

‘ e s Gr neverthel s , there is no evidence to show that eece main ’ tained e any asylums for the care of her insane . Thom s a i a i i ds nvestig t on on th s point nee no further elaboration . In

s b f or the ab ence, then, of pu lic institutions the purpose, what was done with the more dangerous insane ? Plato advocated keeping madmen at home by any possible 1 5 1 means . It is probable that there were two methods of restraining the insane . In the first place, a madman was either confined in his own home or possibly he was placed in the care of a personal attendant who was responsible for his conduct . For this latte r supposition we have only the support of the 1 5 2 Rom sn . In analogous custom the second place, when there was danger of the madman doing inj ury to himself or to those

s him as ociated with , he was not only confined to his home, but he was bound fast as well . O ne of the earliest lege nds referring to the confinement of a mad person may be found in certain accounts of the treatment accorded C assandra at the time when the wooden horse entered 1 5 3 A l xand a. the city of Troy . In the e r of Lycophron the ’ o il bscure , the mad prophetess bewa s her imprisonment thus

Bu wh fled th br dal ke wh o unt tI, o e i yo , co

m me e in un e n wal Th e te di ous o nts , clos d d g o ls ’ ’ - Da rk and o e r c ano pi e d wi th ma ssy stone .

“ 5 The version given by Tzetzes states that when Cassandra saw the wooden horse being dragged in by the Troj ans , she shoute d to them to break it open, or burn it, but not to bring it

“ - D . m a H . 934 C Ibid . v1 . 75 . , ’ ' ’ E r A hén . Men . de ns l A nt. . 220 . m la n e t H su I S e e ig , udes ist. p ’ ". on . 1 6 . 33 S ee d . e 348 note p . ch r s c ; cho “ ”‘ P 6 1 1 1 . 708 . Tr . Banks . . . ff 42 A GNES CARR VA UGHAN

. B of e e f into the city ecause her r p ated cries , her ather shut “ 56 o ld re um vo ém v. Tr hiod orus her into a tower, u y yp , in the ’ Sack o Ilies a the of C f , rel tes story assandra s imprisonment, but adds that she broke the lock and rushed out to warn the 1 5 7 . H C Trojans olzinger, in his comments, thinks that assandra “ was imprisoned dam mit sis die Troer wicht beunruhige a nd ” weil m n sie iir walms irmi h il a f g e t. It has been thought that

c f r Ly ophron, who apparently is the oldest authority o this

f of Little Ili legend, took his material rom the end the ad , or ‘”3 perhaps from the beginning of the S ack of Ilies of A rktinosf

the o f o was in which entrance the w oden horse described . There may perhaps have been in e xistence two legends of the impri son C ment, one in which assandra broke loose at the moment when th e th e in horse was brought into city, while the other she was

c n f pla ed in co finement on the day of the fall o Troy. 1 59 Tr hiodorus e e s . yp , then, may have combined th se l gend It

d an must, however, be borne in min , that in ycase the reason for the imprisonment was two-fold : Cassandra was not only

i a . had s mad, but she d sturbed the Troj ns If she been harmles , she would probably have bee n allowed her liberty . 1 6 ° - fi red celeb In the red gu e previously described, attention has been called to the f etter hanging from the left ankle of the G male figure. ardner has explained this on the ground that 1 6 1 M a fi a the man was bound for s cri ce . y it not be due to the ’ painter s desire to represe nt in a realistic fashi on the re straint of a madman ? 1 6 2 Philocleon in the Was ps of A ristophanes is mad in an 1 6 3 c z a a 'r c n exceedingly strange way, he is tn fi , but finally whe he becomes a nuisance to his worthy son, he is barred and

man bolted within doo rs. The old , however, with all the

of m a cunning a mad an, man ges to slip out ; even the chinks ,

- m . crannies, and water drains are ade to serve his purpose The

”7 350 L e . lexa. 349 n te . . y A , o “ 1 “ bid bi d . I . I mo “ 1 P 3 1 Ga dn e . J. 1 899 . 334 . . . r r, A A , p m 2 1 1 f . ” ‘ ’ L l la o e wh o del t in t als . In t e w d ite ral y trans ted, n igh s ri o h r or s ,

- ’ Ph ilocleon is jury mad . M ESS GREE O G M ADN IN K TH U HT AND C US TO 43

o l 81 ct oia w €v a a w es i . e a ual means of restraint appear in ux § , . ,

Philocleon o d is tied fast and the do rs are bolted . In ad ition, e E f slav s are set to watch him . ven a te r discoun ting the comic A element, the picture presented by ristophanes must contain a f 1 6 4 basis o truth.

O ne k n of of the best now , perhaps, legendary madmen is

H Af r f eracles . ter his wild o g o slaughte r was ove r and he

A e had begun to look about for new victims, th na suddenly

c f l A s la des ended and e led him to the ground . he y in a stupor the terrified witnesses of his frenzy ventured to approach and 1 6 5 him as bind f t to the pillars of his house . ' 1 6 6 Ca tim u e e In the p , Tyndare s b nds all his energi s to per

e H e io A t A su ding g that ris ophanes is mad . ristophanes is a n dangerous ma iac, he says, he cut his father and mother all to

E H e io : pieces over in lis, g really must have him seized ” den t ooubi ’ ume u H e io Ar , f op s, g , Vide n tu ilti m ould /fl corpus to tum maculis W e tra / i t t d A bi Iis ag a hont nem.

“ 38 H erodotus writes that the mad Cleomenes was imprison ed

év lik t " be . in s ocks, if e may so interpreted The lunatic hi ff became so violent that he struck with s sta all whom he met, Th until finally his relatives laid hands upon his royal person. e

t of i authen icity th s story is disputed, but since we have no

i r r e means either of proving or d sp oving it, we are fo c d to take

for it what it is worth .

Of. the a dv e v e n b aul. 5 3 . 1 1 1 1 4 . 385 : But ab ve all t in ic gi y P g . , p , o h gs , t e mu t be ecu ed in be d t at t e ma not be able to n u e t em h y s s r , so h h y y i j r h e lve o r t o e who a t m wun w in wi k e ba ket in a s s, h s pproach he ; or s g i th a c r s ll u ’ n o ma h u . m . l e a i t en ed m on tr. da e a s co c s sp d fro high A s Asc pi d s , ccord g

aalius urel anu uke Die t. o h. C a d to ave a dv ca te a n . A i s , is s i h o d ch i s , cf T , f Psy c MIn v l t a in t u mea n e t ed . . o . 1 4. N ot un tl 1 83 w e e rod I . p . i 7 r s ch s of r s r ma l ab l h i 2 6 l ed n En land . bid . . for y o is g . I , p

Eur. H er Fur 1 9 if e nz e ac le we e te . . 009 1 08 . Th e fr y of H r s is ll d pic d

n a v e u madma n e e e nte in o a s of So th Itali an ma nufa cture . Th e is r pr s d th e act of hur li ng a child into a fire composed of th e fa mily furniture . m i k 4 W ila ow tz H em les . 32 The a nte ha s ll we d Ph e rec des . Se e . p i r fo o y , , I p ; ’

Mon de l Ins t. 8. 1 0 ie ner Vorle e bl. I . L ; W g

H. f . Mif . laut en. 844 o . P 1 “ FZ t u BEJ . Th en th a a e lea . Re a din g of ; fi op s e s se of e p ss g is c r , cf

93 i tub n re he nd i . 1 . 5 wisi lhmc e s Co p m men H e sistratos ibid . xx. 37 . vI 5 . a un t un t e . 7 , cf cco of p ish of g , ' 44 A GNES CARR VA UGHAN

1 6 9 s Cleito h o In the story of the love of p and Leucippe, the o f latter is suddenly seized with a vi lent attack of renzy, during which she foamed at the mouth, tore her clothes , and would

i e have done violence to her person, f she had not been s curely bound and kept so until she recovered consciousness. Naturally

A s chilles Tatius makes as much out of the incident a possible, so we read of the sorrowful lover who sits by the side of his securely bound beloved and mourns over her sad condition . In c the midst of his roman e, the writer can not refrain from displaying his medical This evidence shows that although no organized eff orttoward

of the a the restraint insane was made by the st te, there was a recognized method of dealing individually with the more violent If h ad cases . such a law as Plato proposed ever been passed ff s and observed, its e ect would have been felt only in the ca e f o the violently insane . There is also some evidence concerning whipping or beating So employed as a means of subduing the insane . far as the writer has been able to discover, so barbarous a procedure is not B mentioned in the writings of the Greek physicians . y at least

o s two of the R man physician , however, the use of stripes is 1 7 1 advocated . It must be remembered that from the point of

e G e ul vi w of the r eks, a beating wo d be administered not so d much to punish the unruly one, as to rive the evil out of 1 7 2 c him. In H ippocrates there is no mention of such orporal

”‘ Tat. 4 . 9. Ach . m i For furthe r ev idence co nce rn i ng th e bind ng or confinement of th e

f . 443 f . S h . A nt. 937 1 402 f . ibid . B acch . 22 6 in sane, cf. Eur. Ion . ; ; ; op

Palsc h . 42 . 63 Xen. M1 2 . 5 0 c de On i s n . 20 em. , ; Dios ori s , Po o s , II ; p p

