DOCSLIB.ORG

Emergence of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in Europe

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Emergence of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in Europe empres watch VOL 33 — SEPTEMBER 2015 [email protected] | WWW.FAO.ORG/AG/empres.HTML Emergence of lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Europe FAO contributors: Silvia Kreindel, Julio Pinto, Caryl Lockhart, Ahmed ElIdrissi, Eran Raizman on or a total ban of international trade of live How can LSD be Contents animals and animal products (Gari et al., diagnosed? 2001).1 Why are we concerned? 1 LSD is endemic in many African countries, A basic diagnosis can be made when there is and is rapidly spreading throughout the the presence of typical lesions on the skin and How can LSD be diagnosed? 1 Middle East, including Turkey (2013) and in the mouth of infected animals. However, Central Asia (Azerbaijan in 2014). there are other diseases that present in similar How is the disease In August 2015, Greece reported two forms in cattle, which would require different transmitted? 1 outbreaks of LSD in the Evros region along methods of control and treatment from those the border with Turkey. The source of the for LSD. A definitive diagnosis can only be How could the disease disease is likely to have originated from confirmed by submitting appropriate samples be introduced into other vectors spread from outbreaks reported in of skin lesions to a laboratory where the countries in the region? 1 Turkey in the Edirne region in June 2015. virus can be identified. Molecular diagnostic In September 2015, the disease was tests such as conventional and real-time How can you recognize also reported in the Russian Federation polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are the disease? 2 in Dagestan not far from the border with rapid and highly sensitive tests, and are widely Azerbaijan. Outbreaks of LSD in free regions used in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. How is LSD prevented require immediate notification under the and controlled? 2 Terrestrial Animal Health Code of the World How is the disease Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Conclusions 3 Figure 1 shows the distribution of LSD transmitted? outbreaks between 2006 and 2015. References 3 Poorly regulated movements of high The main pathways for transmission are biting numbers of animals, often associated with and blood-feeding arthropods, including festivities, represent a risk for the introduction biting flies and mosquitoes (Ali et al., 2012). of the disease. Additionally, collapse of Though rare, transmission also occurs Why are we concerned? veterinary services in conflict zones together through direct contact, and can also spread with uncontrolled animal movement have been from contaminated feed and water. Disease umpy skin disease (LSD) is caused major factors in the disease spread in the incidence is highest in wet/warm weather. by the lumpy skin disease virus Middle East. Currently, there is an increased Incidence decreases during the dry season, L (i.e. capripoxvirus, poxviridae). The risk for LSD incursion into other countries in which is possibly linked to decreases in insect disease affects mainly cattle and Asian water Central Asia and Europe given the endemicity vector populations. buffaloes. LSD is transmitted by mechanical reported by some countries in these regions. vectors (i.e. Stomoxys sp. Flies) and, though This incursion accompanies the spread How could the disease rare, direct transmission can occur between of other significant transboundary animal infected animals. The disease is usually diseases (e.g. African swine fever, foot-and- be introduced into other transferred to infection-free areas by transport mouth disease, sheep pox and goat pox) in countries in the region? of animals infested with vectors. the regions. LSD is a disease that results in substantial Potential options are: 1 economic losses in terms of dairy and meat A recent study in Ethiopia found that the financial cost • wind-borne introduction of the virus by related to infected herds was estimated to be between production, and it also causes damage to US$5–8 per head of local zebu and between US$42– vectors carrying the virus from endemic hides. The disease can lead to restrictions 73 per head of Holstein Friesian crossbred cattle. regions (Aziz-Boaron et al., 2012); VOL 33 — SEPTEMBER 2013 | empres w a t c h • introduction of vectors carrying the virus Figure 1. LSD by region reported between 2006 and 2015 via importation of straw, hay or animal a) Monthly LSD reports by subregions (2006–2015) products; • introduction of infected cattle; 100 • movement of people, such as temporary farm workers who have had contact with infected cattle. 