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Guide to Udder Health for Dairy Goats - Providing Guidance for Veterinarians and Producers in Improving Milk Quality

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Guide to Udder Health for Dairy Goats - Providing Guidance for Veterinarians and Producers in Improving Milk Quality Guide to udder health for dairy goats - Providing guidance for veterinarians and producers in improving milk quality Paula I. Menzies, DVM MPVM DipECSRHM Department Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario CANADA NlG 2W1, [email protected] Abstract from the latest research from around the world. The entire guide is available online for American Association of Small An udder health guide developed for dairy goats pro­ Ruminant Practitioners members on their website. vides guidance to producers, veterinarians, and dairy support Quality milk is defined by its characteristics: personnel in how to control mastitis and maintain milk qual­ • The level of bacteria in the milk; ity. It is divided into 8 sections that cover normal anatomy • The number of somatic cells; and physiology, the causes of mastitis and how to detect it, • The freezing point if the milk is abnormal in compo­ best practices for milking management, maintenance of milk­ sition; ing equipment, and troubleshooting poor milk quality. Other • Presence of residues of veterinary drugs and other sections cover treatment and control of mastitis, monitoring chemicals or toxin; and udder health, and health management of the dairy doe. More • By its color, flavor and odor. research is needed in some areas, although there is sufficient Most processors have standards, and provinces (and information available to provide a high quality udder health states) have legislation, governing what is acceptable quality program to this dairy sector. for goat milk. None of the components of this guide are part of a regulatory process, but its contents will assist under­ Key words: dairy goats, milk quality, udder health, mastitis standing how to produce better quality milk, with particular reference to the health of the udder. Resume The term "udder health" refers to those measures that keep the udder healthy so that it can produce high-quality Un guide de la sante du pis developpe pour les chevres milk. But of course, the udder is attached to the doe and the laitieres fournit des directives aux producteurs, aux veteri­ doe lives with other goats - so really "udder health" also refers naires et au personnel de soutien de la ferme laitiere dans le to those practices designed to keep the herd healthy so that but de controler la mammite et d'assurer la qualite du lait. the does can produce healthy milk. Ce guide est divise en huit sections qui couvrent l'anatomie Mastitis is the number 1 reason for poor udder health et la physiologie normales, les causes de la mammite et sa and is the major focus of the guide, but overall doe health also detection, les meilleures pratiques pour la regie de la traite, influences the ability for it to produce quality milk. Udder le main ti en de l' equipement de traite et la resolution des health is an integral component of producing quality milk - problemes associes au lait de mauvaise qualite. D'autres in terms of the level of somatic cells ( a measure of mastitis ), sections couvrent le traitement et le controle de la mammite, some aspects of bacterial counts, and of course residues of la surveillance de la sante du pis et la regie de la sante de la drugs in the milk. So in summary, this guide will emphasize chevre laitiere. Bien que de plus amples recherches soient milk quality within the context of udder health. necessaires dans certains domaines, il ya assez d'information The guide is organized into 8 sections. The presenta­ disponible pour avoir un programme de sante du pis de tion will be organized in the same manner. It also has 3 ap­ grande qualite dans ce secteur laitier. pendices: definitions of words or phrases, a self-assessment quiz, and additional resources and references. Introduction Section I. The normal mammary gland system of a doe This guide is designed to help educate producers, vet­ erinarians, and extension and dairy support personnel on This section establishes baseline knowledge of the how to best to produce quality milk by keeping the udder normal anatomy of the udder and teats as well as the normal healthy. The information in this guide has come from a num­ physiology of lactation, including the hormones involved ber of sources, but includes extension information from both in initiation and drying off. The anatomy of the teat is em­ the small ruminant and cow sectors, and new information phasized so that producers understand the role it plays in SEPTEMBER 2018 205 prevention of mastitis and factors that put its integrity at investments in the program) should be much less than the risk. Goats are very different from cattle in the volume of benefits realized because the costs of mastitis are avoided. milk that can be held in the cistern; this will affect how goats The public health risk associated with poor udder are milked, in order to minimize