ARE214B BUILDING STRUCTURES I B

CHENG HO YIU REX 193401515 B.Sc. Yr2 May 27, 2020

LIST OF BUILDING STRUCTURES LECTURE 1 – INTRODUCTION

Portuguese National Pavilion Expo 98, Lisbon, Portugal. 1998 | Alvaro Siza | Cecil Balmond (Engineer) A minimalistic pavilion with a wide-spanning curved concrete canopy, fastened between the roofs of two rolls of vertical columns by steel cables embedded inside the thin layers of concrete,

HSBC Headquarters, Central, Hong Kong. 1985 | Norman Forster | & Partners (Engineer) High-rise office with exoskeleton structure with steel trusses and floors suspended by tension columns that supported by eight main clustered columns, each composed of 4 connected steel tubes, to create the large column free atrium.

Pont du Gard Roman Aqueduct, Nimes, France. 40-60 AD Three tier semi-circular arch structure built with stone using only friction and gravity to transfer water in ancient times.

Exchange House Office Building, Dockland, London. 1996 | Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) The 10-story office building is supported by external steel frame structure that is hold up primarily by four parabolic arches, two internal and two external, to provide a column-free and flexible open office design.

Statue of Liberty, , USA. 1886 | Gustave Eiffel | Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (Sculptor) Structure ≠ Form | The neoclassical copper statue is sectioned into sheets of metal claddings which are attached to steel frames supported by four steel columns, is a gift from France to USA as a memorial to their independence.

Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA. 1993 | Peter Eisenman Structure ≠ Form | The organic and irregular exterior is supported by convoluted structural frame that creates a strong juxtaposition with the convention centre’s large open interior.

860–880 Lake Shore Drive Apartment Building, Chicago, Illinois, USA. 1949 | Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe Structure = Form | The modern international high-rise residential apartments were designed to have an open floor plan perfectly matches the most efficient steel structural grid (unit bays of 6.46m/21ft).

Renault Distribution Centre, Swindon, UK. 1982 | Norman Forster | Ove Arup & Partners (Engineer) Structure = Symbol | High-tech industrial building with yellow-painted expressive modular structure consists of custom made steel members that designed to maximize the structural spans and minimize the diameter of the columns.

Proposed design for Tagus Bridge, Lisbon, Portugal. 1960 | Structure = Performance | Proposed cable-suspended bridge that feature an axial main cable with inclined cables creating an diagonal cable net that supports a streamlined decking.

Bank of China , Central, Hong Kong. 1990 | I. M. Pei | Leslie E. Robertson (Engineer) High-rise building with large triangular space structural frame that supported by 4 columns at the corner of the building.

BCE Place Allen Lambert Galleria, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 1992 | The six story high glazed arcade that supported by eight inclined steel columns that bifurcate into four branches that subsequently form a parabolic shaped roof that resemble tree trunks and a forest canopy.

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CHENG HO YIU REX 193401515 B.Sc. Yr2 May 27, 2020

The Royal Church of Saint Lawrence (Real Chiesa di San Lorenzo), , . 1680 | Guarino Guarini Dome supported by eight arch ribs that cross hexagonally to form a lattice that extend from a circular base to an octagonal lantern at the top the church.

Montreal Biosphere, Expo 67 in , , Canada. 1967 | Buckminster Fuller Geodesic dome, patent by Fuller, is a spherical structural frame that joins together with small triangular members to create a rigid dome shaped framework that provides strong structural strength.

The Eiffel Tower, , France. 1889 | Stephen Sauvestre | Maurice Koechlin & Émile Nouguier (Engineer) The wrought-iron lattice tower built as the entrance to the 1889 World's Fair and it was the tallest built structure at 323m until 1930. Its tapered form allows the wider base to resist the bending moments generated by lateral wind loads.

Carré d'Art Museum, Nimes, France. 1993 | Norman Foster & Associates A modern juxtaposition to Roman temple Maison Carré with very thin titanium columns supporting the metal canopy entrance countering the opposite classical orders supporting the portico of the ancient temple.

Hotel Arts, , , . 1994 | Bruce Graham & SOM A high-tech residential tower that supported by exposed steel truss frame that extends further away from the façade to ensure the frame to be in compliance with fire safety regulation.

