Pathogenesis of Bovine Alphaherpesvirus 2 in Calves Following Different Routes of Inoculation1 Bruna P
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Scientific Opinion on Lumpy Skin Disease 2
EFSA Journal 2015;13(1):3986 SCIENTIFIC OPINION 1 1 Scientific Opinion on lumpy skin disease 2 EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW)2,3 3 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy 4 ABSTRACT 5 Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease of cattle characterised by severe losses, especially in 6 naive animals. LSD is endemic in many African and Asian countries, and it is rapidly spreading 7 throughout the Middle East, including Turkey. LSD is transmitted by mechanical vectors, but 8 direct/indirect transmission may occur. The disease would mainly be transferred to infection-free areas 9 by transport of infected animals and vectors. In the EU, it could only happen through illegal transport 10 of animals. The risk for that depends on the prevalence in the country of origin and the number of 11 animals illegally moved. Based on a model to simulate LSD spread between farms, culling animals 12 with generalised clinical signs seems to be sufficient to contain 90 % of epidemics around the initial 13 site of incursion, but the remaining 10 % of simulated epidemics can spread up to 400 km from the site 14 of introduction by six months after incursion. Whole-herd culling of infected farms substantially 15 reduces the spread of LSD virus, and the more rapidly farms are detected and culled, the greater the 16 magnitude of the reduction is. Only live attenuated vaccines against LSD are available. Homologous 17 vaccines are more effective than sheep pox strain vaccines. The safety of the vaccines should be 18 improved and the development of vaccines for differentiating between infected and vaccinated animals 19 is recommended. -
Judging Dairy Cattle
Judging Dairy Cattle The primary function of the dairy cow is the economical production of milk. It has been proven that quality type or form is directly related to function. In other words, a dairy cow with good quality type has the potential to efficiently and economically produce milk. Your task, as a producer of dairy cows, is to breed good quality cows. In this leaflet we will work towards these objectives to help you accomplish your task. Learn the desirable points of conformation in a quality dairy cow and heifer. Show you how to determine if a particular animal possesses these desirable points. The first step is to learn the parts of the dairy animal. Parts of the Dairy Cow Judging the Dairy Cow 4-H Manitoba 2019 Once you know the parts of the body, the next step to becoming a successful dairy judge is to learn what the ideal animal looks like. In this section, we will work through the parts of a dairy cow and learn the desirable and undesirable characteristics. Holstein Canada has developed a scorecard which places relative emphasis on the six areas of importance in the dairy cow. This scorecard is used by all dairy breeds in Canada. The Holstein Cow Scorecard uses these six areas: 1. Frame / Capacity 2. Rump 3. Feet and Legs 4. Mammary System 5. Dairy Character When you judge, do not assign numerical scores. Use the card for relative emphasis only. When cows are classified by the official breed classifiers, classifications and absolute scores are assigned. 2 HOLSTEIN COW SCORE CARD 18 1. -
A Scoping Review of Viral Diseases in African Ungulates
veterinary sciences Review A Scoping Review of Viral Diseases in African Ungulates Hendrik Swanepoel 1,2, Jan Crafford 1 and Melvyn Quan 1,* 1 Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; [email protected] (H.S.); [email protected] (J.C.) 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +27-12-529-8142 Abstract: (1) Background: Viral diseases are important as they can cause significant clinical disease in both wild and domestic animals, as well as in humans. They also make up a large proportion of emerging infectious diseases. (2) Methods: A scoping review of peer-reviewed publications was performed and based on the guidelines set out in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews. (3) Results: The final set of publications consisted of 145 publications. Thirty-two viruses were identified in the publications and 50 African ungulates were reported/diagnosed with viral infections. Eighteen countries had viruses diagnosed in wild ungulates reported in the literature. (4) Conclusions: A comprehensive review identified several areas where little information was available and recommendations were made. It is recommended that governments and research institutions offer more funding to investigate and report viral diseases of greater clinical and zoonotic significance. A further recommendation is for appropriate One Health approaches to be adopted for investigating, controlling, managing and preventing diseases. Diseases which may threaten the conservation of certain wildlife species also require focused attention. -
RVF Reported Cases in SG P Govt Last 20 Yrs Although Threat on Border with Somali