0 How can you recognize the disease? Clinical signs of the disease may include 08 (Abutarbush et al., 2013): • dissemination of small bumps (nodules) Eastern Africa under or on skin surface, and on the nose, Western Africa and/or mouth; 06 Southern Africa Northern Africa • enlarged lymph nodes; Southern Europe • nodules that form a hardened crust, which Number of LSD outbreaks Eastern Europe Southern Asia carry the virus; Western Asia • secondary bacterial infections leading to 04 yellowish-grey lesions (i.e. damage to the skin); • swollen and tender udders or testicles; • discharge from the eye and nose; • bulls that become sterile and cows that 02 abort. l l l l l l l l l l r r r r r r r r r r v v v v v v v v v y y y y y y y y y y n n n n n n n n n n Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma No No No No No No No No No Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 How is LSD prevented and b) Distribution of LSD outbreaks reported between 2013 and 2015 controlled? LSD can be prevented by practising biosecurity measures at the farm level and imposing restrictions in the movement of susceptible animals and commodities from infected areas. Fly control may be helpful, but in endemic areas control is mainly through vaccination. Policies to control LSD in case of incursion include stamping out and a combination of the following strategies (Animal Health Australia, 2009): • sanitary disposal of destroyed animals and contaminated animal products to remove the source of infection; • quarantine and movement controls of animals, products and other potentially infected items to prevent spread of infection; • decontamination of fomites (facilities, equipment and other items) to minimize the spread of the virus from infected animals and premises; • control of insect vectors in the initial stages of an outbreak; • tracing and surveillance to determine the source and extent of infection and to provide proof of freedom from the disease; • zoning and/or compartmentalization to define infected and disease-free premises and areas; • awareness campaigns to facilitate Source: OIE and FAO EMPRES-i cooperation from the industry and the community; and 2 empres w a t c h | VOL 33 — SEPTEMBER 2013 • ring vaccination as part of a modified prophylaxis and medical prophylaxis, as well References stamping-out policy. as the urgent need for regional coordination Live, attenuated vaccines are commonly of prevention and control of the disease. Abutarbush, S.M., Ababneh, M.M., Al used against LSD. Vaccines presently used Countries in at-risk regions should develop Zoubi, I.G., Al Sheyab, O.M., Al Zoubi, in the endemic areas include: (1) homologous and establish a regional response plan to M.G., Alekish, M.O. & Al Gharabat, R.J. live attenuated vaccines containing Neethling facilitate coordination, information exchange 2013. Lumpy skin disease in Jordan: disease strain, including Lumpy Skin Disease Vaccine and experience. emergence, clinical signs, complications and for Cattle® (Onderstepoort Biological FAO stands ready to provide assistance preliminary-associated economic losses. Product, South Africa) and Lumpyvax®, to member countries to help reduce the risk Transbound Emerg Dis., 62(5): 549–554. (Intervet, Namibia); (2) new live vaccine, of disease spread and safeguard vulnerable, Ali, H., Ali, A.A., Atta, M.S. & Cepica, A. 2012. HerbivacLS® (Deltamune/Ceva Santé livestock-related livelihoods. Assistance Common, emerging, vector-borne and infrequent Animale, South Africa); (3) sheep pox should be focused on, but not be limited to: abortogenic virus infections of cattle. Transbound vaccines produced in the region, including i) laboratory capacity development; Emerg Dis., 59(1): 11–25. sheep pox vaccine RM 65, Kenyavac® ii) risk communication and risk Animal Health Australia. 