- 2 ll 5 ibid . 75 . . 84. ul. 5 . . la ccus 6 . . 5 3 A A . Pibi l. Jud . Agai ns t P , p ; p p p mu n t elate d b Bar l t. Ma k . 5 . and an a l. 1 6 ; Go sp e of S r si g s ory r y ‘ 1 5 6 noth e dem n a a d I went nt a H ebra eus (tr. Budge ) , p . , A r o i c s i , i o o w as in ette and I t ust out m hospital and saw a d emoni ac wh f rs , hr y m n e e A nd w en h e saw me do th h e l ke tongue a th im and rolle d i e y s . h is oo d d l be to t ee O God one w m th e up to h e av en a nd sai G ory h , , for ho physi ’ l e a nd one w m t e av e b und . cia ns hav e e ft fre , for ho h y h o m Mv ol. . l Tuk e Die t. o h . ed . l III 1 8 . 1 64 al e Cels us, . , .p (H r ) ; , f Psyc I u a u l s le a de al e mmende nt . . 1 4 tate t at T t I rod p , s s h i s , p pi of A c pi s so r co d e strip s . “ ’ h cho ol bo a e Cl ll bea t Notice th e survival of this idea in t e s t y phr s , ME GREE TH O U GH T GU S TOM ADN SS IN K AND 5

u f p nishment, but from the general character o the treatise on

Sac d Dis as e the re e , and from the sanity of his thought, it may safely be inferred that if whipping had been employed in Greece

e ‘ either b fore or during his time, the practice would have called forth a severe condemnation . The views of Galen ” 3 may be judged from his account of a

c n e H e v s e e witness d in childhood . had obser ed a man who, in

v of . a iolent fit anger, kicked and bit a door The deep impres sion thus made gave rise later to a discussion of the close e n connection betwe n madness and anger, a con ection often

G s. A s G recognized by the reek an illustration , alen cites the case of a certain A drianus who made use of the sharp e dge of his sword to beat a slave. Later, ashamed of his lack of self

f of G control , he gave himsel into the hands alen, requesting

. v that he should be whipped The physician, howe er, advised im h to apply the lash of reason to his own understanding. In strong contrast to the advice of Galen was that of the

s C o Roman physician , Titus and elsus, b th of whom advocated

Cselius A stripes . urelianus, on the other hand , forbade all u In corporal p nishment of the insane . this he was probably 1 7 4 AZ in a followed by Paulus g et .

s The objection , therefore, to corporal punishment of the insane, as a means of reducing them to subj ection, brought forward by Caelius Aurelianus proves that the practice existed in Rome and it is probable that at a later period it was adopte d G in reece . This conjecture is supported by a passage in the 1 7 5 i n J ti gs of th e Empe ror ulian .

” m 52 a ll atte nti n h ve i e . Ma r le . o t e ry isch f ut of you iss H rrison, P o g. p , c s o a l k e ex e m n w men to i pr ssion a ong p easa t o . '

Vol. 5 De r . o n. n a di t our . 4 . . 1 6 fi . , p op w i e . fi. g . e . ch pp m k m . 1 4 a e m t 99 aul. E . C f . Th o ée i a u a . Im am Gr e . , H s . . p d c p ; P g , s

m . 1 4 . no ment n a un hment am . Com . aul. E . Bk . io of corpor l p is , Ad s P g

vol. . . 388 I p . - u E 42 . 424 B Bar eb e w The au ha ble S t rie tr. e p . ; cf . H r s , L g o s ( B dg ) , “ 1 6 1 en an t e lun at wa s ette e in th e o tal h e t at fille p . , Wh o h r ic f r d h spi , h d ' ‘ h d r nki n cu ame to him and a d Take dr nk and t u d st not t e i g p c s i , , i , if ho o ’ G v it l wi w . d th luna ti e l e e do so I wi l bea t thee th this hip An e c r p i d , i m and w ll d nk alt u kno w well t a t t u t el nee est to to e I i ri , ho gh I h ho hys f d ’ dri nk it more th an I do . CH APTER V

O P U R B L FS O N C RN IN G TH E U R O F M P LA E IE C E C E ADNESS

It is well known that among all peoples, whatever their state

n e of so—a r fi of civilizatio , numb rs c lled cures a e rmly established in the popular beli ef . Such ideas persist even n ow in many

e of ff of communiti s, in spite the e orts physicians to dislodge

So them . also in antiquity they were doubtless frowned upon 1 7 6 H a by those whom ippocr tes would have classed as quacks . Since in primitive days the caus es of diseases were not under s it e tood, is natural that the cures which w re believed most

ffic o l e aci us shou d be, perhaps, somewhat ludicrous to the modern

n mind, but it must be remembered that such cures represe t a ff real endeavor to benefit the su erer . It is also to be exp ected that the greater the dread and fear connected with a certain

e u disease, the more num rous are both preventive and c rative

ff G of e orts . Thus among the reeks the maj ority the popular cures f or diseases were directed against that most dreaded of all

of n sacred dis eas e. forms mad ess, the ” 1 7 7 of The maxim, writes Tylor, a hair the dog that bit you was originally neither a metaphor nor a j oke, but a matter of - n of of m y fact recipe for curi g the bite a dog, one the an f instances o the ancient homeopathic doctrine, that what hurts

n in S E will also cure : it is mentio ed the candinavian dda, ’ ’ ’ ” 8 D t n ~ og s hair heals dog s bi e . This is the underlyi g prin th e ciple in the case of popular cures for madness . In second chapter of this study belief in the power of the gods to cause . O f the madness was discussed . like character is belief in the ability of the gods to remove the calamity which they have themselves inflicted .

O n th e Sa red is ea e 1 v ol. 6 tt é . 35 4 l. 1 3 . c D s , , ( Li r ) , p , f 1 " u 1 84 rim C lt . . P . . ”3 ’ t w und n and u n e le u S ta rkie s ed . A ch arniane Cf . s ory of o i g c ri g of T ph s , , ‘ Ewour v1 es . Fr. 727 N Eur. Te l. sus , p of

A GNE S CARR VA UGHAN

C the orybantes , it is unnecessary for the present writer to s i discu s them further in this d ssertation . The remaining cures fall into the following division : 1 A . nimal substances . 2 . Plants .

3 . C athartic stones .

4 . W hipping. 5 M us . Mic and motion . 6 . o iscellane us beliefs .

A s previously stated, nearly all the popular cures for mad s ne s deal with epilepsy . This holds true for all the types of

of if cures listed, with the exception music which was rarely, d i ever, irected against this disease . Most of the follow ng animal substances are mentioned as cures in the works of 1 89 D c ioscorides and may, therefore, be onsidered quasi medical :

1 . A nima ubstan es l s c .

a i ( ) The liver of a vulture, cooked in blood and admin stered f 1 9 0 in honey. To be taken or three weeks .

b Dr f ( ) y the heart o a vulture and take in water . R b f ( 0 ) u the glands of the neck with the blood o a weasel .

B . E a f n (d) oil the weasel tall except the eet a d head . 1 9 1 D in ( e ) rink the liver of a weasel di ssolved water . A ’ f (f) cake made of seal s flesh and tetter rom a horse . D f m (9) rink the blood o an a phibious tortoise . 1 9 2 A us . h B of . o ( ) urn the hoof an ass mount, two sp onf l

( 12) Put the gall of a sea tortoise up the nostrils . 2 l f . Various plants were considered high y e ficacious in the A e f cure of madness or epilepsy. mong th se are the ollowing f 1 93 ( a) Vitex agnus caste s so tened in vinegar and olive oil .

m 1 Th e " ll w n l st a re not nten e to m l De Simpbici bus 8. fo o i g i s i d d be co p ete .

L d Mn IV . 96 65 . D us . y , e e s , p , Dioscorid e s doe s not say tha t th e li ve r is a ctually dissolved : rb fir ap as ’ a frrfis aed Udaros m vbue vo v (banked 1 ” Th e a e we e obabl m xe w t wate one t en v en to th e sh s r pr y i d i h r or h y, h gi

“ Dio . D a t Med . 1 . 1 34 we t sc e M. p ( E S GREE O G C S M 9 MADN S IN K TH U HT AND U TO 4

' (b) The roots and seeds of the horse-fennel (LW Ofl dPG OPO V) 1 °" in water . ' c th e am ( ) Roots of bryony (p i) in water and honey. d A s cr ssa C tica ( ) nthylli ( e re ) , the variety growing on the ” 6 ground . 1 97 i ( e ) Gum ammoniac ( A fl w s (f) Rosemary 1 99 e lar. a fr a oq (9) Leaves of the black p p ( y p ) , 2 °° A lao h i (h ) g p ots. 2 0 1 ’ i iov fo v fix/90 9 ( ) The flower of the wild violet. ( p ) 3 C tha ti . a r c stones. That there was a tendency on the part of epileptics to conceal their afliiction is clear not only from a statement of H ippoc ” 2 e s rat s, but also from variou beliefs connected with certain

n W cathartic sto es . hen epileptics feel the symptoms of an

e s i approaching attack, they run away and hide thems lve . Th s, r H n ot w ites ippocrates, is due to fear of the divinity, as many ” 3 A a suppose, but to sMhame of the disease . medi eval tale runs oamethus f i that a certain was so a flicted, and, w shing to

c G con eal his malady, he said that he saw the angel abriel and f fell down rom inability to endure the sight . There is also some evidence to show that epilepsy was believed to be con 2 0 4 A ff ta ious. t r g any rate, e o ts were made to detect the presence of the disease in those who were atte mpting to conceal their affliction and it is in connection with those efforts that various stones were employed . 2 0 5 It was believed that the odor of burn ing j et would cause

