DOCSLIB.ORG

FAO. 2013. Emergence of Lumpy Skin Disease in the Eastern

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
FAO. 2013. Emergence of Lumpy Skin Disease in the Eastern empres watch VOL 29 November 2013 [email protected] | www.fao.org/ag/empres.html Emergence of lumpy skin disease in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin countries Contributors: Sherrylin Wainwright a, Ahmed El Idrissi a, Raffaele Mattioli a, Markos Tibbo b, Felix Njeumi a, Eran Raizman a a Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); b FAO Regional Office for the Near East (FAO-RNE) Animal Health (OIE). considering the area’s substantial livestock Contents LSD was first reported in Africa, where it population. Turkey maintains over 11.3 million crippled the production potential of cattle and heads of cattle. Iraq, Lebanon and the Syrian 1. Introduction 1 compromised vulnerable livelihoods on the Arab Republic maintain 2.8 million heads, continent. LSD moved beyond Africa in 1989 and the Islamic Republic of Iran maintains 2. Risk assessment 3 when Israel confirmed its first LSD outbreak. for approximately 8.5 million heads. Armenia, In subsequent years Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Azerbaijan and Georgia combined maintain 3. Risk management Yemen and the West Bank also reported LSD 4million heads. options for at-risk incursion. Lebanon and Jordan joined LSD- At-risk countries include the Russian affected countries in 2012 and 2013, and Federation to the north and Bulgaria and countries 4 most recently Turkey reported the disease in Greece to the west. This is in line with the 4. Conclusions 5 October 2013 (see Table 1). spread of other significant transboundary There is an imminent risk that LSD will animal diseases (e.g. African swine fever, 5. References 5 (or has already) become endemic in some foot-and-mouth disease, sheep pox and goat countries in the Middle East. Although LSD pox) in the region. Moreover, capripoxviruses has not been reported in the Syrian Arab could be considered emerging disease 1. Introduction Republic – most likely due to the current threats because of global climate change and armed conflict – the disease probably alterations to the trade patterns of animals 1.1 Occurrence of lumpy skin travelled through the Syrian Arab Republic to and animal products. 2 disease in Middle East Turkey. LSD may also be in Iraq. Furthermore, umpy skin disease (LSD) is caused the situation raises concerns that the disease 1.2 Epidemiology by the lumpy skin disease virus may continue spreading: i) north and west The morbidity rate for LSD ranges from 5 to L (i.e. capripoxvirus, poxviridae). The from Turkey into Europe and the Caucasus; 45 percent depending on the: i) distribution virus mainly affects cattle and Asian and ii) east to Central and South Asia. and abundance of insect vectors; ii) breed water buffaloes. LSD can cause devastating LSD shows significant potential for of cattle affected; and iii) general health and economic impacts. 1 New outbreaks of LSD major socio-economic impacts should it nutritional status of the animals in question. in previously free regions require immediate continue spreading: i) throughout newly Occasional mortality rates from 10 to beyond notification under the Terrestrial Animal affected countries; and ii) into their LSD- 40 percent have been reported, but the rate of Health Code of the World Organisation for free neighbours. This is especially alarming 1 to 5 percent is considered more usual. Table 1. LSD outbreaks, as reported to OIE* Countries 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Bahrain present present 0 present 0 0 0 0 Egypt present 0 0 0 0 0 present present Israel present present 0 0 0 0 present present Jordan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 present Lebanon 0 0 0 0 0 0 present present Oman present 0 0 present present present present 0 West Bank present present present 0 0 0 0 present Turkey 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 present * 0 = country reported zero cases for that year to OIE; present = country reported disease present that year to OIE VOL 29 NOVEMBER 2013 | empres watch 1.3 Transmission 1.5 Diagnosis RM 65 [Jordan Bio industries Centre, JOVAC] and the Tissue Culture Sheep Different types of biting and blood-feeding The manifestation of LSD may range from Pox Vaccine [Kenyan S/GP 0240, arthropods (including mosquitoes and flies3,4) acute to subclinical (see Table 2). VSVRI, Egypt]). are likely responsible for the mechanical 5 1.6 Virus susceptibility spread of the LSD virus . Disease incidence 1.8 Laboratory is highest in wet/warm weather. Incidence Disinfection is