Retinal Anatomy and Histology

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What is the difference between the retina and the neurosensory retina? 2 Q/A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --? ----PRs ----Bipolar cells ----Ganglion cells ----Amacrine cells ----Horizontal cells --? ----Müeller cells ----Astrocytes ----Microglia --? ----Endothelial cells ----Pericytes 5 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons ----PRs ----Bipolar cells ----Ganglion cells ----Amacrine cells ----Horizontal cells --Glial ----Müeller cells ----Astrocytes ----Microglia --Vascular 6 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----? ----? ----? ----? ----? --Glial ----Müeller cells ----Astrocytes ----Microglia --Vascular 7 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells ----Ganglion cells ----Amacrine cells ----Horizontal cells --Glial ----Müeller cells ----Astrocytes ----Microglia --Vascular 8 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells ----Ganglion cells ----Amacrine cells ----Horizontal cells --Glial: ----? ----? ----? --Vascular 9 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells ----Ganglion cells ----Amacrine cells ----Horizontal cells --Glial: ----Müeller cells ----Astrocytes ----Microglia --Vascular 10 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells ----Ganglion cells ----Amacrine cells ----Horizontal cells --Glial: ----Müeller cells ----Astrocytes ----Microglia --Vascular: ----? ----? 11 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells ----Ganglion cells ----Amacrine cells ----Horizontal cells --Glial: ----Müeller cells ----Astrocytes ----Microglia --Vascular: ----Endothelial cells ----Pericytes 12 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells ----Ganglion cells ----Amacrine cells ----Horizontal cells --Glial: ----Müeller cells? One of the glial cells is of particular note. Which one? ----Astrocytes? ----Microglia? --Vascular: ----Endothelial cells ----Pericytes 13 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells ----Ganglion cells ----Amacrine cells ----Horizontal cells --Glial: ----Müeller cells One of the glial cells is of particular note. Which one? ----Astrocytes Müeller cells ----Microglia --Vascular: ----Endothelial cells ----Pericytes 14 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells ----Ganglion cells ----Amacrine cells ----Horizontal cells --Glial: ----Müeller cells One of the glial cells is of particular note. Which one? ----Astrocytes Müeller cells ----Microglia Why are Müeller cells of particular note? --Vascular: ----Endothelial cells ----Pericytes 15 Q/A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells ----Ganglion cells ----Amacrine cells ----Horizontal cells --Glial: ----Müeller cells One of the glial cells is of particular note. Which one? ----Astrocytes Müeller cells ----Microglia Why are Müeller cells of particular note? --Vascular: Because they form the internal limitingthree words membrane of the retina ----Endothelial cells ----Pericytes 16 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells ----Ganglion cells ----Amacrine cells ----Horizontal cells --Glial: ----Müeller cells One of the glial cells is of particular note. Which one? ----Astrocytes Müeller cells ----Microglia Why are Müeller cells of particular note? --Vascular: Because they form the internal limiting membrane of the retina ----Endothelial cells ----Pericytes 17 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells ----Ganglion cells ----Amacrine cells ----Horizontal cells --Glial: ----Müeller cells One of the glial cells is of particular note. Which one? ----Astrocytes Müeller cells ----Microglia Why are Müeller cells of particular note? --Vascular: Because they form the internal limiting membrane of the retina ----Endothelial cells ----Pericytes Which specific aspect of Müeller cells form the ILM? Their foot processes 18 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells ----Ganglion cells ----Amacrine cells ----Horizontal cells --Glial: ----Müeller cells One of the glial cells is of particular note. Which one? ----Astrocytes Müeller cells ----Microglia Why are Müeller cells of particular note? --Vascular: Because they form the internal limiting membrane of the retina ----Endothelial cells ----Pericytes Which specific aspect of Müeller cells form the ILM? Their foot processes 19 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells ----Ganglion cells ----Amacrine cells ----Horizontal cells --Glial: ----Müeller cells One of the glial cells is ofWhat particular does the note. ILM Which attach one? to? ----Astrocytes Müeller cells The overlying cortical vitreous ----Microglia Why are Müeller cells of particular note? --Vascular: Because they form the internal limiting membrane of the retina ----Endothelial cells ----Pericytes Which specific aspect of Müeller cells form the ILM? Their foot processes 20 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells ----Ganglion cells ----Amacrine cells ----Horizontal cells --Glial: ----Müeller cells One of the glial cells is ofWhat particular does the note. ILM Which attach one? to? ----Astrocytes Müeller cells The overlying cortical vitreous ----Microglia Why are Müeller cells of particular note? --Vascular: Because they form the internal limiting membrane of the retina ----Endothelial cells ----Pericytes Which specific aspect of Müeller cells form the ILM? Their foot processes 21 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Müeller cells 22 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells ----Ganglion cells ----Amacrine cells In two words, how would one describe/classify amacrine cells and horizontal cells? ----Horizontal cells They are inhibitory interneurons --Glial: ----Müeller cells ----Astrocytes ----Microglia --Vascular: ----Endothelial cells ----Pericytes 23 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells ----Ganglion cells ----Amacrine cells In two words, how would one describe/classify amacrine cells and horizontal cells? ----Horizontal cells They are inhibitory interneurons --Glial: ----Müeller cells ----Astrocytes ----Microglia --Vascular: ----Endothelial cells ----Pericytes 24 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells ----Ganglion cells ----Amacrine cells In two words, how would one describe/classify amacrine cells and horizontal cells? ----Horizontal cells They are inhibitory interneurons --Glial: ----Müeller cells ‘Interneurons’—that word suggests amacrine cells and horizontal cells ----Astrocytes provide connections between other neural elements. With which ----Microglia neural elements are each associated? --Vascular: --Horizontal cells interconnect…? ----Endothelial cells --Amacrine cells interconnect… ----Pericytes 25 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells ----Ganglion cells ----Amacrine cells In two words, how would one describe/classify amacrine cells and horizontal cells? ----Horizontal cells They are inhibitory interneurons --Glial: ----Müeller cells ‘Interneurons’—that word suggests amacrine cells and horizontal cells ----Astrocytes provide connections between other neural elements. With which ----Microglia neural elements are each associated? --Vascular: --Horizontal cells interconnect…PRs ----Endothelial cells --Amacrine cells interconnect… ----Pericytes 26 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells ----Ganglion cells ----Amacrine cells In two words, how would one describe/classify amacrine cells and horizontal cells? ----Horizontal cells They are inhibitory interneurons --Glial: ----Müeller cells ‘Interneurons’—that word suggests amacrine cells and horizontal cells ----Astrocytes provide connections between other neural elements. With which ----Microglia neural elements are each associated? --Vascular: --Horizontal cells interconnect…PRs ----Endothelial cells --Amacrine cells interconnect…? ----Pericytes 27 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells ----Ganglion cells ----Amacrine cells In two words, how would one describe/classify amacrine cells and horizontal cells? ----Horizontal cells They are inhibitory interneurons --Glial: ----Müeller cells ‘Interneurons’—that word suggests amacrine cells and horizontal cells ----Astrocytes provide connections between other neural elements. With which ----Microglia neural elements are each associated? --Vascular: --Horizontal cells interconnect…PRs ----Endothelial cells --Amacrine cells interconnect…Bipolar cells, and ganglion cells ----Pericytes 28 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What is the difference between the retina and the neurosensory retina? While often used interchangeably (including, on occasion, in this slide-set), What doesthese it aremean technically to say the verticalnot synonyms. pathway is, The well, term vertical? neurosensory retina refers to It meansthe that neural this islining the direct on the path inside that neural of the impulses eye, whereas take in gettingthe term retina refers to Noting that amacrine and horizontal cells are interconnectors dovetails nicely with a out of thisthe eye neural and tolining the visualalong cortex. with the In contrast, retinal thepigment horizontal epithelium (RPE). pathwayfundamental conducts way impulses you should from think one areaabout of the the neural retina elements to anothe ofr. the neurosensory retina. Specifically, all of the neural elements can be conceptualized as belonging to one of two pathways—whatThe neurosensory are they? retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? TheThere vertical are pathway five typescomprised of neural of (in elem order)ents—what the PRs, bipolar are they? cells, Whatand ganglion are the ce lls; andthree the horizontal types of pathwayglial cells?comprised The two of amacrine vascular and cell horizontal types? cells --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Vertical ----Bipolar cells pathway ----Ganglion cells ----Amacrine cells Horizontal ----Horizontal cells pathway --Glial: ----Müeller cells ‘Interneurons’—that word suggests amacrine cells and horizontal cells ----Astrocytes provide connections between other neural elements. With which ----Microglia neural elements are each associated? --Vascular: --Horizontal cells interconnect…PRs ----Endothelial cells --Amacrine cells interconnect…Bipolar cells, and ganglion cells ----Pericytes 32 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Let’s drill down on the PRs. In just a few words, what absolutely fundamental role do PRs play ----Ganglion cells in the vision process? They----Amacrine convert light cells energy into electrical (neural) impulses, ie, phototransduction ----Horizontal cells There--Glial: are two basic PR types—what are they? Rods----Müeller and cones cells ----Astrocytes How----Microglia many rods and how many cones reside in the average human retina? Ballpark it at 100-125M rods, and 6-7M cones --Vascular: Rods----Endothelial and cones differ cells in many ways, but which difference is probably the most fundamental? Cone----Pericytes provide color vision, whereas rods provide monochromatic vision 35 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Let’s drill down on the PRs. In just a few words, what absolutely fundamental role do PRs play ----Ganglion cells in the vision process? They----Amacrine convert light cells energy into electrical (neural) impulses, ie, phototransduction ----Horizontal cells There--Glial: are two basic PR types—what are they? Rods----Müeller and cones cells ----Astrocytes How----Microglia many rods and how many cones reside in the average human retina? Ballpark it at 100-125M rods, and 6-7M cones --Vascular: Rods----Endothelial and cones differ cells in many ways, but which difference is probably the most fundamental? Cone----Pericytes provide color vision, whereas rods provide monochromatic vision 36 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Let’s drill down on the PRs. In just a few words, what absolutely fundamental role do PRs play ----Ganglion cells in the vision process? They----Amacrine convert light cells energy into electrical (neural) impulses, ie, phototransduction ----Horizontal cells There--Glial: are two basic PR types—what are they? Rods----Müeller and cones cells ----Astrocytes How----Microglia many rods and how many cones reside in the average human retina? Ballpark it at 100-125M rods, and 6-7M cones --Vascular: Rods----Endothelial and cones differ cells in many ways, but which difference is probably the most fundamental? Cone----Pericytes provide color vision, whereas rods provide monochromatic vision 37 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Let’s drill down on the PRs. In just a few words, what absolutely fundamental role do PRs play ----Ganglion cells in the vision process? They----Amacrine convert light cells energy into electrical (neural) impulses, ie, phototransduction ----Horizontal cells There--Glial: are two basic PR types—what are they? Rods----Müeller and cones cells ----Astrocytes How----Microglia many rods and how many cones reside in the average human retina? Ballpark it at 100-125M rods, and 6-7M cones --Vascular: Rods----Endothelial and cones differ cells in many ways, but which difference is probably the most fundamental? Cone----Pericytes provide color vision, whereas rods provide monochromatic vision 38 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Let’s drill down on the PRs. In just a few words, what absolutely fundamental role do PRs play ----Ganglion cells in the vision process? They----Amacrine convert light cells energy into electrical (neural) impulses, ie, phototransduction ----Horizontal cells There--Glial: are two basic PR Whattypes—what is the origin-story are they? for the names ‘rod’ and ‘cone’? Rods----Müeller and cones cells They’re named for the shape of their outer segments—cone outer segs ----Astrocytes are conical, whereas rod outer segs are rodical (j/k, that’s not a word) How----Microglia many rods and how many cones reside in the average human retina? Ballpark it at 100-125M rods, and 6-7M cones --Vascular: Rods----Endothelial and cones differ cells in many ways, but which difference is probably the most fundamental? Cone----Pericytes provide color vision, whereas rods provide monochromatic vision 39 Q/A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Let’s drill down on the PRs. In just a few words, what absolutely fundamental role do PRs play ----Ganglion cells in the vision process? They----Amacrine convert light cells energy into electrical (neural) impulses, ie, phototransduction ----Horizontal cells There--Glial: are two basic PR Whattypes—what is the origin-story are they? for the names ‘rod’ and ‘cone’? Rods----Müeller and cones cells They’re named for the shape of their outertwo segments words —cone outer segs ----Astrocytes are conical, whereas rod outer segs are rodical (j/k, that’s not a word) How----Microglia many rods and how many cones reside in the average human retina? Ballpark it at 100-125M rods, and 6-7M cones --Vascular: Rods----Endothelial and cones differ cells in many ways, but which difference is probably the most fundamental? Cone----Pericytes provide color vision, whereas rods provide monochromatic vision 40 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Let’s drill down on the PRs. In just a few words, what absolutely fundamental role do PRs play ----Ganglion cells in the vision process? They----Amacrine convert light cells energy into electrical (neural) impulses, ie, phototransduction ----Horizontal cells There--Glial: are two basic PR Whattypes—what is the origin-story are they? for the names ‘rod’ and ‘cone’? Rods----Müeller and cones cells They’re named for the shape of their outer segments—cone outer segs ----Astrocytes are conical, whereas rod outer segs are rodical (j/k, that’s not a word) How----Microglia many rods and how many cones reside in the average human retina? Ballpark it at 100-125M rods, and 6-7M cones --Vascular: Rods----Endothelial and cones differ cells in many ways, but which difference is probably the most fundamental? Cone----Pericytes provide color vision, whereas rods provide monochromatic vision 41 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Let’s drill down on the PRs. In just a few words, what absolutely fundamental role do PRs play ----Ganglion cells in the vision process? They----Amacrine convert light cells energy into electrical (neural) impulses, ie, phototransduction ----Horizontal cells There--Glial: are two basic PR Whattypes—what is the origin-story are they? for the names ‘rod’ and ‘cone’? Rods----Müeller and cones cells They’re named for the shape of their outer segments—cone outer segs ----Astrocytes are conical, whereas rod outer segs are rodical (j/k, that’s not a word) How----Microglia many rods and how many cones reside in the average human retina? Ballpark it at 100-125M rods, and 6-7M cones --Vascular: Rods----Endothelial and cones differ cells in many ways, but which difference is probably the most fundamental? Cone----Pericytes provide color vision, whereas rods provide monochromatic vision 42 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Let’s drill down on the PRs. In just a few words, what absolutely fundamental role do PRs play ----Ganglion cells in the vision process? They----Amacrine convert light cells energy into electrical (neural) impulses, ie, phototransduction ----Horizontal cells There--Glial: are two basic PR types—what are they? Rods----Müeller and cones cells ----Astrocytes How----Microglia many rods and how many cones reside in the average human retina? Ballpark it at 100-125M rods, and 6-7M cones --Vascular: Rods----Endothelial and cones differ cells in many ways, but which difference is probably the most fundamental? Cone----Pericytes provide color vision, whereas rods provide monochromatic vision 43 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Let’s drill down on the PRs. In just a few words, what absolutely fundamental role do PRs play ----Ganglion cells in the vision process? They----Amacrine convert light cells energy into electrical (neural) impulses, ie, phototransduction ----Horizontal cells There--Glial: are two basic PR types—what are they? Rods----Müeller and cones cells ----Astrocytes How----Microglia many rods and how many cones reside in the average human retina? Ballpark it at 100-125M rods, and 6-7M cones --Vascular: Rods----Endothelial and cones differ cells in many ways, but which difference is probably the most fundamental? Cone----Pericytes provide color vision, whereas rods provide monochromatic vision 44 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Let’s drill down on the PRs. In just a few words, what absolutely fundamental role do PRs play ----Ganglion cells in the vision process? They----Amacrine convert light cells energy into electrical (neural) impulses, ie, phototransduction ----Horizontal cells There--Glial: are two basic PR types—what are they? Rods----Müeller and cones cells ----Astrocytes How----Microglia many rods and how many cones reside in the average human retina? Ballpark it at 100-125M rods, and 6-7M cones --Vascular: Rods----Endothelial and cones differ cells in many ways, but which difference is probably the most fundamental? Cone----Pericytes provide color vision, whereas rods provide monochromatic vision 45 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Let’s drill down on the PRs. In just a few words, what absolutely fundamental role do PRs play ----Ganglion cells in the vision process? They----Amacrine convert light cells energy into electrical (neural) impulses, ie, phototransduction ----Horizontal cells There--Glial: are two basic PR types—what are they? Rods----Müeller and cones cells ----Astrocytes How----Microglia many rods and how many cones reside in the average human retina? Ballpark it at 100-125M rods, and 6-7M cones --Vascular: Rods----Endothelial and cones differ cells in many ways, but which difference is probably the most fundamental? Cones----Pericytes provide color vision, whereas rods provide monochromatic vision 46 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: With regard----Photoreceptors to color vision: How (PRs) many different sorts of cones are there? Three----Bipolar cells Let’s drill down on the PRs. In just a few words, what absolutely fundamental role do PRs play ----Ganglion cells Howin do the these vision three process? subpopulations differ from one another? They----Amacrine convert light cells energy into electrical (neural) impulses, ie, phototransduction In terms----Horizontal of the wavelength cells of light to which they are most responsive WhatThere are--Glial: the are three two basic wavelengths? PR types—what are they? --ShortRods----Müeller (S andcones) cones cells --Medium----Astrocytes (M cones) --LongHow----Microglia (L manycones) rods and how many cones reside in the average human retina? Ballpark it at 100-125M rods, and 6-7M cones --Vascular: Rods----Endothelial and cones differ cells in many ways, but which difference is probably the most fundamental? Cones----Pericytes provide color vision, whereas rods provide monochromatic vision 47 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: With regard----Photoreceptors to color vision: How (PRs) many different sorts of cones are there? Three----Bipolar cells Let’s drill down on the PRs. In just a few words, what absolutely fundamental role do PRs play ----Ganglion cells Howin do the these vision three process? subpopulations differ from one another? They----Amacrine convert light cells energy into electrical (neural) impulses, ie, phototransduction In terms----Horizontal of the wavelength cells of light to which they are most responsive WhatThere are--Glial: the are three two basic wavelengths? PR types—what are they? --ShortRods----Müeller (S andcones) cones cells --Medium----Astrocytes (M cones) --LongHow----Microglia (L manycones) rods and how many cones reside in the average human retina? Ballpark it at 100-125M rods, and 6-7M cones --Vascular: Rods----Endothelial and cones differ cells in many ways, but which difference is probably the most fundamental? Cones----Pericytes provide color vision, whereas rods provide monochromatic vision 48 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: With regard----Photoreceptors to color vision: How (PRs) many different sorts of cones are there? Three----Bipolar cells Let’s drill down on the PRs. In just a few words, what absolutely fundamental role do PRs play ----Ganglion cells Howin do the these vision three process? subpopulations differ from one another? They----Amacrine convert light cells energy into electrical (neural) impulses, ie, phototransduction In terms----Horizontal of the wavelength cells of light to which they are most responsive WhatThere are--Glial: the are three two basic wavelengths? PR types—what are they? --ShortRods----Müeller (S andcones) cones cells --Medium----Astrocytes (M cones) --LongHow----Microglia (L manycones) rods and how many cones reside in the average human retina? Ballpark it at 100-125M rods, and 6-7M cones --Vascular: Rods----Endothelial and cones differ cells in many ways, but which difference is probably the most fundamental? Cones----Pericytes provide color vision, whereas rods provide monochromatic vision 49 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: With regard----Photoreceptors to color vision: How (PRs) many different sorts of cones are there? Three----Bipolar cells Let’s drill down on the PRs. In just a few words, what absolutely fundamental role do PRs play ----Ganglion cells Howin do the these vision three process? subpopulations differ from one another? They----Amacrine convert light cells energy into electrical (neural) impulses, ie, phototransduction In terms----Horizontal of the wavelength cells of light to which they are most responsive WhatThere are--Glial: the are three two basic wavelengths? PR types—what are they? --ShortRods----Müeller (S andcones) cones cells --Medium----Astrocytes (M cones) --LongHow----Microglia (L manycones) rods and how many cones reside in the average human retina? Ballpark it at 100-125M rods, and 6-7M cones --Vascular: Rods----Endothelial and cones differ cells in many ways, but which difference is probably the most fundamental? Cones----Pericytes provide color vision, whereas rods provide monochromatic vision 50 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: With regard----Photoreceptors to color vision: How (PRs) many different sorts of cones are there? Three----Bipolar cells Let’s drill down on the PRs. In just a few words, what absolutely fundamental role do PRs play ----Ganglion cells Howin do the these vision three process? subpopulations differ from one another? They----Amacrine convert light cells energy into electrical (neural) impulses, ie, phototransduction In terms----Horizontal of the wavelength cells of light to which they are most responsive WhatThere are--Glial: the are three two basic wavelengths? PR types—what are they? --? Rods----Müeller and cones cells --? ----Astrocytes --? How----Microglia many rods and how many cones reside in the average human retina? Ballpark it at 100-125M rods, and 6-7M cones --Vascular: Rods----Endothelial and cones differ cells in many ways, but which difference is probably the most fundamental? Cones----Pericytes provide color vision, whereas rods provide monochromatic vision 51 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: With regard----Photoreceptors to color vision: How (PRs) many different sorts of cones are there? Three----Bipolar cells Let’s drill down on the PRs. In just a few words, what absolutely fundamental role do PRs play ----Ganglion cells Howin do the these vision three process? subpopulations differ from one another? They----Amacrine convert light cells energy into electrical (neural) impulses, ie, phototransduction In terms----Horizontal of the wavelength cells of light to which they are most responsive WhatThere are--Glial: the are three two basic wavelengths? PR types—what are they? --ShortRods----Müeller (S andcones) cones cells --Medium----Astrocytes (M cones) --LongHow----Microglia (L manycones) rods and how many cones reside in the average human retina? Ballpark it at 100-125M rods, and 6-7M cones --Vascular: Rods----Endothelial and cones differ cells in many ways, but which difference is probably the most fundamental? Cones----Pericytes provide color vision, whereas rods provide monochromatic vision 52 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: With regard----Photoreceptors to color vision: How (PRs) many different sorts of cones are there? Three----Bipolar cells Let’s drill down on the PRs. In just a few words, what absolutely fundamental role do PRs play ----Ganglion cells Howin do the these vision three process? subpopulations differ from one another? They----Amacrine convert light cells energy into electrical (neural) impulses, ie, phototransduction In terms----Horizontal of the wavelength cells of light to which they are most responsive WhatThere are--Glial: the are three two basic wavelengths? Short,PR types—what medium and are long? they? Why not just say blue, green and red? --ShortRods----Müeller (S and cones) cones cells We used to. However, we now realize that perceived color does not stand in --Medium----Astrocytes (M cones) a 1:1 relationship with stimulation of a particular type of cone. Rather, cones --LongHow----Microglia (L many cones) rods and arehow cross-connected many cones reside into inreceptiv the averagee fields, human and work retina? in a coordinated fashion Ballpark it at 100-125M rods, and 6-7M cones --Vascular: to recognize contrasting levels of the color-pairs red-green, and blue-yellow. Rods----Endothelial and cones differ cells in many ways, but which difference is probably the most fundamental? Cones----Pericytes provide color vision, whereas rods provide monochromatic vision 53 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: With regard----Photoreceptors to color vision: How (PRs) many different sorts of cones are there? Three----Bipolar cells Let’s drill down on the PRs. In just a few words, what absolutely fundamental role do PRs play ----Ganglion cells Howin do the these vision three process? subpopulations differ from one another? They----Amacrine convert light cells energy into electrical (neural) impulses, ie, phototransduction In terms----Horizontal of the wavelength cells of light to which they are most responsive WhatThere are--Glial: the are three two basic wavelengths? Short,PR types—what medium and are long? they? Why not just say blue, green and red? --ShortRods----Müeller (S and cones) cones cells We used to. However, we now realize that perceived color does not stand in --Medium----Astrocytes (M cones) a 1:1 relationship with stimulation of a particular type of cone. Rather, cones --LongHow----Microglia (L many cones) rods and arehow cross-connected many cones reside into inreceptiv the averagee fields, human and work retina? in a coordinated fashion Ballpark it at 100-125M rods, and 6-7M cones --Vascular: to recognize contrasting levels of the color-pairs red-green, and blue-yellow. Rods----Endothelial and cones differ cells in many ways, but which difference is probably the most fundamental? Cones----Pericytes provide color vision, whereas rods provide monochromatic vision 54 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Let’s talk----Bipolar PR morphology. cells PRs have several portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? The outer----Ganglion segment. As cells mentioned, the outer segs of rods and cones are rod-shaped and conical, respectively. ----Amacrine cells What is----Horizontal the dominant morphologic cells feature of a PR outer seg? The outer--Glial: segs house the PR’s discs ----Müeller cells How many----Astrocytes discs are contained within a PR outer seg? About 1000/rod (BCSC didn’t give a number for cones) ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 55 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Let’s talk----Bipolar PR morphology. cells PRs have several portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? The outer----Ganglion segment. As cells mentioned, the outer segs of rods and cones are rod-shaped and conical, respectively. ----Amacrine cells What is----Horizontal the dominant morphologic cells feature of a PR outer seg? The outer--Glial: segs house the PR’s discs ----Müeller cells How many----Astrocytes discs are contained within a PR outer seg? About 1000/rod (BCSC didn’t give a number for cones) ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 56 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Synaptic processes

