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Inclusiveness in the New Space & Protozone Transportation Services

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Inclusiveness In the New Space & Protozone Transportation Services By Joseph N. Pelton, Ph.D Former Dean, International Space University ICAO Headquarters March 18-20, 2015 Diversity of Technical Design Demonstrated in Commercial Space Transportation Concepts to Date Launch Concept Organizations (Some of Which Are Now Defunct or Merged) Lighter than Air Ascender- Ion JP Aerospace, World view and Zero to Infinity Engine lift from Dark Sky Station Vertical Takeoff / Vertical Armadillo Aerospace, Blue Origin, JAXA, Masten Aerospace, landing (VTVL) Lockheed Martin/EADS Vertical Takeoff / Horizontal Aera Space Tours, Air Boss, Bristol Space Planes, C & Space, Landing (VTHL) at Spaceport Energia, Lorrey Aerospace, Phoenix & Pre-X by EADS, Space Dev, Space Transportation Corp, Space X, Sub Orbital Corp, Myasishchev Corp. Design Bureau, t/Space, Vela Technologies, Wickman Space and Propulsion Horizontal Takeoff / Andrews, Scaled Composites, The Spaceship Corporation, Virgin Horizontal Landing(HTHL) Galactic, XCOR, Project Enterprise by TALIS Institute, DLR, Swiss Propulsion Lab Tow Launch and Horizontal Kelly Space Technology Landing Vertical Launch to LEO from Alliant, Inter Orbital Systems Technology, Rocketplane/Kistler, Space Port Space HAB, UP Aerospace Launch to LEO from Jet Plane Triton, Stratolauncher, Launcher One (by Virgin Galactic), or Carrier Vehicle Drop Stratolaunch Emerging ProtoZone and New Space Services and their Estimated Market Size-2035 Who Will Provide? Who Will Use? Who Will Regulate? Supersonic/Hypersonic Flights into the Extreme Stratosphere (Primarily US $10-100 Bil/yr and European intended service providers today but potential global market demand for passengers—NO DESIGNATED REGULATOR) New Low Cost Launch to Orbit (Primarily US, Europe, China, India and $10 Bil/yr Russia intended providers today) (But this service could allow developing Upward countries and commercial entities to enter the space applications field.) e.g. Launcher One, Stratolauncher, etc. (NO DESIGNATED REGULATOR) Space Tourism/ Space Adventures (Primarily US, Europe, and Russia intended $ 2 Bil/yr Plus providers today) (But global market demand) (NO DESIGNATED REGULATOR) High Altitude Platform Systems-Commercial UAVs (Global range of $ 2Bil/yr providers-Many developing economy users) (NO DESIGNATED REGULATOR) Private Space Stations/Habitats—No real space treaty or international $1-2 Bil/yr Plus regulatory provisions in place. (NO DESIGNATED REGULATOR) Proto-Space Robotic Transport (NO DESIGNATED REGULATOR) $1 Bil/yr Plus Dark Sky Station/Ion engine lift to orbit (NO DESIGNATED REGULATOR) Under $1 Bil/yr Issues to Address in New Aerospace Systems Issue or Regulatory/Legal Technical Int’l Additional Comment Facility Need Research Agencies Concerns Involved Need Airports Certification and Advanced ICAO Coordinatio Safety of servicing periodic radar & new n of regular surrounding HTHL recertification positioning & aviation and area. spaceplanes navsat space flights Liability software insurance Spaceports Certification and Advanced radar ICAO Space Safety of supporting periodic & new Traffic surrounding HTHL, VTHL, recertification. positioning & Managemen area. VTVL systems Range Safety navsat software t & Control Liability Control insurance Launch Sites Certification and Advanced radar ICAO Space Traffic Safety of supporting periodic & new Management surrounding conventional and recertification. positioning & & Control area. Liability commercial Range Safety insurance navsat software rockets Control Rocket Launch Range Safety Advanced radar ICAO Space Traffic Safety of from Balloon or Control and High & new Management surrounding Parachute Altitude Range positioning & & Control area. Liability Control navsat software insurance Issues to Address in New Aerospace Systems Issue or Regulatory/ Legal Technical Research Int’l Additional Comment Facility Need Need Agencies Concerns Involved Rocket Range Safety Control Advanced radar & ICAO Space Safety of Launch from and High Altitude possibly LIDAR Traffic surrounding carrier Range Control systems Manage- area. Liability aircraft ment & insurance Control Rocket Range Safety Control Advanced radar & ICAO Space Safety of Launch from and High Altitude possibly LIDAR Traffic surrounding ocean Range Control systems Manage- area. Liability ment & insurance Control Ion Engine Range Safety Control Stratospheric ICAO Space Liability Craft and High Altitude collisions avoidance Traffic insurance launched Range Control systems, Radiation Manage- from Dark shielding,. Warning ment & Sky Station Beacons, Control Dark Sky New types of . Warning Beacons, ITU and Space Liability Station and certification & Advanced radar & perhaps Traffic