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Are214b Building Structures Ib ARE214B BUILDING STRUCTURES I B CHENG HO YIU REX 193401515 B.Sc. Yr2 May 27, 2020 LIST OF BUILDING STRUCTURES LECTURE 1 – INTRODUCTION Portuguese National Pavilion Expo 98, Lisbon, Portugal. 1998 | Alvaro Siza | Cecil Balmond (Engineer) A minimalistic pavilion with a wide-spanning curved concrete canopy, fastened between the roofs of two rolls of vertical columns by steel cables embedded inside the thin layers of concrete, HSBC Headquarters, Central, Hong Kong. 1985 | Norman Forster | Ove Arup & Partners (Engineer) High-rise office with exoskeleton structure with steel trusses and floors suspended by tension columns that supported by eight main clustered columns, each composed of 4 connected steel tubes, to create the large column free atrium. Pont du Gard Roman Aqueduct, Nimes, France. 40-60 AD Three tier semi-circular arch structure built with stone using only friction and gravity to transfer water in ancient times. Exchange House Office Building, Dockland, London. 1996 | Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) The 10-story office building is supported by external steel frame structure that is hold up primarily by four parabolic arches, two internal and two external, to provide a column-free and flexible open office design. Statue of Liberty, New York City, USA. 1886 | Gustave Eiffel | Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (Sculptor) Structure ≠ Form | The neoclassical copper statue is sectioned into sheets of metal claddings which are attached to steel frames supported by four steel columns, is a gift from France to USA as a memorial to their independence. Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA. 1993 | Peter Eisenman Structure ≠ Form | The organic and irregular exterior is supported by convoluted structural frame that creates a strong juxtaposition with the convention centre’s large open interior. 860–880 Lake Shore Drive Apartment Building, Chicago, Illinois, USA. 1949 | Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe Structure = Form | The modern international high-rise residential apartments were designed to have an open floor plan perfectly matches the most efficient steel structural grid (unit bays of 6.46m/21ft). Renault Distribution Centre, Swindon, UK. 1982 | Norman Forster | Ove Arup & Partners (Engineer) Structure = Symbol | High-tech industrial building with yellow-painted expressive modular structure consists of custom made steel members that designed to maximize the structural spans and minimize the diameter of the columns. Proposed design for Tagus Bridge, Lisbon, Portugal. 1960 | Fritz Leonhardt Structure = Performance | Proposed cable-suspended bridge that feature an axial main cable with inclined cables creating an diagonal cable net that supports a streamlined decking. Bank of China Tower, Central, Hong Kong. 1990 | I. M. Pei | Leslie E. Robertson (Engineer) High-rise building with large triangular space structural frame that supported by 4 columns at the corner of the building. BCE Place Allen Lambert Galleria, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 1992 | Santiago Calatrava The six story high glazed arcade that supported by eight inclined steel columns that bifurcate into four branches that subsequently form a parabolic shaped roof that resemble tree trunks and a forest canopy. ARE214B BUILDING STRUCTURES I B CHENG HO YIU REX 193401515 B.Sc. Yr2 May 27, 2020 The Royal Church of Saint Lawrence (Real Chiesa di San Lorenzo), Turin, Italy. 1680 | Guarino Guarini Dome supported by eight arch ribs that cross hexagonally to form a lattice that extend from a circular base to an octagonal lantern at the top the church. Montreal Biosphere, Expo 67 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 1967 | Buckminster Fuller Geodesic dome, patent by Fuller, is a spherical structural frame that joins together with small triangular members to create a rigid dome shaped framework that provides strong structural strength. The Eiffel Tower, Paris, France. 1889 | Stephen Sauvestre | Maurice Koechlin & Émile Nouguier (Engineer) The wrought-iron lattice tower built as the entrance to the 1889 World's Fair and it was the tallest built structure at 323m until 1930. Its tapered form allows the wider base to resist the bending moments generated by lateral wind loads. Carré d'Art Museum, Nimes, France. 1993 | Norman Foster & Associates A modern juxtaposition to Roman temple Maison Carré with very thin titanium columns supporting the metal canopy entrance countering the opposite classical orders supporting the portico of the ancient temple. Hotel Arts, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. 1994 | Bruce Graham & SOM A high-tech residential tower that supported by exposed steel truss frame that extends further away from the façade to ensure the frame to be in compliance with fire safety regulation. Zürich Stadelhofen railway station, Zurich, Switzerland. 