Cell body 57 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Let’s talk----Bipolar PR morphology. cells In PRs this have context, several what porti doesons, the one word of which‘outer’ we’veintend already to convey? mentioned—which one? The outer----Ganglionsegment. As cells mentioned,As is almost the always outer segs the case of rods with and regards cones to are eye rod-shaped anatomy, outerand conical,means respectively. ----Amacrine cells‘closer to the eye wall’ (the correct implication being that the term inner What is----Horizontal the dominant morphologic cellsmeans ‘closer feature to ofthe a centerPR outer of the seg? globe’) The outer--Glial: segs house the PR’s discs ----Müeller cells How many----Astrocytes discs are contained within a PR outer seg? About 1000/rod (BCSC didn’t give a number for cones) ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 58 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Let’s talk----Bipolar PR morphology. cells In PRs this have context, several what porti doesons, the one word of which‘outer’ we’veintend already to convey? mentioned—which one? The outer----Ganglionsegment. As cells mentioned,As is almost the always outer segs the case of rods with and regards cones to are eye rod-shaped anatomy, outerand conical,means respectively. ----Amacrine cells‘closer to the eye wall’ (the correct implication being that the term inner What is----Horizontal the dominant morphologic cellsmeans ‘closer feature to ofthe a centerPR outer of the seg? globe’) The outer--Glial: segs house the PR’s discs ----Müeller cells How many----Astrocytes discs are contained within a PR outer seg? About 1000/rod (BCSC didn’t give a number for cones) ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 59 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Let’s talk----Bipolar PR morphology. cells PRs have several portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? The outer----Ganglion segment. As cells mentioned, the outer segs of rods and cones are rod-shaped and conical, respectively. ----Amacrine cells What is----Horizontal the dominant morphologic cells feature of a PR outer seg? The outer--Glial: segs house the PR’s discs ----Müeller cells How many----Astrocytes discs are contained within a PR outer seg? About 1000/rod (BCSC didn’t give a number for cones) ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 60 Q/A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Let’s talk----Bipolar PR morphology. cells PRs have several portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? The outer----Ganglion segment. As cells mentioned, the outer segs of rods and cones are rod-shaped and conical, respectively. ----Amacrine cells What is----Horizontal the dominant morphologic cells feature of a PR outer seg? The outer--Glial: segs contain the PR’s discs ----Müeller cells How many----Astrocytes discs are contained within a PR outer seg? About 1000/rod (BCSC didn’t give a number for cones) ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 61 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Let’s talk----Bipolar PR morphology. cells PRs have several portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? The outer----Ganglion segment. As cells mentioned, the outer segs of rods and cones are rod-shaped and conical, respectively. ----Amacrine cells What is----Horizontal the dominant morphologic cells feature of a PR outer seg? The outer--Glial: segs contain the PR’s discs ----Müeller cells How many----Astrocytes discs are contained within a PR outer seg? About 1000/rod (BCSC didn’t give a number for cones) ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 62 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Synaptic processes

Cell body 63 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Let’sWhat talk----Bipolar role PR do morphology. the cellsdiscs play PRs in have the vision several process? portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? TheThe outer disc----Ganglion segment. membranes As cells mentioned,contain the theprotein outer rhodopsinsegs of rods , which and con is thees aresubstance rod-shaped and conical, respectively. that reacts----Amacrine to the incoming cells light and kicks off the process of phototransduction What is----Horizontal the dominant morphologic cells feature of a PR outer seg? The outer--Glial: segs contain the PR’s discs ----Müeller cells How many----Astrocytes discs are contained within a PR outer seg? About 1000/rod (BCSC didn’t give a number for cones) ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 64 Q/A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Let’sWhat talk----Bipolar role PR do morphology. the cellsdiscs play PRs in have the vision several process? portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? TheThe outer disc----Ganglion segment. membranes As cells mentioned,contain the theprotein outer rhodopsinsegs of rods , which and con is thees aresubstance rod-shaped and conical, respectively. that reacts----Amacrine to the incoming cells light and kicks off the process of phototransduction What is----Horizontal the dominant morphologic cells feature of a PR outer seg? The outer--Glial: segs contain the PR’s discs ----Müeller cells How many----Astrocytes discs are contained within a PR outer seg? About 1000/rod (BCSC didn’t give a number for cones) ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 65 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Let’sWhat talk----Bipolar role PR do morphology. the cellsdiscs play PRs in have the vision several process? portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? TheThe outer disc----Ganglion segment. membranes As cells mentioned,contain the theprotein outer rhodopsinsegs of rods, which and con is thees aresubstance rod-shaped and conical, respectively. that reacts----Amacrine to the incoming cells light and kicks off the process of phototransduction What is----Horizontal the dominant morphologic cells feature of a PR outer seg? The outer--Glial: segs contain the PR’s discs ----Müeller cells How many----Astrocytes discs are contained within a PR outer seg? About 1000/rod (BCSC didn’t give a number for cones) ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 66 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Let’s talk----Bipolar PR morphology. cells PRs have several portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? The outer----Ganglion segment. As cells mentioned, the outer segs of rods and cones are rod-shaped and conical, respectively. ----Amacrine cells What is----Horizontal the dominant morphologic cells feature of a PR outer seg? The outer--Glial: segs contain the PR’s discs ----Müeller cells How many----Astrocytes discs are contained within a PR outer seg? About 1000/rod (BCSC didn’t give a number for cones) ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 67 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Let’s talk----Bipolar PR morphology. cells PRs have several portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? The outer----Ganglion segment. As cells mentioned, the outer segs of rods and cones are rod-shaped and conical, respectively. ----Amacrine cells What is----Horizontal the dominant morphologic cells feature of a PR outer seg? The outer--Glial: segs contain the PR’s discs ----Müeller cells How many----Astrocytes discs are contained within a PR outer seg? About 1000/rod (BCSC didn’t give a number for cones) ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 68 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Let’s talk----Bipolar PR morphology. cells PRs have several portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? The outer----Ganglion segment. As cells mentioned, the outer segs of rods and cones are rod-shaped and conical, respectively. ----Amacrine cells What is----Horizontal the dominant morphologic cells feature of a PR outer seg? The outer--Glial: segs contain the PR’s discs ----Müeller cells How many----Astrocytes discs are contained within a PR outer seg? About 1000/rod (BCSC didn’t give a number for cones) ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 69 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Let’s talk----Bipolar PR morphology. cells PRs have several portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? The outer----Ganglion segment. As cells mentioned, the outer segs of rods and cones are rod-shaped and conical, respectively. ----Amacrine cells What is----Horizontal the dominant morphologic cells feature of a PR outer seg? The outer--Glial: segs contain the PR’s discs ----Müeller cells How many----Astrocytes discs are contained within a PR outer seg? About 1000/rod (BCSC didn’t give a number for cones) ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 70 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Let’s talk----Bipolar PR morphology. cells PRs have several portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? The outer----Ganglion segment.How ‘adjacent’ As cells mentioned, are the adjacent the outer RPE segs cells? of rods and cones are rod-shaped and conical, respectively. ----AmacrineReally adjacent. cells As in, the apical aspects of the PRs interdigitate intimately with the What is----Horizontal the highlydominant convoluted morphologic cells apical feature aspects of a of PR the outer RPE seg? The outer--Glial: segs contain the PR’s discs ----MüellerInterdigitate—does cells that mean the PRs and RPE cells are attached to one another? How many----Astrocytes discsNegatory are containedgood buddy, within and a this PR isouter a really seg? important factoid to have on hand—there About 1000/rodare no(BCSC directdidn’t connections give a number between for the cones) PRs and the RPE ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 71 Q/A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Let’s talk----Bipolar PR morphology. cells PRs have several portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? The outer----Ganglion segment.How ‘adjacent’ As cells mentioned, are the adjacent the outer RPE segs cells? of rods and cones are rod-shaped and conical, respectively. apical v ----AmacrineReally adjacent. cells As in, the apicalbasal aspects of the PRs interdigitate intimately with the apical v What is----Horizontal the highlydominant convoluted morphologic cells apicalbasal feature aspects of a of PR the outer RPE seg? The outer--Glial: segs contain the PR’s discs ----MüellerInterdigitate—does cells that mean the PRs and RPE cells are attached to one another? How many----Astrocytes discsNegatory are containedgood buddy, within and a this PR isouter a really seg? important factoid to have on hand—there About 1000/rodare no(BCSC directdidn’t connections give a number between for the cones) PRs and the RPE ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 72 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Let’s talk----Bipolar PR morphology. cells PRs have several portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? The outer----Ganglion segment.How ‘adjacent’ As cells mentioned, are the adjacent the outer RPE segs cells? of rods and cones are rod-shaped and conical, respectively. ----AmacrineReally adjacent. cells As in, the apical aspects of the PRs interdigitate intimately with the What is----Horizontal the highlydominant convoluted morphologic cells apical feature aspects of a of PR the outer RPE seg? The outer--Glial: segs contain the PR’s discs ----MüellerInterdigitate—does cells that mean the PRs and RPE cells are attached to one another? How many----Astrocytes discsNegatory are containedgood buddy, within and a this PR isouter a really seg? important factoid to have on hand—there About 1000/rodare no(BCSC directdidn’t connections give a number between for the cones) PRs and the RPE ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 73 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons:So, the PRs and RPE cells are oriented apex-to-apex? How did that come about? ----PhotoreceptorsIt came about for (PRs)the same reason the ciliary body has two epithelial layers which ----Bipolarare likewise cells oriented apex-to-apex: Embryology. If you have no idea what I’m Let’s talk PR talkingmorphology. about, PRs you haveneed severalto review porti slide-setons, one FELT21 of which sometime we’ve already soon. mentioned—which one? The outer----Ganglion segment.How ‘adjacent’ As cells mentioned, are the adjacent the outer RPE segs cells? of rods and cones are rod-shaped and conical, respectively. ----AmacrineReally adjacent. cells As in, the apical aspects of the PRs interdigitate intimately with What is----Horizontal the thedominant highly morphologic convolutedcells apical feature aspects of a PR outerof the seg? RPE The outer--Glial: segs contain the PR’s discs ----MüellerInterdigitate—does cells that mean the PRs and RPE cells are attached to one another? How many----Astrocytes discsNegatory are containedgood buddy, within and a this PR isouter a really seg? important factoid to have on hand—there About 1000/rodare no(BCSC directdidn’t connections give a number between for the cones) PRs and the RPE ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 74 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons:So, the PRs and RPE cells are oriented apex-to-apex? How did that come about? ----PhotoreceptorsIt came about for (PRs)the same reason the ciliary body has two epithelial layers which ----Bipolarare likewise cells oriented apex-to-apex: Embryology. If you have no idea what I’m Let’s talk PR talkingmorphology. about, PRs you haveneed severalto review porti slide-setons, one FELT21 of which sometime we’ve already soon. mentioned—which one? The outer----Ganglion segment.How ‘adjacent’ As cells mentioned, are the adjacent the outer RPE segs cells? of rods and cones are rod-shaped and conical, respectively. ----AmacrineReally adjacent. cells As in, the apical aspects of the PRs interdigitate intimately with What is----Horizontal the thedominant highly morphologic convolutedcells apical feature aspects of a PR outerof the seg? RPE The outer--Glial: segs contain the PR’s discs ----MüellerInterdigitate—does cells that mean the PRs and RPE cells are attached to one another? How many----Astrocytes discsNegatory are containedgood buddy, within and a this PR isouter a really seg? important factoid to have on hand—there About 1000/rodare no(BCSC directdidn’t connections give a number between for the cones) PRs and the RPE ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 75 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons:So, the PRs and RPE cells are oriented apex-to-apex? How did that come about? ----PhotoreceptorsIt came about for (PRs)the same reason the ciliary body has two epithelial layers which ----Bipolarare likewise cells oriented apex-to-apex: Embryology. If you have no idea what I’m Let’s talk PR talkingmorphology. about, PRs you haveneed severalto review porti slide-setons, one FELT21 of whichsometime we’ve already soon! mentioned—which one? The outer----Ganglion segment.How ‘adjacent’ As cells mentioned, are the adjacent the outer RPE segs cells? of rods and cones are rod-shaped and conical, respectively. ----AmacrineReally adjacent. cells As in, the apical aspects of the PRs interdigitate intimately with What is----Horizontal the thedominant highly morphologic convolutedcells apical feature aspects of a PR outerof the seg? RPE The outer--Glial: segs contain the PR’s discs ----MüellerInterdigitate—does cells that mean the PRs and RPE cells are attached to one another? How many----Astrocytes discsNegatory are containedgood buddy, within and a this PR isouter a really seg? important factoid to have on hand—there About 1000/rodare no(BCSC directdidn’t connections give a number between for the cones) PRs and the RPE ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 76 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Let’s talk----Bipolar PR morphology. cells PRs have several portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? The outer----Ganglion segment.How ‘adjacent’ As cells mentioned, are the adjacent the outer RPE segs cells? of rods and cones are rod-shaped and conical, respectively. ----AmacrineReally adjacent. cells As in, the apical aspects of the PRs interdigitate intimately with the What is----Horizontal the highlydominant convoluted morphologic cells apical feature aspects of a of PR the outer RPE seg? The outer--Glial: segs contain the PR’s discs ----MüellerInterdigitate—does cells that mean the PRs and RPE cells are attached to one another? How many----Astrocytes discsNegatory are containedgood buddy, within and a this PR isouter a really seg? important factoid to have on hand—there About 1000/rodare no(BCSC directdidn’t connections give a number between for the cones) PRs and the RPE ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 77 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Let’s talk----Bipolar PR morphology. cells PRs have several portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? The outer----Ganglion segment.How ‘adjacent’ As cells mentioned, are the adjacent the outer RPE segs cells? of rods and cones are rod-shaped and conical, respectively. ----AmacrineReally adjacent. cells As in, the apical aspects of the PRs interdigitate intimately with the What is----Horizontal the highlydominant convoluted morphologic cells apical feature aspects of a of PR the outer RPE seg? The outer--Glial: segs contain the PR’s discs ----MüellerInterdigitate—does cells that mean the PRs and RPE cells are attached to one another? How many----Astrocytes discsNegatory are containedgood buddy, within and a this PR isouter a really seg? important factoid to have on hand—there About 1000/rodare no(BCSC directdidn’t connections give a number between for the cones) PRs and the RPE ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 78 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Let’s talk PRWhy morphology. is this fact so PRs important? have several portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? The outer----Ganglion Becausesegment.How ‘adjacent’ it As meanscells mentioned, are a potentialthe adjacent the outerspace RPE segs exists cells? of betweenrods and thecon PRses are and rod-shaped RPE and conical, respectively. ----AmacrineReally adjacent. cells As in, the apical aspects of the PRs interdigitate intimately with the What is----Horizontal theIs highlydominantthis potential convoluted morphologic cells space apical of clinicalfeature aspects relevance?of a of PR the outer RPE seg? The outer--Glial: Indeedsegs contain it is. This the space PR’s discsis the one that opens up in a retinal detachment . ----MüellerInterdigitate—does cells that mean the PRs and RPE cells are attached to one another? How many----Astrocytes discsNegatory are containedgood buddy, within and a this PR isouter a really seg? important factoid to have on hand—there About 1000/rodare no(BCSC directdidn’t connections give a number between for cones) the PRs and the RPE ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 79 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Let’s talk PRWhy morphology. is this fact so PRs important? have several portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? The outer----Ganglion Becausesegment.How ‘adjacent’ it As meanscells mentioned, are a potentialthe adjacent the outerspace RPE segs exists cells? of betweenrods and thecon PRses are and rod-shaped RPE and conical, respectively. ----AmacrineReally adjacent. cells As in, the apical aspects of the PRs interdigitate intimately with the What is----Horizontal theIs highlydominantthis potential convoluted morphologic cells space apical of clinicalfeature aspects relevance?of a of PR the outer RPE seg? The outer--Glial: Indeedsegs contain it is. This the space PR’s discsis the one that opens up in a retinal detachment . ----MüellerInterdigitate—does cells that mean the PRs and RPE cells are attached to one another? How many----Astrocytes discsNegatory are containedgood buddy, within and a this PR isouter a really seg? important factoid to have on hand—there About 1000/rodare no(BCSC directdidn’t connections give a number between for cones) the PRs and the RPE ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 80 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Let’s talk PRWhy morphology. is this fact so PRs important? have several portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? The outer----Ganglion Becausesegment.How ‘adjacent’ it As meanscells mentioned, are a potentialthe adjacent the outerspace RPE segs exists cells? of betweenrods and thecon PRses are and rod-shaped RPE and conical, respectively. ----AmacrineReally adjacent. cells As in, the apical aspects of the PRs interdigitate intimately with the What is----Horizontal theIs highlydominantthis potential convoluted morphologic cells space apical of clinicalfeature aspects relevance?of a of PR the outer RPE seg? The outer--Glial: Indeedsegs contain it is. This the space PR’s discsis the one that opens up in a retinal detachment . ----MüellerInterdigitate—does cells that mean the PRs and RPE cells are attached to one another? How many----Astrocytes discsNegatory are containedgood buddy, within and a this PR isouter a really seg? important factoid to have on hand—there About 1000/rodare no(BCSC directdidn’t connections give a number between for cones) the PRs and the RPE ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 81 Q/A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Let’s talk PRWhy morphology. is this fact so PRs important? have several portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? The outer----Ganglion Becausesegment.How ‘adjacent’ it As meanscells mentioned, are a potentialthe adjacent the outerspace RPE segs exists cells? of betweenrods and thecon PRses are and rod-shaped RPE and conical, respectively. ----AmacrineReally adjacent. cells As in, the apical aspects of the PRs interdigitate intimately with the What is----Horizontal theIs highlydominantthis potential convoluted morphologic cells space apical of clinicalfeature aspects relevance?of a of PR the outer RPE seg? The outer--Glial: Indeedsegs contain it is. This the space PR’s discsis the one that opens up in a retinal twodetachment words . ----MüellerInterdigitate—does cells that mean the PRs and RPE cells are attached to one another? How many----Astrocytes discsNegatory are containedgood buddy, within and a this PR isouter a really seg? important factoid to have on hand—there About 1000/rodare no(BCSC directdidn’t connections give a number between for cones) the PRs and the RPE ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 82 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Let’s talk PRWhy morphology. is this fact so PRs important? have several portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? The outer----Ganglion Becausesegment.How ‘adjacent’ it As meanscells mentioned, are a potentialthe adjacent the outerspace RPE segs exists cells? of betweenrods and thecon PRses are and rod-shaped RPE and conical, respectively. ----AmacrineReally adjacent. cells As in, the apical aspects of the PRs interdigitate intimately with the What is----Horizontal theIs highlydominantthis potential convoluted morphologic cells space apical of clinicalfeature aspects relevance?of a of PR the outer RPE seg? The outer--Glial: Indeedsegs contain it is. This the space PR’s discsis the one that opens up in a retinal detachment . ----MüellerInterdigitate—does cells that mean the PRs and RPE cells are attached to one another? How many----Astrocytes discsNegatory are containedgood buddy, within and a this PR isouter a really seg? important factoid to have on hand—there About 1000/rodare no(BCSC directdidn’t connections give a number between for cones) the PRs and the RPE ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 83 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cellsWhat are the three classes/mechanisms of retinal detachment? Let’s talk PRWhy morphology. is this fact so PRs important? have several portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? --? The outer----Ganglion Becausesegment.How ‘adjacent’ it As meanscells mentioned, are a potentialthe adjacent the outerspace RPE segs exists cells? of betweenrods and thecon PRses are and rod-shaped RPE and conical, respectively. ----AmacrineReally adjacent. cells--? As in, the apical aspects of the PRs interdigitate intimately with the --? What is----Horizontal theIs highlydominantthis potential convoluted morphologic cells space apical of clinicalfeature aspects relevance?of a of PR the outer RPE seg? The outer--Glial: Indeedsegs contain it is. This the space PR’s discsis the one that opens up in a retinal detachment . ----MüellerInterdigitate—does cells that mean the PRs and RPE cells are attached to one another? How many----Astrocytes discsNegatory are containedgood buddy, within and a this PR isouter a really seg? important factoid to have on hand—there About 1000/rodare no(BCSC directdidn’t connections give a number between for cones) the PRs and the RPE ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 84 Q/A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cellsWhat are the three classes/mechanisms of retinal detachment? Let’s talk PRWhy morphology. is this fact so PRs important? have several portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? --Rhegmatogenous (= 2ndry to a retinaltwo words break ) The outer----Ganglion Becausesegment.How ‘adjacent’ it As meanscells mentioned, are a potentialthe adjacent the outerspace RPE segs exists cells? of betweenrods and thecon PRses are and rod-shaped RPE and conical, respectively. ----AmacrineReally adjacent. cells--Tractional As in, the apical aspects of the PRs interdigitate intimately with the --Serous What is----Horizontal theIs highlydominantthis potential convoluted morphologic cells space apical of clinicalfeature aspects relevance?of a of PR the outer RPE seg? The outer--Glial: Indeedsegs contain it is. This the space PR’s discsis the one that opens up in a retinal detachment . ----MüellerInterdigitate—does cells that mean the PRs and RPE cells are attached to one another? How many----Astrocytes discsNegatory are containedgood buddy, within and a this PR isouter a really seg? important factoid to have on hand—there About 1000/rodare no(BCSC directdidn’t connections give a number between for cones) the PRs and the RPE ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 85 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cellsWhat are the three classes/mechanisms of retinal detachment? Let’s talk PRWhy morphology. is this fact so PRs important? have several portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? --Rhegmatogenous (= 2ndry to a retinal break ) The outer----Ganglion Becausesegment.How ‘adjacent’ it As meanscells mentioned, are a potentialthe adjacent the outerspace RPE segs exists cells? of betweenrods and thecon PRses are and rod-shaped RPE and conical, respectively. ----AmacrineReally adjacent. cells--Tractional As in, the apical aspects of the PRs interdigitate intimately with the --Serous What is----Horizontal theIs highlydominantthis potential convoluted morphologic cells space apical of clinicalfeature aspects relevance?of a of PR the outer RPE seg? The outer--Glial: Indeedsegs contain it is. This the space PR’s discsis the one that opens up in a retinal detachment . ----MüellerInterdigitate—does cells that mean the PRs and RPE cells are attached to one another? How many----Astrocytes discsNegatory are containedgood buddy, within and a this PR isouter a really seg? important factoid to have on hand—there About 1000/rodare no(BCSC directdidn’t connections give a number between for cones) the PRs and the RPE ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 86 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? For--Neurons: more on retinal detachment, see slide-set R35 ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cellsWhat are the three classes/mechanisms of retinal detachment? Let’s talk PRWhy morphology. is this fact so PRs important? have several portions, one of which we’ve already mentioned—which one? --Rhegmatogenous (= 2ndry to a retinal break ) The outer----Ganglion Becausesegment.How ‘adjacent’ it As meanscells mentioned, are a potentialthe adjacent the outerspace RPE segs exists cells? of betweenrods and thecon PRses are and rod-shaped RPE and conical, respectively. ----AmacrineReally adjacent. cells--Tractional As in, the apical aspects of the PRs interdigitate intimately with the --Serous What is----Horizontal theIs highlydominantthis potential convoluted morphologic cells space apical of clinicalfeature aspects relevance?of a of PR the outer RPE seg? The outer--Glial: Indeedsegs contain it is. This the space PR’s discsis the one that opens up in a retinal detachment . ----MüellerInterdigitate—does cells that mean the PRs and RPE cells are attached to one another? How many----Astrocytes discsNegatory are containedgood buddy, within and a this PR isouter a really seg? important factoid to have on hand—there About 1000/rodare no(BCSC directdidn’t connections give a number between for cones) the PRs and the RPE ----Microglia After a --Vascular:disc’s phototransduction ability is spent, what happens to it? It is ‘shed’----Endothelial by the PR, and cells gobbled up by adjacent RPE cells ----Pericytes 87 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Continuing our look at PR morphology…What portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The inner segment ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells ----AstrocytesThe inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? ----MicrogliaAn ellipsoid area immediately adjacent to the cilium, and then a myoid area --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of…glycogen 88 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Continuing our look at PR morphology…What portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The inner segment ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells ----AstrocytesThe inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? ----MicrogliaAn ellipsoid area immediately adjacent to the cilium, and then a myoid area --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of…glycogen 89 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Synaptic processes