”‘ D im l 1 . bid . I bid . e S p . 7 I “ ”‘ t M1 43 bid . 3 . as 1 D Ma . ed 3 . m e . . I “ ”‘ bid D Ma t Med . 1 . 1 1 0 3 . 9 . e . w e . 7 I ” l h M th e u e Ra nd The and ra ora o E l. 1 4 . 27 is b H . A . ; d c ss d y o p , g f

- m cad o k Mi ne eed . A . . t and n t in l l e an d e d c A ncie s Fo or i , Proc A f Ar s '

e vol. 40 . 485 fi . S cie nc s , , pp ”1 m Dio sc De Sim lic. 1 8. The Sacred isease . 1 2 . . p D '

i Gl . A nn . a t IV . . 5 1 4 . ll. 5 fl . M ch . yc P r p ”‘ A . 44 . Apul . p ” D D m . mi . 1 9 20 e . Sim l 2 1 a b Da . e . r h i th . 474 7 O p . L g p , ; ios p ; T t th e a a tes st ne ha s th e we to ve t th e e p . 83 state s tha g g o po r dri for h poss ss ing demon . 5 0 A GNES CARR VA UGHAN

f t an epileptic to all o the ground . The stone is described as

o the color of ashes , in size small and br ad . When burned its f If odor was similar to that o bitumen . the suspe cted person f f fell down, thus proving himsel unable to endure the odor o the n burni g stone applied to his nostrils, he was clearly an epileptic . Buyers of slaves are advised to test their proposed purchases 2 0 6 e by this m thod . A nother preparation of like character called for a combina

o f - tion bitumen, jet, and the horn of a she goat, all of which 2 0 7 must be burned together. The method is the same as that

O ne previously described . would imagine that even the senses

a of a s ne person would give way under such a test . The liver of a sh e-goat cooked and eate n provided another 2 0 8 n e ff mea s of detecting th e pr sence of epilepsy. The exact e ect of this test is not stated. In most of these tests odor seems to play an important part, Plants with strong smells, and plants as the eating of which is purgative, are naturally regarded ’ c good medicine, as expulsive of evil , and hen e in a secondary ” 2 0 9 way as promotive of good . The same deduction was prob f ably made regarding the o dor rom burning jet . Prevalent in folk-lore is the belief in the prophylactic and 2 1 0 f or curative effects of amulets . The substance employed the amulet as well as the manner of its wearing vary in accordance with the desired result. For certain purposes the amulet must be worn around the neck ; for others around the wrist, while in A some cases it is carried in the pocket . The merican negro at o s times wears a leather band ar und his wri t, he will tell you e that it is to make him strong, and his example is follow d by

“ mi 1 79. 20 . Da g . p . ” ' u IX . m l 2 1 . a e G lden o h 1 1 2 . Ev l S it Si . Di os c. De p ; cf Fr z r , o B g i pir s “ in th e Kei Isla nds mustb e app ea sed by an off ering or burn th e scrapings ' ’ a a uan lave in e t a t th mell of a bufla lo s horn or th e h air of P p s , ord r h e s ” awa may drive th e foul fiends y . “ ” a n le . . 1 00 . im l. 2 1 . Dio sc. De S p H rriso , Pro g p ” i o 86 ment n a numbe sub tan e w we e use Tamb o rn n , p . , io s r of s c s hich r d 11 l ll wh we e effi a u in k ee in 0 th e em n ; . al as amu ets , a of ich r c cio s p g d o s cf so

l u e th e ma a a . ull u n see 0 . r nc a , p . 8 His p i ip so rc is gic l p pyri For f disc ssio

J u t. l Wissow. m let Pauy , A ME REE SS G O G S M 5 1 ADN IN K TH U HT AND C U TO

’ many a small boy . To carry a stone in one s pocket is a well

- of known preventive of rheumatism, while unheard good luck ’ S o will result from the carry ing of a rabbit s foot . The ax ns of the Seven Citie s hold th at a silken hand out of a grave ” 2 “ of is a protection against epilepsy . Instances a like char

t th e acter migh be multiplied endlessly, but purpose in all such

is f i cases the same . In antiquity, no doubt was elt concern ng

f n D f r the e ficacy of th e amulet weari g. irections o the proper o substance to be employed , and the c rrect method of procedure

e were giv n in great detail . It is noteworthy that in all these

n n directio s for the weari g of amulets against epilepsy, care is f f taken to speci y the le t arm or the neck . Numerous statements are made by both Greek and Roman ' writers concerni ng the virtue of the Lapis Che lidomus (red

l f of variety) . The fol owing example is taken rom the works Dioscorides 2 1 2 who advises as a measure against epilepsy that O one secure a sparrow fledgling of the first blood . pen its crop and extract therefrom the two small stones which it contains . These stones are then to be wrapped in calf or deer skin and n E m hu g about the neck . special care ust be taken not to allow t hem to touch the ground . It is also necessary that these stones

of f i be secured at the time the ull moon . The latter prov sion is fo und in all the directions for the securing of the Lapis

Che li oni A n d us . pparently the moo has some connection , prob

ably magical , with the cure of epilepsy.

W th e hen madness was caused by drinking of certain wines , the La pi s Topaz on tes hung about the neck as an amulet was 2 1 3 e beli ved to be of curative value .

a is Chr solithus e r The L p y is d scribed as compact, t anslucent, th e and as its name indicates , like gold . Pierced through with

m u v l II . . 1 64 . 6 H a rtla nd e end o e e o . . 1 5 es t n , L g f P rs s , p ; cf p A pr crip io Mddle S le a a ai n t e le and a a n t t t a e a n mi in i i si g s pi psy g i s oo h ch is ri g s thi ed - v um i m a co fiin na l und in a a e S u e a a t. n N . Ze itsch r des fro i fo gr ( o rc , B g r .

fii r lk kun e . 83 . Ve re i ns . Vo s d

elix ile ia m 1 . . 1 2 Ro D im l 1 9 . Ca . . ad e s 7 7 e Dami . e S p . ; cf ss F p p p ( s ) g

1 1 . 1 0 . p . 7 n‘ D mi . 1 85 29 . 11 a . r h t . . 1 43 . 1 1 . 2 O p . Li h p ; g p , 4 5 2 A GNES CARR VA UGHAN

e of arm bristl s an ass and tied fast to the left , it is efficacious against demonic beings ? “ A mong other substances which were used f or amulets may be

herba e n/ia mentioned the p o . This should be hung around the 2 1 5 of neck a madman . The prophylactic and curative powers of these substances ’ depended on the sufferer s wearing them on his person ; in other

ta e words, there must be actual con ct b tween the thing healing H 2 1 “ and the person to be healed . artland note d a practice among the Jews of Galicia which is a modern illustration of n cure by co tact . a black hen is rent in pieces over the

is an d r a sick man ; or a cock slaughtered bu ied, its he d having been first cut off on the threshold of a barn with the decay of ” H its flesh the epileptic recovers health . artland points out that “ the black hen could not be torn to pieces without its blood f alling on the patient an d so bringing it into union ” n a with the disease . The killi g of the cock illustr tes another

f wa n type o cure in which physical contact s u necessary . ‘Cathartic stones seem to have been used f or certain ritualistic 2 ” Parn ell f : purposes . Upon this point write s as ollows

It app ears also that in th e ca th artic ritual of Gree ce th e e fficacy of d t ne was a nall e n ed e c erta in sacre s o s occ sio y r cog iz . O r ste s sat o n th e ‘ ston e of Zeus Ka ppota s and wa s cured of his ma dne ss : a s a p ara llel to this story we may quote th e sta tement in Pausani a s about th e use : ‘ ’ o vw r th e s be n t ne a t h ebe w in l ca l le end was a wcpp fip, o ri g s o T s, hich o g sa id to have re ce i v ed th is name because Ath ena flung it a t th e mad le l h im Ibut whi ha d e v dentl be en u ed in me ual Herac s to h ea , ch i y s so rit of ‘ purification from th e mi asma of madne ss ; for ma d ne ss in Greek legend

h k e nd u n th e h edde l n is th e curse th at t e dar p owe rs s po s r of b ood. I n l end we ea th e u fie O e te tt n on a noth e r Troez e i an eg , h r of p ri rs of r s s si i g

m m A vxela nall a h e th e sa cre d stone outside th e te ple of Arte is . Fi y t ory

”‘ Dami . . 1 94 47 of . ibid . . 1 87 . 32 . Da h ne a la i al L d D g p , ; p p p s, so y . e D n ment 4 . 4 h a h ea la m MW . 5 . T e not ne d n s b Ta bo rn ino . e s . . p p pi is io y ' Th e e ul a owe h e lau el a s n te b Ix dus e e ed to p c i r p r of t r , o d y y , is r f rr by m i Ta bo rn no . 85 . , p 2“ m in w m u du n h Ta bo rn o . 85 . a s a e e in se t Mdd l e e e , p This r dy ri g i Ag s . m" ’ v l 2 u ce chifi e r in m L e end o e eu o . . . 1 6 1 S Iv A r uell g f P rs s, p ; so r , , . . U q ,