Zürich Stadelhofen railway station, Zurich, Switzerland. 1990 (rebuilt) | Santiago Calatrava Curved and morphing cantilever steel and glass canopy that support its weight through shifting the centre of mass and thicken parts to strengthen the structure to create its unique shape and form.

Montjuïc Communications Tower, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. 1992 | Santiago Calatrava Irregular and inclined tower that supports the upright antenna in a contradicting manner which also act as a sundial.

Alamillo Bridge, , Spain. 1989 | Santiago Calatrava A single-sided inclined mast stood prominently to support the cable stayed bridge with anchors run along the edges of the bridge deck. ARE214B BUILDING STRUCTURES I B

CHENG HO YIU REX 193401515 B.Sc. Yr2 May 27, 2020

LECTURE 2 – GRAPHIC STATICS

Stuttgart Airport Terminal 3, Stuttgart, Germany. 2004 | Architekten von Gerkan, Marg und Partner Tree-like columns made of steel pipes assembled and welded together by custom connecting parts branch out to support the monopitch roof and eliminated the need of large and bulky columns. ARE214B BUILDING STRUCTURES I B

CHENG HO YIU REX 193401515 B.Sc. Yr2 May 27, 2020

LECTURE 3 – LOAD PATH

Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, USA. 1937 | Joseph Strauss | Charles Ellis | Leon Solomon Moisseiff | Irving Morrow Long span suspension bridge with steel truss bridge deck suspended by steel cables that transmit the loading to the bridge through main cables.

HSBC Headquarters, Central, Hong Kong. 1985 | Norman Forster | Ove Arup & Partners (Engineer) High-rise office with tension columns support floors transmitting the loading to the steel trusses that connect to the main clustered columns. It is one of the earliest to use raised floor system to house various building services.

Crosby Kemper Arena, Kansas City, Missouri, USA. 1974 | Helmut Jahn (C. F. Murphy Associates) 4-level spanning system with three 3D triangular space trusses that provides strong support across the roof formed with two rows of secondary trusses perpendicular to each other.

Philips Exeter Academy Sports Centre, Exeter, New Hampshire, USA. 1977 | Michael McKinnell & Gerhard Kallmann 3D triangular trusses supporting a 4-level spanning roof structure supported by concrete columns diagonally in the internal corridor luminated by clerestory windows above.

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CHENG HO YIU REX 193401515 B.Sc. Yr2 May 27, 2020

LECTURE 4 – MATERIALS

Sainte-Geneviève Library, Paris, France. 1850 | Henri Labrouste A row of slender cast iron Ionic columns on stone plinths dividing the library interior into two aisles. Ornate cast iron arches span across the barrel vaults ceiling from the middle columns to stone columns on both sides.

The Eiffel Tower, Paris, France. 1889 | Stephen Sauvestre | Maurice Koechlin & Émile Nouguier (Engineer) The over 300m tall lattice tower built with wrought iron that allows more flexibility and resistance to bending moment with stronger tensile strength compare to cast iron and its most advance structural material at the time.

Shukhov Radio Tower, Moscow, Russia. 1922 | Vladimir Shukhov The 160-metre-high free-standing steel diagrid structure built with hyperboloid structure stacked on one another to form a conical shape. ARE214B BUILDING STRUCTURES I B

CHENG HO YIU REX 193401515 B.Sc. Yr2 May 27, 2020

LECTURE 5 – TENSION STRUCTURE

SUSPENSION BRIDGE STRUCTURES Chain Bridge at Falls of Schuylkill, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 1808 | James Finley 61m span suspension bridge held up by iron chain cable connected to wooden A-frame towers, pair on each end and in the middle of the river, supported by stone structures.

Menai Strait Suspension Bridge, Anglesey, North Wales, UK. 1826 | Thomas Telford 177m span suspension bridge originally had a wood deck support by wright iron chain cables with main cables connected to two stone towers. It is now replaced with steel deck and steel chain cables.