Cell body 90 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Continuing our look at PR morphology…What portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The inner segment ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells ----AstrocytesThe inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? ----MicrogliaAn ellipsoid area immediately adjacent to the cilium, and then a myoid area --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of…glycogen 91 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Continuing our look at PR morphology…What portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The inner segment ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells ----AstrocytesThe inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? ----MicrogliaAn ellipsoid area immediately adjacent to the cilium, and then a myoid area --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of…glycogen 92 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Synaptic processes

Cell body 93 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Continuing our look at PR morphology…What portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The inner segment ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells The inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? So does----Astrocytes this cilia allow the outer segments to wiggle about? An ellipsoid area immediately adjacent to the cilium, and then a myoid area No—it’s----Microglia a nonmotile cilia, not a motile one --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of…glycogen 94 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Continuing our look at PR morphology…What portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The inner segment ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells The inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? So does----Astrocytes this cilia allow the outer segments to wiggle about? An ellipsoid area immediately adjacent to the cilium, and then a myoid area No—it’s----Microglia a nonmotile cilia, not a motile one --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of…glycogen 95 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What is the difference between the retina and the neurosensory retina? While often used interchangeably (including, on occasion, in this slide-set), these are technically not synonyms. The term neurosensory retina refers to the neural lining on the inside of the eye, whereas the term retina refers to Um, OK, so there’s a tiny, nonmotile cilium connecting the inner and outer segments. this neural lining along with the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Why are we sidebarring about what seems like a trivial anatomic point? It’s because disorders affecting the integrity of such cilia have enormous consequences for PR/retinalThe neurosensory health and visual retina function—and contains thr suchee disordersclasses ofex istcells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the What threeis the generaltypes of term glial for cells? a disorder The stemming two vascular (ahem) cell from types? defects of cilia? A ciliopathy--Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Ciliopathies affecting cilia such as those that connect inner/outer segs have devastating ----Bipolar cells effects Continuingon two other our organs look at as PR well—what morphology…W are they?hat portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The kidneyThe innerand the segment brain ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells The inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? So does----Astrocytes this cilia allow the outer segments to wiggle about? An ellipsoid area immediately adjacent to the cilium, and then a myoid area No—it’s----Microglia a nonmotile cilia, not a motile one --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of…glycogen 96 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What is the difference between the retina and the neurosensory retina? While often used interchangeably (including, on occasion, in this slide-set), these are technically not synonyms. The term neurosensory retina refers to the neural lining on the inside of the eye, whereas the term retina refers to Um, OK, so there’s a tiny, nonmotile cilium connecting the inner and outer segments. In termsthis of retinal neural function lining andalong appe witharance, the howretinal does pigment a ciliopathy epithelium present? (RPE). --InWhy terms are of we function: sidebarring ? progressive about what loss seems of visual like afield trivial and anatomic visual acuity point? resulting in blindness It’s because disorders affecting the integrity of such cilia have enormous consequences --In termsThe of fundusneurosensory appearance retina: With contains atrophy ofthr theee NSclasses retina ofand cells—what RPE, along withare scatteringthey? of RPEfor PR/retinalpigment (often health in anda ‘spiculated’ visual function—and pattern) such disorders exist There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the What threeis the generaltypes of term glial for cells? a disorder The stemming two vascular (ahem) cell from types? defects of cilia? A ciliopathy--Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Ciliopathies affecting cilia such as those that connect inner/outer segs have devastating ----Bipolar cells effects Continuingon two other our organs look at as PR well—what morphology…W are they?hat portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The kidneyThe innerand the segment brain ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells The inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? So does----Astrocytes this cilia allow the outer segments to wiggle about? An ellipsoid area immediately adjacent to the cilium, and then a myoid area No—it’s----Microglia a nonmotile cilia, not a motile one --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of…glycogen 102 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What is the difference between the retina and the neurosensory retina? While often used interchangeably (including, on occasion, in this slide-set), these are technically not synonyms. The term neurosensory retina refers to the neural lining on the inside of the eye, whereas the term retina refers to Um, OK, so there’s a tiny, nonmotile cilium connecting the inner and outer segments. In termsthis of retinal neural function lining andalong appe witharance, the howretinal does pigment a ciliopathy epithelium present? (RPE). --InWhy terms are of we function: sidebarring With aboutprogressive what seems loss of like visual a trivial field anatomic and visual point? acuity resulting in blindness It’s because disorders affecting the integrity of such cilia have enormous consequences --In termsThe of fundusneurosensory appearance retina: With contains atrophy ofthr theee NSclasses retina ofand cells—what RPE, along withare scatteringthey? of RPEfor PR/retinalpigment (often health in anda ‘spiculated’ visual function—and pattern) such disorders exist There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the What threeis the generaltypes of term glial for cells? a disorder The stemming two vascular (ahem) cell from types? defects of cilia? A ciliopathy--Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Ciliopathies affecting cilia such as those that connect inner/outer segs have devastating ----Bipolar cells effects Continuingon two other our organs look at as PR well—what morphology…W are they?hat portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The kidneyThe innerand the segment brain ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells The inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? So does----Astrocytes this cilia allow the outer segments to wiggle about? An ellipsoid area immediately adjacent to the cilium, and then a myoid area No—it’s----Microglia a nonmotile cilia, not a motile one --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of…glycogen 103 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What is the difference between the retina and the neurosensory retina? While often used interchangeably (including, on occasion, in this slide-set), these are technically not synonyms. The term neurosensory retina refers to the neural lining on the inside of the eye, whereas the term retina refers to Um, OK, so there’s a tiny, nonmotile cilium connecting the inner and outer segments. In termsthis of retinal neural function lining andalong appe witharance, the howretinal does pigment a ciliopathy epithelium present? (RPE). --InWhy terms are of we function: sidebarring With aboutprogressive what seems loss of like visual a trivial field anatomic and visual point? acuity resulting in blindness It’s because disorders affecting the integrity of such cilia have enormous consequences --In termsThe of fundusneurosensory appearance: retina ? atrophy contains of the thr NSee retinaclasses and of RPE, cells—what along with are scattering they? of RPEfor PR/retinalpigment (often health in anda ‘spiculated’ visual function—and pattern) such disorders exist There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the What threeis the generaltypes of term glial for cells? a disorder The stemming two vascular (ahem) cell from types? defects of cilia? A ciliopathy--Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Ciliopathies affecting cilia such as those that connect inner/outer segs have devastating ----Bipolar cells effects Continuingon two other our organs look at as PR well—what morphology…W are they?hat portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The kidneyThe innerand the segment brain ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells The inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? So does----Astrocytes this cilia allow the outer segments to wiggle about? An ellipsoid area immediately adjacent to the cilium, and then a myoid area No—it’s----Microglia a nonmotile cilia, not a motile one --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of…glycogen 104 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What is the difference between the retina and the neurosensory retina? While often used interchangeably (including, on occasion, in this slide-set), these are technically not synonyms. The term neurosensory retina refers to the neural lining on the inside of the eye, whereas the term retina refers to Um, OK, so there’s a tiny, nonmotile cilium connecting the inner and outer segments. In termsthis of retinal neural function lining andalong appe witharance, the howretinal does pigment a ciliopathy epithelium present? (RPE). --InWhy terms are of we function: sidebarring With aboutprogressive what seems loss of like visual a trivial field anatomic and visual point? acuity resulting in blindness It’s because disorders affecting the integrity of such cilia have enormous consequences --In termsThe of fundusneurosensory appearance: retina With contains atrophy ofthr theee NSclasses retina ofand cells—what RPE, along withare scatteringthey? of RPEfor PR/retinalpigment (often health in anda ‘spiculated’ visual function—and pattern) such disorders exist There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the What threeis the generaltypes of term glial for cells? a disorder The stemming two vascular (ahem) cell from types? defects of cilia? A ciliopathy--Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Ciliopathies affecting cilia such as those that connect inner/outer segs have devastating ----Bipolar cells effects Continuingon two other our organs look at as PR well—what morphology…W are they?hat portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The kidneyThe innerand the segment brain ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells The inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? So does----Astrocytes this cilia allow the outer segments to wiggle about? An ellipsoid area immediately adjacent to the cilium, and then a myoid area No—it’s----Microglia a nonmotile cilia, not a motile one --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of…glycogen 105 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What is the difference between the retina and the neurosensory retina? WhileHmm…Visual often used field interchangeably and acuity loss, (including, along with retinal/RPEon occasion, atrophy in th is slide-set), theseand are pigment technically spiculation—why not synonyms. does that The sound term soneurosensory familiar? retina refers to the neuralBecause lining it’s a onspot-on the inside description of the of eye, retinitis whereas pigmentosa the term (RP) retina . refers to Um, OK, so there’s a tiny, nonmotile cilium connecting the inner and outer segments. In termsthis of retinal neuralThe ciliopathies function lining andalong are appe in with thearance, DDxthe forhowretinal an does RP-like pigment a ciliopathy fundus. epithelium present? (RPE). --InWhy terms are of we function: sidebarring With aboutprogressive what seems loss of like visual a trivial field anatomic and visual point? acuity resulting in blindness It’s because disorders affecting the integrity of such cilia have enormous consequences --In termsThe of fundusneurosensory appearance: retina With contains atrophy ofthr theee NSclasses retina ofand cells—what RPE, along withare scatteringthey? of RPEfor PR/retinalpigment (often health in anda ‘spiculated’ visual function—and pattern) such disorders exist There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the What threeis the generaltypes of term glial for cells? a disorder The stemming two vascular (ahem) cell from types? defects of cilia? A ciliopathy--Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Ciliopathies affecting cilia such as those that connect inner/outer segs have devastating ----Bipolar cells effects Continuingon two other our organs look at as PR well—what morphology…W are they?hat portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The kidneyThe innerand the segment brain ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells The inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? So does----Astrocytes this cilia allow the outer segments to wiggle about? An ellipsoid area immediately adjacent to the cilium, and then a myoid area No—it’s----Microglia a nonmotile cilia, not a motile one --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of…glycogen 106 Q/A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What is the difference between the retina and the neurosensory retina? WhileHmm…Visual often used field interchangeably and acuity loss, (including, along with retinal/RPEon occasion, atrophy in th is slide-set), theseand are pigment technically spiculation—why not synonyms. does that The sound term soneurosensory familiar? retina refers to the neuralBecause lining it’s a onspot-on the inside description of the of eye, retinitis whereas pigmentosatwo words the term (RP) retina . refers to Um, OK, so there’s a tiny, nonmotile cilium connecting the inner and outer segments. In termsthis of retinal neuralThe ciliopathies function lining andalong are appe in with thearance, DDxthe forhowretinal an does RP-like pigment a ciliopathy fundus. epithelium present? (RPE). --InWhy terms are of we function: sidebarring With aboutprogressive what seems loss of like visual a trivial field anatomic and visual point? acuity resulting in blindness It’s because disorders affecting the integrity of such cilia have enormous consequences --In termsThe of fundusneurosensory appearance: retina With contains atrophy ofthr theee NSclasses retina ofand cells—what RPE, along withare scatteringthey? of RPEfor PR/retinalpigment (often health in anda ‘spiculated’ visual function—and pattern) such disorders exist There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the What threeis the generaltypes of term glial for cells? a disorder The stemming two vascular (ahem) cell from types? defects of cilia? A ciliopathy--Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Ciliopathies affecting cilia such as those that connect inner/outer segs have devastating ----Bipolar cells effects Continuingon two other our organs look at as PR well—what morphology…W are they?hat portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The kidneyThe innerand the segment brain ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells The inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? So does----Astrocytes this cilia allow the outer segments to wiggle about? An ellipsoid area immediately adjacent to the cilium, and then a myoid area No—it’s----Microglia a nonmotile cilia, not a motile one --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of…glycogen 107 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What is the difference between the retina and the neurosensory retina? WhileHmm…Visual often used field interchangeably and acuity loss, (including, along with retinal/RPEon occasion, atrophy in th is slide-set), theseand are pigment technically spiculation—why not synonyms. does that The sound term soneurosensory familiar? retina refers to the neuralBecause lining it’s a onspot-on the inside description of the of eye, retinitis whereas pigmentosa the term (RP) retina . refers to Um, OK, so there’s a tiny, nonmotile cilium connecting the inner and outer segments. In termsthis of retinal neuralThe ciliopathies function lining andalong are appe in with thearance, DDxthe forhowretinal an does RP-like pigment a ciliopathy fundus. epithelium present? (RPE). --InWhy terms are of we function: sidebarring With aboutprogressive what seems loss of like visual a trivial field anatomic and visual point? acuity resulting in blindness It’s because disorders affecting the integrity of such cilia have enormous consequences --In termsThe of fundusneurosensory appearance: retina With contains atrophy ofthr theee NSclasses retina ofand cells—what RPE, along withare scatteringthey? of RPEfor PR/retinalpigment (often health Whatin anda ‘spiculated’ are visual the function—andfour pattern) ciliopathies such addressed disorders in extheist BCSC? There are five----Joubert?Jso uberttypes syndromesyndrome of neural elements—what are they? What are the What is the general term for a disorder stemming (ahem) from defects of cilia? three types----Alström of?Aslström glial cells? syndrome syndrome The two vascular cell types? A ciliopathy --Neurons:----Bardet-Biedl?Bsardet-Biedl syndromesyndrome ----Photoreceptors--Senior-Løken (PRs) syndrome Ciliopathies affecting--?Ss enior-Løkencilia such as syndromethose that connect inner/outer segs have devastating ----Bipolar cells effects Continuingon two other our organs look at as PR well—what morphology…W are they?hat portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The kidneyThe innerand the segment brain ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells The inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? So does----Astrocytes this cilia allow the outer segments to wiggle about? An ellipsoid area immediately adjacent to the cilium, and then a myoid area No—it’s----Microglia a nonmotile cilia, not a motile one --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of…glycogen 110 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What is the difference between the retina and the neurosensory retina? WhileHmm…Visual often used field interchangeably and acuity loss, (including, along with retinal/RPEon occasion, atrophy in th is slide-set), theseand are pigment technically spiculation—why not synonyms. does that The sound term soneurosensory familiar? retina refers to the neuralBecause lining it’s a onspot-on the inside description of the of eye, retinitis whereas pigmentosa the term (RP) retina . refers to Um, OK, so there’s a tiny, nonmotile cilium connecting the inner and outer segments. In termsthis of retinal neuralThe ciliopathies function lining andalong are appe in with thearance, DDxthe forhowretinal an does RP-like pigment a ciliopathy fundus. epithelium present? (RPE). --InWhy terms are of we function: sidebarring With aboutprogressive what seems loss of like visual a trivial