273 . m ult o t Gree k S ta te N . 302 . a nnell all attenti n C s he . to an f s , p f F c s o ’ r h a ll l b MH a r n Del h ica e ll. Jowrn . 1 899 23 a e te . 7 . Iris p r ci d y iss r iso p , H , p ME REE O G M ADN SS IN G K TH U HT AND C US TO 53 recently put forth conce rn ing the Delphic ompha los i s notice able in connec tio n wi th these fa cts : that th e omphalos was a s acre d s tone fa shioned to ind at e ave -mo un th e ea t - t a nd t at th u l wh ic e th gr d of r h spiri , h e s pp ia nt o sa t knelt u n it as O e te e in a va e - e e entati n in th e iti or po , r s s do s s r pr s o Br sh

u eum was avail n imse its at artic v rtue . u an a ct w u M s , i g h lf of c h i S ch o ld denote tha t th e p e1 so n wa s putti ng himself i nto communion with the ‘ chthonian divinitie s ; but it is proba ble that th e ompha los h ad lost this n fi an e be e th e O e te - t n e ned e l and ha d be me a sig i c c for r s s s ory co c r D phi , co ’ me m l ll we eve ma le n e b s . o w th e e ab ut t ese r sy o of Apo o po r H r , pri ry g ds o h miraculous ca tha rtic stones seem to belong to anothe r stra tum of religion ” t a n the ll ne h Apo i . The part played by these sacred stones in the healing of O restes and H eracles is fundame nt ally the same as the principle involved in the use of stones as amulets : contact with the healing MH ’ t property . To quote iss arrison s term, hese stones were ‘ ’ oo o s t e . g d medicine , and must have p sse sed expulsive vir u s

n e . The mad ess would be thought, p rhaps, to pass into the stones The felling of H eracles to the ground must belong to the Theban legen d in which the t ale of the sobe ring stone is found : but was probably a late r development from the earlier account in which he was healed of his madness by the use of a cathartic stone . The healing qualities of th ese sacred stones were possessed in

- A a a lesser degree by certain non sacred stones . sto ne s id to be i U GO? foun d in Samos was useful n curing madness . The ' ’ 2 1 3 rovra éws powdered an d given in water possessed the same 2 1 9 f M0 a ck vlr S n 0 9 s power . crapi gs rom the n n were a remedy - Mdo o t of d s c re es for a tacks epilepsy, and the o was pecially f aflli d re commende d or children so cte .

4 Whi in . . pp g Whipping is often employed by primitive people not only to 2 2 1 e . expel the vil , but also to induce the good Frazer has

a o f h as collected m ny examples this practice and , in the

”8 Di 20 . osc . D im l. 8. Of . n ote 7 e S p 1

” da m 5 2 . e r n s M3 f H a n le . . . tr H o e . d v e ive n b a O . rriso , Pro g p , i , A ic g y ’ boy s mothe r to th e school-ma ste r

im u n ulde t ll t Thr a sh h po his sho rs i his sp iri , ’ in le t u t h ve n on l . Bad th g, is f j s o ri g his ips A GNES CARR VA UGHAN

s f maj ority of the case , explained satis actorily the significance

of . f or n l the custom Used as a cure mad ess, the on y explanation to be offered is that it is a me ans of expellingth e evil spirit “ e ss of ff f which has tak n po ession the su erer . In some o the E ast Indian islan ds they think that epilepsy can be cured by striking the patient on the face with the leaves of certain trees

throwih a and then g them aw y . The disease is believed to have passed into the leaves and to have been thrown away with ” 2 2 2 n them . The origi al purpose was probably to put to flight

of the demon the disease, who may have been thought to cling

to the leaves . A somewhat similar custom h as been noted among other “ . of D e peoples For example, some the ravidian trib s of

e i Northern India, who attribut epilepsy, hysteria, and sim lar

s to r ff maladies to demoniacal posses ion, endeavor cu e the su erer n him un i n by thrashi g so dly with a sacred ron chai , which is believed to have the effect of immediately expelling the ” 2 2 3 demon . r A lthough whipping as a means of reducing the insane to Gr e subj ection may have existed at a late period in e ce, it is worthy of note that throughout Greek literature we have no direct evidence for the practice of whipping as a cure f or mad in s ness . The custom may, however, have been use, ince

whipping as a part of certain rites was well known . The only instan ce in which there is the f aintest trace of a primitive belief in whipping as a cure is found in an amusing little epigram 4 G A 2 2 n from the reek n thology . It relates that, in order to bri g f about a double cure of a sloth ul man and a madman, they were A s placed together in the same bed . we should expect, the f madman attacked his bed ellow, who is forced to set upon him

- n i s ff in self defens e. The ensui g beat ng was suppo ed e ectually

-f to cure the madman . Perhaps it is somewhat far etched to see

‘ az e G ld en u h Ix . . 2 . Fr r , o Bo g , p

22, - S e W. Cro oks Po . Re l. and lk l re o rth . 2 59 . u Ibid . p . f o rc , , p Fo o f No - Ind . 1 . 99 1 5 5 . ”‘ dtmiiller 1 41 . o l . . 1 1 0 S ta ) , V . III p (

5 6 A GNES CARR VA UGHAN

C c m f 2 2 8 H elsus re o mended music as a cure or madness . e

d s of a vocated al o a combination motion and sound . This was effecte d by swinging the sufferer in a hammock and causing the 2 2 9 2 3° of f l sound a water all to be imitated nearby . Plato a so advocated the combination of motion an d sound as a cure for ‘ e o f f madness, since he m ntions the use the remedy o motion

’ iri the rites of the C orybantes and the B acchic women are ’ cured of their frenzy by the use of the dance and of music . The reason f or the cure he gives as follows : the motion coming

et one from without gets the b ter of the violent internal , and produces a pe ace and calm in the soul and making the Bacchantes to dan ce to the pipe with the help of the gods

ff cc c an d to whom they o er a eptable sacrifi es, producing in them ’ z a sound mind, which takes the place of their fren y. Plutarch states that the Spartans we re once afflicted with the plague and “ upon sending to the oracle at Delphi they were told to invite

Th aletas th e C of , musician from rete, who healed them their ” 2 3 1 disorder by his music . The passage is noteworthy because 2 3 2 n Th ale tas i troduced dramatic dancing at S parta . It is prob c S able, then, that the music by whi h the partans were healed, according to legend, was, in reality, a combination of motion and music. The Prcetides were said to have been cured of the ir madness ’ ’ ' ’ ’ 2 3 3 M AGH cz h a h a f oi) Ica t rwo ‘ evHeov 0 e la U nf or by elampus " yp s x p s.

natel f tu y, our in ormation with regard to this point is meagre indeed, but it may be inferred with a fair amount of certainty

n Pros id that music played a part in the heali g of the t es . Belief in the soothin g effect of music upon a dis orde red mind 2 3 4 e A Di n Ch r sos was held, among oth rs, by ristotle and by o y 2 3 5 W a tom. hether its purpose was to expel or to appe se the evil

“ . e ll 3 . 1 8 p . 1 6 1 ( H er) . ” ll mmen e b l u as ndui ve to lee bid . 1 62 a e e Ce I . p (H r ) , r co d d y s s co c s p ;

S a r. 4. cf . ppho, f n o L aws VII 790 E . th e ea n see aw VH . 790 E . . For r so , L s

l u h ek ta t . 240 . D Mi a 42 . 1 . a nel C lt o t e G e S e IV. e us c , , cf F r , s f r s, p ” fl' St a b 1 0 . 481 . C et i t. d . l. i tt. G e . . . 279 . r o ; cf rois , H s L r c II p ”‘ A oll . 29 Pol 8. 7 . p od II. . .

32 . 681 R. M REE M 5 ADNES S IN G K THO UGHT AND C US TO 7

i fi e D spirit is somewhat d f cult to det rmine . avid played before S A aul probably with one of these motives . mong the Greeks it appears that the obj ect of music was to calm the disturbed

t to . T spiri , but not necessarily drive it forth his was a later develoMpment . is l ne B lie s. 6 . ce la ous e f Dioscorides says that it is beneficial to cut the vein under ’ 2 3 “ the tongue for about a fin ger s breadth In conn ection with t t i his s atement, it is nteresting to note that belief in the thera peutie value of bleeding persisted even through the first part of the nineteenth century . 2 ” A story related by ZElian is that there was once a sacred

E H is Iachim scribe among the gyptians . name was and he was

H e s e o s e beloved of the gods . eems to have be n p s ess d of a c of e ertain skill in the healing dis ases, and once put a stop to a A plague which was ravaging the country. fter his death , when

an of ever attack epilepsy broke out, the sacred scribes went to e n his tomb , performed the needful sacred rit s , the kindled a

f s fire rom the altar, made watch fires throughout the citie , and th thus cured e disorder . It is obvious that the fires kindled throughout the affected districts were all lighted from the altar

fir e which was made near the tomb . The purpose would be to

fire get into contact, by means of the and sacred rites , with the healing power possessed by the dead' scribe and then dispense it

a a e throughout the cities . The p r ll ls to this ancient custom found among modern primitive people are interesting and G A f in structive . The allas of rica are accustomed to light huge fires for the purpose of f rightening away the demons of 2 3 8 s . A H o di ease mong the uron Indians , the cust m prevails of 2 3 9 O n throwing fire and burn ing brands about the stree ts . the G C W A f old oast of est rica the natives wave torches, at the same time beating the air wildly with sticks In this way the demons are expelled .