Brooklyn Bridge, Manhattan – Brooklyn, New York City, USA. 1883| John Augustus Roebling 486m span cable stayed bridge first used thousands of steel wires to wrap together to form a cylindrical main cable, with steel wires suspend from the main cable and secondary cable stays from the stone towers to form a mess structure.

George Washington Bridge, Manhattan – New Jersey, New York City, USA. 1931 | Othmar Ammann (Engineer) 1067m span double-decked cable suspension bridge with exposed steel truss bridge towers and steel decks. The main cables were form with steel wires and suspension cables are attached from the main cables to the deck.

Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, USA. 1937 | Joseph Strauss | Charles Ellis | Leon Solomon Moisseiff | Irving Morrow 1281m span cable suspended bridge built across the harbour from both shores with uplifted decks, which then reached the desired from in the middle with subsequent loading added from the assembly of the whole deck.

CABLE SUSPENSION ROOF Shukhov Rotunda, All-Russia Exhibition 1896, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. 1895 | Vladimir Shukhov A round tent-like pavilion with a diagrid cable supported membrane roof that held up by a 16m tall rotunda form with steel truss columns and bracing in the centre.

Competition Entry for the Palais des Expositions, Paris. 1933-1934 | Eugène Beaudoin and Marcel Lods A very advanced design of a steel structure without any internal columns, the steel cable suspended roof is held between a concrete ring on top of steel grid wall and large arches connected to the ring with large trusses.

Utica Municipal Auditorium, New York, USA. 1960 | Gilbert Seltzer (Architect) | Lev Zetlin & Associates (Enginner) The arena was constructed using pre-stressed dual cable roof system with steel struts in between the cables to hold up the shape of the roof.

J. S. Dorton Arena, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. 1952 | Maciej Nowicki A double elliptical roof suspended by cable which connected to two parabolic concrete arches which crossed each other and continued into the ground. Large number of thin columns provide more stability and daylight into arena.

Dulles International Airport Terminal, Dulles, Virginia, USA. 1962 | Eero Saarinen Suspended curve concrete roof that supported by diagonal columns pointing outwards that punch through the roof where the structural attachments are hidden above the roof which gives the impression of flight and lightness.

Youth and Cultural Centre in Firminy, France. 1961-65 | Le Corbusier Low hanging suspended concrete roof supported by rows of steel cables anchored onto the wall slanted outwards. ARE214B BUILDING STRUCTURES I B

CHENG HO YIU REX 193401515 B.Sc. Yr2 May 27, 2020

Marquette Plaza (Old Federal Reserve Building), Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. 1937 | Gunnar Birkerts Floors of the high rise office are supported by two sets of parabolic steel arches that suspends between two tower blocks allowing a column free open ground entrance.

STAYED STRUCTURES Bollman Truss Railroad Bridge, Savage, Maryland, USA. 1869 | Wendel Bollman Patented Bollman Truss system consisted of wrought iron diagonal tension members anchored from bottom of each vertical cast-iron post to the end posts on both sides that are held together by compressive cast iron top chord.

Green River Fink Truss Bridge, Munfordville, Kentucky, USA. 1859 | Albert Fink Patented Fink Truss system consisted of multiple diagonal tension members project downward from the end posts to every other vertical iron hanging post until the middle post forming multiple overlapping triangular trusses.

Maracaibo Bridge (General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge), Maracaibo, Zulia, Venezuela. 1962 | Concrete cable-stayed bridge that spans across 8678m supported by multiple v-shaped column-groups support the bridge to the mid-section where steel cable stays are anchored from the deck to five A-frame concrete towers.

Ting Kau Bridge, Tsing Yi, Hong Kong. 1998 | Schlaich Bergermann & Partner 4-span cable-stayed bridge that has additional steel stays for the middle mast to stabilize the bridge longitudinally and features transverse cables on single leg towers for stability.

Erasmus Bridge (The Swan), Rotterdam, Netherlands. 1996 | Ben van Berkel The 802m long cable-stayed bridge has a single-sided 139m tall A-shaped bridge tower that is asymmetrical in elevation similar to a boomerang with a flat base holding it upright.

Millau Viaduct, Millau-Creissels, Aveyron, France. 2004 | Norman Foster (Architect) | (Enginner) 336m in height, the tallest bridge in the world as on 2018, that consists of seven A-shaped masts on top of concrete pylons that each has eleven steel stays anchored on each side to the bridge decks.