field anatomic and visual point? acuity resulting in blindness It’s because disorders affecting the integrity of such cilia have enormous consequences --In termsThe of fundusneurosensory appearance: retina With contains atrophy ofthr theee NSclasses retina ofand cells—what RPE, along withare scatteringthey? of RPEfor PR/retinalpigment (often health Whatin anda ‘spiculated’ are visual the function—andfour pattern) ciliopathies such addressed disorders in extheist BCSC? There are five----JoubertJo uberttypes syndromesyndrome of neurals elements—what are they? What are the What is the general term for a disorder stemming (ahem) from defects of cilia? three types----Alström ofAlström glial cells? syndrome syndrome Thes two vascular cell types? A ciliopathy --Neurons:----Bardet-BiedlBardet-Biedl syndromesyndromes ----Photoreceptors--Senior-Løken (PRs) syndrome Ciliopathies affecting----Senior-LøkenS enior-Løkencilia such as syndrome syndromethose thats connect inner/outer segs have devastating ----Bipolar cells effects Continuingon two other our organs look at as PR well—what morphology…W are they?hat portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The kidneyThe innerand the segment brain ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells The inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? So does----Astrocytes this cilia allow the outer segments to wiggle about? An ellipsoid area immediately adjacent to the cilium, and then a myoid area No—it’s----Microglia a nonmotile cilia, not a motile one --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of…glycogen 111 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What is the difference between the retina and the neurosensory retina? WhileHmm…Visual often used field interchangeably and acuity loss, (including, along with retinal/RPEon occasion, atrophy in th is slide-set), theseand are pigment technically spiculation—why not synonyms. does that The sound term soneurosensory familiar? retina refers to the neuralBecause lining it’s a onspot-on the inside description of the of eye, retinitis whereas pigmentosa the term (RP) retina . refers to Um, OK, so there’s a tiny, nonmotile cilium connecting the inner and outer segments. In termsthis of retinal neuralThe ciliopathies function lining andalong are appe in with thearance, DDxthe forhowretinal an does RP-like pigment a ciliopathy fundus. epithelium present? (RPE). --InWhy terms are of we function: sidebarring With aboutprogressive what seems loss of like visual a trivial field anatomic and visual point? acuity resulting in blindness It’s because disorders affecting the integrity of such cilia have enormous consequences --In termsThe of fundusneurosensory appearance: retina With contains atrophy ofthr theee NSclasses retina ofand cells—what RPE, along withare scatteringthey? of RPEfor PR/retinalpigment (often health Whatin anda ‘spiculated’ are visual the function—andfour pattern) ciliopathies such addressed disorders in extheist BCSC? There are five----JoubertJo uberttypes syndromesyndrome of neurals elements—what are they? What are the What is the general term for a disorder stemming (ahem) from defects of cilia? three types----Alström ofAlström glial cells? syndrome syndrome Thes two vascularGot a mnemonic cell types? for remembering the ciliopathies? A ciliopathy --Neurons:----Bardet-BiedlBardet-Biedl syndromesyndromes JABS. Imagine a cilia as it jabs someone in the eye ----Photoreceptors--Senior-Løken (PRs) syndrome Ciliopathies affecting----Senior-LøkenS enior-Løkencilia such as syndrome syndromethose thats connect inner/outer segs have devastating ----Bipolar cells effects Continuingon two other our organs look at as PR well—what morphology…W are they?hat portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The kidneyThe innerand the segment brain ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells The inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? So does----Astrocytes this cilia allow the outer segments to wiggle about? An ellipsoid area immediately adjacent to the cilium, and then a myoid area No—it’s----Microglia a nonmotile cilia, not a motile one --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of…glycogen 112 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What is the difference between the retina and the neurosensory retina? WhileHmm…Visual often used field interchangeably and acuity loss, (including, along with retinal/RPEon occasion, atrophy in th is slide-set), theseand are pigment technically spiculation—why not synonyms. does that The sound term soneurosensory familiar? retina refers to the neuralBecause lining it’s a onspot-on the inside description of the of eye, retinitis whereas pigmentosa the term (RP) retina . refers to Um, OK, so there’s a tiny, nonmotile cilium connecting the inner and outer segments. In termsthis of retinal neuralThe ciliopathies function lining andalong are appe in with thearance, DDxthe forhowretinal an does RP-like pigment a ciliopathy fundus. epithelium present? (RPE). --InWhy terms are of we function: sidebarring With aboutprogressive what seems loss of like visual a trivial field anatomic and visual point? acuity resulting in blindness It’s because disorders affecting the integrity of such cilia have enormous consequences --In termsThe of fundusneurosensory appearance: retina With contains atrophy ofthr theee NSclasses retina ofand cells—what RPE, along withare scatteringthey? of RPEfor PR/retinalpigment (often health Whatin anda ‘spiculated’ are visual the function—andfour pattern) ciliopathies such addressed disorders in extheist BCSC? There are five--J o typesubert syndromeof neural elements—what are they? What are the What is the general term for a disorder stemming (ahem) from defects of cilia? three types-- ofA lströmglial cells? syndrome The two vascularGot a mnemonic cell types? for remembering the ciliopathies? A ciliopathy --Neurons:--B ardet-Biedl syndrome JABS. Imagine a cilia as it jabs someone in the eye ----Photoreceptors (PRs) Ciliopathies affecting--S ciliaenior-Løken such as thos syndromee that connect inner/outer segs have devastating ----Bipolar cells effects Continuingon two other our organs look at as PR well—what morphology…W are they?hat portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The kidneyThe innerand the segment brain ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells The inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? So does----Astrocytes this cilia allow the outer segments to wiggle about? An ellipsoid area immediately adjacent to the cilium, and then a myoid area No—it’s----Microglia a nonmotile cilia, not a motile one --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of…glycogen 113 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What is the difference between the retina and the neurosensory retina? WhileHmm…Visual often used field interchangeably and acuity loss, (including, along with retinal/RPEon occasion, atrophy in th is slide-set), theseand are pigment technically spiculation—why not synonyms. does that The sound term soneurosensory familiar? retina refers to the neuralBecause lining it’s a onspot-on the inside description of the of eye, retinitis whereas pigmentosa the term (RP) retina . refers to Um, OK, so there’s a tiny, nonmotile cilium connecting the inner and outer segments. In termsthis of retinal neuralThe ciliopathies function lining andalong are appe in with thearance, DDxthe forhowretinal an does RP-like pigment a ciliopathy fundus. epithelium present? (RPE). --InWhy terms are of we function: sidebarring With aboutprogressive what seems loss of like visual a trivial field anatomic and visual point? acuity resulting in blindness It’s because disorders affecting the integrity of such cilia have enormous consequences --In termsThe of fundusneurosensory appearance: retina With contains atrophy ofthr theee NSclasses retina ofand cells—what RPE, along withare scatteringthey? of RPEfor PR/retinalpigment (often health Whatin anda ‘spiculated’ are visual the function—andfour pattern) ciliopathies such addressed disorders in extheist BCSC? What set of findings should prompt one to consider that the There are five--J o typesubert syndromeof neural elements—what are they? What are the What is the general term for a disorder stemminganswer (ahem) tofrom an OKAPdefects and/or of cilia? Board question is a ciliopathy? three types-- ofA lströmglial cells? syndrome The two vascularGot a mnemonic cell types? for remembering the ciliopathies? A ciliopathy When the pt presents with an RP-like fundus along with --Neurons:--B ardet-Biedl syndrome JABS. Imagine a cilia as it jabs someone in the eye ----Photoreceptors (PRs) relentlessly progressive renal failure resulting in ESRD Ciliopathies affecting--S ciliaenior-Løken such as thos syndromee that connectearly inner/outer in life segs have devastating ----Bipolar cells effects Continuingon two other our organs look at as PR well—what morphology…W are they?hat portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The kidneyThe innerand the segment brain ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells The inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? So does----Astrocytes this cilia allow the outer segments to wiggle about? An ellipsoid area immediately adjacent to the cilium, and then a myoid area No—it’s----Microglia a nonmotile cilia, not a motile one --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of…glycogen 114 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What is the difference between the retina and the neurosensory retina? WhileHmm…Visual often used field interchangeably and acuity loss, (including, along with retinal/RPEon occasion, atrophy in th is slide-set), theseand are pigment technically spiculation—why not synonyms. does that The sound term soneurosensory familiar? retina refers to the neuralBecause lining it’s a onspot-on the inside description of the of eye, retinitis whereas pigmentosa the term (RP) retina . refers to Um, OK, so there’s a tiny, nonmotile cilium connecting the inner and outer segments. In termsthis of retinal neuralThe ciliopathies function lining andalong are appe in with thearance, DDxthe forhowretinal an does RP-like pigment a ciliopathy fundus. epithelium present? (RPE). --InWhy terms are of we function: sidebarring With aboutprogressive what seems loss of like visual a trivial field anatomic and visual point? acuity resulting in blindness It’s because disorders affecting the integrity of such cilia have enormous consequences --In termsThe of fundusneurosensory appearance: retina With contains atrophy ofthr theee NSclasses retina ofand cells—what RPE, along withare scatteringthey? of RPEfor PR/retinalpigment (often health Whatin anda ‘spiculated’ are visual the function—andfour pattern) ciliopathies such addressed disorders in extheist BCSC? What set of findings should prompt one to consider that the There are five--J o typesubert syndromeof neural elements—what are they? What are the What is the general term for a disorder stemminganswer (ahem) tofrom an OKAPdefects and/or of cilia? Board question is a ciliopathy? three types-- ofA lströmglial cells? syndrome The two vascularGot a mnemonic cell types? for remembering the ciliopathies? A ciliopathy When the pt in question presents with an RP-like fundus --Neurons:--B ardet-Biedl syndrome JABS. Imagine a cilia as it jabs someone in the eye ----Photoreceptors (PRs) along with relentlessly progressive renal failure resulting in Ciliopathies affecting--S ciliaenior-Løken such as thos syndromee that connectESRD inner/outer early in life segs have devastating ----Bipolar cells effects Continuingon two other our organs look at as PR well—what morphology…W are they?hat portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The kidneyThe innerand the segment brain ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells The inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? So does----Astrocytes this cilia allow the outer segments to wiggle about? An ellipsoid area immediately adjacent to the cilium, and then a myoid area No—it’s----Microglia a nonmotile cilia, not a motile one --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of…glycogen 115 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What is the difference between the retina and the neurosensory retina? WhileHmm…Visual often used field interchangeably and acuity loss, (including, along with retinal/RPEon occasion, atrophy in th is slide-set), theseand are pigment technically spiculation—why not synonyms. does that The sound term soneurosensory familiar? retina refers to the neuralBecause lining it’s a onspot-on the inside description of the of eye, retinitis whereas pigmentosa the term (RP) retina . refers to Um, OK, so there’s a tiny, nonmotile cilium connecting the inner and outer segments. In termsthis of retinal neuralThe ciliopathies function lining andalong are appe in with thearance, DDxthe forhowretinal an does RP-like pigment a ciliopathy fundus. epithelium present? (RPE). --InWhy terms are of we function: sidebarring With aboutprogressive what seems loss of like visual a trivial field anatomic and visual point? acuity resulting in blindness It’s because disorders affecting the integrity of such cilia have enormous consequences --In termsThe of fundusneurosensory appearance: retina With contains atrophy ofthr theee NSclasses retina ofand cells—what RPE, along withare scatteringthey? of RPEfor PR/retinalpigment (often health Whatin anda ‘spiculated’ are visual the function—andfour pattern) ciliopathies such addressed disorders in extheist BCSC? What set of findings should prompt one to consider that the There are five--J o typesubert syndromeof neural elements—what are they? What are the What is the general term for a disorder stemminganswer (ahem) tofrom an OKAPdefects and/or of cilia? Board question is a ciliopathy? three types-- ofA lströmglial cells? syndrome The two vascularGot a mnemonic cell types? for remembering the ciliopathies? A ciliopathyFor more on the ciliopathies,When the pt in question see presen slide-setts with an RP-like R5 fundus --Neurons:--B ardet-Biedl syndrome JABS. Imagine a cilia as it jabs someone in the eye ----Photoreceptors (PRs) along with relentlessly progressive renal failure resulting in Ciliopathies affecting--S ciliaenior-Løken such as thos syndromee that connectESRD inner/outer early in life segs have devastating ----Bipolar cells effects Continuingon two other our organs look at as PR well—what morphology…W are they?hat portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The kidneyThe innerand the segment brain ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells The inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? So does----Astrocytes this cilia allow the outer segments to wiggle about? An ellipsoid area immediately adjacent to the cilium, and then a myoid area No—it’s----Microglia a nonmotile cilia, not a motile one --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of…glycogen 116 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Continuing our look at PR morphology…What portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The inner segment ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells ----AstrocytesThe inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? ----MicrogliaAn ellipsoid area immediately adjacent to the cilium, and then a myoid area --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of…glycogen 117 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Continuing our look at PR morphology…What portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The inner segment ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells ----AstrocytesThe inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? ----MicrogliaAn ellipsoid immediately adjacent to the cilium… --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of…glycogen 118 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Synaptic processes

Cell body 119 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Continuing our look at PR morphology…What portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The inner segment ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells ----AstrocytesThe inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? ----MicrogliaAn ellipsoid immediately adjacent to the cilium…and then a myoid --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of…glycogen 120 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Synaptic processes

Cell body 121 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Continuing our look at PR morphology…What portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The inner segment ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells ----AstrocytesThe inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? ----MicrogliaAn ellipsoid immediately adjacent to the cilium…and then a myoid --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…? ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of… 122 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Continuing our look at PR morphology…What portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The inner segment ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells ----AstrocytesThe inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? ----MicrogliaAn ellipsoid immediately adjacent to the cilium…and then a myoid --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of… 123 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Continuing our look at PR morphology…What portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The inner segment ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells ----AstrocytesThe inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? ----MicrogliaAn ellipsoid immediately adjacent to the cilium…and then a myoid --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of…? 124 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Continuing our look at PR morphology…What portion is next to the outer segment? ----Ganglion cells The inner segment ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalThe inner and outercells segments are connected by a specific sort of structure—what is it? --Glial:A cilium ----Müeller cells ----AstrocytesThe inner segment is considered to be composed of two subsections—what are they? ----MicrogliaAn ellipsoid immediately adjacent to the cilium…and then a myoid --Vascular: Each area is known for something it contains a lot of. What are these contents? ----Endothelial--The ellipsoid is cells chock full of…mitochondria ----Pericytes--The myoid is chock full of…glycogen 125 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Continuing on…What portion of the PR is next to the inner segment? ----Ganglion cells The cell body, which houses the cell nucleus ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalAnd after that? cells --Glial:An axon-like section terminating in the PR’s synaptic structure ----Müeller cells ----Astrocytes ----Microglia --Vascular: ----Endothelial cells ----Pericytes 126 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Continuing on…What portion of the PR is next to the inner segment? ----Ganglion cells The cell body which houses the cell nucleus ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalAnd after that? cells --Glial:An axon-like section terminating in the PR’s synaptic structure ----Müeller cells ----Astrocytes ----Microglia --Vascular: ----Endothelial cells ----Pericytes 127 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Synaptic processes

Cell body 128 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Continuing on…What portion of the PR is next to the inner segment? ----Ganglion cells The cell body, which houses the cell nucleus ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalAnd after that? cells --Glial:An axon-like section terminating in the PR’s synaptic structure ----Müeller cells ----Astrocytes ----Microglia --Vascular: ----Endothelial cells ----Pericytes 129 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Synaptic processes

