empres watch VOL 33 — SEPTEMBER 2015 [email protected] | WWW.FAO.ORG/AG/empres.HTML Emergence of lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Europe FAO contributors: Silvia Kreindel, Julio Pinto, Caryl Lockhart, Ahmed ElIdrissi, Eran Raizman on or a total ban of international trade of live How can LSD be Contents animals and animal products (Gari et al., diagnosed? 2001).1 Why are we concerned? 1 LSD is endemic in many African countries, A basic diagnosis can be made when there is and is rapidly spreading throughout the the presence of typical lesions on the skin and How can LSD be diagnosed? 1 Middle East, including Turkey (2013) and in the mouth of infected animals. However, Central Asia (Azerbaijan in 2014). there are other diseases that present in similar How is the disease In August 2015, Greece reported two forms in cattle, which would require different transmitted? 1 outbreaks of LSD in the Evros region along methods of control and treatment from those the border with Turkey. The source of the for LSD. A definitive diagnosis can only be How could the disease disease is likely to have originated from confirmed by submitting appropriate samples be introduced into other vectors spread from outbreaks reported in of skin lesions to a laboratory where the countries in the region? 1 Turkey in the Edirne region in June 2015. virus can be identified. Molecular diagnostic In September 2015, the disease was tests such as conventional and real-time How can you recognize also reported in the Russian Federation polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are the disease? 2 in Dagestan not far from the border with rapid and highly sensitive tests, and are widely Azerbaijan. Outbreaks of LSD in free regions used in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. How is LSD prevented require immediate notification under the and controlled? 2 Terrestrial Animal Health Code of the World How is the disease Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Conclusions 3 Figure 1 shows the distribution of LSD transmitted? outbreaks between 2006 and 2015. References 3 Poorly regulated movements of high The main pathways for transmission are biting numbers of animals, often associated with and blood-feeding arthropods, including festivities, represent a risk for the introduction biting flies and mosquitoes (Ali et al., 2012). of the disease. Additionally, collapse of Though rare, transmission also occurs Why are we concerned? veterinary services in conflict zones together through direct contact, and can also spread with uncontrolled animal movement have been from contaminated feed and water. Disease umpy skin disease (LSD) is caused major factors in the disease spread in the incidence is highest in wet/warm weather. by the lumpy skin disease virus Middle East. Currently, there is an increased Incidence decreases during the dry season, L (i.e. capripoxvirus, poxviridae). The risk for LSD incursion into other countries in which is possibly linked to decreases in insect disease affects mainly cattle and Asian water Central Asia and Europe given the endemicity vector populations. buffaloes. LSD is transmitted by mechanical reported by some countries in these regions. vectors (i.e. Stomoxys sp. Flies) and, though This incursion accompanies the spread How could the disease rare, direct transmission can occur between of other significant transboundary animal infected animals. The disease is usually diseases (e.g. African swine fever, foot-and- be introduced into other transferred to infection-free areas by transport mouth disease, sheep pox and goat pox) in countries in the region? of animals infested with vectors. the regions. LSD is a disease that results in substantial Potential options are: 1 economic losses in terms of dairy and meat A recent study in Ethiopia found that the financial cost • wind-borne introduction of the virus by related to infected herds was estimated to be between production, and it also causes damage to US$5–8 per head of local zebu and between US$42– vectors carrying the virus from endemic hides. The disease can lead to restrictions 73 per head of Holstein Friesian crossbred cattle. regions (Aziz-Boaron et al., 2012); VOL 33 — SEPTEMBER 2013 | empres w a t c h • introduction of vectors carrying the virus Figure 1. LSD by region reported between 2006 and 2015 via importation of straw, hay or animal a) Monthly LSD reports by subregions (2006–2015) products; • introduction of infected cattle; 100 • movement of people, such as temporary farm workers who have had contact with infected cattle. 