CABLE STAYED ROOF Rotonde des Panoramas, Avenue des Champs-Élysées, Paris, France. 1839 |Jacques I. Hittorf 42m diameter panorama hall is one of first structure to use tensioned cables to support the roof with cables being anchored to iron polls stood on top of the pillars rise above the columns around the circumference of the hall.

Alitalia Hangar, Fiumicino, Roma, Italy. 1965 | Riccardo Morandi Large hangar with upward curving concrete roof that supported by the cable-stayed masts stood one third to the side of the building where three pairs of cables anchored to both ends and one third to the other side of the roof.

Munich Summer Olympics Pavilion, Munich, Germany. 1972 | Frei Otto Cable suspended tent like membrane roof structure are built with many sheets of glasses fixed onto a net steel cables which then are fasten on the main masts that are secured with steel cable stays.

Fleetguard Factory, Quimper, Brittany, France. 1981 | Richard Rogers (Architect) | Ove Arup & Partners (Engineer) The external steel posts with tension cables free up the internal space of the facilities and avoid the need of large bulky structural members, which also allow bay by bay expansion without interrupting the factory activities.

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CHENG HO YIU REX 193401515 B.Sc. Yr2 May 27, 2020

INMOS Microprocessor Factory, Newport, Wales, UK. 1982 | Richard Rogers (Architect) | (Engineer) Steel truss roof is supported by cable stays anchored to steel truss towers, each consists of two columns braced together, that have extension of horizontal trusses and secured with cables to form a row of 9 diamond shaped towers.

Renault Distribution Centre, Swindon, UK. 1982 | Norman Forster | Ove Arup & Partners (Engineer) Metal roof structure held up by tension cables pin anchored to yellow steel trusses and posts with custom made parts and fixings which form an unique configuration that raise roof panels on the central axis to increase the ceiling height.

Lowara Office Building, Vicenza, Italy. 1985 | Renzo Piano Building Workshop Curved corrugated metal roof is a catenary that the roof is hanged between one set of inclined and another set of inclined V steel columns that subject only to its own weight, Vertical posts are added at each roof support.

Hannover Messe Hall 26, Hanover, Germany. 1996 | Thomas Herzog (architect) | Jorg Schlaich (Engineer) The asymmetrical suspended roof built with steel ribbons covered by wood sandwich panels filled with gravel to prevent wind uplift due to pressure differences. Varying heights of the roofs facilitate natural ventilation and lighting. ARE214B BUILDING STRUCTURES I B

CHENG HO YIU REX 193401515 B.Sc. Yr2 May 27, 2020

LECTURE 6 – ARCH PART 1

The Lion Gate, Mycenae, Argolis, Greece. 1250 BC The main entrance of the ancient citadel was made with masonry course forming a corbeled arch sit on top of a huge lintel, a large decorated relieving triangular slab was used to relieve the weight of the structure.

Pont du Gard Roman Aqueduct, Nimes, France. 40-60 AD Three tier semi-circular arch structure built with true arches that forms a continuous line of stones wedge against each other with friction and its own weight.

Exchange House Office Building, Dockland, London. 1996 | Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) Example of modern usage of arch in construction by using steel parabolic arches to support the external steel frame structure of the 10-story office building.

The Pantheon, , Italy. 113-125 AD | Apollodorus of Damascus The weight of the dome is supported by a ring of voussoirs around the dome to form an oculus 9.1m in diameter, the weight of the dome is then transferred to the eight piers through the eight barrel vaults inside the 6.4m thick drum wall.

Salginatobel Bridge, Salgina Vally, Schiers, Switzerland. 1930 | Robert Maillart Reinforced concrete arch bridge that the thinnest part is at its crown and springing points and gradually thickens in between to create a more dynamic appearance.

Airship hangars at Orly Airport, Paris, France. 1923 | Eugène Freyssinet Large airship hangars used reusable formwork to build rows of reinforced concrete parabolic arches forming two 60m tall, 90m wide and 300m long vaults.