Cell body 130 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Continuing on…What portion of the PR is next to the inner segment? ----Ganglion cells The cell body, which houses the cell nucleus ----Amacrine cellsWhile not a part of the PRs per se, they (the PRs) contribute to an important ----HorizontalAnd after that? cellsretinal structure located at the juncture of the PR inner segment and cell body. --Glial:An axon-like sectionWhat terminati is this ngstructure? in the PR’s synaptic structure ----Müeller cells The external limiting membrane (ELM) ----Astrocytes Is the ELM a true membrane? ----Microglia No, it is a barrier resulting from attachments between the PRs and adjacent --Vascular: Müeller cells ----Endothelial cells ----Pericytes 131 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Continuing on…What portion of the PR is next to the inner segment? ----Ganglion cells The cell body, which houses the cell nucleus ----Amacrine cellsWhile not a part of the PRs per se, they (the PRs) contribute to an important ----HorizontalAnd after that? cellsretinal structure located at the juncture of the PR inner segment and cell body. --Glial:An axon-like sectionWhat terminati is this ngstructure? in the PR’s synaptic structure ----Müeller cells The external limiting membrane (ELM) ----Astrocytes Is the ELM a true membrane? ----Microglia No, it is a barrier resulting from attachments between the PRs and adjacent --Vascular: Müeller cells ----Endothelial cells ----Pericytes 132 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Synaptic processes

Cell body 133 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Continuing on…What portion of the PR is next to the inner segment? ----Ganglion cells The cell body, which houses the cell nucleus ----Amacrine cellsWhile not a part of the PRs per se, they (the PRs) contribute to an important ----HorizontalAnd after that? cellsretinal structure located at the juncture of the PR inner segment and cell body. --Glial:An axon-like sectionWhat terminati is this ngstructure? in the PR’s synaptic structure ----Müeller cells The external limiting membrane (ELM) ----Astrocytes Is the ELM a true membrane? ----Microglia No, it is a barrier resulting from attachments between the PRs and adjacent --Vascular: Müeller cells ----Endothelial cells ----Pericytes 134 Q/A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Continuing on…What portion of the PR is next to the inner segment? ----Ganglion cells The cell body, which houses the cell nucleus ----Amacrine cellsWhile not a part of the PRs per se, they (the PRs) contribute to an important ----HorizontalAnd after that? cellsretinal structure located at the juncture of the PR inner segment and cell body. --Glial:An axon-like sectionWhat terminati is this ngstructure? in the PR’s synaptic structure ----Müeller cells The external limiting membrane (ELM) ----Astrocytes Is the ELM a true membrane? ----Microglia No, it is a barrier resulting from attachments between the PRs and adjacent --Vascular: Müellertwo words cells ----Endothelial cells ----Pericytes 135 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Continuing on…What portion of the PR is next to the inner segment? ----Ganglion cells The cell body, which houses the cell nucleus ----Amacrine cellsWhile not a part of the PRs per se, they (the PRs) contribute to an important ----HorizontalAnd after that? cellsretinal structure located at the juncture of the PR inner segment and cell body. --Glial:An axon-like sectionWhat terminati is this ngstructure? in the PR’s synaptic structure ----Müeller cells The external limiting membrane (ELM) ----Astrocytes Is the ELM a true membrane? ----Microglia No, it is a barrier resulting from attachments between the PRs and adjacent --Vascular: Müeller cells ----Endothelial cells ----Pericytes 136 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

ELM, Müeller cells and PRs 137 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Continuing on…What portion of the PR is next to the inner segment? ----Ganglion cells The cell body, which houses the cell nucleus ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalAnd after that? cells Next Q --Glial:An axon-like section terminating in the PR’s synaptic structure ----Müeller cells ----Astrocytes ----Microglia --Vascular: ----Endothelial cells ----Pericytes 138 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The neurosensory retina contains three classes of cells—what are they? There are five types of neural elements—what are they? What are the three types of glial cells? The two vascular cell types? --Neurons: ----Photoreceptors (PRs) ----Bipolar cells Continuing on…What portion of the PR is next to the inner segment? ----Ganglion cells The cell body, which houses the cell nucleus ----Amacrine cells ----HorizontalAnd after that? cells --Glial:An axon-like fiber terminating in the PR’s synaptic processes ----Müeller cells ----Astrocytes ----Microglia --Vascular: ----Endothelial cells ----Pericytes 139 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Synaptic processes

Cell body 140 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Next we will look at the layers of the neurosensory retina. But before we do, let’s make sure you’re on fleek* regarding the critical aspects of retinal histology we’ve seen thus far.

*You’re so cool, Dr Flynn 141 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Next we will look at the layers of the neurosensory retina. But before we do, let’s make sure you’re on fleek* regarding the critical aspects of retinal histology we’ve seen thus far. Why? Because as we will see later in the slide-set, a firm grasp of this info is absolutely required to read OCTs. So go through the next section of slides over and over until they’re burned into your brain. (You’ll thank me later.)

*You’re so cool, Dr Flynn 142 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Synaptic processes

Cell body

Working outin: The first structure to be particularly aware of is… 143 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Synaptic processes

Cell body

Working outin: The first structure to be particularly aware of is…

RPE/Bruch’s membrane complex 144 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Synaptic processes

Cell body

The next is…

RPE/Bruch’s membrane complex 145 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Synaptic processes

Cell body

The next is…

The interdigitation zone

RPE/Bruch’s membrane complex 146 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Synaptic processes

Cell body

The next is…

The interdigitation zone

RPE/Bruch’s membrane complex 147 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Synaptic processes

Cell body

The next is…

PR outer segs

The interdigitation zone

RPE/Bruch’s membrane complex 148 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Synaptic processes

Cell body

The next is…

PR outer segs

The interdigitation zone

RPE/Bruch’s membrane complex 149 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Synaptic processes

Cell body

The next is…

The ellipsoid zone

PR outer segs

The interdigitation zone

RPE/Bruch’s membrane complex 150 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Synaptic processes

Cell body

The next is…

The ellipsoid zone

PR outer segs

The interdigitation zone

RPE/Bruch’s membrane complex 151 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Synaptic processes

Cell body

The next is…

The myoid zone

The ellipsoid zone

PR outer segs

The interdigitation zone

RPE/Bruch’s membrane complex 152 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Synaptic processes

Cell body And the last is…

The myoid zone

The ellipsoid zone

PR outer segs

The interdigitation zone

RPE/Bruch’s membrane complex 153 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Synaptic processes

Cell body And the last is…

The ELM The myoid zone

The ellipsoid zone

PR outer segs

The interdigitation zone

RPE/Bruch’s membrane complex 154 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Synaptic processes

Cell body Re-rack those until you know them cold!

The ELM The myoid zone

The ellipsoid zone

PR outer segs

The interdigitation zone

RPE/Bruch’s membrane complex 155 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

 Neurosensory Retina Layers  Internal limiting membrane  Nerve fiber layer  Ganglion cell layer  NowInner we’replexiform ready layer to review the layers of the retina  Inner nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer  Outer nuclear layer  External limiting membrane  Rod & cone inner and outer segments  RPE  Bruch’s membrane 156 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q

 Neurosensory Retina Layers  Internal limiting membrane  Nerve fiber layer Start here  Ganglion cell layer  Inner plexiform layer  Inner nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer  Outer nuclear layer  External limiting membrane  Rod & cone inner and outer segments  RPE  Bruch’s membrane 157 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A/Q

 Neurosensory Retina Layers  Internal limiting membrane  Nerve fiber layer  Ganglion(Next?) cell layer  Inner plexiform layer  Inner nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer  Outer nuclear layer  External limiting membrane  Rod & cone inner and outer segments  RPE  Bruch’s membrane 158 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

 Neurosensory Retina Layers  Internal limiting membrane  Nerve fiber layer  Ganglion cell layer  Inner plexiform layer  Inner nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer  Outer nuclear layer  External limiting membrane  Rod & cone inner and outer segments  RPE  Bruch’s membrane 159 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q

 Neurosensory Retina Layers  Internal limiting membraneHistologically speaking, the NFL is composed of what  Nerve fiber layer specific structures? Axons of the ganglion cells  Ganglion cell layer  Inner plexiform layer Where are the ganglion-cell bodies located? In the ganglion cell layer  Inner nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer Anatomically speaking, what structure will the axons go on to form?  Outer nuclear layer The optic nerve  External limiting membrane Where will most of these fibers eventually synapse?  Rod & cone inner and outer segments The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)  RPE Most? Where will the others synapse, and what are they responsible for? Most of the others are involved in the pupillary light reflex . They peel off  Bruch’s membranejust prior to reaching the LGN, heading instead to the pretectum of the dorsal midbrain to synapse in the pretectal nuclei 168 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q/A

 Neurosensory Retina Layers  Internal limiting membraneHistologically speaking, the NFL is composed of what  Nerve fiber layer specific structures? Axons of the ganglion cells  Ganglion cell layer  Inner plexiform layer Where are the ganglion-cell bodies located? In the ganglion cell layer  Inner nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer Anatomically speaking, what structure will the axons go on to form?  Outer nuclear layer The optic nerve  External limiting membrane Where will most of these fibers eventually synapse?  Rod & cone inner and outer segments The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)  RPE Most? Where will the others synapse, and what are they responsible for? Most of the others are involved in the pupillarythree light words reflex . They peel off  Bruch’s membranejust prior to reaching the LGN, heading instead to the pretectum of the dorsal midbrain to synapse in the pretectal nuclei 169 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

 Neurosensory Retina Layers  Internal limiting membraneHistologically speaking, the NFL is composed of what  Nerve fiber layer specific structures? Axons of the ganglion cells  Ganglion cell layer  Inner plexiform layer Where are the ganglion-cell bodies located? In the ganglion cell layer  Inner nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer Anatomically speaking, what structure will the axons go on to form?  Outer nuclear layer The optic nerve  External limiting membrane Where will most of these fibers eventually synapse?  Rod & cone inner and outer segments The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)  RPE Most? Where will the others synapse, and what are they responsible for? Most of the others are involved in the pupillary light reflex . They peel off  Bruch’s membranejust prior to reaching the LGN, heading instead to the pretectstructureum of the dorsallocation midbrain to synapse in the pretectalstructure-al nuclei 171 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

 Neurosensory Retina Layers  Internal limiting membraneHistologically speaking, the NFL is composed of what  Nerve fiber layer specific structures? Axons of the ganglion cells  Ganglion cell layer  Inner plexiform layer Where are the ganglion-cell bodies located? In the ganglion cell layer  Inner nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer Anatomically speaking, what structure will the axons go on to form?  Outer nuclear layer The optic nerve  External limiting membrane Where will most of these fibers eventually synapse?  Rod & cone inner and outer segments The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)  RPE Most? Where will the others synapse, and what are they responsible for? Most of the others are involved in the pupillary light reflex . They peel off  Bruch’s membranejust prior to reaching the LGN, heading instead to the pretectum of the Seriously? dorsal midbrain to synapse in the pretectal nuclei OK, where will the others synapse, and what are they responsible for? The hypothalamus, where they are involved in modulating circadian responses 173 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

 Neurosensory Retina Layers  Internal limiting membraneHistologically speaking, the NFL is composed of what  Nerve fiber layer specific structures? Axons of the ganglion cells  Ganglion cell layer  Inner plexiform layer Where are the ganglion-cell bodies located? In the ganglion cell layer  Inner nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer Anatomically speaking, what structure will the axons go on to form?  Outer nuclear layer The optic nerve  External limiting membrane Where will most of these fibers eventually synapse?  Rod & cone inner and outer segments The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)  RPE Most? Where will the others synapse, and what are they responsible for? Most of the others are involved in the pupillary light reflex . They peel off  Bruch’s membranejust prior to reaching the LGN, heading instead to the pretectum of the Seriously? dorsal midbrain to synapse in the pretectal nuclei OK, where will the others synapse, and what are they responsible for? The hypothalamus, where they are involved in modulating circadian responses 174 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

 Neurosensory Retina Layers  Internal limiting membrane  Nerve fiber layer  Ganglion cell layer  r(Next?)  Inner nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer  Outer nuclear layer  External limiting membrane  Rod & cone inner and outer segments  RPE  Bruch’s membrane 175 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

 Neurosensory Retina Layers  Internal limiting membrane  Nerve fiber layer  Ganglion cell layer  Inner plexiform layer  Inner(Next?) nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer  Outer nuclear layer  External limiting membrane  Rod & cone inner and outer segments  RPE  Bruch’s membrane 176 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

 Neurosensory Retina Layers  Internal limiting membrane  Nerve fiber layer  Ganglion cell layer  Inner plexiform layer  Inner nuclear layer  Outer(Next?) plexiform layer  Outer nuclear layer  External limiting membrane  Rod & cone inner and outer segments  RPE  Bruch’s membrane 177 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

 Neurosensory Retina Layers  Internal limiting membrane  Nerve fiber layer  Ganglion cell layer  Inner plexiform layer  Inner nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer  Outer(Next?) nuclear layer  External limiting membrane  Rod & cone inner and outer segments  RPE  Bruch’s membrane 178 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

Q What does plexiform mean? It means ‘plexus-like’  Neurosensory Retina Layers OK then, what is a plexus?  Internal limiting membraneAn interlaced group of fibers  Nerve fiber layer What does this indicate about the composition  Ganglion cell layer of the inner and outer plexiform layers?  Inner plexiform layer That they are composed of cell processes, ie, axons and dendrites  Inner nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer Processes of what specific cells comprise  Outer nuclear layer these layers? OPL:  External limiting membrane--Axons of…photoreceptors  Rod & cone inner and outer--Dendrites segments of…bipolar cells IPL:  RPE --Axons of…bipolar cells --Dendrites of…ganglion cells  Bruch’s membrane Another layer consists solely of cell processes— which one? The nerve fiber layer consists solely of the axons of ganglion cells 180 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

A What does plexiform mean? It means ‘plexus-like’  Neurosensory Retina Layers OK then, what is a plexus?  Internal limiting membraneAn interlaced group of fibers  Nerve fiber layer What does this indicate about the composition  Ganglion cell layer of the inner and outer plexiform layers?  Inner plexiform layer That they are composed of cell processes, ie, axons and dendrites  Inner nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer Processes of what specific cells comprise  Outer nuclear layer these layers? OPL:  External limiting membrane--Axons of…photoreceptors  Rod & cone inner and outer--Dendrites segments of…bipolar cells IPL:  RPE --Axons of…bipolar cells --Dendrites of…ganglion cells  Bruch’s membrane Another layer consists solely of cell processes— which one? The nerve fiber layer consists solely of the axons of ganglion cells 181 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Q What does plexiform mean? It means ‘plexus-like’  Neurosensory Retina Layers OK then, what is a plexus?  Internal limiting membraneAn interlaced group of fibers  Nerve fiber layer What does this indicate about the composition  Ganglion cell layer of the inner and outer plexiform layers?  Inner plexiform layer That they are composed of cell processes, ie, axons and dendrites  Inner nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer Processes of what specific cells comprise  Outer nuclear layer these layers? OPL:  External limiting membrane--Axons of…  Rod & cone inner and outer--Dendrites segments of… IPL:  RPE --Axons of…bipolar cells --Dendrites of…ganglion cells  Bruch’s membrane Another layer consists solely of cell processes— which one? The nerve fiber layer consists solely of the axons of ganglion cells 186 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Q What does plexiform mean? It means ‘plexus-like’  Neurosensory Retina Layers OK then, what is a plexus?  Internal limiting membraneAn interlaced group of fibers  Nerve fiber layer What does this indicate about the composition  Ganglion cell layer of the inner and outer plexiform layers?  Inner plexiform layer That they are composed of cell processes, ie, axons and dendrites  Inner nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer Processes of what specific cells comprise  Outer nuclear layer these layers? OPL:  External limiting membrane--Axons of…photoreceptors  Rod & cone inner and outer--Dendrites segments of…bipolar cells IPL:  RPE --Axons of… --Dendrites of…  Bruch’s membrane Another layer consists solely of cell processes— which one? The nerve fiber layer consists solely of the axons of ganglion cells 188 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

 Neurosensory Retina Layers  Internal limiting membrane  Nerve fiber layer  Ganglion cell layer  Inner plexiform layer If the plexiform layers are composed of cell axons,  Inner nuclear layer what are the nuclear layers composed of?  Outer plexiform layer Cell bodies  Outer nuclear layer What cell types have their bodies in these layers?  External limiting membraneINL: Bipolar, amacrine and horizontal cells ONL: Photoreceptors  Rod & cone inner and outer segments  RPE Another retinal layer also consists of cell bodies— which one?  Bruch’s membrane The ganglion cell layer 192 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

 Neurosensory Retina Layers  Internal limiting membrane  Nerve fiber layer  Ganglion cell layer  Inner plexiform layer If the plexiform layers are composed of cell axons,  Inner nuclear layer what are the nuclear layers composed of?  Outer plexiform layer Cell bodies  Outer nuclear layer What cell types have their bodies in these layers?  External limiting membraneINL: ONL: Photoreceptors  Rod & cone inner and outer segments  RPE Another retinal layer also consists of cell bodies— which one?  Bruch’s membrane The ganglion cell layer 194 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

 Neurosensory Retina Layers  Internal limiting membrane  Nerve fiber layer Processes Note that this section of the  Ganglion cell layer Bodies retina consists of  Inner plexiform layer Processes alternating layers of cell processes and cell bodies.  Inner nuclear layer Bodies This pattern can help you  Outer plexiform layer Processes remember which layer is next to which!  Outer nuclear layer Bodies  External limiting membrane  Rod & cone inner and outer segments  RPE  Bruch’s membrane 198 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q

 Neurosensory Retina Layers  Internal limiting membrane  Nerve fiber layer  Ganglion cell layer  Inner plexiform layer  Inner nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer = ?  Outer nuclear layer The outer plexiform layer is often referred to by an eponym.  ExternalWhat is this limiting eponymous membrane name?  RodHenle’s & cone layer (However,inner and as weouter will see segments when we correlate retinal anatomy with OCT imaging later in the slide-set,  RPEthese terms are in fact not synonyms!)  Bruch’s membrane 199 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

 Neurosensory Retina Layers  Internal limiting membrane  Nerve fiber layer  Ganglion cell layer  Inner plexiform layer  Inner nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer = Henle’s layer (sort of)  Outer nuclear layer The outer plexiform layer is often referred to by an eponym.  ExternalWhat is this limiting eponymous membrane name?  RodHenle’s & cone layer (However,inner and as weouter will see segments when we correlate retinal anatomy with OCT imaging later in the slide-set,  RPEthese terms are in fact not synonyms!)  Bruch’s membrane 200 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q

 Neurosensory Retina Layers  Internal limiting membrane  Nerve fiber layer  Ganglion cell layer  Inner plexiform layer  Inner nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer  Outer nuclear layer  External limiting membrane  Rod(Next?) & cone innerNext Q and outer segments  RPE  Bruch’s membrane 201 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

 RPE We’ll have more to say about the RPE and Bruch’s shortly  Bruch’s membrane 203 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Review slide—no questions 204 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q

 Neurosensory Retina Layers  Internal limiting membrane  Nerve fiber layer What cell extends the entire breadth of the retina? Müeller cells  Ganglion cell layer  Inner plexiform layer What do their foot processes create? The internal limiting membrane  Inner nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer  Outer nuclear layer  External limiting membrane  Rod & cone inner and outer segments  RPE  Bruch’s membrane 205 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

 Neurosensory Retina Layers  Internal limiting membrane  Nerve fiber layer What cell extends the entire breadth of the retina? Müller cells  Ganglion cell layer  Inner plexiform layer What do their foot processes create? The internal limiting membrane  Inner nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer  Outer nuclear layer  External limiting membrane  Rod & cone inner and outer segments  RPE  Bruch’s membrane 206 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q

 Neurosensory Retina Layers  Internal limiting membrane  Nerve fiber layer What cell extends the entire breadth of the retina? Müller cells  Ganglion cell layer  Inner plexiform layer Remind me: What do their foot processes create? The internal limiting membrane  Inner nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer  Outer nuclear layer  External limiting membrane  Rod & cone inner and outer segments  RPE  Bruch’s membrane 207 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