Policy Landscaping Study of RVF Control in Eastern and Southern Africa Prepared for GALVmed by Peter G. Sinyangwe, Ph. D May 2013 Copyright Peter Sinyangwe. Any views expressed, do not necessarily represent those of GALVmed. Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Rift Valley fever Overview 1 2.1 Rift Valley fever 1 2.2 Control of RVF in livestock 1 2.3 Vector control 2 3 Objectives 2 4 Methodology 2 5 Key Findings 2 5.1 Control of RVF in Eastern Africa 2 5.1.1 Control of RVF in Kenya, Ethiopia and Tanzania 3 5.1.2 Kenya 7 5.1.3 Tanzania 8 5.1.4 Ethiopia 8 5.2 Control of RVF in Southern Africa 10 5.2.1 Control of RVF in Namibia, Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa 10 5.2.2 Namibia 14 5.2.3 Botswana 14 5.2.4 Zimbabwe 14 5.2.5 South Africa 14 6 Feasibility of an African wide RVF vaccine bank 19 6.1 Concept 19 6.2 Key Points for consideration 20 7 Policy analysis and Conclusions 20 7.1 Policy analysis 20 7.2 Conclusions 21 8 Recommendations 22 8.1 Specific recommendations 22 8.2 General recommendations 22 9 References 23 APPENDIX I: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 24 APPENDIX II: GENERAL TERMS OF REFERENCE 26 APPENDIX III: LEGISLATION 28 APPENDIX IV: LIST OF RESPONDENTS 29 APPENDIX V: POLICY LANDSCAPING STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE 31 Policy Landscaping Study of RVF Control in Eastern and Southern Afric a I Page 3 Acronyms AU African Union CBPP Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EAC East African Community FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FMD Foot and mouth disease IBAR Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources ILRI -
First Molecular Characterization of Poxviruses in Cattle, Sheep, And
Modise et al. Virol J (2021) 18:167 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-021-01634-9 RESEARCH Open Access First molecular characterization of poxviruses in cattle, sheep, and goats in Botswana Boitumelo Magret Modise1* , Tirumala Bharani Kumar Settypalli2, Tebogo Kgotlele1, Dingrong Xue2,3, Kebonyemodisa Ntesang1, Kago Kumile1, Ivancho Naletoski2, John Frederick Nyange1, Carter Thanda1, Kenny Nametso Macheng1, Chandapiwa Marobela‑Raborokgwe1, Gerrit Johannes Viljoen2, Giovanni Cattoli2 and Charles Euloge Lamien2 Abstract Background: Poxviruses within the Capripoxvirus, Orthopoxvirus, and Parapoxvirus genera can infect livestock, with the two former having zoonotic importance. In addition, they induce similar clinical symptoms in common host spe‑ cies, creating a challenge for diagnosis. Although endemic in the country, poxvirus infections of small ruminants and cattle have received little attention in Botswana, with no prior use of molecular tools to diagnose and characterize the pathogens. Methods: A high‑resolution melting (HRM) assay was used to detect and diferentiate poxviruses in skin biopsy and skin scab samples from four cattle, one sheep, and one goat. Molecular characterization of capripoxviruses and para‑ poxviruses was undertaken by sequence analysis of RPO30 and GPCR genes. Results: The HRM assay revealed lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in three cattle samples, pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) in one cattle sample, and orf virus (ORFV) in one goat and one sheep sample. The phylogenetic analyses, based on the RPO30 and GPCR multiple sequence alignments showed that the LSDV sequences of Botswana were similar to common LSDV feld isolates encountered in Africa, Asia, and Europe. The Botswana PCPV presented unique features and clustered between camel and cattle PCPV isolates. -
From Birth to Colostrum: Early Steps Leading to Lamb Survival Raymond Nowak, Pascal Poindron
From birth to colostrum: early steps leading to lamb survival Raymond Nowak, Pascal Poindron To cite this version: Raymond Nowak, Pascal Poindron. From birth to colostrum: early steps leading to lamb survival. Reproduction Nutrition Development, EDP Sciences, 2006, 46 (4), pp.431-446. 10.1051/rnd:2006023. hal-00900627 HAL Id: hal-00900627 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00900627 Submitted on 1 Jan 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 46 (2006) 431–446 431 c INRA, EDP Sciences, 2006 DOI: 10.1051/rnd:2006023 Review From birth to colostrum: early steps leading to lamb survival Raymond N*, Pascal P Laboratoire de Comportements, Neurobiologie et Adaptation, UMR 6175 CNRS-INRA-Université François Rabelais-Haras Nationaux, Unité de Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France Abstract – New-born lambs have limited energy reserves and need a rapid access to colostrum to maintain homeothermy and survive. In addition to energy, colostrum provides immunoglobulins which ensure passive systemic immunity. Therefore, getting early access to the udder is essential for the neonate. The results from the literature reviewed here highlight the importance of the birth site as the location where the mutual bonding between the mother and her young takes place. -
Udder Morphology, Milk Production and Udder Health in Small Ruminants