insurance Lighter than recertification plus LIDAR WMO and Manage- Air Craft ATC into Stratosphere. UNEP ment & Collision avoidance. Control Issues to Address in New Aerospace Systems Issue or Regulatory/ Technical Research Int’l Addition Comment Facility Legal Need Agencies al Involved Need Concerns Super Sonic & Air Traffic Sonic Boom mitigation WMO, Space Liability Hypersonic Control into standards, Emission UNEP Traffic provisions, flight Transport Stratosphere standards, Thermal and ITU Manage- path coordination, Protection Systems ment & solar CMEs-flares Control Radiation Radiation Ozone hole and Ozone World Genetic Liability Exposure Protection layer investigations Health mutation provisions, flight levels/Health Standards, Org., path coordination, Standards Flight Path WMO, solar CMEs-flares Approvals UNDP Rocket Standards for Stratospheric emission WMO. Climate Incentives for Pollutant rocket studies. Improved solid UNDP Change, improved Emissions emissions propellants (better than Strato- propellants. (N0x, Cox, aluminum polyimide spheric Water Vapor and neoprene rubber) pollution Orbital Debris Air Traffic Black boxes for all UN Greater Fund for debris (Controlled Control and spacecraft. Warning COPUOS, risk of mitigation. Fines /uncontrolled Space Traffic beacons IADC, Kessler for violations reentry) Management SDA Syndrom e Issues to Address in New Aerospace Systems Issue or Facility Regulatory/ Technical Research Int’l Agencies Additional Comment Involved Legal Need Concerns Need Super Sonic & Air Traffic Sonic Beam WMO, UNEP Space Traffic Liability Hypersonic Control into mitigation standards, and ITU Manage-ment & provisions, flight Transport Stratosphere Emission standards, Control path coordination, Thermal Protection solar flares/CMEs Sys. Radiation Radiation Ozone hole and World Health Genetic mutation Liability Exposure Protection Ozone layer Organization, provisions, flight levels/Health Standards, Flight investigations WMO, UNDP path coordination, Standards Path Approvals solar flares/CMEs Rocket Pollutant Standards for Stratospheric WMO. UNDP Climate Change, Incentives for Emissions (N0x, rocket emissions emission studies. Stratospheric improved COx, Water Vapor Improved propellants pollution propellants. Orbital Debris Air Traffic Black boxes for all UN COPUOS, Heightened risk Fund for debris (Controlled and Control and spacecraft. Warning IADC, SDA with Kessler mitigation. Fines uncontrolled Space Traffic beacons Syndrome for violations reentry) Management & Control Issues to Address in New Aerospace Systems Issue or Regulatory/ Legal Technical Int’l Addition Comment Facility Need Research Agencies al Involved Need Concerns Electric Emission Standards Zero WMO. Incentive Transition Vehicles and Incentives polluting UNDP s for low planning (Europe is ahead of aircraft emission US here) aircraft UAVs & Air Traffic Control Improved ITU Warning HAPS and HAPS and and Space Traffic avionics, beacons, UAVs of robotic Management & Emergency collision prime freighters Control. RF override avoidanc concern to interference safety e systems developing systems economies Radio RF Interference Improved ITU Improvea Of concern Frequency from Air & Space Radio lloca- to all Interference Traffic Control & systems to tions countries. & Mgt avoid process allocations interference Conclusions There are a wide range of new systems that need to be considered in terms of air & space traffic management and control—NOT JUST SPACE TOURISM. Frequency allocations, global atmospheric pollution, health standards, are also of concern and ITU, UNEP, WMO, WHO and COPUOS need to be play a role in support of ICAO. Concerns include new low cost commercial orbital launches, private space habitats/platforms, dark sky stations, High Altitude Platform Systems (HAPS), Proto-space or sub-space transport, carrier vehicle or jet drop launches, balloon-based rocket launches, towed launched systems, vertical and horizontal launch and landing systems, commercial sub-orbital flights, and hypersonic transportation systems. Conclusions (Continued) For developing economies, some of these services such as High Altitude Platform Systems and Lighter than Air Craft are of much greater concern. Protozone (21km to 100 km) is priority area of concern for all countries and needs to be addressed urgently. Developing countries have a stake in all of this and must be given a role in developing a coordinated new International Air and Space Traffic Control system—based on “model” national regulations that are widely accepted. U.S. FAA and Europe’s EASA and industry groups such as the Commercial Spaceflight Federation, plus the IADC, and the UN Long-Term Sustainability Working Group, all need to provide leadership here. Also the McGill Global Space Governance study and UNISPACE + 50 could play a constructive
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