2009. Disease strategy: (Jordan Bio industries Centre, JOVAC) and management; lumpy skin disease (Version 3.0). Australian the Tissue Culture Sheep Pox Vaccine, iii) veterinary inspection and awareness Veterinary Emergency Plan (AUSVETPLAN), Kenyan S/GP 0240 (VSVRI, Egypt). campaigns for farmers and other Edition 3, Canberra, Primary Industries Ministerial stakeholders, in particular, for Council (available at http://www.oie.int/ Conclusions transhumant livestock; fileadmin/Home/eng/Animal_Health_in_the_ iv) clinical surveillance to detect animals World/docs/pdf/LSD3_0-12FINAL_27Jan09_. The occurrence of LSD in Greece and the showing LSD signs combined with sero- pdf). Russian Federation highlights the potential for surveillance in at-risk areas; Aziz-Boaron, O., Klausner, Z., Hasoksuz, M., further spread to other countries in Central v) rapid detection and prompt culling of Shenkar, J., Gafni, O., Gelman, B., David, Asia and Europe. infected herds in free areas infected D. & Klement, E. 2012. Circulation of bovine An urgent risk assessment for at-risk with LSD as effective measures to limit ephemeral fever in the Middle East--strong regions is required to help decision-makers the spread and impact of the outbreaks, evidence for transmission by winds and animal understand the situation and plan response including compensation policies; transport. Veterinary Microbiology, 158(3–4): actions.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Scientific Opinion on Lumpy Skin Disease 2
    EFSA Journal 2015;13(1):3986 SCIENTIFIC OPINION 1 1 Scientific Opinion on lumpy skin disease 2 EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW)2,3 3 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy 4 ABSTRACT 5 Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease of cattle characterised by severe losses, especially in 6 naive animals. LSD is endemic in many African and Asian countries, and it is rapidly spreading 7 throughout the Middle East, including Turkey. LSD is transmitted by mechanical vectors, but 8 direct/indirect transmission may occur. The disease would mainly be transferred to infection-free areas 9 by transport of infected animals and vectors. In the EU, it could only happen through illegal transport 10 of animals. The risk for that depends on the prevalence in the country of origin and the number of 11 animals illegally moved. Based on a model to simulate LSD spread between farms, culling animals 12 with generalised clinical signs seems to be sufficient to contain 90 % of epidemics around the initial 13 site of incursion, but the remaining 10 % of simulated epidemics can spread up to 400 km from the site 14 of introduction by six months after incursion. Whole-herd culling of infected farms substantially 15 reduces the spread of LSD virus, and the more rapidly farms are detected and culled, the greater the 16 magnitude of the reduction is. Only live attenuated vaccines against LSD are available. Homologous 17 vaccines are more effective than sheep pox strain vaccines. The safety of the vaccines should be 18 improved and the development of vaccines for differentiating between infected and vaccinated animals 19 is recommended.
    [Show full text]
  • A Scoping Review of Viral Diseases in African Ungulates
    veterinary sciences Review A Scoping Review of Viral Diseases in African Ungulates Hendrik Swanepoel 1,2, Jan Crafford 1 and Melvyn Quan 1,* 1 Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; [email protected] (H.S.); [email protected] (J.C.) 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +27-12-529-8142 Abstract: (1) Background: Viral diseases are important as they can cause significant clinical disease in both wild and domestic animals, as well as in humans. They also make up a large proportion of emerging infectious diseases. (2) Methods: A scoping review of peer-reviewed publications was performed and based on the guidelines set out in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews. (3) Results: The final set of publications consisted of 145 publications. Thirty-two viruses were identified in the publications and 50 African ungulates were reported/diagnosed with viral infections. Eighteen countries had viruses diagnosed in wild ungulates reported in the literature. (4) Conclusions: A comprehensive review identified several areas where little information was available and recommendations were made. It is recommended that governments and research institutions offer more funding to investigate and report viral diseases of greater clinical and zoonotic significance. A further recommendation is for appropriate One Health approaches to be adopted for investigating, controlling, managing and preventing diseases. Diseases which may threaten the conservation of certain wildlife species also require focused attention.