 Neurosensory Retina Layers  Internal limiting membrane  Nerve fiber layer What cell extends the entire breadth of the retina? Müller cells  Ganglion cell layer  Inner plexiform layer Remind me: What do their foot processes create? The internal limiting membrane  Inner nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer  Outer nuclear layer  External limiting membrane  Rod & cone inner and outer segments  RPE  Bruch’s membrane 208 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Müeller cells 209 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q

Remind me: Which cells comprise the retinal vertical pathway, and what is meant by that term? The photoreceptors, bipolar and ganglion cells comprise the vertical retinal pathway. This pathway is vertical in the sense that it is the direct path from photic stimulation to the CNS processing centers. Horizontal cells and amacrine cells comprise the horizontal pathway, forming connections between neural cells, but not directly getting impulses out of the eye and on their way to the CNS. 210 To CNS A Ganglion-cell axons

 Neurosensory Retina Layers

 Internal limiting membrane Ganglion cells  Nerve fiber layer  Ganglion cell layer  Inner plexiform layer  Inner nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer Bipolar cells  Outer nuclear layer  External limiting membrane  Rod & cone inner and outer segments  RPE Photoreceptors  Bruch’s membrane

 Neurosensory Retina Layers

 Internal limiting membrane Ganglion cells  Nerve fiber layer  Ganglion cell layer ?  Inner plexiform layer  Inner nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer Bipolar cells  Outer nuclear layer

 External limiting membrane ?  Rod & cone inner and outer segments  RPE Photoreceptors  Bruch’s membrane

 Neurosensory Retina Layers

 Internal limiting membrane Ganglion cells  Nerve fiber layer

 Ganglion cell layer Amacrine cells  Inner plexiform layer  Inner nuclear layer  Outer plexiform layer Bipolar cells  Outer nuclear layer

 External limiting membrane Horizontal cells  Rod & cone inner and outer segments  RPE Photoreceptors  Bruch’s membrane

 Neurosensory Retina Layers

 RPE Photoreceptors  Bruch’s membrane

Let’s make sure we’re clear regarding the specific structures that comprise the retinal layers (for simplicity, I’ve dropped the interneurons): The NFL is comprised of… 214 To CNS A Ganglion-cell axons

 Neurosensory Retina Layers

 RPE Photoreceptors  Bruch’s membrane

Let’s make sure we’re clear regarding the specific structures that comprise the retinal layers (for simplicity, I’ve dropped the interneurons): The NFL is comprised of…Ganglion-cell axons 215 To CNS Q Ganglion-cell axons

 Neurosensory Retina Layers

 RPE Photoreceptors  Bruch’s membrane

Let’s make sure we’re clear regarding the specific structures that comprise the retinal layers (for simplicity, I’ve dropped the interneurons): The ganglion cell layer is comprised of… 216 To CNS A Ganglion-cell axons

 Neurosensory Retina Layers

 RPE Photoreceptors  Bruch’s membrane

 Neurosensory Retina Layers

 RPE Photoreceptors  Bruch’s membrane

Let’s make sure we’re clear regarding the specific structures that comprise the retinal layers (for simplicity, I’ve dropped the interneurons): The inner plexiform layer is comprised of… 218 To CNS A Ganglion-cell axons

 Neurosensory Retina Layers

 RPE Photoreceptors  Bruch’s membrane

 Neurosensory Retina Layers

 RPE Photoreceptors  Bruch’s membrane

 Neurosensory Retina Layers

 RPE Photoreceptors  Bruch’s membrane

Let’s make sure we’re clear regarding the specific structures that comprise the retinal layers (for simplicity, I’ve dropped the interneurons): The inner nuclear layer is comprised of…Bipolar-cell cell bodies (Note: Horizontal- and amacrine-cell cell bodies are in the INL as well) 221 To CNS Q Ganglion-cell axons

 Neurosensory Retina Layers

 RPE Photoreceptors  Bruch’s membrane

Let’s make sure we’re clear regarding the specific structures that comprise the retinal layers (for simplicity, I’ve dropped the interneurons): The outer plexiform layer is comprised of… 222 To CNS A Ganglion-cell axons

 Neurosensory Retina Layers

 RPE Photoreceptors  Bruch’s membrane

 Neurosensory Retina Layers

 RPE Photoreceptors  Bruch’s membrane

Let’s make sure we’re clear regarding the specific structures that comprise the retinal layers (for simplicity, I’ve dropped the interneurons): The outer nuclear layer is comprised of… 224 To CNS A Ganglion-cell axons

 Neurosensory Retina Layers

 RPE Photoreceptors  Bruch’s membrane

 Neurosensory Retina Layers

 RPE Photoreceptors  Bruch’s membrane

(We’ve already covered at length the ELM, and the PR inner and outer segs) 226 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Now that we’re familiar with the histology of the retina, we’re ready to tackle Define the topography the term of the macula 227 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q

 Define the term macula…  …anatomically: The retinal area in which the ganglion-cell layer is ≥ 2 cells thick 228 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

 Define the term macula…  …anatomically: The retinal area in which the ganglion-cell layer is ≥ 2 cells thick 229 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

GCL ≥2 cells thick

GCL <2 cells thick

Changes in retinal thickness. Two sections through the central (A) and peripheral (B) regions of the retina, aligned at the retinal pigment epithelium. The peripheral retina is thinner and has only rare cell nuclei in the ganglion cell layer (the uppermost layer of nuclei). 230 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q

 Define the term macula…  …anatomically: The retinal area in which the ganglion-cell layer is ≥ 2 cells thick  …histologically: The retinal area containing xanthophyll pigment 231 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

 Define the term macula…  …anatomically: The retinal area in which the ganglion-cell layer is ≥ 2 cells thick  …histologically: The retinal area containing xanthophyll pigment

The latest iteration of the Retina book refers to this pigment as “oxygenated carotenoids, in particular lutein and zeaxanthin” 233 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q

Macula 236 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q

What is the full name of the macula (ie, what is its ‘last name’)? The macula lutea

What does the word lutea mean? It means ‘yellow’ 237 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

 Define the term macula…lutea  …anatomically: The retinal area in which the ganglion-cell layer is ≥ 2 cells thick  …histologically: The retinal area containing xanthophyll pigment  …clinically: The retinal area bounded by the temporal vascular arcades

What is the full name of the macula (ie, what is its ‘last name’)? The macula lutea

What does the word lutea mean? It means ‘yellow’ 238 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q

What is the full name of the macula (ie, what is its ‘last name’)? The macula lutea

What does the word lutea mean? It means ‘yellow’ 239 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

What is the full name of the macula (ie, what is its ‘last name’)? The macula lutea

What does the word lutea mean? It means ‘yellow’ 240 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Macula lutea If you use your imagination, you can sort of see that the macula has a yellow tint 241 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q

 Define the term macula…lutea  …anatomically: The retinalThe macula area lutea has in another which two-word name, because of course it does. What is it? the ganglion-cell layer Theis area≥ 2 centralis cells thick  …histologically: The retinal area containing xanthophyll pigment  …clinically: The retinal area bounded by the temporal vascular arcades

What is the full name of the macula (ie, what is its ‘last name’)? The macula lutea

What does the word lutea mean? It means ‘yellow’ 242 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

What is the full name of the macula (ie, what is its ‘last name’)? The macula lutea

What does the word lutea mean? It means ‘yellow’ 243 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q

 …histologically: TheThe macula retinal lutea/area area centralis containing has yet another name (because, why not?) What is its third name? (Hint: This xanthophyll pigmentone is used commonly in the clinic.) The posterior pole  …clinically: The retinal area bounded by the temporal vascular arcades

What is the full name of the macula (ie, what is its ‘last name’)? The macula lutea

What does the word lutea mean? It means ‘yellow’ 244 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

What is the full name of the macula (ie, what is its ‘last name’)? The macula lutea

What does the word lutea mean? It means ‘yellow’ 245 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q

Let’s define some terms  Ring 1.5 mm diameter  Ring 0.5 mm diameter  ~1 DD in size (1.5mm)  Just within the FAZ  ThickestWhat does portion FAZ stand offor inretina this context?  ~1 cup in diameter (0.35mm)  GCL/INL absent from here on in  Very center of fovea  All cones from here on in  Farthest from center 246 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

Let’s define some terms  Ring 1.5 mm diameter  Ring 0.5 mm diameter  ~1 DD in size (1.5mm)  Just within the FAZ  ThickestWhat does portion FAZ stand offor inretina this context? Foveal avascular zone  ~1 cup in diameter (0.35mm)  GCL/INL absent from here on in  Very center of fovea  All cones from here on in  Farthest from center 247 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q

Let’s define some terms  Ring 1.5 mm diameter  Ring 0.5 mm diameter  ~1 DD in size (1.5mm)  Just within the FAZ  ThickestWhat does portion FAZ stand offor inretina this context? Foveal avascular zone  ~1 cup in diameter (0.35mm) How about GCL and INL?  GCL/INL absentGCL = from here on in INL =  Very center of fovea  All cones from here on in  Farthest from center 248 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

Let’s define some terms  Ring 1.5 mm diameter  Ring 0.5 mm diameter  ~1 DD in size (1.5mm)  Just within the FAZ  ThickestWhat does portion FAZ stand offor inretina this context? Foveal avascular zone  ~1 cup in diameter (0.35mm) How about GCL and INL?  GCL/INL absentGCL = Ganglionfrom here cell layer on in INL = Inner nuclear layer  Very center of fovea  All cones from here on in  Farthest from center 249 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

WithLet’s that define out of somethe way, terms let’s do some…  Ring 1.5 mm diameter  Ring 0.5 mm diameter  ~1 DD in size (1.5mm)  Just within the FAZ  ThickestWhat does portion FAZ stand offor inretina this context? Foveal avascular zone  ~1 cup in diameter (0.35mm) How about GCL and INL?  GCL/INL absentGCL = Ganglionfrom here cell layer on in INL = Inner nuclear layer  Very center of fovea  All cones from here on in  Farthest from center 250 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q Matching! (some on the left have more than one answer)

With that out of the way, let’s do some…  Ring 1.5 mm diameter Fovea Start here  Ring 0.5 mm diameter  ~1 DD in size (1.5mm) Foveola  Just within the FAZ  Thickest portion of retina Umbo  ~1 cup in diameter (0.35mm)

Perifoveal zone  GCL/INL absent from here on in  Very center of fovea Parafoveal zone  All cones from here on in  Farthest from center 251 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A Matching! (some on the left have more than one answer)

 Ring 1.5 mm diameter Fovea  Ring 0.5 mm diameter  ~1 DD in size (1.5mm) Foveola  Just within the FAZ  Thickest portion of retina Umbo  ~1 cup in diameter (0.35mm)

Perifoveal zone  GCL/INL absent from here on in  Very center of fovea Parafoveal zone  All cones from here on in  Farthest from center 252 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q Matching! (some on the left have more than one answer)

 Ring 1.5 mm diameter Fovea…  Ring 0.5 mm diameter Like the macula, the fovea has a last name. What is its full name?  ~1 DD in size (1.5mm) TheFoveola fovea centralis  Just within the FAZ  Thickest portion of retina Umbo  ~1 cup in diameter (0.35mm)

Perifoveal zone  GCL/INL absent from here on in  Very center of fovea Parafoveal zone  All cones from here on in  Farthest from center 253 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A Matching! (some on the left have more than one answer)

 Ring 1.5 mm diameter Fovea…centralis  Ring 0.5 mm diameter Like the macula, the fovea has a last name. What is its full name?  ~1 DD in size (1.5mm) TheFoveola fovea centralis  Just within the FAZ  Thickest portion of retina Umbo  ~1 cup in diameter (0.35mm)

Perifoveal zone  GCL/INL absent from here on in  Very center of fovea Parafoveal zone  All cones from here on in  Farthest from center 254 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Fovea centralis (black circle) 255 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q Matching! (some on the left have more than one answer)

 Ring 1.5 mm diameter Fovea  Ring 0.5 mm diameter  ~1 DD in size (1.5mm) Foveola now here  Just within the FAZ  Thickest portion of retina Umbo  ~1 cup in diameter (0.35mm)

Perifoveal zone  GCL/INL absent from here on in  Very center of fovea Parafoveal zone  All cones from here on in  Farthest from center 256 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A Matching! (some on the left have more than one answer)

 Ring 1.5 mm diameter Fovea  Ring 0.5 mm diameter  ~1 DD in size (1.5mm) Foveola  Just within the FAZ  Thickest portion of retina Umbo  ~1 cup in diameter (0.35mm)

Perifoveal zone  GCL/INL absent from here on in  Very center of fovea Parafoveal zone  All cones from here on in  Farthest from center 257 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Foveola 258 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Foveola is within the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) 259 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q Matching! (some on the left have more than one answer)

 Ring 1.5 mm diameter Fovea  Ring 0.5 mm diameter  ~1 DD in size (1.5mm) Foveola  Just within the FAZ  Thickest portion of retina Umbo Next  ~1 cup in diameter (0.35mm)

Perifoveal zone  GCL/INL absent from here on in  Very center of fovea Parafoveal zone  All cones from here on in  Farthest from center 260 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A Matching! (some on the left have more than one answer)

 Ring 1.5 mm diameter Fovea  Ring 0.5 mm diameter  ~1 DD in size (1.5mm) Foveola  Just within the FAZ  Thickest portion of retina Umbo  ~1 cup in diameter (0.35mm)

Perifoveal zone  GCL/INL absent from here on in  Very center of fovea Parafoveal zone  All cones from here on in  Farthest from center 261 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q Matching! (some on the left have more than one answer)

 Ring 1.5 mm diameter Fovea  Ring 0.5 mm diameter  ~1 DD in size (1.5mm) Foveola  Just within the FAZ What very common DFE finding Thickest is directly portion of retina Umbo attributable to the umbo? The so-called ‘foveal reflex’ ~1 cup in diameter (0.35mm)

Perifoveal zone  GCL/INL absent from here on in  Very center of fovea Parafoveal zone  All cones from here on in  Farthest from center 262 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A Matching! (some on the left have more than one answer)

Perifoveal zone  GCL/INL absent from here on in  Very center of fovea Parafoveal zone  All cones from here on in  Farthest from center 263 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q Matching! (some on the left have more than one answer)

 Ring 1.5 mm diameter Fovea  Ring 0.5 mm diameter  ~1 DD in size (1.5mm) Foveola  Just within the FAZ  Thickest portion of retina Umbo  ~1 cup in diameter (0.35mm)  GCL/INL absent from here Perifoveal zone Next on in  Very center of fovea Parafoveal zone  All cones from here on in  Farthest from center 264 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A Matching! (some on the left have more than one answer)

 Ring 1.5 mm diameter Fovea  Ring 0.5 mm diameter  ~1 DD in size (1.5mm) Foveola  Just within the FAZ  Thickest portion of retina Umbo  ~1 cup in diameter (0.35mm)

Perifoveal zone  GCL/INL absent from here on in  Very center of fovea Parafoveal zone  All cones from here on in  Farthest from center 265 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q Matching! (some on the left have more than one answer)

 Ring 1.5 mm diameter Fovea  Ring 0.5 mm diameter  ~1 DD in size (1.5mm) Foveola  Just within the FAZ  Thickest portion of retina Umbo  ~1 cup in diameter (0.35mm)

Perifoveal zone  GCL/INL absent from here on in  Very center of fovea Parafoveal zone Next  All cones from here on in  Farthest from center 266 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A Matching! (some on the left have more than one answer)

 Ring 1.5 mm diameter Fovea  Ring 0.5 mm diameter  ~1 DD in size (1.5mm) Foveola  Just within the FAZ  Thickest portion of retina Umbo  ~1 cup in diameter (0.35mm)

Perifoveal zone  GCL/INL absent from here on in  Very center of fovea Parafoveal zone  All cones from here on in  Farthest from center 267 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q Matching! (some on the left have more than one answer)

 Ring 1.5 mm diameter Fovea  Ring 0.5 mm diameter  ~1 DD in size (1.5mm) FoveolaHow are the fovea, perifoveal zone and parafoveal zone spatially related to one another? The parafoveal zone is a ring around the fovea, = whereas the FAZ the parafoveal zone is a ring around the perifoveal zone  Thickest portion of retina Umbo  ~1 cup in diameter (0.35mm)

Perifoveal zone  GCL/INL absent from here on in  Very center of fovea Parafoveal zone  All cones from here on in  Farthest from center 268 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A/Q Matching! (some on the left have more than one answer)

 Ring 1.5 mm diameter Fovea  Ring 0.5 mm diameter  ~1 DD in size (1.5mm) FoveolaHow are the fovea, perifoveal zone and parafoveal zone spatially related to one another? The parafovealpara- vs peri- zone is a ring around the fovea, = whereas the FAZ the perifovealpara- vs peri- zone is a ring around the parafovealpara- vs peri- zone  Thickest portion of retina Umbo  ~1 cup in diameter (0.35mm)

Perifoveal zone  GCL/INL absent from here on in  Very center of fovea Parafoveal zone  All cones from here on in  Farthest from center 269 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A Matching! (some on the left have more than one answer)

 Ring 1.5 mm diameter Fovea  Ring 0.5 mm diameter  ~1 DD in size (1.5mm) FoveolaHow are the fovea, perifoveal zone and parafoveal zone spatially related to one another? The parafoveal zone is a ring around the fovea, = whereas the FAZ the perifoveal zone is a ring around the parafoveal zone  Thickest portion of retina Umbo  ~1 cup in diameter (0.35mm)

Perifoveal zone  GCL/INL absent from here on in  Very center of fovea Parafoveal zone  All cones from here on in  Farthest from center 270 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Macula: The zones 271 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Macula: The zones, another view 272 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Next let’s look at the retina’s How many blood supplies 273 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q Blood supply: ? Blood supply: Blood supply: ? ? Blood supply: ? Blood supply: ?

Blood supply: How many blood supplies does the retina receive? ? Blood supply: Blood supply: Blood supply: ? ? Blood supply: ? ? Blood supply: ? Blood supply: ? Blood supply: ? 274 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

Blood supply: ?

How many blood supplies does the retina receive? Two

Blood supply: ? 275 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q

Blood supply: ?

What are the sources of the retina’s two blood supplies?

Blood supply: ? 276 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

Blood supply: Central retinal artery

What are the sources of the retina’s two blood supplies?