J. Vrdoljak et al.: Udder morphology, milk production and udder health in small ruminants, et al.: Udder morphology, J. Vrdoljak REVIEW | UDK: 636.37 | DoI: 10.15567/mljekarstvo.2020.0201 REcEIVED: 17.10.2019. | AccEptED: 20.03.2020. Udder morphology, milk production and udder health in small ruminants Josip Vrdoljak1, Zvonimir Prpić 2*, Dubravka Samaržija 3, Ivan Vnučec 2, Miljenko Konjačić 2, Nikolina Kelava Ugarković 2 1Pleter usluge d.o.o., Čerinina 23, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 2University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 3University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Dairy Science, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Mljekarstvo In recent years there has been an increasing trend in research of sheep and goat udder morphology, not only from the view of its suitability for machine milking, but also in terms of milk yield and mam- 70 (2), 75-84 (2020) mary gland health. More precisely, herds consisting of high-yielding sheep and goats as a result of long-term and one-sided selection to increase milk yield, have been characterised by distortion of the udder morphology caused by increasing the pressure of udder weight on its suspensory system. Along with the deteriorated milking traits, which is negatively reflected on the udder health, some udder mor- phology traits are often emphasized as factor of production longevity of dairy sheep and goats. Since the intention of farmers and breeders nowadays is to increase the milk yield of sheep and goats while maintaining desirable udder morphology and udder health, the aim of this paper is to give a detailed overview of the current knowledge about the relationship of morphological udder traits with milk yield, and the health of the mammary gland of sheep and goats. -
The Structure of the Cow's Udder
UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 344 The Structure of the Cow's Udder C. W. T u RN ER COLUMBIA, MISSOURI JANUARY, 1935 UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Agricultural Experiment Station EXECUTIVE BOARD OF CURATORS.-MERCER ARNOLD, joplin; H. J. BLANTON. Pario: GEORGE C. WILLSON, St. Louio STATION STAFF, JANUARY, 1935 WALTER WILLIAMS, L.L. D., President FREDERICK A. MIDDLEBUSH, Ph. D ., Acting President F B . MUMFORD, M S~ D. Agr., Director S. B. SHIRKY, A.M., Asst. to Director MISS ELLA PAHMEIER, Secretary AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY E. MARION BROWN, A.M.* A. G. HoGAN, Ph.D. Mtss CLARA FuHR, M.S.* L. D. HAIGH, Ph.D. E. W. CowAN, A.M. HOME ECONOMICS J.UTHitP. R. RICHARDSON, Ph.D. U. S. AsHwOJ.TH. Ph.D MABEL CAMPBELL, A.M. A.M. ]ESSIE ALICE CLINE, A.M. S. R. JoHNSON, ADELLA EPPEL GINTER, M.S. HELEN BERESFORD, B.S. AGRICULTtlRAL ECONOMICS BERTHA BtSBI!Y, Ph.D. 0. R. JoHNsoN, A.M ]ESSIE v. COLES, Ph.D. BEN H. FRA>lE, A.M. BERTHA K. WHIPPLE, M.S F. L. THOl<SEN, Ph.D c. H. HAl<llAil, Ph.D. HORTICULTURE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING T. J. TALBI!kT, A.M. J. C. WooLEY, M .S. A. E. MuRNEEJ<, Ph.D. MAcJ: M. JoNES. M.S. H. G. SwARTWOUT, A.M. G. W. GILES, B.S. in A. E. GEO. CARL VINSON, Ph.D. FRAN!t Holi.SFALL, ]R., A.M. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY R. A. ScRilOEDER, 11.S. in Agr. GEOilGI! E. SMITH, B S. in Agr. E. -
Internet Research Cheetahs Page of 1
Internet Research Cheetahs CHEETAHS http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/cheetah/ The cheetah is the world's fastest land mammal. With acceleration that would leave most automobiles in the dust, a cheetah can go from 0 to 60 miles (96 kilometers) an hour in only three seconds. These big cats are quite nimble at high speed and can make quick and sudden turns in pursuit of prey. Before unleashing their speed, cheetahs use exceptionally keen eyesight to scan their grassland environment for signs of prey—especially antelope and hares. This big cat is a daylight hunter that benefits from stealthy movement and a distinctive spotted coat that allows it to blend easily into high, dry grasses. When the moment is right a cheetah will sprint after its quarry and attempt to knock it down. Such chases cost the hunter a tremendous amount of energy and are usually over in less than a minute. If successful, the cheetah will often drag its kill to a shady hiding place to protect it from opportunistic animals that sometimes steal a kill before the cheetah can eat. Cheetahs need only drink once every three to four days. Female cheetahs typically have a litter of three cubs and live with them for one and a half to two years. Young cubs spend their first year learning from their mother and practicing hunting techniques with playful games. Male cheetahs live alone or in small groups, often with their littermates. Most wild cheetahs are found in eastern and southwestern Africa. Perhaps only 7,000 to 10,000 of these big cats remain, and those are under pressure as the wide-open grasslands they favor are disappearing at the hands of human settlers. -
Mastitis Control Programs Bovine Mastitis and Milking Management J