m im l 1 8 ra 1 05 . De S . . p F g .

u h K . 1 2 1 az e G l en o . . Fr r , o d B g p ” i . 1 20 . Ib d p . 5 8 A GNES CARR VA UGHAN

3 31 B c an i mi f In the year . . ep de c o madn ess at Rome was cured by dri vi ng a n ail The driving of an iron nail into the spot where the head of an epileptic strikes will 2 4 2 s ff cure the disea e . This ancient idea of e ecting a cure by

of e a in f means a nail has surviv d lso modern belie s . Thanks to

a e o n the numerous ex mpl s c llected by Frazer, the significa ce of 2 4 3 this custom is easily understood. The demon is plugged .

s a This is e pecially cle r in the case of the epileptic, as the demon

an d is quite likely to be somewhat upset by the fall, may have been thought to be expelled f rom the head or through the mouth f ff if o the su erer. Then a nail were quickly driven into the

c h e f f A t o . place of ontact, ate the demon would be sealed practice serving the same purpose, though performed in a ff f is A di erent ashion, known among the rabs. Place a dish of ' wate on the head of one who is suffering from melancholy or r. m' adhess . D caused by love rop into the dish melted lead, and then bury the lead in an o pen field ; thus the mischief that was ” 2 “ in the man goes away . The present writer has been unable to find in Greek litera

n of n ture any instances of plugging the demo mad ess, although such beliefs or their survivals may be contained in patristic 2 4 5 T mborn ino literature . a , in his discussion of exorcism, lists a number of metals which were be lieved by the Greeks to be efficacious ln drawing out the demon fro m the body of the

an d s a of f possessed one, he state th t the place exit was o ten

r f be nf o r . In through the n st ils may, the e ore, i erred that the ancient Greeks in common with the Romans and mode rn primi h f tive peoples occasionally plugge d t e demon o madness .

“ 1 8 1 8. Livy , . m li 63 a t at t i was a n a lle ed u e . a e G lden P ny (28. ) s ys h h s g c r ; cf Fr z r, o ’ h -w hl n d S tla nd it u ed ou h Ix. . 68. n . 2 . In th e n t e st h a B g , p or ig s of co s to be custo ma ry to bury a black cock alive on th e spot where an e pileptic ’ ell d wn l n w th th e k we e bu i ed ar n th e ati ent p atient f o . A o g i coc r r p i gs of p s ” l hi a n a ils an d a ock of s h ir . ’ u i lo 63 d m n a led m lu ed n a . e n G lde n u h IX . 6 1 e n o Bo g , d o p gg p g ; p , o i

i M. down n orocco ’ m wh o d w a e G ld en u h Ix. 4 aut t . R bert n S th e Fr z r, o Bo g , hori y , W o so i r ” u n a v d nt Taz in in th e st Orwa . po D i of A ioch , y , ory “ 5 83 f . Cf . CH APTER VI

M H ADNESS a s DEALT WIT IN GREEK LA W

It has been stated that the severance of law from morality, “ and of religion from law belongs very disti n ctly to the later ” 2 “ of i stages mental progress . Religion in the eyes of pr mi

f Gr tive man is the law by which he orders his li e . In eek

o f o rfile religion fear the dead plays a m st important , so important, in fact, that not only does it exert a strong influence over every phase of life, but it supplies nourishment to the G 2 " S f roots of reek penal law pringing rom such soil, it is not surprising that this law should , in regard to madness , manifest

B o certain peculiarities . ef re entering, however, upon a detailed

m of exa ination of the legal aspects madness , it is well to make a classification of the divisions according to which this question will be di scussed .

1 C s . . riminal re ponsibility

Sim wa a vo ias . 2 , ) p

M . 3 an d . arriage divorce

4 R of . . ight testament and adoption

5 m . . Treat ent of mad slaves

1 Crimin s bilit . . al respon i y Coexistent in the life of the primitive Gr eek were two

: apparently opposed beliefs first, he who was guilty of murder was subj ect to an attack of madn ess caused by the spirit of the

u n n m rdered man ; seco d, deeds of exceptio al violence , such as ’ of of f e e the murder members a man s own amily, w re caus d by C madn ess sent by the gods . oncerning the priority of either

f n n . E belie , no definite co clusio can be reached ven though in

“ Ma in H A nc Law N " k 5 Mu a u S ta es o e . S . . e w . 1 . , , , or , p ; cf rr y , Fo r g f

Re l. . 50 . Gr. p f ” n al d u n ee Manse La re l e t les ri i n des d roit e s . es For ge r isc ssio , , o g ’ - ena l Re v . dc thie t. d . e li 1 896 . 269 295 . p , r g , pp 60 A GNES CARR VA UGHAN

G f B 0 reek law of the fi th century . . these ideas may not have t been consciously present, still heir influence can be very clearly

discerned . The strongest trace will be found in the following

passages from Plato, the second of which is explanatory of

the first. Plato has been discussing the punishment of certain crimes

s er of sacrilege, trea on, and subv sion the government . A man

e may very likely commit some of th se crimes , either in a state ff e of madness , or when a ect d by disease, or under th e influence

of extreme old age, or in a fit of childish wantonness , himse lf c A n if no better than a hild . d this be made evident to one of c the judges ele ted to try the cause, on the appeal of the criminal or his advocate and he be judged to have been in this state when

ff a f or he committed the o ence, he shall simply p y the hurt which he may have done to another ; but he shall be exempt from e other penalties, unl ss he have slain some one, and have on his f A n hands the stain o blood . d in that case he shall go to another land and country, and there dwell for a year ; and if he return

or before the expiration of the time which the law appoints , f o even set ot at all on his native land, he shall be bound by the guardians o f the law and shall be the bondsman of the state for ’ 2 4 8 t . s f two years , hen go free The next pa sage reads as ollows

H e wh o h a uff e ed a v lent e nd w en newl ea h e h as h ad th e s s r io , h y d d , i f ul a eeman in e is an wit th e aut d ea t and be n s o of fr lif , gry h hor of his h ; i g m l v len nd w en h e ee hi self ful of fea r and panic by rea son of his io t e , h s s his m d w lk n b u in o wn u me aunt h e is t ken wit ur ere r a i g a o t his acc sto d h s, s ric h

e a nd b e me d e e d and de h is a ded b th e ult t rror co s isord r , this disor r of , i y g i y

ll t n th t e mmun i a te b h im w t v erwh elm n ce r eco ec io of e o h r , is co c d y i h o i g for i d f al th mu de e mu t o out to the murdere r and h s e ed s . sWfli ere o re so e r r r s g

h i v m h ent e e i d a ea and not im el he o f the way of s icti for t e ir p r o of y r , h s f found in any spot wh ich wa s famili ar to h im throughout the

“ aw 1 x 864 tr. wett . 85 5 C . L s , . D f . Jo ; cf ” “ i mu d n m d e b 865 tr. c ett. In th e aw e a d e be I d . F, L s r r ho ici sid s m R m h vi h n e a r a l o llut n . e a de nt ew t e be i g cri s, e so p io s g r d fro t is poi of , e tmate uc ff ence a tto de end on a denta l um tan e u s i of s h o s is p p cci circ s c s , s ch as th e he dd n bl and not o th e ea l ult th e ende th e s i g of ood , n r g i of off r or n u m d h wh h u i j ry done to soci ety . Th ey are ea sure by t e horror ich t ey aro se

in a ba ba r u a e . t e e a u e t t n in law a s well a s in el n r o s g For h r is s p rs i io r igio , a nd th e fee lings of a primitive age h av e a trad itional hold on th e mass of ” ’ th e le . nt . to t an . lat a w . 203 . e p op Jowett, I rod r s of P o s L s, p ME ADN SS IN GREEK THO UGHT AND C US TO M 61

G The latter belief, upon which reek penal law rests , must be understood as a survival from an earlier stage . In accordan ce

t s of s wi h the term of this law, he who was guilty trea on, sacrilege, or crimes of like character, if found insane, was held responsible only for the payment of a fine, while the usual 2 5 0 f s e . I penalty for the commi sion of such crim s was death , ’ h owever the k madman have upon his hands the stain of blood, ‘ so e suff e r Plato writ s , he must the penalty of exile for the space of a year from the country where his crime had been m t com it ed, for underlying this law lay the primitive belief that the spirits of murdered men were no respecters of mental

O n Gr ff e e deficiency. this point eek law di er d mat rially from 2 5 1 C c Roman . onnected with this primitive onception are the legends of the wandering madmen of antiquity such as B ellero

r phon, who had apparently committed some at ocity from the 2 5 2 ”3 c flee . onsequences of which he must In the Iliad, he is ’ O hated of the gods . The restes legend is, however, the most typical . B efore ente ring upon a study of the practical application of

o of such a law as that stated by Plato t cases homicidal madness , it is necessary to mention the be lief in accordan ce with which deeds of violence are caused by madness sent by the gods . Thus