possible using ether decreases during the dry season, which is (20 percent), chloroform, formalin (1 percent) When disease is introduced for the first time, possibly linked to decreases in insect vector and some detergents (e.g. sodium dodecyl a fast and accurate laboratory confirmation occurrence/numbers. Minor sources of sulphate; phenol [2 percent/15 minutes], of the tentative field diagnosis is required infection could include direct and indirect sodium hypochlorite [2–3 percent], before beginning relatively expensive control contact (e.g. through infective-saliva iodine compounds [1:33 dilution], Virkon® and eradication measures. Virus isolation contaminated feed and water). Other [2 percent] and quaternary ammonium and molecular diagnostic tests play an potential transmission routes include the milk compounds [0.5 percent]). 12 important role in monitoring the spread of the of lactating cows and the semen of infected capripoxviruses and controlling outbreaks bulls, since the LSD virus can persist for 1.7 Vaccine in susceptible livestock. However, those extended periods of time in both 6,7. Live, attenuated vaccines are commonly used laboratories which are poorly equipped or against LSD. This is because immunity to located in challenging field environments 1.4 Host susceptibility capripoxviruses is mainly cell mediated and is face difficulties accessing these molecular Susceptibility and eventual disease severity better stimulated by the use of live vaccines. techniques that rely upon expensive depends on the dose and route of virus While effective, live vaccines occasionally equipment. inoculation as well as the health and cause serious side effects (e.g. intense The development of a loop-mediated nutritional status of the affected animal. local reaction at the vaccination site, which isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay Considered at risk are all cattle breeds plus rarely develop into generalized infection and for rapid detection of capripoxviruses has Asian water buffaloes (Bos Bubalis). Bos frequently cause a temporary decrease in milk been shown to be highly specific with no taurus cattle breeds are more susceptible production). Due to cell mediated immunity, apparent cross-reactivity to other related than Bos indicus breeds, and young calves low antibody responses are common after viruses (i.e. near neighbours) or viruses that often experience more severe disease than vaccination with attenuated live vaccines, cause similar clinical signs (i.e. look-a-like adults. Although the incubation period under even though vaccinated animals are fully viruses). When compared to highly sensitive field conditions has not been reported, protected. 13 Inactivated vaccines do not quantitative real-time polymerase chain the onset of fever following inoculation is provide long-term immunity; therefore, annual reaction assay (PCR). LAMP and quantitative, in 6–9 days. The first skin lesions appear booster vaccinations are recommended. real-time PCR exhibited similar analytical at the inoculation site in 4–20 days. 8 No Vaccination has shown to reduce the negative sensitivities. Overall agreement on diagnostic carrier status is recognized in cattle following economic impacts of LSD. 14 test results between the two assays was infection with LSD virus. Live virus can be Vaccines used presently in the Middle East 90–95 percent for specificity and 89–100 detected up to 39 days post-infection in the include: percent for sensitivity. The LAMP assay is dried crust of skin lesions on an infected • homologous live attenuated vaccines simple to use, inexpensive, highly sensitive animal 9 and up to 18 days in scrapings from containing Neethling strain (including and particularly well suited for the diagnosis dried lesions of air-dried hides held at room Lumpy Skin Disease Vaccine for Cattle® of capripox in less well equipped laboratories temperature. 10 The virus may be found in (Onderstepoort Biological Product, and in rural settings where resources are milk of infected animals; therefore, it should South Africa); Lumpyvax®, Intervet, limited. 15 not be used as a supplement for susceptible Namibia; New live vaccine, HerbivacLS® Serological surveys for LSD virus are animals. 