    [Show full text]
  • RVF Reported Cases in SG P Govt Last 20 Yrs Although Threat on Border with Somali
    Policy Landscaping Study of RVF Control in Eastern and Southern Africa Prepared for GALVmed by Peter G. Sinyangwe, Ph. D May 2013 Copyright Peter Sinyangwe. Any views expressed, do not necessarily represent those of GALVmed. Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Rift Valley fever Overview 1 2.1 Rift Valley fever 1 2.2 Control of RVF in livestock 1 2.3 Vector control 2 3 Objectives 2 4 Methodology 2 5 Key Findings 2 5.1 Control of RVF in Eastern Africa 2 5.1.1 Control of RVF in Kenya, Ethiopia and Tanzania 3 5.1.2 Kenya 7 5.1.3 Tanzania 8 5.1.4 Ethiopia 8 5.2 Control of RVF in Southern Africa 10 5.2.1 Control of RVF in Namibia, Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa 10 5.2.2 Namibia 14 5.2.3 Botswana 14 5.2.4 Zimbabwe 14 5.2.5 South Africa 14 6 Feasibility of an African wide RVF vaccine bank 19 6.1 Concept 19 6.2 Key Points for consideration 20 7 Policy analysis and Conclusions 20 7.1 Policy analysis 20 7.2 Conclusions 21 8 Recommendations 22 8.1 Specific recommendations 22 8.2 General recommendations 22 9 References 23 APPENDIX I: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 24 APPENDIX II: GENERAL TERMS OF REFERENCE 26 APPENDIX III: LEGISLATION 28 APPENDIX IV: LIST OF RESPONDENTS 29 APPENDIX V: POLICY LANDSCAPING STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE 31 Policy Landscaping Study of RVF Control in Eastern and Southern Afric a I Page 3 Acronyms AU African Union CBPP Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EAC East African Community FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FMD Foot and mouth disease IBAR Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources ILRI
    [Show full text]
  • First Molecular Characterization of Poxviruses in Cattle, Sheep, And
    Modise et al. Virol J (2021) 18:167 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-021-01634-9 RESEARCH Open Access First molecular characterization of poxviruses in cattle, sheep, and goats in Botswana Boitumelo Magret Modise1* , Tirumala Bharani Kumar Settypalli2, Tebogo Kgotlele1, Dingrong Xue2,3, Kebonyemodisa Ntesang1, Kago Kumile1, Ivancho Naletoski2, John Frederick Nyange1, Carter Thanda1, Kenny Nametso Macheng1, Chandapiwa Marobela‑Raborokgwe1, Gerrit Johannes Viljoen2, Giovanni Cattoli2 and Charles Euloge Lamien2 Abstract Background: Poxviruses within the Capripoxvirus, Orthopoxvirus, and Parapoxvirus genera can infect livestock, with the two former having zoonotic importance. In addition, they induce similar clinical symptoms in common host spe‑ cies, creating a challenge for diagnosis. Although endemic in the country, poxvirus infections of small ruminants and cattle have received little attention in Botswana, with no prior use of molecular tools to diagnose and characterize the pathogens. Methods: A high‑resolution melting (HRM) assay was used to detect and diferentiate poxviruses in skin biopsy and skin scab samples from four cattle, one sheep, and one goat. Molecular characterization of capripoxviruses and para‑ poxviruses was undertaken by sequence analysis of RPO30 and GPCR genes. Results: The HRM assay revealed lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in three cattle samples, pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) in one cattle sample, and orf virus (ORFV) in one goat and one sheep sample. The phylogenetic analyses, based on the RPO30 and GPCR multiple sequence alignments showed that the LSDV sequences of Botswana were similar to common LSDV feld isolates encountered in Africa, Asia, and Europe. The Botswana PCPV presented unique features and clustered between camel and cattle PCPV isolates.