The Orbetello hangars, Orbetello, Tuscany, Italy. 1942 | Pier Luigi Nervi The hangars were built with reinforced concrete to form a lamella roof which consists of parallel arches interlocking and short members hinged together to form a network in diamond pattern.

Torino Esposizioni, Turin, Italy. 1948 | Pier Luigi Nervi A 110.5m long and 95m wide hall with inclined lateral pillars which branch out to support the galleries and the roof of the exhibition hall are supported by arches made of ferrocement elements prefabricated on site.

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CHENG HO YIU REX 193401515 B.Sc. Yr2 May 27, 2020

LECTURE 7 – ARCH PART 2

Galerie des machines, Exposition Universelle of 1889, Paris, France. 1889 | Ferdinand Dutert Twenty extremely large cast iron three pin hinged arches that support a 115m x 420m column free exhibition hall, the three hinged arches are more flexible and effective in supporting towards settlements and temperature expansions.

Entry for competition for the Palace of the Soviet, Moscow, USSR. 1931 | Le Corbusier Le Corbusier’s attempt of the Palace of the Soviet involves a suspended roof hold up by a fan of tapered girders with suspension cables and supported by columns on one end and a single massive arch with tension cables on another.

Exchange House Office Building, Dockland, London. 1996 | Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) The primarily parabolic arches support the compressive force from the floors above arch and tension force below it. The concrete pillar at the base of the arch resists the thrust create from the increasing compressive force at the base.

Ludwig Erhard Haus, Berlin, Germany. 1998 | Nicolas Grimshaw & Partners Steel arches varying in height and span parametrically designed to form a shape morphing building with internal floors of the office supported by steel plates that are suspended through tension steel members.

Linz Convention Centre, Linz, Austria. 1993 | Thomas Herzog Wide spanning structure supported by relatively flat arches with rectangular steel hollow sections. High-strength footings at the base of the arches to resist the massive outward thrust forces created by the low angle of the arch.

Waterloo Rail Terminal. London, England. 1993 | Nicolas Grimshaw & Partners Asymmetrical three-hinged truss arches forming a free from roofing where the tension members under the arches on the right resist the downward force and that on the left is reversed on top of the arches to resist the outward force.

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CHENG HO YIU REX 193401515 B.Sc. Yr2 May 27, 2020

LECTURE 8 – TRUSS PART 1

Early wood truss bridges • Burr Arch-truss, 1804 Truss helps to stiffen the primary load carrying structure, the arch. • Town Truss, 1820 Not a true arch as there is no triangulation. Redundancy of members creates structural stiffness Railroad patents on trusses • Howe Truss, 1841 Verticals are in tension, diagonals are in compression. Diagonal web members changes direction in the middle. • Pratt Truss, 1844 Verticals are in compression, diagonals are in tension. Diagonal web members changes direction in the middle. • Whipple Truss, 1846 Overlapping tensile diagonal members. • Warren Truss, 1848 Alternating tension - compression diagonal members.

Barrackville Covered Bridge, Buffalo Creek, Barrackville, West Virginia, USA. 1853 | Lemuel Chenoweth 44m spanning covered wood bridge supported by the main load carrying arches which then is stiffen and braced together at the top by wood trusses.

Cornwall Railway viaducts, Plymouth-Truro, UK. 1859 | I. K. Brunel Radiated fans of timber struts at various angles on top of 10m tall stone pillars branches out to support the beams beneath the track to give about 20m span between pillars at various sections of the viaducts.

Bollman Truss Railroad Bridge, Savage, Maryland, USA. 1869 | Wendel Bollman The bridge is suspended by radiating wrought iron cable stays diagonally anchored to the top of the end posts and each tension rod carries a portion of the deck loads directly to the end posts.

Green River Fink Truss Bridge, Munfordville, Kentucky, USA. 1859 | Albert Fink The bridge with out bottom chord supported by overlapping reversed kingpost trusses with various spans. The central vertical web member divides the truss into two portions which are further subdivided by kingposts in repetition.

Whipple Bowstring Truss Bridge, Normans Kill, Albany, New York, USA. 1867 | Squire Whipple The Whipple bowstring truss is an arch with interior web diagonals attach to the deck beam to carry the load and stiffen the arch against buckling. The twin arch members has a wider base to provide better lateral stability.