H l A A a A erac es , j ax, lcm eon , Lycurgus , thamas, and other 2 5 4 e legendary madmen, commit murder while in a stat of mad

lat aw Ix 856 0 . P o, L s , , f m ’ ’ i f mela n Etud e i t l lién Men t t 2 1 9 R. C . Se e s . sur A . dans l A n i . ig , s H . q . pp

u e : Di 1 3 . non n t ntineri S . . 8. 1 e io sis si ossi er ne es a rie eo cc o rc g I , p p c s s , remedi er raesid e m bv ia m tm m t ei tut co n ti a ntur o p p o e d u es ; s liee caree rs ue , t ita divas ius reseri sit a n weuti end wm e t ra tr uta v w t in e P p , s e e di f es p er n

' e ona e us ui a rw oidium ad mi sera t utrum mula u a ina p rs i , q p , si te f rore f c s admisisse t an ver re v era oom os me n tis non e e t a t at simulca st o p ss , , ter tur urer t in ca re plea e , si f e , ers eontimere tur. ” A ollod . 30 . ne p II . f ( Wag r ) . ” 2 fl M VI. 00 . u a G l 2 , cf rr y, i be rt, Ris e of the Gree k Epic ( nd

’

O x d 1 9 1 1 . 1 97 H a s n le . 2 1 8 6 for , , pp rri o , Pro g pp . . ”‘ C f. A o llo d . . 35 a in a fit n an t mu e e son ut. p III , Dry s , of i s i y , rd r d his ; Pl

law . 9 2 Me a nde m d l De . ad ened b be e lew w e and n F ; r , y Cy , s his if so ;

A o llod . III. 37 th e ve w men ma de ned b n u ate t e o wn p , Argi o , d y Dio ys s , h ir

ld en E l. . . 3 . 42 . l. 24 f . au te chi r ; V H , d gh rs of Minya s murde re d th e son 62 A GNES CARR VA UGHAN

f r ness and a te wards must be purified . The purification is from the pollution of murder, and their deeds would be accounted 2 5 5 f n involuntary homicide . This belie might be co cisely stated as follows : a man by some act incurs the anger of a god ; during f o s m i . if h e . the attack madne s sent upon him as a punis ent, , t s his punishment ake this form, he commits a murder and is f e f orced to flee, lest he be pursu d by the avenging spirit o the murdered man . l h m Theoretical y, t en, a mad an might be punished for his

a ? crime, but what was the actual pr ctice Numerous are the

e of e of exampl s historical madm n who were guilty murder. 2 6 6 Wh a Cleomenes C e C at h ppened to , to ambys s, and to otys,

of c of i o King Thra e, who, during an attack insanity, k lled tw 2 5 7 of f A tarbes his guards and chopped up his wi e ; or to , who killed the sacred bird of A sclepius ? "Elian says that A tarbes was put to death ; that no excuse of ignorance or madness was ’ . ZElian s a accepted From disapprov l of the act, it may be m ll inferred that a adman was not, in his day, held crimina y

o f C leomenes responsible . The imprisonment in stocks has been 2 5 8 A s f or C C previously mentioned . ambyses and otys, there is no record of any punishment in flicted by the law ; a natural

e . result, since all law was embodi d in their own royal persons Unfortunately for the seeker after a practical application of G nl law in the case of murder, extant reek literature deals o y e of with its royal or legendary personag s who, during attacks

e d . f f madn ss, commit such dee s For urther in ormation on the n subj ect, recourse must be had to statements concer ing the

- ma wh ifi nd ate Nie E th 5 . tell a n o a e a of Leucipps ; Arist. . . 7 . s of s cr c d ’ h i m th e and of a lav e wh o a te m ade l ve . s o r , s his co r s i r m - n nv lunta mu d e see Li sius d as ttisch e Reeh t mid Reeh tver O i o ry r r, p , A

ah ren e 1 90 5 v ol. . . 1 25 . f , L ipzig, , I p ”‘ A th en . 1 2 . 42 . ” ment ne d el ew e e in G eek l te a E l 5 . 1 7 . A tarbe s not . V . H . is io s h r r i r tu e of. Pa s Mer terbueh . v . r ; p , , s

C h arila in H e d . 3 45 . H e 4 d . a l th e to os . P . 3 an note ; cf so s ry of ro I m m ned h i th e . Th e nfine e nt wa s some wh atmad and wa s i priso by s bro r co , ' a t fl n ofl e nce c mm tte d b Ch a rilaos ma h ow app arently be cause of ri i g o i y , y,

v e a v e bee n te t ve not me el un tve . e r , h pro c i , r y p i i

64 A GNES CA RR VAUGHAN

let any one who is at hand come to the rescue as has been already

s said, and the metic or stranger who comes to the re cue shall be called to the first place in the games ; but if he do not come he ff hm ’ 2 6 ’ shall su er the punis ent of perpetual exile .

Wh n f n at conclusions , the , are to be drawn with re ere ce to the 2 6 3 o of the e ? Li sius criminal resp nsibility insan p , discussing “ xaxofi f oz A ls xa xofi o or im the techn ical meaning of p y , says py technis chen Sinne wurden in dem Gesetz e aus drucklich Diebe - ' xh ém a -rciuber fi a i a nd Menschenrduber t leid er W e S r ( ) , K ( ) ' wohl a uch Einbrecher (re i xaipvxm) und ” en um e ra e B h h . M eutelsc neid e au e ii rt n r ( t s fg f admen, the ,

' Li sius a e as xa xofi oz . If according to p , are not cl ss d p y , on the

an other hand, isolated case occurred in which a madman com mitte d h e xa xoff f os n a crime or misdemeanor, would be p y o ly f ar e . . if l in so as he was, g , a thief ; and then only the p ea of insanity were disallowed . i In accordance with the law quoted above, for a cr me, such as o murder, connected so cl sely with religious thought and the fear of n o e the dead, the full pe alty of exile w uld be inflicted ven

. O n o if of n upon the insane the ther hand, the plea insa ity

c n e were upheld by the ourt, crimes con ect d with religion, but devoid of so great an element of fear were probably regarded

In with a certain amount of len ien cy. cases of minor impor 2 6 4 a n . So f or tance, the m dman was held unaccou table much f of law. a a the theory In actual pr ctice, crimin ls must o ten have ‘ ’ f w n taken re uge ith my lady I sanity, while in cases such as

of C s f a that ambyse and his ellows , the law, whatever it may h ve

f n Ma a o n o a . e been, was import ce ny an unprotect d madm n

ff e an A must have su red at the h ds of an thenian jury, and the

t lat. a IX . 881 tr . we t. P L ws, A , Jo

u Re ch tv er . I 7 8. Da A tt Re h t . . s . c , f ” ' Fo r u t e ev de n e . Eur. r an o men 4 08 fl . a nd S h l. on f r h r i c , cf T oj W c o ’ vv ‘ w‘ t r aw A rr uc63v vé wv C r u u is tti i e 1 . 3 6 6 Telf E a r ; y, y y y u , o p s I A c , L ipzig,

n i H e mo . S ta t. cs a z e lde n 1 868 1 485 . 382 . S a n r r r Go , p ( yri , g ,

’ a ed men e st a no uni h ed v 68 f . th e are t Bough . ; s cr of W Afric p s for

‘ wh l in a ta te madn e but a re l able w th e crimes comm itte d i e s of ss , i hen div ine spirit leav es . E S GREE TH O U GH T C U S T M 65 MADN S IN K AND O leniency with which his crime was viewed was probably in r direct proportion to the religious feeling cur ent.

wa a uo (a 2 . p s.

A n d ea e a e a ne te m e all t e t e if dis s or g or h rsh ss of p r, or of h s e ogeth r , make a man to be m e o ut min t an th e es t th ld e s or of his d h r of e wor ar , but t i not b e vable ex e t to t e who l ve w t h im —and he h s is o s r , c p hos i i h , , be n ma ste his o e t th e un th e u e and n d ubt i g r of pr p r y , is r i of ho s , his so o s and es tate ab ut nd t n at e ns an t le t th e law in t at h i s o i ic i g his f h r for i i y, h case ordai n tha t h e sha ll first of all go to th e eldest guardia ns of th e law ’ and te l t em at e m tune a nd t a ll ul l k n h l h of his f h r s isfor , hey sh d y oo i to t e

mat and take o un e l a s to w h e th e t e a ll nd t h im not. A nd te r, c s r h y sh i ic or

dv h im to eed t e all b b t w n nd if th ey a ise proc , h y sh e o h his it esse s a his a v a te and if th e a t e a st h e al h enlce fo rth The in a able d oc s ; , f h r is c , sh l c p of orde ring th e lea st pa rticular of his life ; le t h im be a s a child dwelling in ’ a th e house for the remainde r of his d ys . It is well worth notice that the appeal is to be made first to the ‘ ’ guardians of the law, not to the physician . Nowhere in 2 3 “ 2 6 7 Greek or Roman literature is there any evidence that a

n - n medical decisio was a pre requisite to the indictme t . The testimony of Plato upon the ”G Pa a ? is fully 2 6 8 a s n corrobor ted by numerou stateme ts from other authors , including the familiar story of the attempted indictment of 2 6 9 n Sophocles . It is said that the aged poet was i dicted by his C son , but after the old man had read to the court the olonus