11 Deltamune/Ceva Santé Animale, South constrained by the lack of suitable diagnostic Africa); and tools. Unfortunately, there are no sufficiently • sheep pox vaccines produced in the sensitive and validated enzyme-linked region (including Sheep-pox vaccine immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) available Table 2. Typical clinical signs for lumpy skin disease Skin Mucosal lining Pregnant/lactating animals Other clinical signs Disseminated cutaneous Pox lesions may develop Reduction in milk yield by Fever, depression, anorexia, papules (2–5 cm) throughout throughout mucosa linings lactating cattle decreased weight gain and the full thickness of hide; of alimentary and respiratory emaciation necrotic centres (sitfasts), tracts, including nasal which may fall out, creating turbinates, trachea scars and holes in hide Papules most easily seen in Pox lesions on lung with Possible abortions Excessive salivation, rhinitis and hairless areas of perineum, marked generalized interlobular conjunctivitis, which may be udder, inner ear and muzzle, edema, resulting in primary and mucopurulent eyelids secondary pneumonia Enlarged superficial lymph Legs may be edematous; nodes animal reluctant to move Secondary bacterial infections 2 empres watch | VOL 29 NOVEMBER 2013 5. the likely impacts of LSD should for LSD virus. Although reliable, serum/virus pieces of tissue should be collected and movement occur. neutralization tests are labour-intensive and the medium should contain 10 percent Animal health authorities need this crucial time-consuming. This renders them unsuitable glycerol; the central part of the sample assessment in order to plan, implement and for large-scale testing.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Scientific Opinion on Lumpy Skin Disease 2
    EFSA Journal 2015;13(1):3986 SCIENTIFIC OPINION 1 1 Scientific Opinion on lumpy skin disease 2 EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW)2,3 3 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy 4 ABSTRACT 5 Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease of cattle characterised by severe losses, especially in 6 naive animals. LSD is endemic in many African and Asian countries, and it is rapidly spreading 7 throughout the Middle East, including Turkey. LSD is transmitted by mechanical vectors, but 8 direct/indirect transmission may occur. The disease would mainly be transferred to infection-free areas 9 by transport of infected animals and vectors. In the EU, it could only happen through illegal transport 10 of animals. The risk for that depends on the prevalence in the country of origin and the number of 11 animals illegally moved. Based on a model to simulate LSD spread between farms, culling animals 12 with generalised clinical signs seems to be sufficient to contain 90 % of epidemics around the initial 13 site of incursion, but the remaining 10 % of simulated epidemics can spread up to 400 km from the site 14 of introduction by six months after incursion. Whole-herd culling of infected farms substantially 15 reduces the spread of LSD virus, and the more rapidly farms are detected and culled, the greater the 16 magnitude of the reduction is. Only live attenuated vaccines against LSD are available. Homologous 17 vaccines are more effective than sheep pox strain vaccines. The safety of the vaccines should be 18 improved and the development of vaccines for differentiating between infected and vaccinated animals 19 is recommended.
    [Show full text]
  • A Scoping Review of Viral Diseases in African Ungulates
    veterinary sciences Review A Scoping Review of Viral Diseases in African Ungulates Hendrik Swanepoel 1,2, Jan Crafford 1 and Melvyn Quan 1,* 1 Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; [email protected] (H.S.); [email protected] (J.C.) 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +27-12-529-8142 Abstract: (1) Background: Viral diseases are important as they can cause significant clinical disease in both wild and domestic animals, as well as in humans. They also make up a large proportion of emerging infectious diseases. (2) Methods: A scoping review of peer-reviewed publications was performed and based on the guidelines set out in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews. (3) Results: The final set of publications consisted of 145 publications. Thirty-two viruses were identified in the publications and 50 African ungulates were reported/diagnosed with viral infections. Eighteen countries had viruses diagnosed in wild ungulates reported in the literature. (4) Conclusions: A comprehensive review identified several areas where little information was available and recommendations were made. It is recommended that governments and research institutions offer more funding to investigate and report viral diseases of greater clinical and zoonotic significance. A further recommendation is for appropriate One Health approaches to be adopted for investigating, controlling, managing and preventing diseases. Diseases which may threaten the conservation of certain wildlife species also require focused attention.