Blood supply: Choriocapillaris 277 Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q

 Retinal Layers  Internal limiting membrane  Nerve fiber layer Blood supply:  Ganglion cell layer Central retinal artery  Inner plexiform layer  Inner nuclear layer Which layers are supplied by each blood supply?  Outer plexiform layer  Outer nuclear layer Blood supply:  External limiting membrane Choriocapillaris  Rod & cone inner and outer segments  RPE  Bruch’s membrane 278 Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

 Retinal Layers  Internal limiting membrane  Nerve fiber layer Blood supply:  Ganglion cell layer Central retinal artery  Inner plexiform layer on in Inner 2/3 of INL  Inner nuclear layer Which layers are supplied by each blood supply?  Outer plexiform layer  Outer nuclear layer Blood supply:  External limiting membrane Choriocapillaris  Rod & cone inner and outer segments  RPE  Bruch’s membrane Outer 1/3 of INL on out Outer 1/3 of INL OD Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Here is a photomicrograph of the normal human retina

(No question—proceed when ready) OD Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Here is a photomicrograph of the normal human retina Here, approximately, is the demarcation between the layers perfused by the CRA vs the choriocapillaris

(No question—proceed when ready) OD Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Here is a photomicrograph of the normal human retina Here, approximately, is the demarcation between the layers perfused by the CRA vs the choriocapillaris

Standard (ie, dye-based) FA allows visualization of the retinal and choroidal vasculatures, but the layers are all superimposed upon one another, making it impossible to distinguish among them (No question—proceed when ready) OD Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Instead, let’s use en face OCTA to look at the ultrastructure of foveal circulation. For illustration purposes, we’re gonna pretend this is a photomicrograph of the fovea (it’s not) Here,Here isapproximately, a photomicrograph is the demarcationof the normal between human retina the layers perfused by the CRA vs the choriocapillaris

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) through the fovea (cross-sectional, not en face) (No question—proceed when ready) OD Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q

Instead, let’s use en face OCTA What does the A into OCT lookA atstand the forultrastructure in this context? of ‘Angiography.’ OCTfoveal angiography circulation. makes For possible illustration the visualization of thepurposes, retinal vasculature, we’re gonna but without pretend the need for intravascularthis dyeis a asphotomicrograph in FA. Further, en of face the OCTA not only allowsfovea us (it’sto see not) the vasculature, it allows us to ‘slice’ andHere inspect is ita layerphotomicrograph by layer— something that cannot beHere, done approximately, via conventional is FA. the demarcationof the normal between human retina the layers perfused by the CRA vs the choriocapillaris

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) through the fovea (cross-sectional, not en face) (No question—proceed when ready) OD Retinal Anatomy and Histology A

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) through the fovea (cross-sectional, not en face) (No question—proceed when ready) OD Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Instead, let’s use en face OCTA to look at the ultrastructure of foveal circulation. For illustration purposes, we’re gonna pretend this is a photomicrograph of the fovea (it’s not). Here,Here isapproximately, a photomicrograph is the demarcationof the normal between human retina the layers perfused by the CRA vs the choriocapillaris

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) through the fovea (cross-sectional, not en face) (No question—proceed when ready) OD Retinal Anatomy and Histology En face OCTA

Layer of vasc visualized

Pics A, B and C depict the parafoveal vasculature as we progress deeper into the retina

(No question—proceed when ready) OD Retinal Anatomy and Histology En face OCTA

Layer of vasc visualized

Pics A, B and C depict the parafoveal vasculature as we progress deeper into the retina

(No question—proceed when ready) OD Retinal Anatomy and Histology En face OCTA

Layer of vasc visualized

Pics A, B and C depict the parafoveal vasculature as we progress deeper into the retina

(No question—proceed when ready) OD Retinal Anatomy and Histology En face OCTA

Note the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) is present in all three layers

(No question—proceed when ready) OD Retinal Anatomy and Histology En face OCTA

As expected, imaging of the deeper retina (D) reveals the absence of intraretinal vasculature

(No question—proceed when ready) OD Retinal Anatomy and Histology Q En face OCTA

A clinical aside: Note that vessels in the deep retina, as seen here, often represent a CNVMabb. such as is encountered in ARMDdiff abb. OD Retinal Anatomy and Histology A En face OCTA

A clinical aside: Note that vessels in the deep retina, as seen here, often represent a CNVM such as is encountered in ARMD

CNVM: Choroidal neovascular membrane ARMD: Age-related macular degeneration OD Retinal Anatomy and Histology En face OCTA

Layer of vasc visualized

Imaging of the choriocapillaris (E) indicates it contains a dense, robust vasculature. (No question—proceed when ready) OD Retinal Anatomy and Histology En face OCTA

Layer of vasc visualized

Imaging of the choriocapillaris (E) indicates it contains a dense, robust vasculature. As expected, note the (No question—proceed when ready) absence of a void corresponding to the FAZ. 296 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

 RPE: Functions 1) Outer blood-ocular barrier  Formed by zonulae occludens near cell apices 2) Phagocytosis of rod/cone outer segments 3) Vitamin A metabolism Next let’s look in detail at the function and structure of the RPE  Retinol acquired, stored and transported by RPE 297 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

 RPE: Functions 1) Outer blood-ocular barrier  Formed by zonulae occludens near cell apices 2) Phagocytosis of rod/cone outer segments 3) Vitamin A metabolism  Retinol acquired, stored and transported by RPE 298 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

 RPE: Functions 1) Outer blood-ocularthree words barrier

2) 3) 299 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

 RPE: Functions 1) Outer blood-ocular barrier

2) 3) 300 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

 RPE: Functions 1) Outer blood-ocular barrier  Formed by zonulaeinter-cellular occludens structures near cell apices 2) Phagocytosis of rod/cone outer segments 3) Vitamin A metabolism 301 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

 RPE: Functions 1) Outer blood-ocular barrier  Formed by zonulae occludens near cell apices 2) 3) 302 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

 RPE: Functions 1) Outer blood-ocular barrier  Formed by zonulae occludens near cell apices As2) a result of this barrier, the photoreceptor environment is determined by the transport properties of the RPE—bringing metabolitesone word in, and carrying3) wastetwo products words out. The RPE also dehydratesone word the subretinal space, thereby maintaining structural integrity of the retina. 303 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

 RPE: Functions 1) Outer blood-ocular barrier  Formed by zonulae occludens near cell apices As2) a result of this barrier, the photoreceptor environment is determined by the transport properties of the RPE—bringing metabolites in, and carrying3) waste products out. The RPE also dehydrates the subretinal space, thereby maintaining structural integrity of the retina. 304 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

 RPE: Functions 1) Outer blood-ocular barrier  Formed by zonulae occludens near cell apices

2) Phagocytosis of rod/cone outerfour words segments 3) 305 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

 RPE: Functions 1) Outer blood-ocular barrier  Formed by zonulae occludens near cell apices 2) Phagocytosis of rod/cone outer segments 3) 306 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

 RPE: Functions 1) Outer blood-ocular barrier  Formed by zonulae occludens near cell apices 2) Phagocytosis of rod/cone outer segments

3) Vitamin A? metabolism 307 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

 RPE: Functions 1) Outer blood-ocular barrier  Formed by zonulae occludens near cell apices 2) Phagocytosis of rod/cone outer segments 3) Vitamin A metabolism 308 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

 RPE: Functions 1) Outer blood-ocular barrier  Formed by zonulae occludens near cell apices 2) Phagocytosis of rod/cone outer segments 3) Vitamin A metabolism

specific  Retinolsubstance acquired, stored and transported by RPE 309 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What are the five layers of Bruch’s membrane?

1) (Start here) Innermost 2) 3) 4)

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Outermost 311 Q/A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What are the five layers of Bruch’s membrane?

1) Basementtwo wordsmembrane of RPE Innermost 2) 3) 4)

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Outermost 312 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What are the five layers of Bruch’s membrane?

1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost 2) (Next) 3) 4)

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Outermost 313 Q/A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What are the five layers of Bruch’s membrane?

1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost

2) Inner collagenousone word layer 3) 4)

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Outermost 314 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What are the five layers of Bruch’s membrane?

1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost 2) Inner collagenous layer

3) (Next) 4)

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Outermost 315 Q/A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What are the five layers of Bruch’s membrane?

1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost 2) Inner collagenous layer

3) Elasticdiff one word layer 4)

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Outermost 316 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What are the five layers of Bruch’s membrane?

1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost 2) Inner collagenous layer 3) Elastic layer

4) (Next)

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Outermost 317 Q/A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What are the five layers of Bruch’s membrane?

1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost 2) Inner collagenous layer 3) Elastic layer

4) Outer collagenousone familiar word layer

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Outermost 318 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What are the five layers of Bruch’s membrane?

1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost 2) Inner collagenous layer 3) Elastic layer 4) Outer collagenous layer

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) (Next) Outermost 319 Q/A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What are the five layers of Bruch’s membrane?

1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost 2) Inner collagenous layer 3) Elastic layer 4) Outer collagenous layer

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Basementtwo familiar membrane words of choriocapillaris Outermost 320 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What are the five layers of Bruch’s membrane?

1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost 2) Inner collagenous layer 3) Elastic layer 4) Outer collagenous layer

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Basement membrane of choriocapillaris Outermost 321 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What are the five layers of Bruch’s membrane? 0) ? What (non-Bruch’s) structure goes here? The RPE cells themselves

1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost 2) Inner collagenous layer 3) Elastic layer 4) Outer collagenous layer

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Basement membrane of choriocapillaris Outermost 322 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What are the five layers of Bruch’s membrane? 0) RPE cells What (non-Bruch’s) structure goes here? The RPE cells themselves

1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost 2) Inner collagenous layer 3) Elastic layer 4) Outer collagenous layer

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Basement membrane of choriocapillaris Outermost 323 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What are the five layers of Bruch’s membrane? 0) RPE cells RPE cells So, the plasma membranes of the RPE cells…

1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost 2) Inner collagenous layer 3) Elastic layer 4) Outer collagenous layer

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Basement membrane of choriocapillaris Outermost 324 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What are the five layers of Bruch’s membrane? So, the plasma membranes of the RPE cells… 0) RPE cells RPE cells sit directly on their BM

1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost 2) Inner collagenous layer 3) Elastic layer 4) Outer collagenous layer

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Basement membrane of choriocapillaris Outermost 325 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What (non-RPE) structures go here? What-1) ? are the five layers of Bruch’sThe photoreceptor membrane? outer segments 0) RPE cells RPE cells

1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost 2) Inner collagenous layer 3) Elastic layer 4) Outer collagenous layer

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Basement membrane of choriocapillaris Outermost 326 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What (non-RPE) structures go here? What-1) PR are outerthe five segs layers of Bruch’sThe photoreceptor membrane? outer segments 0) RPE cells RPE cells

1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost 2) Inner collagenous layer 3) Elastic layer 4) Outer collagenous layer

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Basement membrane of choriocapillaris Outermost 327 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

-1) PR outer segs What are the five layers of Bruch’sNote that bothmembrane? the RPE apical membranes… 0) RPE cells RPE cells

1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost 2) Inner collagenous layer 3) Elastic layer 4) Outer collagenous layer

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Basement membrane of choriocapillaris Outermost 328 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

-1) PR outer segs What are the five layers of Bruch’sNote that bothmembrane? the RPE apical membranes…

0) RPE cells RPE cells and their basal membranes… 1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost 2) Inner collagenous layer 3) Elastic layer 4) Outer collagenous layer

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Basement membrane of choriocapillaris Outermost 329 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

-1) PR outer segs What are the five layers of Bruch’sNote that bothmembrane? the RPE apical membranes… are highly infolded. 0) RPE cells RPE cells and their basal membranes… 1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost 2) Inner collagenous layer 3) Elastic layer 4) Outer collagenous layer

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Basement membrane of choriocapillaris Outermost 330 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

-1) PR outer segs What are the five layers of Bruch’sBut note further membrane? that, while the PRs closely interdigitate with these infoldings… 0) RPE cells RPE cells

1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost 2) Inner collagenous layer 3) Elastic layer 4) Outer collagenous layer

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Basement membrane of choriocapillaris Outermost 331 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

-1) PR outer segs What are the five layers of Bruch’sBut note further membrane? that, while the PRs closely interdigitate with these infoldings… 0) RPE cells RPE cells the BM does not. 1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost 2) Inner collagenous layer 3) Elastic layer 4) Outer collagenous layer

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Basement membrane of choriocapillaris Outermost 332 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

-1) PR outer segs What are the five layers of Bruch’sBut note further membrane? that, while the PRs closely interdigitate with these infoldings… 0) RPE cells RPE cells Why does it make sense that the PRs and theRPE BM cells does would not. be highly interdigitated? 1) Basement membrane of RPE Recall that a central function Innermostof the RPE is to provide metabolic support for the PRs. 2) Inner collagenous layer The interdigitations greatly increase the total surface area of PR-RPE contact, 3) Elastic layer thereby facilitating these metabolic efforts. 4) Outer collagenous layer

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Basement membrane of choriocapillaris Outermost 333 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Basement membrane of choriocapillaris Outermost 334 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What cell type is this? -2) ? Bipolar cells

What-1) PR are outerthe five segs layers of Bruch’s membrane? 0) RPE cells RPE cells

1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost 2) Inner collagenous layer 3) Elastic layer 4) Outer collagenous layer

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Basement membrane of choriocapillaris Outermost 335 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What cell type is this? -2) Bipolar cells Bipolar cells

What-1) PR are outerthe five segs layers of Bruch’s membrane? 0) RPE cells RPE cells

1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost 2) Inner collagenous layer 3) Elastic layer 4) Outer collagenous layer

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Basement membrane of choriocapillaris Outermost 336 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

-2) Bipolar cells

What-1) PR are outerthe five segs layers of Bruch’s membrane? 0) RPE cells RPE cells

1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost 2) Inner collagenous layer 3) Elastic layer 4) Outer collagenous layer

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Basement membrane of choriocapillaris Outermost What structure is this? -6) Chorio ? The choriocapillaris 337 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

-2) Bipolar cells

What-1) PR are outerthe five segs layers of Bruch’s membrane? 0) RPE cells RPE cells

1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost 2) Inner collagenous layer 3) Elastic layer 4) Outer collagenous layer

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Basement membrane of choriocapillaris Outermost What structure is this? -6) Choriocapillaris The choriocapillaris 338 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

-2) Bipolar cells

What-1) PR are outerthe five segs layers of Bruch’s membrane? 0) RPE cells RPE cells

1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost 2) Inner collagenous layer 3) Elastic layer 4) Outer collagenous layer

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Basement membrane of choriocapillaris Outermost -6) Choriocapillaris What structure is this? -7) Choro ? The choroid 339 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

-2) Bipolar cells

What-1) PR are outerthe five segs layers of Bruch’s membrane? 0) RPE cells RPE cells

1) Basement membrane of RPE Innermost 2) Inner collagenous layer 3) Elastic layer 4) Outer collagenous layer

Bruch’s membrane Bruch’s 5) Basement membrane of choriocapillaris Outermost -6) Choriocapillaris What structure is this? -7) Choroid The choroid 340 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Next we will look at macular OCT, and relate it to what we’ve learned about the anatomy of the retina 341 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What does OCT stand for?

Next we will look at macular OCT, and relate it to what we’ve learned about the anatomy of the retina 342 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What does OCT stand for? Optical coherence tomography

Next we will look at macular OCT, and relate it to what we’ve learned about the anatomy of the retina 343 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What does OCT stand for? Optical coherence tomography

What is it?

Next we will look at macular OCT, and relate it to what we’ve learned about the anatomy of the retina 344 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What does OCT stand for? Optical coherence tomography

What is it? A technology that allows cross-sectional imaging of ocular structures, including the retina (tomography means ‘cross-sectional image’)

Next we will look at macular OCT, and relate it to what we’ve learned about the anatomy of the retina 345 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What does OCT stand for? Optical coherence tomography

What is it? A technology that allows cross-sectional imaging of ocular structures, including the retina (tomography means ‘cross-sectional image’)

Next we will look at macular OCT, and relate it to what we’ve learned about the anatomy of the retina

How does it work? 346 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What does OCT stand for? Optical coherence tomography

What is it? A technology that allows cross-sectional imaging of ocular structures, including the retina (tomography means ‘cross-sectional image’)

Next we will look at macular OCT, and relate it to what we’ve learned about the anatomy of the retina

How does it work? Via interferometry. A beam of coherent light is directed toward the retina. As the light penetrates the retina, it is reflected at boundaries between tissue layers. The device gathers the reflected light and compares it to a standardized beam of light reflected from a reference mirror. 347 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What does OCT stand for? Optical coherence tomography

What is it? A technology that allows cross-sectional imaging of ocular structures, including the retina (tomography means ‘cross-sectional image’)

Next we will look at macular OCT, and relate it to what we’ve learned about the anatomy of the retina

Synaptic processes

Cell body

The ELM Recall this slide from earlier. The myoid zone The time/effort you spent committing it to memory is The ellipsoid zone about to pay off.

PR outer segs

Interdigitation zone

RPE/Bruch’s membrane 349 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

The ELM Recall this slide from earlier. The myoid zone The time/effort you spent committing it to memory is The ellipsoid zone about to pay off. As we will see, these structures are visible on sdOCT, and it’s vital you be PR outer segs able to recognize them. Interdigitation zone

RPE/Bruch’s membrane 350 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology Let’s identify the RPE/Bruch’s complex first. Where is it?

(Ignore this line) (And this one)

The ELM The myoid zone

The ellipsoid zone

PR outer segs

Interdigitation zone

RPE/Bruch’s membrane 351 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology Let’s identify the RPE/Bruch’s complex first. Where is it? The RPE/Bruch’s complex is the outermost heavy white line

(Ignore this line) (And this one)

The ELM The myoid zone

The ellipsoid zone

PR outer segs

Interdigitation zone

RPE/Bruch’s Some A’s will be down here membrane RPE/Bruch’s membrane (The green line is pointing to it) 352 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Let’s identify the RPE/Bruch’s complex first. Where is it? The RPE/Bruch’s complex is the outermost heavy white line

It’s hard to make out here…

(Locating the same structure on a full-size OCT image) 353 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Let’s identify the RPE/Bruch’s complex first. Where is it? The RPE/Bruch’s complex is the outermost heavy white line

…but you can see it clearly here. It’s hard to make out here…

(Locating the same structure on a full-size OCT image) 354 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Let’s identify the RPE/Bruch’s complex first. Where is it? The RPE/Bruch’s complex is the outermost heavy white line

…but you can see it clearly here. It’s hard to make out here…

You must identify and assess the integrity of the RPE/Bruch’s complex on every OCT you read!

(Locating the same structure on a full-size OCT image) 355 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology Next is the interdigitation zone. Where is it?

(Ignore this line) (And this one)

The ELM The myoid zone

The ellipsoid zone

PR outer segs

Interdigitation zone

RPE/Bruch’s membrane RPE/Bruch’s membrane 356 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology Next is the interdigitation zone. Where is it? It is the next heavy white line

(Ignore this line) (And this one)

The ELM The myoid zone

The ellipsoid zone

PR outer segs

Interdigitation zone

RPE/Bruch’s Interdigitation membrane zone RPE/Bruch’s membrane (Ditto) 357 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Next is the interdigitation zone. Where is it? It is the next heavy white line

Again, it’s hard to make out here…

(Locating the same structure on a full-size OCT image) 358 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Next is the interdigitation zone. Where is it? It is the next heavy white line

…but it can be seen clearly over here. Again, it’s hard to make out here…

(Locating the same structure on a full-size OCT image) 359 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Next is the interdigitation zone. Where is it? It is the next heavy white line

…but it can be seen clearly over here. Again, it’s hard to make out here…

The interdigitation zone is not always clearly visible on OCT

(Locating the same structure on a full-size OCT image) 360 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology Next is the PR outer segs. Where are they?

(Ignore this line) (And this one)

The ELM The myoid zone

The ellipsoid zone

PR outer segs

Interdigitation zone

RPE/Bruch’s Interdigitation membrane zone RPE/Bruch’s membrane 361 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology Next is the PR outer segs. Where are they? In the dark band just inside the interdigitation zone

(Ignore this line) (And this one)

PR outer segs (dark area)

The ELM The myoid zone

The ellipsoid zone

PR outer segs

Interdigitation zone

RPE/Bruch’s Interdigitation membrane zone RPE/Bruch’s membrane 362 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Next is the PR outer segs. Where are they? In the dark band just inside the interdigitation zone

…and harder over here. This band is easiest to see here…

The PR outer segs band is taller at the fovea because the outer segs are longer here

(Locating the same structure on a full-size OCT image) 363 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology Next is the ellipsoid zone. Where is it?

(Ignore this line) (And this one)

PR outer segs (dark area)

The ELM The myoid zone

The ellipsoid zone

PR outer segs

Interdigitation zone

RPE/Bruch’s Interdigitation membrane zone RPE/Bruch’s membrane 364 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology Next is the ellipsoid zone. Where is it? It is the heavy white band inside the outer segs

(Ignore this line) (And this one)

PR outer segs (dark area)

The ELM The myoid zone

The ellipsoid zone

PR outer segs

Interdigitation zone

RPE/Bruch’s Ellipsoid zone Interdigitation membrane (the white line) zone RPE/Bruch’s membrane 365 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Next is the ellipsoid zone. Where is it? It is the heavy white band inside the outer segs

The ellipsoid zone is usually readily visible across the OCT

Many PR and other outer-retinal diseases manifest as changes to the EZ. Like the RPE/Bruch’s complex, the EZ must be identified and assessed on every retinal OCT!

(Locating the same structure on a full-size OCT image) 366 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology Next is the myoid zone. Where is it?