” m w DE r. w t la t. Ti 2 . lat a xx. 929 t et . . 7 P o , L s , ; Jo ; cf P A ” ' 0 -f But th e m t e nl te ne Mah afi in e e . 1 2 . c a l e G e y, S o i Lif r c , p os igh d

eek to d nea e I ea to th e ava e th e e e nt d a wh o e a d Gr s s o r r , f r , s g s of pr s y, r g r ' without re spect or a fl ection a ny h uma n be ing wh o h as become useless in

m e d th e a e l e who e ve n e th e u e uma n a f a . We r c of if , or i p s co rs of h f irs kn w t a t a t th e n a t n h ld en to d e ve t e a ent nt l o h , A s , c io s of c i r pri h ir p r s of co ro o e t w e e le l and o mm nl u n no r d o we ea t a t of pr p r y r ga c o y occ rri g, h r h ” med al ev de n e mbe l t wa u ed ic i c of i ci i y s r eq ir . ” ’ ’ S eme la ne E t t i i . 2 1 5 ud e i r l A l én . Mt t . su en . l A n . . ig , s H s dams q p f mela ne o wev e n e tu v Se ig , h r , co j c res tha t some such exami nation must ha e

k n la e e ve n u h e ta e t o t e a re o e x n . p c , h gh r n ta t re cords to b e us e d as proof m Xe Mom I. 2 . 40 A i o u 44 11 t t n . . r st h . Cl ds 8 e . ain 0 es . ; p o , ; A sch Ag s ,

d u n se e Li ius A tt 0 25 1 s dd s . MMa nd Re ch tv er n . . 34 ; for isc ssio , p , . p .

4 . the ana l u Roma n l w m l Et t a nd n te a see Se e a ne ude i . o For ogo s ig , s H s ’ ’ M” M l A n h . . 32 a l i ms o c m PA . ont. da C . ac . s III. 5 . q p , s T o Di p . ” At ul. A . 3 7 Cic. de seneo t. 7 . 22 Li sius A tt nd p p ; ; p , dos . Reoh t a

h t . 366 n te 60 . Re o ve r. n . p , o 66 A GNE S CA RR VAUGHAN

‘ of G Mi ’ us ode his p , there was no longer any qu estion of his 2 7 ° sanity . Savage has used this tale as an illustration of the

e an A n a cruelty practis d by thenian son upo his f ther, since the

a a s obj ect in all such cases was cle rly to g in posse sion of property. Various statements in the A ttic O rators bear witness to this unnatural greed . It must, however, be remembered that many

e such stat ments are mere rhetorical exaggerations . The misuse of the law was probably no greater than the frequency of the modern plea of insanity in our own courts . Perhaps the an cien t banking system could take advantage of this law : if any reliance is to be placed on a passage from Philo 2 7 1 Judaeus n - of relati g to the non return a deposit, should the f depositor become insane. It is to be suspected that raud in such cases was often perpetrate d under cover of a verdict f alsely f A secured rom the court . lthough this bit of evidence is not

r o f m corrobo ated by that other writers, still the i portant rela tion of Philo to Plato adds a greater significance to this state ment . There is no evidence to show that an indictment for insanity 2 7 2 was used to remove troublesome madmen from the street ; the state seems to have concerned itself only with those whose madn ess would entail maladministration of property and family

ff of a f or a airs . Nowhere do we read any l ws providing the

oo e a care of the insane of the p r r classes , although it is but f ir to observe that this deficien cy may be due to the non-preserva tion of such laws . D M iv orce . arria e and 3 . g B oth the literature an d inscriptions of Greece are markedly deficient in the matter of comm e nt on or allusion to customs

th e v Th e A th ewla/n a mil altm e 1 907 . 97 . Sa age , A F y, B i or , , p f For I l n ed and th e fi al un e (w e u d t n class to wh ich th ese sui ts be o g , of ci d r hos j ris ic io

5 9 A tot. t ah . . . m ee Li sius Das A tt. Re h t a nd Re ch ver ; th ey ca e, s p , c f I p ris

llux . 89. A t n t. 56 . 6 h . Co s , , Po , VIII 3 " D l n t Noe 23 . e P a . , “ ur aut te eem to w t at 1 5 n te . 2 5 1 O O f . e I . . , , Wys , s II o s p hori i s s sho h ” l l b n e e e ntatv e n e this suit could be instituted on y y so s or r pr s i s of so s , Wys ’ 5 6 t t. th en. Me a nd S ch iimann A tt. . . . r e fers to e i r , Proc pp Aris o A

6 . 6 . Cons t. 5 MADNESS IN GREE K THO UGHT AND C US TOM 67

n concerning mad ess in relation to marriage and divorce . Greek law, with the single exception of a passage in Plato, does not touch the subject, though it is probable that the legislation of Solon made some provision for the loss of san ity on the part of t r f A ei he husband or wi e . careful examination of the extant

S f r laws of olon has ailed to th ow any light upon the problem . S 2 7 3 f emelaigne, in his discussion o Roman legislation relative d s to ma ne s , has inferred a similarity between the laws of Greece R and ome, an inference which is based only upon grounds of general probability and is altogether wanting in evidence . “ Sondh aus s S n fi in his di sertation on the laws of olon, does ot an ~ recautions e refer to y p advised in cas s of madness . The laws 2 7 5 Gort n of y , so illuminating in other respects, make no provi sion for insanity. Is it to be inferred that Greece passed no legislative measures controlling marriage and divorce when insanity had to be taken into account ? Plato 2 7 ° is a solitary authority

A nd th e re a re ca se s when th e legislato r will be imp osing upo n h im the eatest a lam t an d he will the lled b th law he gr c i y , compe to diso ey e , if is

e u e exam le to take a w who i mad h me ot e te rib e r q ir d, for p , ife s , or as so h r r l ' ’ ma la o ul b u a mak n l bl h and e e . dy of s or ody , s ch s es life i to era e to t e r r " In the Trojan Women of E uripidesf the herald is repre sented as saying that he would not marry the frenzied Cassandra ; yet Agamemnon has evidently not considered her madness a bar to concubinage . Upon the latter statement too

C n d s much importance must not be placed . assa ra was pos essed of a divine frenzy which may have enh anced her value in the A D eyes of gamemnon . oes the statement of the herald reflect

‘ m ’ ’ Etud ‘ A mm e ba se . H ist l lién Mon t. n t 2 1 6 w r . a n l A i o . d s q . p . , O nd amenta le la le lat n ma ne e a t o n Is a t sur la lo i de s fo , gis io ro i r pos i , s i ,

- D uz e Table e m untée e n a t lle mem a la l islation ue . o s , pr p r i e e e eg grecq ’ ’ ’ D oul on eut inf ére ue n G e n u a lleu d es me u e p r q r ce , e t sa s do te i rs , s r s ’ ‘ ‘ ’ d ord re public at d interet p rivé furent prise s de bonne incurs a l egard ” d es i nsen sés .

D S l nis le ibus . is . ena 1 909 . e o o g D s J , ” e H ausso ulie r Re na Re uei l des nscri tions Juridfi uea Da r ste , , i ch ; c I p q

- e ue a i 1 898 1 904 . Gr cq s . P r s , ” “ 41 4 3 aws XI. 926 tr. wett . L . A , Jo 5 68 A GNES CARR VA UGHAN current feeling in the time of Euripides ? Possibly Plato would not have felt it nece ssary to put forth the advice contained in if the passage above, he had not felt himself justified by existing

o . D of Gr c nditions oubtless in the case an heiress , eek law

- of - would have required the next kin to marry her, regardless of mental deficiency on her part. The only exception would be

d a c if the woman were a angerous m niac, sin e in this condition her usefulness to the state would be lost . 2 7 8 Re ublic Plato, in the p , does not mention sanity as a basis hi s of for selection parents, although he must have considered

n e s of . sou dn s both mind and body In general, it may be said that Greek law would have been influenced in all particulars

‘ by considerations of the family as opposed to the individual ; marriage and divorce even in cases of ins ani ty would have been h of f n subj ect to t e same general rule physical use ul ess . M f r of adness, developing a ter mar iage, on the part either f if d ff husband or wi e, it had a isastrous e ect upon the continu f mi f or ance o the fa ly, would have served as a valid cause

f r t k divorce. This in e ence is streng hened by our nowledge of the general laxity of both marriage and divorce laws in 2 7 9 Greece .