    [Show full text]
  • RVF Reported Cases in SG P Govt Last 20 Yrs Although Threat on Border with Somali
    Policy Landscaping Study of RVF Control in Eastern and Southern Africa Prepared for GALVmed by Peter G. Sinyangwe, Ph. D May 2013 Copyright Peter Sinyangwe. Any views expressed, do not necessarily represent those of GALVmed. Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Rift Valley fever Overview 1 2.1 Rift Valley fever 1 2.2 Control of RVF in livestock 1 2.3 Vector control 2 3 Objectives 2 4 Methodology 2 5 Key Findings 2 5.1 Control of RVF in Eastern Africa 2 5.1.1 Control of RVF in Kenya, Ethiopia and Tanzania 3 5.1.2 Kenya 7 5.1.3 Tanzania 8 5.1.4 Ethiopia 8 5.2 Control of RVF in Southern Africa 10 5.2.1 Control of RVF in Namibia, Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa 10 5.2.2 Namibia 14 5.2.3 Botswana 14 5.2.4 Zimbabwe 14 5.2.5 South Africa 14 6 Feasibility of an African wide RVF vaccine bank 19 6.1 Concept 19 6.2 Key Points for consideration 20 7 Policy analysis and Conclusions 20 7.1 Policy analysis 20 7.2 Conclusions 21 8 Recommendations 22 8.1 Specific recommendations 22 8.2 General recommendations 22 9 References 23 APPENDIX I: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 24 APPENDIX II: GENERAL TERMS OF REFERENCE 26 APPENDIX III: LEGISLATION 28 APPENDIX IV: LIST OF RESPONDENTS 29 APPENDIX V: POLICY LANDSCAPING STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE 31 Policy Landscaping Study of RVF Control in Eastern and Southern Afric a I Page 3 Acronyms AU African Union CBPP Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EAC East African Community FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FMD Foot and mouth disease IBAR Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources ILRI
    [Show full text]
  • First Molecular Characterization of Poxviruses in Cattle, Sheep, And
    Modise et al. Virol J (2021) 18:167 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-021-01634-9 RESEARCH Open Access First molecular characterization of poxviruses in cattle, sheep, and goats in Botswana Boitumelo Magret Modise1* , Tirumala Bharani Kumar Settypalli2, Tebogo Kgotlele1, Dingrong Xue2,3, Kebonyemodisa Ntesang1, Kago Kumile1, Ivancho Naletoski2, John Frederick Nyange1, Carter Thanda1, Kenny Nametso Macheng1, Chandapiwa Marobela‑Raborokgwe1, Gerrit Johannes Viljoen2, Giovanni Cattoli2 and Charles Euloge Lamien2 Abstract Background: Poxviruses within the Capripoxvirus, Orthopoxvirus, and Parapoxvirus genera can infect livestock, with the two former having zoonotic importance. In addition, they induce similar clinical symptoms in common host spe‑ cies, creating a challenge for diagnosis. Although endemic in the country, poxvirus infections of small ruminants and cattle have received little attention in Botswana, with no prior use of molecular tools to diagnose and characterize the pathogens. Methods: A high‑resolution melting (HRM) assay was used to detect and diferentiate poxviruses in skin biopsy and skin scab samples from four cattle, one sheep, and one goat. Molecular characterization of capripoxviruses and para‑ poxviruses was undertaken by sequence analysis of RPO30 and GPCR genes. Results: The HRM assay revealed lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in three cattle samples, pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) in one cattle sample, and orf virus (ORFV) in one goat and one sheep sample. The phylogenetic analyses, based on the RPO30 and GPCR multiple sequence alignments showed that the LSDV sequences of Botswana were similar to common LSDV feld isolates encountered in Africa, Asia, and Europe. The Botswana PCPV presented unique features and clustered between camel and cattle PCPV isolates.