    [Show full text]
  • Pathogenesis of Bovine Alphaherpesvirus 2 in Calves Following Different Routes of Inoculation1 Bruna P
    Pesq. Vet. Bras. 40(5):360-367, May 2020 DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-PVB-6588 Original Article Livestock Diseases ISSN 0100-736X (Print) ISSN 1678-5150 (Online) PVB-6588 LD Pathogenesis of Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2 in calves following different routes of inoculation1 Bruna P. Amaral2,3, José C. Jardim4 , Juliana F. Cargnelutti3,5, Mathias Martins6,7 , Rudi Weiblen2,3 and Eduardo F. Flores2,3* ABSTRACT.-Amaral B.P., Jardim J.C., Cargnelutti J.F., Martins M., Weiblen R. & Flores E.F. 2020. Pathogenesis of Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2 in calves inoculated by different routes. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 40(5):360-367. Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, Rua Z, Prédio 63A, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil. E-mail: Título Original Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2 (BoHV-2) is the agent of herpetic mammilitis (BHM), a cutaneous and self-limiting disease affecting the udder [email protected] teats of cows. The pathogenesis of BoHV-2 is pourly understood, hampering the development of therapeutic drugs, vaccines [Título traduzido]. and other control measures. This study investigated the pathogenesis of BoHV-2 in calves after inoculation through different routes. Three- to four-months seronegative calves were 7 -1 inoculated with BoHV-2 (10 TCID50.mL ) intramuscular (IM, n=4), intravenous (IV, n=4) Autores and serological monitoring. Calves inoculated by the IV route presented as light increase orin bodytransdermal temperature (TD) afterbetween mild days scarification 6 to 9 post-inoculation (n=4) and submitted (pi). Virus to virological, inoculation clinical by the by hyperemia, small vesicles, mild exudation and scab formation, between days 2 and 8pi.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Characterization of the First Saltwater Crocodilepox Virus
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Molecular characterization of the frst saltwater crocodilepox virus genome sequences from the Received: 15 November 2017 Accepted: 20 March 2018 world’s largest living member of the Published: xx xx xxxx Crocodylia Subir Sarker1, Sally R. Isberg2,3, Natalie L. Milic3, Peter Lock4 & Karla J. Helbig1 Crocodilepox virus is a large dsDNA virus belonging to the genus Crocodylidpoxvirus, which infects a wide range of host species in the order Crocodylia worldwide. Here, we present genome sequences for a novel saltwater crocodilepox virus, with two subtypes (SwCRV-1 and -2), isolated from the Australian saltwater crocodile. Afected belly skins of juvenile saltwater crocodiles were used to sequence complete viral genomes, and perform electron microscopic analysis that visualized immature and mature virions. Analysis of the SwCRV genomes showed a high degree of sequence similarity to CRV (84.53% and 83.70%, respectively), with the novel SwCRV-1 and -2 complete genome sequences missing 5 and 6 genes respectively when compared to CRV, but containing 45 and 44 predicted unique genes. Similar to CRV, SwCRV also lacks the genes involved in virulence and host range, however, considering the presence of numerous hypothetical and or unique genes in the SwCRV genomes, it is completely reasonable that the genes encoding these functions are present but not recognized. Phylogenetic analysis suggested a monophyletic relationship between SwCRV and CRV, however, SwCRV is quite distinct from other chordopoxvirus genomes. These are the frst SwCRV complete genome sequences isolated from saltwater crocodile skin lesions. Te crocodilepox virus belongs to the genus Crocodylidpoxvirus, a member of the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae in the family Poxviridae.
    [Show full text]
  • FAO. 2013. Emergence of Lumpy Skin Disease in the Eastern
    empres watch VOL 29 November 2013 [email protected] | www.fao.org/ag/empres.html Emergence of lumpy skin disease in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin countries Contributors: Sherrylin Wainwright a, Ahmed El Idrissi a, Raffaele Mattioli a, Markos Tibbo b, Felix Njeumi a, Eran Raizman a a Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); b FAO Regional Office for the Near East (FAO-RNE) Animal Health (OIE). considering the area’s substantial livestock Contents LSD was first reported in Africa, where it population. Turkey maintains over 11.3 million crippled the production potential of cattle and heads of cattle. Iraq, Lebanon and the Syrian 1. Introduction 1 compromised vulnerable livelihoods on the Arab Republic maintain 2.8 million heads, continent. LSD moved beyond Africa in 1989 and the Islamic Republic of Iran maintains 2. Risk assessment 3 when Israel confirmed its first LSD outbreak. for approximately 8.5 million heads. Armenia, In subsequent years Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Azerbaijan and Georgia combined maintain 3. Risk management Yemen and the West Bank also reported LSD 4million heads. options for at-risk incursion. Lebanon and Jordan joined LSD- At-risk countries include the Russian affected countries in 2012 and 2013, and Federation to the north and Bulgaria and countries 4 most recently Turkey reported the disease in Greece to the west. This is in line with the 4. Conclusions 5 October 2013 (see Table 1). spread of other significant transboundary There is an imminent risk that LSD will animal diseases (e.g. African swine fever, 5. References 5 (or has already) become endemic in some foot-and-mouth disease, sheep pox and goat countries in the Middle East.