(Ignore this line) (And this one)

PR outer segs (dark area)

The ELM The myoid zone

The ellipsoid zone

PR outer segs

Interdigitation zone

RPE/Bruch’s Ellipsoid zone Interdigitation membrane (the white line) zone RPE/Bruch’s membrane 367 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology Next is the myoid zone. Where is it? The dark band just inside the ellipsoid zone

(Ignore this line) (And this one)

PR outer segs Myoid zone (dark area) (dark area)

The ELM The myoid zone

The ellipsoid zone

PR outer segs

Interdigitation zone

RPE/Bruch’s Ellipsoid zone Interdigitation membrane (the white line) zone RPE/Bruch’s membrane 368 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Next is the myoid zone. Where is it? The dark band just inside the ellipsoid zone

The myoid zone is best visualized at the fovea

(Locating the same structure on a full-size OCT image) 369 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology Next is the ELM. Where is it?

(Ignore this line) (And this one)

PR outer segs Myoid zone (dark area) (dark area)

The ELM The myoid zone

The ellipsoid zone

PR outer segs

Interdigitation zone

RPE/Bruch’s Ellipsoid zone Interdigitation membrane (the white line) zone RPE/Bruch’s membrane 370 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology Next is the ELM. Where is it? It’s the thin white band just inside the myoid zone

(the white line) (Ignore this line)ELM (And this one)

PR outer segs Myoid zone (dark area) (dark area)

The ELM The myoid zone

The ellipsoid zone

PR outer segs

Interdigitation zone

RPE/Bruch’s Ellipsoid zone Interdigitation membrane (the white line) zone RPE/Bruch’s membrane 371 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Next is the ELM. Where is it? It’s the thin white band just inside the myoid zone

The ELM also is easiest to see at the fovea

(Locating the same structure on a full-size OCT image) 372 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

? ?

? ? ? ?

Quiz yourself by toggling back and forth between this slide and the next 373 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

PR outer segs Myoid zone (dark area) (dark area)

ELM EZ Interdigitation RPE/Bruch’s zone (the white line) complex

Quiz yourself by toggling back and forth between this slide and the next 374 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

PR outer segs Myoid zone (dark area) (dark area)

ELM EZ Interdigitation RPE/Bruch’s line (the white line) complex An important meta-point to come away with from all this is, OCT bands are determined by differences in tissue reflectivity, but differences in reflectivity don’t necessarily correlate 1:1 with retinal anatomy. Consider the ellipsoid and myoid of the PRs. They are parts of the same anatomic structure (the PR inner seg), but to the OCT scanner, they look radically different from one another. 376 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

PR outer segs Myoid zone (dark area) (dark area)

For the remainder of our intro to OCT, we’re going to switch gears and work outward from the inner aspect of the scan

(No question—proceed when ready) 378 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

First things first: In order to ‘set the floor’ re how far down we need to go, locate the ELM: 379 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

ELM

First things first: In order to ‘set the floor’ re how far down we need to go, locate the ELM: 380 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

ELM

Next, identify the following preretinal structures: --The formed vitreous 381 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Formed vitreous

ELM

Next, identify the following preretinal structures: --The formed vitreous 382 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Formed vitreous

ELM

Next, identify the following preretinal structures: --The formed vitreous --The posterior cortical vitreous 383 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Posterior cortical vitreous Formed vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous

ELM

Next, identify the following preretinal structures: --The formed vitreous --The posterior cortical vitreous 384 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Posterior cortical vitreous Formed vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous

ELM

Next, identify the following preretinal structures: --The formed vitreous --The posterior cortical vitreous --The preretinal space 385 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Posterior cortical vitreous Formed vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous Preretinal space Preretinal space

ELM

Next, identify the following preretinal structures: --The formed vitreous --The posterior cortical vitreous --The preretinal space 386 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Posterior cortical vitreous Formed vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous Preretinal space Preretinal space

ELM

Next, identify the following preretinal structures: --The formed vitreous --The posterior cortical vitreous --The preretinal space

And now the innermost retinal structure, the ILM: 387 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Posterior cortical vitreous Formed vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous Preretinal space Preretinal space ILM

ELM

Next, identify the following preretinal structures: --The formed vitreous --The posterior cortical vitreous --The preretinal space

And now the innermost retinal structure, the ILM: 388 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Posterior cortical vitreous Formed vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous Preretinal space Preretinal space ILM

ELM

Next commences the layers of neural elements, starting with the nervethree fiber words layer 389 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Posterior cortical vitreous Formed vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous Preretinal space Preretinal space ILM

ELM

Next commences the layers of neural elements, starting with the nerve fiber layer (now locate it) 390 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Posterior cortical vitreous Formed vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous Preretinal space Preretinal space ILM

NFL

ELM

Next commences the layers of neural elements, starting with the nerve fiber layer 391 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Posterior cortical vitreous Formed vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous Preretinal space Preretinal space ILM

NFL

ELM

Next commences the layers of neural elements, starting with the nerve fiber layer On this scan, which side is nasal, which is temporal? How can you tell? Temporal? This is the orientation. The NFL is always thicker on the nasal side. Nasal? Nasal? Temporal? Why is the NFL thicker on the nasal side? Because that’s the side the papillomacular bundle (PMB) is located on 392 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Posterior cortical vitreous Formed vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous Preretinal space Preretinal space ILM

NFL

ELM

Next commences the layers of neural elements, starting with the nerve fiber layer On this scan, which side is nasal, which is temporal? How can you tell? TemporalThis is the orientation. The NFL is always thicker on the nasal side. Nasal

Why is the NFL thicker on the nasal side? Because that’s the side the papillomacular bundle (PMB) is located on 393 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Posterior cortical vitreous Formed vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous Preretinal space Preretinal space ILM

NFL

ELM

Why is the NFL thicker on the nasal side? Because that’s the side the papillomacular bundle (PMB) is located on 394 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Posterior cortical vitreous Formed vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous Preretinal space Preretinal space ILM

NFL

ELM

Why is the NFL thicker on the nasal side? Because that’s the side the papillomacular bundle (PMB) is located on 395 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Posterior cortical vitreous Formed vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous Preretinal space Preretinal space ILM

NFL

ELM

Why is the NFL thicker on the nasal side of the fovea? Because that’s the side the papillomacular bundle (PMB) is located on 396 Q/A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Posterior cortical vitreous Formed vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous Preretinal space Preretinal space ILM

NFL

ELM

Why is the NFL thicker on the nasal side of the fovea?

Because that’s the side the papillomaculartwo words bundle (PMB) is located on 397 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Posterior cortical vitreous Formed vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous Preretinal space Preretinal space ILM

NFL

ELM

Why is the NFL thicker on the nasal side of the fovea? Because that’s the side the papillomacular bundle (PMB) is located on 398 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Posterior cortical vitreous Formed vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous Preretinal space Preretinal space ILM

NFL

ELM

Next commences the layers of neural elements, starting with the nerve fiber layer On this scan, whichWhat side is the is nasal,PMB? which is temporal? How can you tell? TemporalThis is the orientation.The set The of fibers NFL isrunning always from thicker the onfovea the directlynasal side. to the ONH Nasal

Why is the NFL thicker on the nasal side of the fovea? Because that’s the side the papillomacular bundle (PMB) is located on 399 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Posterior cortical vitreous Formed vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous Preretinal space Preretinal space ILM

NFL

ELM

Why is the NFL thicker on the nasal side of the fovea? Because that’s the side the papillomacular bundle (PMB) is located on 400 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Papillomacular bundle 401 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Posterior cortical vitreous Formed vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous Preretinal space Preretinal space ILM

NFL ?

ELM

Posterior cortical vitreous Formed vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous Preretinal space Preretinal space ILM

NFL Ganglion cell layer

ELM

Posterior cortical vitreous Formed vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous Preretinal space Preretinal space ILM

NFL Ganglion cell layer ?

ELM

Next commences the layers of neural elements, starting with the nerve fiber layer . As the composition of the layers alternate, the next one must contain cell bodies; sure enough, it is the ganglion cell layer . The next, ‘processes’ layer is the inner plexiformthree words layer 404 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Posterior cortical vitreous Formed vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous Preretinal space Preretinal space ILM

NFL Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer

ELM

Posterior cortical vitreous Formed vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous Preretinal space Preretinal space ILM

NFL Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer ?

ELM

Next commences the layers of neural elements, starting with the nerve fiber layer . As the composition of the layers alternate, the next one must contain cell bodies; sure enough, it is the ganglion cell layer . The next, ‘processes’ layer is the inner plexiform layer , followed by the next cell-body layer, the inner nuclearthree words layer . 406 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Posterior cortical vitreous Formed vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous Preretinal space Preretinal space ILM

NFL Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer

ELM

Next commences the layers of neural elements, starting with the nerve fiber layer . As the composition of the layers alternate, the next one must contain cell bodies; sure enough, it is the ganglion cell layer . The next, ‘processes’ layer is the inner plexiform layer , followed by the next cell-body layer, the inner nuclear layer . 407 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

ELM

Things seem to be working out perfectly. The OCT appears to have two layers left to identify. 408 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

ELM

Outer plexiform layer

ELM

Outer plexiform layer ?

ELM

Things seem to be working out perfectly. The OCT appears to have two layers left to identify. Conveniently, there are two yet-unassigned layers—a processes layer (the outer plexiform layer ), and a cell-bodies layer (the outer nuclearthree words layer ). 411 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Outer plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer

ELM

Outer plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer

ELM

Things seem to be working out perfectly. The OCT appears to have two layers left to identify. Conveniently, there are two yet-unassigned layers—a processes layer (the outer plexiform layer ), and a cell-bodies layer (the outer nuclear layer ). Not uncommonly, you will see OCTs labeled in just this fashion. 413 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Outer plexiform layer But this is incorrect! Outer nuclear layer

ELM

Things seem to be working out perfectly. The OCT appears to have two layers left to identify. Conveniently, there are two yet-unassigned layers—a processes layer (the outer plexiform layer ), and a cell-bodies layer (the outer nuclear layer ). Not uncommonly, you will see OCTs labeled in just this fashion. But this is incorrect! 414 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

But this is incorrect!

ELM

Things seem to be working out perfectly. The OCT appearshas three to have two layers left to identify. Conveniently, there are two yet-unassigned layers—a processes layer (the outer plexiform layer ), and a cell-bodies layer (the outer nuclear layer ). Not uncommonly, you will see OCTs labeled in just this fashion. Why is it incorrect? Because the OCT has three layers left—not two! 415 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

ELM

Look carefully at the remaining darker portion, and you will note the presence of a subtle demarcation line within it. (I will point it out on the next slide.) 416 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

ELM

Look carefully at the remaining darker portion, and you will note the presence of a subtle demarcation line within it. (I will point it out on the next slide.) 417 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Demarcation between…

ELM

Look carefully at the remaining darker portion, and you will note the presence of a subtle demarcation line within it. (I will point it out on the next slide.) This line demarcates between the outer nuclearthree words layer and Henle’sthree words layer . 418 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Demarcation between…Henle’s layer and the ONL

Henle’s layer

ELM

Look carefully at the remaining darker portion, and you will note the presence of a subtle demarcation line within it. (I will point it out on the next slide.) This line demarcates between the outer nuclear layer and Henle’s layer . 419 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Demarcation between…Henle’s layer and the ONL

Henle’s layer

ELM

We mentioned Henle’s layer earlier in the context of the OPLabb. , when we noted that the terms were often (and erroneously) treated as synonyms. Here’s why they’re not synonymous. RecallLook that carefully the OPL at consiststhe remaini of theng darkeraxonal portion, processes and of you the will PRs no andte the the presence dendritic of processes a subtle of the demarcationbipolar cells. line(There’s within some it. (I willhorizontal-cell point it out onprocesses the next insl ide.)there This as well.) line demarcates between the outer nuclear layer and Henle’s layer . 420 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Demarcation between…Henle’s layer and the ONL

Henle’s layer

ELM

We mentioned Henle’s layer earlier in the context of the OPL , when we noted that the terms were often (and erroneously) treated as synonyms. Here’s why they’re not synonymous. RecallLook that carefully the OPL at consiststhe remaini of theng darkeraxonal portion, processes and of you the will PRs no andte the the presence dendritic of processes a subtle of the demarcationbipolar cells. line(There’s within some it. (I willhorizontal-cell point it out onprocesses the next insl ide.)there This as well.) line demarcates between the outer nuclear layer and Henle’s layer . 421 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Demarcation between…Henle’s layer and the ONL

Henle’s layer

ELM

We mentioned Henle’s layer earlier in the context of the OPL , when we noted that the terms were often (and erroneously) treated as synonyms. Here’s why they’re not synonymous. abb. RecallLook that carefully the OPL at consiststhe remaini of theng darkeraxonal portion, processes and of you the will PR nos te and the the presence dendritic of processesa subtle of the demarcation bipolar cells. line (There’s within it.so (Ime will horizontal-cell pointtwo-words it out on processes the next sl iide.)n there This as line well.) demarcates between the outer nuclear layer and Henle’s layer . 422 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Demarcation between…Henle’s layer and the ONL

Henle’s layer

ELM

We mentioned Henle’s layer earlier in the context of the OPL , when we noted that the terms were often (and erroneously) treated as synonyms. Here’s why they’re not synonymous. RecallLook that carefully the OPL at consiststhe remaini of theng darkeraxonal portion, processes and of you the will PR nos te and the the presence dendritic of processesa subtle of the demarcation bipolar cells. line (There’s within it.so (Ime will horizontal-cell point it out on processes the next sl iide.)n there This as line well.) demarcates between the outer nuclear layer and Henle’s layer . 423 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

However, in the fovea/parafoveal region, the axonal processes of the PRs are elongated, and radiate directly away from the foveal center in all directions, running almost parallel to the retinal surface (see above). These long, radially oriented axonal fibers comprise the Henle’s layer portion of the OPL. 424 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Demarcation between…Henle’s layer and the ONL

ELM

Demarcation between…Henle’s layer and the ONL

Dendritic portion of the OPL Axonal portion of the OPL (aka Henle’s layer)

ELM

You can now appreciate the appearance of the OCT in the foveal region. The orientation of the PR axons leads the OCT to ‘see’ them as a layer separate and distinct from that of the bipolar- cell dendrites with which they form the outer plexus. This is why it’s misleading to treat the terms Henle’s layer and OPL as synonyms: Technically speaking, Henle’s layer is the axonal portion of the OPL in the foveal and parafoveal region. 426 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Highly relevant sidebar: What condition is depicted here? (Looking for a general term, not a specific etiology.) 427 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Highly relevant sidebar: What condition is depicted here? (Looking for a general term, not a specific etiology.) Neuroretinitis (the neuro- part refers to the disc swelling) 428 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Highly relevant sidebar: What condition is depicted here? (Looking for a general term, not a specific etiology.) Neuroretinitis (the neuro- part refers to the disc swelling)

What is the classic cause? (Now I’m looking for a specific etiology.) 429 Q/A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Highly relevant sidebar: What condition is depicted here? (Looking for a general term, not a specific etiology.) Neuroretinitis (the neuro- part refers to the disc swelling)

What is the classic cause? (Now I’m looking for a specific etiology.) Infection with Bartonellabug henslae 430 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Highly relevant sidebar: What condition is depicted here? (Looking for a general term, not a specific etiology.) Neuroretinitis (the neuro- part refers to the disc swelling)

What is the classic cause? (Now I’m looking for a specific etiology.) Infection with Bartonella henslae 431 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Highly relevant sidebar: What condition is depicted here? (Looking for a general term, not a specific etiology.) Neuroretinitis (the neuro- part refers to the disc swelling)

What is the classic cause? (Now I’m looking for a specific etiology.) Infection with Bartonella henslae (aka cat-scratchtwo words disease) 432 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Highly relevant sidebar: What condition is depicted here? (Looking for a general term, not a specific etiology.) Neuroretinitis (the neuro- part refers to the disc swelling)

What is the classic cause? (Now I’m looking for a specific etiology.) Infection with Bartonella henslae (aka cat-scratch disease) 433 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What is the descriptive term for the appearance of the macula?

Highly relevant sidebar: What condition is depicted here? (Looking for a general term, not a specific etiology.) Neuroretinitis (the neuro- part refers to the disc swelling)

What is the classic cause? (Now I’m looking for a specific etiology.) Infection with Bartonella henslae (aka cat-scratch disease) 434 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What is the descriptive term for the appearance of the macula? ‘Macular star’

Highly relevant sidebar: What condition is depicted here? (Looking for a general term, not a specific etiology.) Neuroretinitis (the neuro- part refers to the disc swelling)

What is the classic cause? (Now I’m looking for a specific etiology.) Infection with Bartonella henslae (aka cat-scratch disease) 435 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What is the descriptive term for the appearance of the macula? ‘Macular star’

At long last, the point of this sidebar: Why does a macular star look the way it does?

Highly relevant sidebar: What condition is depicted here? (Looking for a general term, not a specific etiology.) Neuroretinitis (the neuro- part refers to the disc swelling)

What is the classic cause? (Now I’m looking for a specific etiology.) Infection with Bartonella henslae (aka cat-scratch disease) 436 Q/A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What is the descriptive term for the appearance of the macula? ‘Macular star’

At long last, the point of this sidebar: Why does a macular star look the way it does? Two words: Henle’s layer

Highly relevant sidebar: What condition is depicted here? (Looking for a general term, not a specific etiology.) Neuroretinitis (the neuro- part refers to the disc swelling)

What is the classic cause? (Now I’m looking for a specific etiology.) Infection with Bartonella henslae (aka cat-scratch disease) 437 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What is the descriptive term for the appearance of the macula? ‘Macular star’

At long last, the point of this sidebar: Why does a macular star look the way it does? Two words: Henle’s layer

Highly relevant sidebar: What condition is depicted here? (Looking for a general term, not a specific etiology.) Neuroretinitis (the neuro- part refers to the disc swelling)

What is the classic cause? (Now I’m looking for a specific etiology.) Infection with Bartonella henslae (aka cat-scratch disease) 438 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

What is the descriptive term for the appearance of the macula? ‘Macular star’

At long last, the point of this sidebar: Why does a macular star look the way it does? Two words: Henle’s layer. The exudate is located within it, and thus mirrors Henle’s radial orientation.

Highly relevant sidebar: What condition is depicted here? (Looking for a general term, not a specific etiology.) Neuroretinitis (the neuro- part refers to the disc swelling)

What is the classic cause? (Now I’m looking for a specific etiology.) Infection with Bartonella henslae (aka cat-scratch disease) 439 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Make a connection in your head between the clinical appearance of a macular star… 440 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Dendritic portion of the OPL Axonal portion of the OPL

ELM

Make a connection in your head between the clinical appearance of a macular star… and the OCT appearance of Henle’s layer. 441 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Dendritic portion of the OPL Axonal portion of the OPL

ELM

Make a connection in your head between the clinical appearance of a macular star… and the OCT appearance of Henle’s layer. While they look nothing like one another, each arises from the same fundamental fact of retinal anatomy/histology! 442 Retinal Anatomy and Histology

One last word about this OPL/Henle’s layer issue—you will find that the BCSC books are not consistent in how they use these terms. (For example, the Retina book uses them as synonyms on one page, and as referring to separate layers two pages later.) Likewise, you will frequently encounter OCT images labeled in a manner that is unclear or misleading regarding what is the OPL, what is Henle’s, and what is the ONL (eg, the above). You may also find that your program’s retina specialist disagrees with how I’ve laid things out here. Caveat emptor. 444 Q Retinal Anatomy and Histology

? ? ? ? ? ?

? ? ? ? ? ? aka ?

Quiz yourself by toggling back and forth between this slide and the next. When you’ve got it, you’re done! 445 A Retinal Anatomy and Histology

Posterior cortical vitreous Formed vitreous Posterior cortical vitreous Preretinal space Preretinal space ILM

NFL Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Dendritic portion of the OPL Axonal portion of the OPL aka Henle’s layer

ELM