    [Show full text]
  • Pathogenesis of Bovine Alphaherpesvirus 2 in Calves Following Different Routes of Inoculation1 Bruna P
    Pesq. Vet. Bras. 40(5):360-367, May 2020 DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-PVB-6588 Original Article Livestock Diseases ISSN 0100-736X (Print) ISSN 1678-5150 (Online) PVB-6588 LD Pathogenesis of Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2 in calves following different routes of inoculation1 Bruna P. Amaral2,3, José C. Jardim4 , Juliana F. Cargnelutti3,5, Mathias Martins6,7 , Rudi Weiblen2,3 and Eduardo F. Flores2,3* ABSTRACT.-Amaral B.P., Jardim J.C., Cargnelutti J.F., Martins M., Weiblen R. & Flores E.F. 2020. Pathogenesis of Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2 in calves inoculated by different routes. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 40(5):360-367. Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, Rua Z, Prédio 63A, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil. E-mail: Título Original Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2 (BoHV-2) is the agent of herpetic mammilitis (BHM), a cutaneous and self-limiting disease affecting the udder [email protected] teats of cows. The pathogenesis of BoHV-2 is pourly understood, hampering the development of therapeutic drugs, vaccines [Título traduzido]. and other control measures. This study investigated the pathogenesis of BoHV-2 in calves after inoculation through different routes. Three- to four-months seronegative calves were 7 -1 inoculated with BoHV-2 (10 TCID50.mL ) intramuscular (IM, n=4), intravenous (IV, n=4) Autores and serological monitoring. Calves inoculated by the IV route presented as light increase orin bodytransdermal temperature (TD) afterbetween mild days scarification 6 to 9 post-inoculation (n=4) and submitted (pi). Virus to virological, inoculation clinical by the by hyperemia, small vesicles, mild exudation and scab formation, between days 2 and 8pi.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Characterization of the First Saltwater Crocodilepox Virus
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Molecular characterization of the frst saltwater crocodilepox virus genome sequences from the Received: 15 November 2017 Accepted: 20 March 2018 world’s largest living member of the Published: xx xx xxxx Crocodylia Subir Sarker1, Sally R. Isberg2,3, Natalie L. Milic3, Peter Lock4 & Karla J. Helbig1 Crocodilepox virus is a large dsDNA virus belonging to the genus Crocodylidpoxvirus, which infects a wide range of host species in the order Crocodylia worldwide. Here, we present genome sequences for a novel saltwater crocodilepox virus, with two subtypes (SwCRV-1 and -2), isolated from the Australian saltwater crocodile. Afected belly skins of juvenile saltwater crocodiles were used to sequence complete viral genomes, and perform electron microscopic analysis that visualized immature and mature virions. Analysis of the SwCRV genomes showed a high degree of sequence similarity to CRV (84.53% and 83.70%, respectively), with the novel SwCRV-1 and -2 complete genome sequences missing 5 and 6 genes respectively when compared to CRV, but containing 45 and 44 predicted unique genes. Similar to CRV, SwCRV also lacks the genes involved in virulence and host range, however, considering the presence of numerous hypothetical and or unique genes in the SwCRV genomes, it is completely reasonable that the genes encoding these functions are present but not recognized. Phylogenetic analysis suggested a monophyletic relationship between SwCRV and CRV, however, SwCRV is quite distinct from other chordopoxvirus genomes. These are the frst SwCRV complete genome sequences isolated from saltwater crocodile skin lesions. Te crocodilepox virus belongs to the genus Crocodylidpoxvirus, a member of the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae in the family Poxviridae.
    [Show full text]
  • BMBL) Quickly Became the Cornerstone of Biosafety Practice and Policy in the United States Upon First Publication in 1984
    Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories 5th Edition U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institutes of Health HHS Publication No. (CDC) 21-1112 Revised December 2009 Foreword Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) quickly became the cornerstone of biosafety practice and policy in the United States upon first publication in 1984. Historically, the information in this publication has been advisory is nature even though legislation and regulation, in some circumstances, have overtaken it and made compliance with the guidance provided mandatory. We wish to emphasize that the 5th edition of the BMBL remains an advisory document recommending best practices for the safe conduct of work in biomedical and clinical laboratories from a biosafety perspective, and is not intended as a regulatory document though we recognize that it will be used that way by some. This edition of the BMBL includes additional sections, expanded sections on the principles and practices of biosafety and risk assessment; and revised agent summary statements and appendices. We worked to harmonize the recommendations included in this edition with guidance issued and regulations promulgated by other federal agencies. Wherever possible, we clarified both the language and intent of the information provided. The events of September 11, 2001, and the anthrax attacks in October of that year re-shaped and changed, forever, the way we manage and conduct work