    [Show full text]
  • BMBL) Quickly Became the Cornerstone of Biosafety Practice and Policy in the United States Upon First Publication in 1984
    Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories 5th Edition U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institutes of Health HHS Publication No. (CDC) 21-1112 Revised December 2009 Foreword Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) quickly became the cornerstone of biosafety practice and policy in the United States upon first publication in 1984. Historically, the information in this publication has been advisory is nature even though legislation and regulation, in some circumstances, have overtaken it and made compliance with the guidance provided mandatory. We wish to emphasize that the 5th edition of the BMBL remains an advisory document recommending best practices for the safe conduct of work in biomedical and clinical laboratories from a biosafety perspective, and is not intended as a regulatory document though we recognize that it will be used that way by some. This edition of the BMBL includes additional sections, expanded sections on the principles and practices of biosafety and risk assessment; and revised agent summary statements and appendices. We worked to harmonize the recommendations included in this edition with guidance issued and regulations promulgated by other federal agencies. Wherever possible, we clarified both the language and intent of the information provided. The events of September 11, 2001, and the anthrax attacks in October of that year re-shaped and changed, forever, the way we manage and conduct work
    [Show full text]
  • Food Security Cluster Meeting
    Food Security Cluster Meeting Islamic Relief Dhaka, Bangladesh 31 December 2019 Round of Introduction Know each other 1 AGENDA 1. Round of Introduction 2. Review of the last Cluster meeting minutes 3. Progress of Monsoon Flood 2019 HRP 4. Update HCTT Minimum Preparedness Actions (MPA) 2020 5. Fall Armyworm (FAW) Outbreak 6. Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) outbreak 7. AOB . Probable consortium for agricultural emergency . IPC Update . AAP Workshop Approval of Minutes 2 06 October 2019 Focal Action points Status point/agency FSCT will coordinate with WFP on half day orientation at district level FSC Team On going GENDER fact sheet can be produced in the month of December 2019 FSC team January 2020 gFSC will send the Partner meeting invitation to the probable new gFSC Team Done FSC global partner from Bangladesh FSC to share the Rapid assessment report FSC Team In process IFRC will share information on planned livelihood intervention FSC team pending FSC will coordinate on livelihood intervention particularly the 18000 FSC team On Going FHH who will receive FAO livestock intervention to ensure they receive full FSC livelihood Package FSC to promote Community intervention on emergency livestock FSC Team In process shelter as it is already a proven gap FSC will share the Food Security Cluster Strategy 2020-2023 when it FSC Team Done is ready to share FSC coordination team will join the IPC analysis FSC Team Done Progress of Monsoon Flood 3 2019 HRP Progress of Monsoon Flood 3 2019 HRP • Food Assistance USD 1,582,532 out of 1,684,951 • Livelihood Assistance USD 1,141,778 out of 3,560,619 • Community Intervention required USD 1,177,000 no response so far Update HCTT Minimum 4 Preparedness Actions (MPA) 2020 Update HCTT Minimum 4 Preparedness Actions (MPA) 2020 5 Fall Armyworm (FAW) Outbreak • The Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, a devastating insect pest causes considerable yield losses in cultivated maize and in 80 other crops, including rice, sorghum, millet, sugarcane, vegetable crops and cotton.