0 How can you recognize the disease? Clinical signs of the disease may include 08 (Abutarbush et al., 2013): • dissemination of small bumps (nodules) Eastern Africa under or on skin surface, and on the nose, Western Africa and/or mouth; 06 Southern Africa Northern Africa • enlarged lymph nodes; Southern Europe • nodules that form a hardened crust, which Number of LSD outbreaks Eastern Europe Southern Asia carry the virus; Western Asia • secondary bacterial infections leading to 04 yellowish-grey lesions (i.e. damage to the skin); • swollen and tender udders or testicles; • discharge from the eye and nose; • bulls that become sterile and cows that 02 abort. l l l l l l l l l l r r r r r r r r r r v v v v v v v v v y y y y y y y y y y n n n n n n n n n n Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma No No No No No No No No No Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma Ma 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 How is LSD prevented and b) Distribution of LSD outbreaks reported between 2013 and 2015 controlled? LSD can be prevented by practising biosecurity measures at the farm level and imposing restrictions in the movement of susceptible animals and commodities from infected areas. Fly control may be helpful, but in endemic areas control is mainly through vaccination. Policies to control LSD in case of incursion include stamping out and a combination of the following strategies (Animal Health Australia, 2009): • sanitary disposal of destroyed animals and contaminated animal products to remove the source of infection; • quarantine and movement controls of animals, products and other potentially infected items to prevent spread of infection; • decontamination of fomites (facilities, equipment and other items) to minimize the spread of the virus from infected animals and premises; • control of insect vectors in the initial stages of an outbreak; • tracing and surveillance to determine the source and extent of infection and to provide proof of freedom from the disease; • zoning and/or compartmentalization to define infected and disease-free premises and areas; • awareness campaigns to facilitate Source: OIE and FAO EMPRES-i cooperation from the industry and the community; and 2 empres w a t c h | VOL 33 — SEPTEMBER 2013 • ring vaccination as part of a modified prophylaxis and medical prophylaxis, as well References stamping-out policy. as the urgent need for regional coordination Live, attenuated vaccines are commonly of prevention and control of the disease. Abutarbush, S.M., Ababneh, M.M., Al used against LSD. Vaccines presently used Countries in at-risk regions should develop Zoubi, I.G., Al Sheyab, O.M., Al Zoubi, in the endemic areas include: (1) homologous and establish a regional response plan to M.G., Alekish, M.O. & Al Gharabat, R.J. live attenuated vaccines containing Neethling facilitate coordination, information exchange 2013. Lumpy skin disease in Jordan: disease strain, including Lumpy Skin Disease Vaccine and experience. emergence, clinical signs, complications and for Cattle® (Onderstepoort Biological FAO stands ready to provide assistance preliminary-associated economic losses. Product, South Africa) and Lumpyvax®, to member countries to help reduce the risk Transbound Emerg Dis., 62(5): 549–554. (Intervet, Namibia); (2) new live vaccine, of disease spread and safeguard vulnerable, Ali, H., Ali, A.A., Atta, M.S. & Cepica, A. 2012. HerbivacLS® (Deltamune/Ceva Santé livestock-related livelihoods. Assistance Common, emerging, vector-borne and infrequent Animale, South Africa); (3) sheep pox should be focused on, but not be limited to: abortogenic virus infections of cattle. Transbound vaccines produced in the region, including i) laboratory capacity development; Emerg Dis., 59(1): 11–25. sheep pox vaccine RM 65, Kenyavac® ii) risk communication and risk Animal Health Australia. 2009. Disease strategy: (Jordan Bio industries Centre, JOVAC) and management; lumpy skin disease (Version 3.0). Australian the Tissue Culture Sheep Pox Vaccine, iii) veterinary inspection and awareness Veterinary Emergency Plan (AUSVETPLAN), Kenyan S/GP 0240 (VSVRI, Egypt). campaigns for farmers and other Edition 3, Canberra, Primary Industries Ministerial stakeholders, in particular, for Council (available at http://www.oie.int/ Conclusions transhumant livestock; fileadmin/Home/eng/Animal_Health_in_the_ iv) clinical surveillance to detect animals World/docs/pdf/LSD3_0-12FINAL_27Jan09_. The occurrence of LSD in Greece and the showing LSD signs combined with sero- pdf). Russian Federation highlights the potential for surveillance in at-risk areas; Aziz-Boaron, O., Klausner, Z., Hasoksuz, M., further spread to other countries in Central v) rapid detection and prompt culling of Shenkar, J., Gafni, O., Gelman, B., David, Asia and Europe. infected herds in free areas infected D. & Klement, E. 2012. Circulation of bovine An urgent risk assessment for at-risk with LSD as effective measures to limit ephemeral fever in the Middle East--strong regions is required to help decision-makers the spread and impact of the outbreaks, evidence for transmission by winds and animal understand the situation and plan response including compensation policies; transport. Veterinary Microbiology, 158(3–4): actions.