    [Show full text]
  • Food Security Cluster Meeting
    Food Security Cluster Meeting Islamic Relief Dhaka, Bangladesh 31 December 2019 Round of Introduction Know each other 1 AGENDA 1. Round of Introduction 2. Review of the last Cluster meeting minutes 3. Progress of Monsoon Flood 2019 HRP 4. Update HCTT Minimum Preparedness Actions (MPA) 2020 5. Fall Armyworm (FAW) Outbreak 6. Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) outbreak 7. AOB . Probable consortium for agricultural emergency . IPC Update . AAP Workshop Approval of Minutes 2 06 October 2019 Focal Action points Status point/agency FSCT will coordinate with WFP on half day orientation at district level FSC Team On going GENDER fact sheet can be produced in the month of December 2019 FSC team January 2020 gFSC will send the Partner meeting invitation to the probable new gFSC Team Done FSC global partner from Bangladesh FSC to share the Rapid assessment report FSC Team In process IFRC will share information on planned livelihood intervention FSC team pending FSC will coordinate on livelihood intervention particularly the 18000 FSC team On Going FHH who will receive FAO livestock intervention to ensure they receive full FSC livelihood Package FSC to promote Community intervention on emergency livestock FSC Team In process shelter as it is already a proven gap FSC will share the Food Security Cluster Strategy 2020-2023 when it FSC Team Done is ready to share FSC coordination team will join the IPC analysis FSC Team Done Progress of Monsoon Flood 3 2019 HRP Progress of Monsoon Flood 3 2019 HRP • Food Assistance USD 1,582,532 out of 1,684,951 • Livelihood Assistance USD 1,141,778 out of 3,560,619 • Community Intervention required USD 1,177,000 no response so far Update HCTT Minimum 4 Preparedness Actions (MPA) 2020 Update HCTT Minimum 4 Preparedness Actions (MPA) 2020 5 Fall Armyworm (FAW) Outbreak • The Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, a devastating insect pest causes considerable yield losses in cultivated maize and in 80 other crops, including rice, sorghum, millet, sugarcane, vegetable crops and cotton.
    [Show full text]
  • Lumpy Skin Disease (Lsd)
    EAZWV Transmissible Disease Fact Sheet Sheet No. 39 LUMPY SKIN DISEASE (LSD) ANIMAL TRANS- CLINICAL SIGNS FATAL TREATMENT PREVENTION GROUP MISSION DISEASE? & CONTROL AFFECTED cattle - insects - fever No None available In houses - (contact) - skin nodules - swollen lymph In zoos nodes avoid contact - (systemic with insect reactions) vectors, vaccination Fact sheet compiled by Last update S. Geerts, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, January 2009 Belgium Fact sheet reviewed by F. Vercammen, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Belgium J. Brandt, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp Susceptible animal groups Cattle are the only susceptible animals. LSD has not been reported as a natural infection in wildlife. Giraffe and impala died after experimentally infection, whereas buffalo and gnu were refractory. Some suspected cases have been reported in wild animals in captivity (i.a. Oryx leucoryx) Causative organism The LSD virus belongs to the genus Capripoxvirus (family Poxviridae). It is a double-stranded DNA virus, which is closely related to the capripoxvirus, which causes sheep and goat pox. The virus is relatively heat stable, very resistant to cold, but not very resistant to light. Zoonotic potential The LSD virus is not infective to man. Distribution Currently, LSD is present in sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt. Transmission Transmission is mainly indirect through insects such as Stomoxys calcitrans and Musca confiscata The main vectors are still unknown. Direct transmission is also possible through saliva, milk, sperm, or through contact with lesions of infected animals. Incubation period The incubation period is 2 to 4 weeks. Clinical symptoms Fever, skin nodules (0.5 to 5 cm diameter) and swollen superficial lymph nodes are symptoms, which are present in most of the animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Transmission of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus a Short Review