The Royal Albert Bridge, River Tamar, Plymouth-Saltash, England. 1853-59 | I. K. Brunel A lenticular truss bridge with an oval tubular upper compression made of wrought iron and suspension chains lower chord. The masonry pier was built underneath the bridge as it was jacked up periodically to its final position.

The Forth Rail Bridge, Edinburgh, Scotland. 1889 | John Fowler and Benjamin Baker A double-cantilever bridge with wider base to prevent overturning have trusses extend outward from the truss towers on both sides and taper towards the central axis of the bridge deck connected together by additional truss structure.

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CHENG HO YIU REX 193401515 B.Sc. Yr2 May 27, 2020

LECTURE 9 – TRUSS PART 2

Akademie Mont-Cenis, Mont Cenis, Herne, Germany. 1999 | Françoise-Hélène Jourda & Gilles Perraudin Timber Warren trusses supported by timber columns with pin connections to attach the members and between the columns and the metal base plate, allowing slight rotational movement.

TGV Station in Aix-en-Provence, France. 2001 | Jean-Marie Duthilleul & Etienne Tricaud Two large steel members transfer the loading of the roof to each timber column through pin connections, reducing the number of columns needed.

Philips Exeter Academy Sports Centre, Exeter, New Hampshire, USA. 1977 | Michael McKinnell & Gerhard Kallmann 3-dimensional space trusses span across the exterior of the suspended roof structure. The triangular-shaped trusses strengthen the truss embers to resist lateral buckling.

The Centre Pompidou, Paris, France. 1971-1977 | Renzo Piano, Richard Rogers & Gianfranco Franchini Revolutionizing high-tech with exposing steel structure skeleton and functional elements, with custom designed double-tubular truss units as the main structural frame.

City of Science and Industry, Parc de la Villette, Paris, France. 1986 | Adrien Fainsilber The diagonal web members of the steel trusses are shorter and thinner towards the centre, in respond to the reduction of external force exerts toward the centre of the trusses.

Statue of Liberty, New York City, USA. 1886 | Gustave Eiffel | Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (Sculptor) Freeform steel truss structure provides a flexible and convenient framework for the installation of external claddings of the giant statue.

Cambridge History Faculty Building, Cambridge, England. 1967 | James Stirling Large diagonal steel truss provides large open space and natural daylight to the interior, it also creates a thermal insulation between the double-layer trusses to reduce the heat transfer along with the help of an extract fan.

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CHENG HO YIU REX 193401515 B.Sc. Yr2 May 27, 2020

LECTURE 10 – TIMBER FRAMING PART 1

Wilkhahn Factory, Bad Münder, Germany. 1992 | Thomas Herzog Triple glulam timber beam with a middle member having a larger depth to improve the strength and resistance to the bending moment form the loading.

Thnouh School, Takéo, Cambodia. 2015 | Project Little Dream 5-level spanning wood framing structure with pin connected 3-point arch supporting the pitched roof.

Stapleton Public Library, Staten Island, New York City, USA. 2013 | Andrew Berman Large spanning wood frame structure with two large girders supporting compact row of beams each supported by an individual wood column.

Akademie Mont-Cenis, Mont Cenis, Herne, Germany. 1999 | Françoise-Hélène Jourda & Gilles Perraudin Two members timber beams connected with timber blocks and connected through steel bolts with pin connections, steel cables connected to them through other steel joints.

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CHENG HO YIU REX 193401515 B.Sc. Yr2 May 27, 2020

LECTURE 10 – TIMBER FRAMING PART 2

Otaniemi Chapel, Espoo, Finland. 1956 | Heikki and Kaija Siren Wooden shed roof supported by wood truss with diagonal interior web members made of steel cables, wood trusses are connected by lap joints using steel bolts connecting two vertical web members with blocking in between.

Museum Foundation Louis Vuitton, Paris, France. 2013 | Frank Gehry Freeform translucent glazed roof is supported by glue laminated timber arches connected through butt joints with double steel plates welded with stiffening plates inserted into the timber members and fastened with bolts.