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Mammary Gland Mammary Gland Suporn Katawatin Department of Animal Science Khon Kaen University Question - Why do cows have four mammary glands? Click here Why4.doc Mammary gland Gland anatomy Circulatory system Lymphatic system Nervous system Gross anatomy: cow model To achieve functional capacity of mammary gland, a number of supporting systems must exist Physical support of the udder mass - Suspensory system On/off valve for intermittent removal of milk - Teat Pathway for milk to travel from the milk synthesis site to the exit - Ducts & Cisterns Means of actively expelling milk from the udder - Neural system Continuous supply of substrates for milk synthesis - Blood system Means of balancing the fluid dynamics in the tissue - Lymph system Internal secretory tissue - Lobes/lobules/alveoli Suspensory system: Physical support of the udder mass median suspensory ligament most important part of the suspensory system in cattle partially separates the left and right halves of the udder great tensile strength, able to stretch, allow increased weight of gland located at center of gravity of the udder to give balanced suspension Suspensory system There are seven tissues that provide support for the udder: Suspensory system.doc Teat : On/off valve for intermittent removal of milk only exit for secretion from gland and for calf to receive milk one teat one gland no hair, sweat glands or sebacious glands size and shape are independent of the size, shape or milk production of the udder average size (cow model) fore teats 6.6 cm long and 2.9 cm in diameter rear teats 5.2 cm long and 2.6 cm in diameter Supernumerary Teats extra teats some open into a "normal" gland, but many do not pseudo-teat has no streak canal, no connection internal of gland many sows have extra, non- functional teats Streak canal (ductus papillaris) only orifice between internal milk secretory system and external environment main barrier against intramammary infection lined with keratin material, antibacterial properties kept closed by sphincter muscles opened when milked for an hour or more after milking, provides access of bacteria to inside gland during dry period, epidermal tissue lining streak canal forms keratin plug to effectively seals off canal Teat cistern (Sinus papillaris) cavity within teat, continuous with gland cistern lined with longitudinal and circular folds in mucosa, form pockets on the inner lining of the teat. fills with milk during milk letdown, and together with milk in gland cistern removed with each sucking Click to read more on teats Teat.doc Ducts & Cisterns: Pathway for milk to travel from synthesis site to the exit ducts are tubing by which milk moves from alveoli to teat for milk removal cisterns are open areas between teat and large ducts, collect milk between milkings allows accumulate more milk in udder between milkings or suckling by the calf Gland Cisterns or udder cistern opens directly into the teat cistern Click to read more on ducts & cisterns ducts & cisterns.doc Neural system: Means of actively expelling milk from the udder innervation inside udder sparse compared with other tissues sympathetic nerves present in the tissue, associated with arteries, but do not innervate alveoli no parasympathetic innervation, similar to other skin glands Sensory nerves found in teats and skin, initiating milk ejection reflex no innervation of the secretory system include Myoepithelial cells, contract in response to oxytocin Few nerves go to interior of the udder, biopsy of gland can be done with local anesthetic to skin ภาพแสดงระบบ ประสาทที่เตานม้ Blood system: Continuous supply of substrates for milk synthesis All milk precursors come from blood 400 - 500 units of blood through udder for each unit of milk synthesized; ~280 ml per sec. 2-6 fold increase in blood flow in mammary gland starting 2-3 days prepartum efficiency of extraction of components from blood is important decrease in production with advancing lactation is not due to decreased blood flow, rather to loss of secretory epithelial cells through apoptosis ภาพแสดงระบบไหลเวยนเลี ือดที่มายงเตั านม้ Diagram showing location of arteries (red) and veins (purple) leaving the body cavity through the inguinal canal (white circle). Green circle indicates location of supramammary lymph nodes. Lymph system: Means of balancing the fluid dynamics in the tissue large molecules, proteins, metabolites, secretory products, not return to venous drainage but are in the interstitial spaces, disrupt normal balance of osmotic pressure in tissue upsetting trans-capillary fluid exchange excess fluid accumulate in the interstitial spaces Functions of lymphatics: Drained extracellular fluids from tissue back to blood via the lymphatic network contain lymphocytes and macrophages in lymph nodes, an immune response to bacteria and foreign transport vitamin K, lipids Udder edema swelling of the udder, fluid accumulates between skin and glandular tissue, and in gland caused by an imbalance of hydrostatic and osmotic pressures, increasing fluid flow out of the capillaries into the interstitial spaces first time calving heifers prone to udder edema Severe edema can strain supportive structures of udder ภาพแสดงระบบน้าเหลํ ือง lymphatic system.doc Lobes/lobules/alveoli: Internal secretory tissue Connective tissue: parenchyma & fat pad Secretory tissue : secretory epithelial cells, organized into lobes, with each lobe made up of many lobules. Each lobule contains 150-220 microscopic alveoli Lobules fundamental growing units of mammary tissue- mammary growth composed of a cluster of 150-220 alveoli, encapsulated by connective tissue sheath During late pregnancy, alveolus forms within the lobules Alveoli -(acini) sac-like, where milk is synthesized and secreted lumen lined by single layer of secretory epithelial cells epithelial lining surrounded by myoepithelial cells Outside of myoepithelial cells surrounded by basement membrane outside alveolus, between alveoli, is capillary bed, part of the stromal tissue (connective tissue) precursors and substrates of milk components must pass epithelial cells to be converted into milk lactose, fat, or proteins alveoli from lactating pig stained material in the lumen is milk contents several round clear areas near bottom fat of the right-hand droplets alveolus are fat droplets, ready to be secreted non-lactating cow (30 days after drying off) alveoli shrunk lactating more stromal area between alveoli and ducts ducts not regress as Non- much as alveoli lactating during mammary gland involution Non-lactating alveoli Lactating alveoli.
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