    Virus Research 269 (2019) 197637 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Virus Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/virusres Review Transmission of lumpy skin disease virus: A short review T ⁎ A. Sprygina, , Ya Pestovaa, D.B. Wallaceb,c, E. Tuppurainena,b,c, A.V. Kononova a Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia b Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, P/Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa c Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X4, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral transboundary disease endemic throughout Africa and of high economic Lumpy skin disease virus importance that affects cattle and domestic water buffaloes. Since 2012, the disease has spread rapidly and Insect vectors widely throughout the Middle Eastern and Balkan regions, southern Caucasus and parts of the Russian Ticks vectors Federation. Before vaccination campaigns took their full effect, the disease continued spreading from region to Pathogen transmission region, mainly showing seasonal patterns despite implementing control and eradication measures. The disease is capable of appearing several hundred kilometers away from initial (focal) outbreak sites within a short time period. These incursions have triggered a long-awaited renewed scientific interest in LSD resulting in the in- itiation of novel research into broad aspects of the disease, including epidemiology, modes of transmission and associated risk factors. Long-distance dispersal of LSDV seems to occur via the movement of infected animals, but distinct seasonal patterns indicate that arthropod-borne transmission is most likely responsible for the swift and aggressive short-distance spread of the disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Lumpy Skin Disease Is a Poxviral Disease with Significant Morbidity in Cattle
    Lumpy Skin Importance Lumpy skin disease is a poxviral disease with significant morbidity in cattle. Disease Although the mortality rate is generally low, economic losses result from loss of condition, decreased milk production, abortions, infertility and damaged hides. The Neethling, causative virus seems to be spread mainly by insects, and outbreaks can be widespread Knopvelsiekte and difficult to control. Lumpy skin disease was confined to Africa at one time, but it has now become endemic in parts of the Middle East, and the virus is continuing to spread. Recent outbreaks were reported as far north as Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Last Updated: July 2017 Turkey and southern and eastern Europe. The virus was eradicated from some countries, but not others. It has multiple arthropod vectors, including biting flies, midges, mosquitoes and ticks, and could become established in other parts of the world. Etiology Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a member of the genus Capripoxvirus and the family Poxviridae. It is closely related antigenically to sheeppox virus and goatpox virus. Although these three viruses are considered to be distinct viral species, they cannot be distinguished by routine serological tests. Species Affected Lumpy skin disease is primarily a disease of cattle, but clinical cases have also been reported in Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Sheep and goats seem to be unaffected even when they are in close contact with cattle during outbreaks. The situation in wild ungulates is currently unclear. Viral nucleic acids were detected in unspecified skin lesions from springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis), while a putative clinical case in an Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) was diagnosed by methods that cannot distinguish LSDV from other capripoxviruses.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of Post Vaccination Reactions of Two Live Attenuated Vaccines Against Lumpy Skin Disease of Cattle
    Article Investigation of Post Vaccination Reactions of Two Live Attenuated Vaccines against Lumpy Skin Disease of Cattle Zahra Bamouh 1,2,* , Jihane Hamdi 1,2, Siham Fellahi 2 , Slimane Khayi 3 , Mohammed Jazouli 1, Khalid Omari Tadlaoui 1, Ouafaa Fassi Fihri 2, Eeva Tuppurainen 4 and Mehdi Elharrak 1 1 MCI Santé Animale, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco; [email protected] (J.H.); [email protected] (M.J.); [email protected] (K.O.T.); [email protected] (M.E.) 2 Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, B.P 6202, Rabat 10112, Morocco; [email protected] (S.F.); o.fassifi[email protected] (O.F.F.) 3 CRRA-Rabat, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Rabat 10101, Morocco; [email protected] 4 Institut für Internationale Tiergesundheit/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 10 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; eeva.tuppurainen@fli.de * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +212-6621-989-42 Abstract: Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) causes an economically important disease in cattle. The only method for successful control is early diagnosis and efficient vaccination. Adverse effects of vaccination such as local inflammation at the injection site and localized or generalized skin lesions in some vaccinated animals have been reported with live vaccines. The aim of this work was to Citation: Bamouh, Z.; Hamdi, J.; compare the safety of two lumpy skin disease (LSD) vaccine strains, Kenyan (Kn) Sheep and Goat Pox Fellahi, S.; Khayi, S.; Jazouli, M.; (KSGP O-240) and LSDV Neethling (Nt) strain, and to determine the etiology of the post-vaccination Tadlaoui, K.O.; Fihri, O.F.; (pv) reactions observed in cattle.
    [Show full text]