AS1129 (Revised) Mastitis Control Programs Bovine Mastitis and Milking Management J. W. Schroeder, Extension Dairy Specialist astitis complex; no simple solutions are Mavailable for its control. Some aspects are well- understood and documented in the scientific literature. Others are controversial, and opinions often are presented as facts. The information and interpretations presented here represent the best judgments accepted by the National Mastitis Council. To simplify understanding of mastitis, you’ll need to consider that three major factors are involved in this Figure 1 disease: the microorganisms that cause it, the cow as host and the environment, which Cows contract udder infection to reduce this exposure and can influence the cow and the at different ages and stages of enhance resistance to udder microorganisms. (Figure 1) the lactation cycle. Cows also disease. More than 100 different vary in their ability to overcome Practical measures are microorganisms can cause an infection once it has been available to maintain common mastitis, and these vary greatly established. Therefore, the forms of mastitis at relatively in the route by which they reach cow plays an active role in the low and acceptable levels in the cow and the nature of the development of mastitis. the majority of herds. While disease they cause. The cows’ environment continued research is needed to influences the numbers and control the less common forms types of bacteria they are of intramammary infection, exposed to and their ability to herd problems are often the resist these microorganisms. result of failure to apply the However, through appropriate proven mastitis-control practices management practices, the consistently and to consider all North Dakota State University environment can be controlled aspects of the disease problem. -
Molecular Characterization of the First Saltwater Crocodilepox Virus
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Molecular characterization of the frst saltwater crocodilepox virus genome sequences from the Received: 15 November 2017 Accepted: 20 March 2018 world’s largest living member of the Published: xx xx xxxx Crocodylia Subir Sarker1, Sally R. Isberg2,3, Natalie L. Milic3, Peter Lock4 & Karla J. Helbig1 Crocodilepox virus is a large dsDNA virus belonging to the genus Crocodylidpoxvirus, which infects a wide range of host species in the order Crocodylia worldwide. Here, we present genome sequences for a novel saltwater crocodilepox virus, with two subtypes (SwCRV-1 and -2), isolated from the Australian saltwater crocodile. Afected belly skins of juvenile saltwater crocodiles were used to sequence complete viral genomes, and perform electron microscopic analysis that visualized immature and mature virions. Analysis of the SwCRV genomes showed a high degree of sequence similarity to CRV (84.53% and 83.70%, respectively), with the novel SwCRV-1 and -2 complete genome sequences missing 5 and 6 genes respectively when compared to CRV, but containing 45 and 44 predicted unique genes. Similar to CRV, SwCRV also lacks the genes involved in virulence and host range, however, considering the presence of numerous hypothetical and or unique genes in the SwCRV genomes, it is completely reasonable that the genes encoding these functions are present but not recognized. Phylogenetic analysis suggested a monophyletic relationship between SwCRV and CRV, however, SwCRV is quite distinct from other chordopoxvirus genomes. These are the frst SwCRV complete genome sequences isolated from saltwater crocodile skin lesions. Te crocodilepox virus belongs to the genus Crocodylidpoxvirus, a member of the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae in the family Poxviridae. -
FAO. 2013. Emergence of Lumpy Skin Disease in the Eastern
empres watch VOL 29 November 2013 [email protected] | www.fao.org/ag/empres.html Emergence of lumpy skin disease in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin countries Contributors: Sherrylin Wainwright a, Ahmed El Idrissi a, Raffaele Mattioli a, Markos Tibbo b, Felix Njeumi a, Eran Raizman a a Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); b FAO Regional Office for the Near East (FAO-RNE) Animal Health (OIE). considering the area’s substantial livestock Contents LSD was first reported in Africa, where it population. Turkey maintains over 11.3 million crippled the production potential of cattle and heads of cattle. Iraq, Lebanon and the Syrian 1. Introduction 1 compromised vulnerable livelihoods on the Arab Republic maintain 2.8 million heads, continent. LSD moved beyond Africa in 1989 and the Islamic Republic of Iran maintains 2. Risk assessment 3 when Israel confirmed its first LSD outbreak. for approximately 8.5 million heads. Armenia, In subsequent years Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Azerbaijan and Georgia combined maintain 3. Risk management Yemen and the West Bank also reported LSD 4million heads. options for at-risk incursion. Lebanon and Jordan joined LSD- At-risk countries include the Russian affected countries in 2012 and 2013, and Federation to the north and Bulgaria and countries 4 most recently Turkey reported the disease in Greece to the west. This is in line with the 4. Conclusions 5 October 2013 (see Table 1). spread of other significant transboundary There is an imminent risk that LSD will animal diseases (e.g. African swine fever, 5. References 5 (or has already) become endemic in some foot-and-mouth disease, sheep pox and goat countries in the Middle East.