1990 (rebuilt) | Santiago Calatrava Curved and morphing cantilever steel and glass canopy that support its weight through shifting the centre of mass and thicken parts to strengthen the structure to create its unique shape and form. Montjuïc Communications Tower, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. 1992 | Santiago Calatrava Irregular and inclined tower that supports the upright antenna in a contradicting manner which also act as a sundial. Alamillo Bridge, Seville, Spain. 1989 | Santiago Calatrava A single-sided inclined mast stood prominently to support the cable stayed bridge with anchors run along the edges of the bridge deck. ARE214B BUILDING STRUCTURES I B CHENG HO YIU REX 193401515 B.Sc. Yr2 May 27, 2020 LECTURE 2 – GRAPHIC STATICS Stuttgart Airport Terminal 3, Stuttgart, Germany. 2004 | Architekten von Gerkan, Marg und Partner Tree-like columns made of steel pipes assembled and welded together by custom connecting parts branch out to support the monopitch roof and eliminated the need of large and bulky columns. ARE214B BUILDING STRUCTURES I B CHENG HO YIU REX 193401515 B.Sc. Yr2 May 27, 2020 LECTURE 3 – LOAD PATH Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, USA. 1937 | Joseph Strauss | Charles Ellis | Leon Solomon Moisseiff | Irving Morrow Long span suspension bridge with steel truss bridge deck suspended by steel cables that transmit the loading to the bridge towers through main cables. HSBC Headquarters, Central, Hong Kong. 1985 | Norman Forster | Ove Arup & Partners (Engineer) High-rise office with tension columns support floors transmitting the loading to the steel trusses that connect to the main clustered columns. It is one of the earliest to use raised floor system to house various building services. Crosby Kemper Arena, Kansas City, Missouri, USA. 1974 | Helmut Jahn (C. F. Murphy Associates) 4-level spanning system with three 3D triangular space trusses that provides strong support across the roof formed with two rows of secondary trusses perpendicular to each other. Philips Exeter Academy Sports Centre, Exeter, New Hampshire, USA. 1977 | Michael McKinnell & Gerhard Kallmann 3D triangular trusses supporting a 4-level spanning roof structure supported by concrete columns diagonally in the internal corridor luminated by clerestory windows above. ARE214B BUILDING STRUCTURES I B CHENG HO YIU REX 193401515 B.Sc. Yr2 May 27, 2020 LECTURE 4 – MATERIALS Sainte-Geneviève Library, Paris, France. 1850 | Henri Labrouste A row of slender cast iron Ionic columns on stone plinths dividing the library interior into two aisles. Ornate cast iron arches span across the barrel vaults ceiling from the middle columns to stone columns on both sides. The Eiffel Tower, Paris, France. 1889 | Stephen Sauvestre | Maurice Koechlin & Émile Nouguier (Engineer) The over 300m tall lattice tower built with wrought iron that allows more flexibility and resistance to bending moment with stronger tensile strength compare to cast iron and its most advance structural material at the time. Shukhov Radio Tower, Moscow, Russia. 1922 | Vladimir Shukhov The 160-metre-high free-standing steel diagrid structure built with hyperboloid structure stacked on one another to form a conical shape. ARE214B BUILDING STRUCTURES I B CHENG HO YIU REX 193401515 B.Sc. Yr2 May 27, 2020 LECTURE 5 – TENSION STRUCTURE SUSPENSION BRIDGE STRUCTURES Chain Bridge at Falls of Schuylkill, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 1808 | James Finley 61m span suspension bridge held up by iron chain cable connected to wooden A-frame towers, pair on each end and in the middle of the river, supported by stone structures. Menai Strait Suspension Bridge, Anglesey, North Wales, UK. 1826 | Thomas Telford 177m span suspension bridge originally had a wood deck support by wright iron chain cables with main cables connected to two stone towers. It is now replaced with steel deck and steel chain cables. Brooklyn Bridge, Manhattan – Brooklyn, New York City, USA. 1883| John Augustus Roebling 486m span cable stayed bridge first used thousands of steel wires to wrap together to form a cylindrical main cable, with steel wires suspend from the main cable and secondary cable stays from the stone towers to form a mess structure. George Washington Bridge, Manhattan – New Jersey, New York City, USA. 1931 | Othmar Ammann (Engineer) 1067m span double-decked cable suspension bridge with exposed steel truss bridge towers and steel decks. The main cables were form with steel wires and suspension cables are attached from the main cables to the deck. Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, USA. 1937 | Joseph Strauss | Charles Ellis | Leon Solomon Moisseiff | Irving Morrow 1281m span cable suspended bridge built across the harbour from both shores with uplifted decks, which then reached the desired from in the middle with subsequent loading added from the
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