    [Show full text]
  • Lumpy Skin Disease (Lsd)
    EAZWV Transmissible Disease Fact Sheet Sheet No. 39 LUMPY SKIN DISEASE (LSD) ANIMAL TRANS- CLINICAL SIGNS FATAL TREATMENT PREVENTION GROUP MISSION DISEASE? & CONTROL AFFECTED cattle - insects - fever No None available In houses - (contact) - skin nodules - swollen lymph In zoos nodes avoid contact - (systemic with insect reactions) vectors, vaccination Fact sheet compiled by Last update S. Geerts, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, January 2009 Belgium Fact sheet reviewed by F. Vercammen, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Belgium J. Brandt, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp Susceptible animal groups Cattle are the only susceptible animals. LSD has not been reported as a natural infection in wildlife. Giraffe and impala died after experimentally infection, whereas buffalo and gnu were refractory. Some suspected cases have been reported in wild animals in captivity (i.a. Oryx leucoryx) Causative organism The LSD virus belongs to the genus Capripoxvirus (family Poxviridae). It is a double-stranded DNA virus, which is closely related to the capripoxvirus, which causes sheep and goat pox. The virus is relatively heat stable, very resistant to cold, but not very resistant to light. Zoonotic potential The LSD virus is not infective to man. Distribution Currently, LSD is present in sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt. Transmission Transmission is mainly indirect through insects such as Stomoxys calcitrans and Musca confiscata The main vectors are still unknown. Direct transmission is also possible through saliva, milk, sperm, or through contact with lesions of infected animals. Incubation period The incubation period is 2 to 4 weeks. Clinical symptoms Fever, skin nodules (0.5 to 5 cm diameter) and swollen superficial lymph nodes are symptoms, which are present in most of the animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Transmission of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus a Short Review
    Virus Research 269 (2019) 197637 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Virus Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/virusres Review Transmission of lumpy skin disease virus: A short review T ⁎ A. Sprygina, , Ya Pestovaa, D.B. Wallaceb,c, E. Tuppurainena,b,c, A.V. Kononova a Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia b Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, P/Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa c Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X4, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral transboundary disease endemic throughout Africa and of high economic Lumpy skin disease virus importance that affects cattle and domestic water buffaloes. Since 2012, the disease has spread rapidly and Insect vectors widely throughout the Middle Eastern and Balkan regions, southern Caucasus and parts of the Russian Ticks vectors Federation. Before vaccination campaigns took their full effect, the disease continued spreading from region to Pathogen transmission region, mainly showing seasonal patterns despite implementing control and eradication measures. The disease is capable of appearing several hundred kilometers away from initial (focal) outbreak sites within a short time period. These incursions have triggered a long-awaited renewed scientific interest in LSD resulting in the in- itiation of novel research into broad aspects of the disease, including epidemiology, modes of transmission and associated risk factors. Long-distance dispersal of LSDV seems to occur via the movement of infected animals, but distinct seasonal patterns indicate that arthropod-borne transmission is most likely responsible for the swift and aggressive short-distance spread of the disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Lumpy Skin Disease Is a Poxviral Disease with Significant Morbidity in Cattle
    Lumpy Skin Importance Lumpy skin disease is a poxviral disease with significant morbidity in cattle. Disease Although the mortality rate is generally low, economic losses result from loss of condition, decreased milk production, abortions, infertility and damaged hides. The Neethling, causative virus seems to be spread mainly by insects, and outbreaks can be widespread Knopvelsiekte and difficult to control. Lumpy skin disease was confined to Africa at one time, but it has now become endemic in parts of the Middle East, and the virus is continuing to spread. Recent outbreaks were reported as far north as Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Last Updated: July 2017 Turkey and southern and eastern Europe. The virus was eradicated from some countries, but not others. It has multiple arthropod vectors, including biting flies, midges, mosquitoes and ticks, and could become established in other parts of the world. Etiology Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a member of the genus Capripoxvirus and the family Poxviridae. It is closely related antigenically to sheeppox virus and goatpox virus. Although these three viruses are considered to be distinct viral species, they cannot be distinguished by routine serological tests. Species Affected Lumpy skin disease is primarily a disease of cattle, but clinical cases have also been reported in Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Sheep and goats seem to be unaffected even when they are in close contact with cattle during outbreaks. The situation in wild ungulates is currently unclear. Viral nucleic acids were detected in unspecified skin lesions from springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis), while a putative clinical case in an Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) was diagnosed by methods that cannot distinguish LSDV from other capripoxviruses.
    [Show full text]