the amount of residual milk health should also be part of understanding the benefits left in the udder. of mastitis control. Zoonotic bacteria, contamination with The process of apocrine secretion is explained, im­ antimicrobials, and risk of antimicrobial resistance are some portant when somatic cell counts are discussed. The role of what needs to be considered. of oxytocin, including its triggers for release or inhibition This section also covers the clinical presentation of of release, is explained so that producers understand milk mastitis: letdown. Dry-off is particularly different in the doe, with • Severe clinical mastitis - the doe is ill, e.g. fever, de­ extended lactations becoming common. hydration, off feed with changes in udder and milk Normal milk production levels for the different breeds, and includes gangrenous mastitis; as well as the shape of lactation curves for those breeds are • Moderate clinical mastitis - the doe is not ill but provided. The factors that affect peak milk and lactation there are palpable or visual changes in the udder length are reviewed including photoperiod, frequency of ( e.g. swelling, redness, fibrosis, abscessation) as well milking, pregnancy, and others. as changes to milk; • Mild clinical mastitis - the doe is not systemically Section II. Mastitis - What causes it and how it is detected ill and the udder has no changes but the milk is abnormal, e.g. clots, discoloration; Mastitis means inflammation of the mammary gland • Changes in mild and moderate mastitis may be acute and change to the anatomy and/ or physiology of the udder. or chronic. Inflammation is the animal's response to a microorganism Subclinical mastitis occurs when no changes are clini­ ( e.g. bacteria, viruses) but may also be a response to injury cally apparent but inflammation or infection can be detected. or systemic illness. Inflammation can be seen because the Production losses occur as well. udder will become red, swollen, and painful - indications that Agalactia may also be a feature ofmastitis. This may be the immune system is active in the udder. "Intramammary due to loss of alveolar tissue from mastitis including alveolar 0 "d infection" (IMI) is a term often used instead of mastitis, but tissue at the top of the teat; caprine arthritis encephalitis ('[) is caused by a microorganism. (CAE) infection causes loss of alveolar tissue and scarring; ~ ~ (') The economic costs of mastitis in goats have not been teat wounds and secondary scarring from biting, causing (') ('[) well described in terms of dollars, but the factors to be consid­ blockage; congenital blockage which is not common; and en en ered are known. Mastitis causes loss in milk production and starvation or severe debilitation. 8-: the quality and yield of milk products ( e.g. cheese, yoghurt, r:n The microorganisms commonly responsible for mastitis q- fluid milk). It cannot be eradicated, but a control program can in goats are covered, and differentiated by whether they are [ reduce the losses. The program should be able to provide considered contagious (spread goat to goat) or primarily o· a favorable benefit-cost ratio and a substantive "avoidable contracted from the environment. p loss" - the difference between current losses and achievable losses given an udder health management program. Contagious Pathogens The costs associated with mastitis aren't just from lost milk production but also include: earlier culling and lost Staphylococcus aureus {SA) opportunity sales of young-stock to replace those does; dif­ In goats, this is the most common etiology of clinical ference between a cull doe slaughter price ( or dead doe) and mastitis and can be responsible for a range of presentations the value of a replacement doe; lost bonuses for producing from subclinical changes in the milk to gangrenous mastitis. quality milk; rejection of milk due to low quality; lost kid pro­ SA infections may come from other animals, but also people duction; veterinary costs for treating clinical mastitis; value and teat lesions. As with cattle, chronic SA infections are of discarded milk and risk of inhibitors; increased feed cost almost impossible to cure. associated with feeding less-productive does; and increased management costs to manage mastitic does. Welfare costs Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS) related to sick animals should also be considered. This group of organisms comprises up to 95% of posi­ The costs of a mastitis control program include im­ tive cultures. The most commonly isolated organisms are provements in housing, milking equipment and its mainte­ S. caprae and S. epidermidis. There is variation in pathoge­ nance; improved hygiene at milking and products to support nicity between species, with S. caprae appearing to be the it; preventive therapies such as intramammary antibiotics; most pathogenic. IMI is considered to be present when > 5 routine monitoring for mastitis including somatic cells and colony forming units (cfu)/µl milk and 1 to 3 colony types culture; and changes in policy on maintaining infected goats, are present.
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