4 Ri ht Testame nt and A d tion. . g of op S ince the right of testament and adoption so closely concern ed e G the state, it is to be expect d that reek law should contain certain definite statements regarding this important phase of f l ancient li e . The present concern is with on y one clause of f this law, in which clause it is explicitly stated that ull posses sion of mental f aculties is a pre requisite to testamentary and 2 80 A s of th e adoptive rights . the perpetuation family had been

“ 45 9 v . D . For a e ent s us n ma a e in G ee e s ee Sava e The then r c di c sio of rri g r c , g , A

- ia/n a m l . 46 87 . ull tat n a re ven m th e Att O at . F i y, pp F ci io s gi fro ic r ors

v e a e ame be e th e n se e Li sius Das A tt. Re h t a nd Di orc c s s c for Archo , p , c

ch tv r I. . 5 9 . Re e f . p “ 3° h m lete law see st t. th en . Co n t. 35 . 2 . 1 5 . al For t e co p , Ari o A s cf so

- I 6 . 9 8 1 r 4 e I us n te 46 . 1 4 s . . . 7 . . 7 sae ps . Dem. ; ; Hyp ; Lys f ; Wys , , o s ‘ Th o mula yoé w xa l erd§ y is n tant in G eek W ll and p . 25 0 : e f r , ¢p , co s r i s M ADNESS IN GREE K THO UGHT AND C US TOM 69

mm th e a sacred duty from time i emorial , and as state, through the loss of the family cult, would be deprived of certain services, it was exceedingly important that infringement of testamentary e law should be guard d against as strongly as p ossible . B y the operation of this law, it was possible for one, who,

ims i u r after having regarded h elf the r ghtf l heir to a prope ty, was

n off a o f sudde ly cut by the testamentary doption a son , to enter before the court a plea of insanity on the part of the testator i A and make an attempt to have the w ll declared invalid . thenian judges are kn own to have exercised much liberty in setting aside w l h law ff A s i ls , ence this often a orded a convenient loophole.

eff ort l an example of an to invalidate a will, thereby annu ling 2 3 1 of Isaeus the rights of the adopted heirs , the first speech

s C leon mus may be cited in which the te tator, y , has , in his will, ’ disregarded hi s sister s sons and left his property to certain A collateral relations . fter his death , the nephews, by one of

e whom the speech was deliver d, entered a plea of insanity on the part of the testator and attempted to break the will. The

a a plea rested, pp rently, upon the grounds that although the will had been made some time before the tes tator’s death and had W t-Gt been lodged with one of the i , yet during all that time

e H i no effort had b en made to revoke it . owever, dur ng the last of illness the testator, a magistrate was summoned presumably

i r i s to br ng the will , but upon ar iv ng at the hou e of illness , he

Oleon mus i i . was denied admission . y d ed that n ght In the

C . to can be tra ce d in inscriptions a nd p apyri from th e 3rd century B .

u n GO n ay . 25 0 e . 248 u . d the 6th cent ry A . cf isc ssio of , p ; Wys , p , “ ’ It is curious to fin d th e right of a doption found ed on Solon s law of

i de o f t a d ev el ment a t n is to te stament, for n th e or r his oric l op dop io prior ” u n S l n an le i la t n e a di n wi ll and tes tation . For disc ssio of o o i g s io r g r g s ' u ld th at d d le i bus . 1 9 fl . So ndh a s a doption , Sou he na, e Solonis g pp ho s w l adoptio n w as pnior to th e la s of S o on .

mu e Isae us . 1 96 The ato r. . O n the E ta te o Cleon s . O I s f y Wys , , p , or r wa s does not himse lf ma inta i n th at th e will is i nvalid be ca use Cleonymus d mad when h e made it; his contenti on is tha t C leonymus repe nted an

k i But h e nte n to la m t at th e a e his O n wished to revo e t. i ds c i h c s of ppo ’ 2 0 2 1 . ents amounts to a n a tta ck upon th e te stator s sa nity ( par. .

1 4 v1 . 9 . VII. 1 . 2 . f . al o . II. 1 4 . 1 5 Iv . . 7 of . Ix . 36 . O s Is ; ; 70 A GNES OA RR VAUGHAN

court, therefore, the nephews declared that their uncle inten ded f changing the will in their avor. Isaeus does not m ake clear the exact grounds upon which the H i plea of insanity was entered . s reasoning is somewhat con f I us ed . t cannot be stated with certainty whether Oleonymus ’ he was declared insane because passed over his sister s sons , or ” 2 82 because he never desired to revoke the will . The spe aker

‘ asse rts that If he ( Cle onymus) was so crazy as always (not only in his last hours but also at the time of making the will)

c to are least for his nearest and most intimate relations , you ’ 2 83 A will be justified in invalidating such a will . note in Wyse is instructive upon the question of the alleged madness of Cleonymus : The madness seems to be a deduction from two um circ stances, the character of the will and the alleged intention e e of confirming it, and the will is to be declar d invalid, becaus from first to last (3m) C leonymus behaved like a man out of his senses (0 1516 6 13 The outcome of this particular case was that the nephews had to submit to arbitration . It seems scarcely necessary to multiply instances of th e G c u operation of this law in reece, as the mode of pro ed re is e C l n m usually identical with that mention d in th e case of eo y us. Undoubtedly there were many illegal transactions which took place under its protection , but not more so than in the present day.

Treatmento mad slafves. 5 . f

e f i Public feeling, as has be n seen rom the preced ng pages ,

an a was never aroused, to y great extent, to undertake me sures H ml for the alleviation of the condition of the insane . ar ess ff f f s u madmen, as we have observed, a orded a ruit ul o rce of amusement to the A thenian rabble. They seem to have lived as all the beasts of the field and the birds of the air . If were as 2 85 Thras llus happy as y , who watched the ships sail in and out a of the Peiraeus and counted them his own, wh t need was there

Thras llus m a to disturb them ? y , it y be mentioned incidentally,

1“ ” 1 . 2 1 . 5 . tr. e . e Isaeus . 23 1 n te . 8 . Wys , , p ( o s ) I Wys ” ” 4 A3 . 4 . 25 . e I eus . 20 5 . 1 . . Wys , sa , p V H

73 A GNE S CARR VAUGHAN

ea a nd al the e te m ne b y r, sh l d r i d y such physici ans a s th e p a rti es may agree to choose ; a nd h e who lose s the suit sha ll pay d ouble th e price a t wh ich h e ld . If a vate e n ell to a n th e va n all a ve so pri p rso s o r pri te pe rso , h e sh h th e t e t tut o n a nd th e d e n all v b e but h e righ of r s i i , cisio sh be gi en as e for , ’ wh o e th e uit all nl a ba k h lave los s s sh o y p y c t e price of th e s .

n In this con ection, the ingenious device for testing the sanity

f r o a slave should be ecalled . It will be remembered that the

of o use burning j et, menti ned in the preceding chapter, especially recommended to those who were about to buy 2 9 1 slaves .

uida v éva ' w' ' olxé‘rov Li sius S s, 8 . . y yb ; p ,

2 See note 06 . CH APTER VII

CO NC LU SIO N

O wing to the diverse nature of the material examined for th is study and to the legendary character of certain portions

r of it, it has not been possible in every instance to ar ive at a i pos tive conclusion . In all such cases the writer has been c m ontent to exa ine and present the material in question , and to suggest a possible explanation in the hope that such work ~ may serve atleast as a point of departure for further investiga

s G tion . In other cases, however, the evidence found in reek literature for the existence of certain popular customs and f n s belie s concerning mad es has proved adequate and conclusive, and has warranted the following conclusions : First : th e ancient Greeks in common with modern primitive peoples ascribed the cause of the mysterious phenomenon of madness to some superhuman power which had seized upon or

f C h . II. en tered into the a flicted person . ( ) Second : methods varying according to the nature of the con trolli ng power were resorted to as a means of placation or expul s in sion . In the case of posse sion by an irate god, or order to escape the madn ess sent by the avenging spirit of a murdered : man, these methods usually consisted in for the first , sacrifice

the urificator and participation in mysteries ; for the second, p y rites and flight from the country in which th e murder had been

committed . In the case of possession by spirits of personified sac d dis eas dise ases and in the case of the re e, these methods included the wearing of amulets and the use of certain quasi

Ch . medical pre parations . ( . V ) T i : of i n h rd the study the relat on of mad ess to the religious, u G e social, and legal instit tions of ancient r ece has yielded the following results

R . A G 1 . elation to religion mong the ancient reeks the per as sonal sanctity of the madman , in some way connected with

73 74 A GNES CARR VAUGHAN

the divine, varied in direct proportion to the reverence in whi ch

. As r e f the gods were held the latter dec eas d, the ormer kept

t . a pace wi h it This expl ins the descent of the madman, once d considered, perhaps, under the protection of the go s , to the of C h level the beggar . ( . III . ) (For a conjecture concerning the possible sacrifice of madmen s e as victim p culiarly acceptable to the god, see page

2 . R A s elation to the social organization . the connection of the madman with religion decreased he became less and less G important as a factor in the social organization of reece . As an indi vidual whose usefulness to the state had been impaired or entirely destroyed he was regarded as waste material , and no measures were taken by the state to provide for his welfare.

S i f C h . uch prov sion was le t to popular custom . ( . IV ) 3 G . Relation to law. reek law took little account of the

A o d madman . cc r ing to Plato, he was held only partially responsible for any crime, and only in the case of murder was the full penalty of exile advocated . This was owing, doubtless , n he to the primitive conception underlyi g Greek penal law . T m of mad an was, however, deprived of certain the rights of

h e e t . citizens ip ; for example, t stam ntary and adoptive righ s There is no evidence to show that a medical exami nation was a

- s E a pre requisite to an indictment for in anity . xamin tion of t these provisions goes to prove that, although the law did ake s l certain steps to protect others again t the madman, it paid ittle heed to the problem of protecting him against himself or against

m C h. the machinations of those about hi . ( VI . ) f es in G The whole question o madn s ancient reece, then,

s seems to have been dealt with, largely, by popular cu tom, except of v hi s in cases where the madman was positi e value, through t e co nnection wi h religion, or a positive menace to the stat through his irre sponsibility.