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Valentina Zović Valentina Zović Vulgarni latinitet na natpisima Vulgar Latin in inscriptions rimske provincije Dalmacije from the Roman province of Dalmatia Valentina Zović Valentina Zović Sveučilište Jurja Dobrile u Puli Juraj Dobrila University of Pula Pula, Hrvatska Pula, Croatia [email protected] [email protected] UDK: 930.271=124’03 ((398) UDC: 930.271=124’03 ((398) 81’27 : 811.124’03 81’27 : 811.124’03 Izvorni znanstveni članak Original scientific paper Primljeno: 22. 9. 2014. Received: 22. 9. 2014. Prihvaćeno: 5. 12. 2014. Accepted: 5. 12. 2014. Epigraphic materials are among the essential indi- cators of the language spoken by the Roman populace and they stand as testimony to the gradual develop- Epigrafska građa jedan je od bitnih pokazatelja je- ment of the Latin into the Romance languages. This zika rimskog puka i svjedočanstvo postupnog razvoja is because it provides a picture of the language used iz latinskog u romanske jezike. Naime, ona daje sliku by the people themselves, which differed from the jezika kojim se sam narod služio, koji se razlikovao language in which literary works were written and od onoga na kojem su pisana književna djela i koji se which is deemed the standard. This work is therefore danas smatra normativnim. Stoga se ovaj rad temelji based on the extensive inscription materials of diverse na brojnoj natpisnoj građi raznolika karaktera (sepul- types (sepulchral, votive, honorary…) found in the kralna, votivna, počasna…) pronađenoj na prostoru territory of the Roman province of Dalmatia. Among rimske provincije Dalmacije. Iz pregledanih epigraf- the inspected epigraphic monuments, those on which skih spomenika izdvojeni su oni na kojima se mogu deviations in language in comparison to the norms opaziti odstupanja u jeziku u odnosu na norme klasič- of classical Latin may be seen were highlighted. To nog latiniteta. Istraživanje je u najvećoj mjeri koncen- the greatest extent, research concentrated on changes trirano oko promjenama u okviru fonetike jer su one in the framework of phonetics, because in short and u kratkim i sažetim formama kao što su tekstovi ovih concise forms such as the texts in these inscriptions natpisa najviše relevantne za analizu i dobivanje kon- they are the most relevant for analysis and obtaining kretnih rezultata. Cilj rada je dublje ući u problemati- specific results. The objective of this work is to delve ku vulgarnolatinskih obilježja i vidjeti što ona govore deeper into the problems pertaining to Vulgar Latin o latinskom jeziku koji se koristio na području rimske traits and see what they say about the Latin language Dalmacije. that was used in the territory of Roman Dalmatia. Ključne riječi: epigrafija, vulgarni latinski jezik, Key words: epigraphy, Vulgar Latin, Roman rimska Dalmacija Dalmatia 157 VAHD 108, 2015, 157-222 Uvod Introduction Tijekom rimske ekspanzije na područja koja je Roman expansion into the territory which would kasnije obuhvaćala rimska provincija Dalmacija, od later encompass the Roman province of Dalmatia, kraja 3. st. pr. Kr. nadalje postupno je došlo do roma- from the end of the 3rd century BC onward, was ac- nizacije, procesa koji je obuhvaćao širenje latinskog companied by gradual Romanization, a process that jezika i rimske kulture na domorodačke narode. Po included the spread of the Latin language and Ro- završetku tih osvajanja godine 9. po. Kr. taj je proces man culture to native populations. Upon the conclu- poprimio veće razmjere i autohtono stanovništvo je u sion of these conquests in 9 AD, this process assumed vrlo velikoj mjeri prihvatilo pristiglu kulturu ponaj- even greater proportions and indigenous populations više preko doseljenika s matičnog tla Italije koje je largely accepted the newly-arrived culture, mostly via počelo dolaziti prvo u gradove na jadranskoj obali, a settlers from the core territory in Italy who began to zatim i u njezino zaleđe. Na taj je način u te krajeve arrive first in the cities on the Adriatic coast, and then doveden latinski jezik koji je potisnuo one domoro- in the hinterland. The Latin language was introduced dačke, a njegovoj rasprostranjenosti na tom prostoru in this manner, pushing aside the native languages, ponajviše svjedoči brojna epigrafska građa, razne na- and its extent in this territory is mostly reflected in the mjene, pronađena po čitavoj provinciji. Ona pokazuje abundant epigraphic materials discovered throughout da se latinski jezik ondje govorio, ali također i koristio the province. It shows that Latin was spoken here, and u javnom priopćavanju jer je njime klesan velik broj also used in public communication, as demonstrated natpisa koje postavljaju i italski doseljenici i romani- by the high number of inscriptions engraved in Latin zirano autohtono stanovništvo. that were placed by both Italic settlers and Romanized Kako jezik s vremenom prolazi određene promje- indigenous populations. ne, tako i jedan dio rimskih natpisa pokazuje odre- Since every language undergoes certain changes đene odmake u jeziku u odnosu na ono što se drži over time, so too did the Roman inscriptions reflect normativnim. Upravo ti odmaci svjedoče o razvoju certain shifts in language in comparison to what is latinskog jezika i postupnom prijelazu u romanske je- deemed standard. It is precisely these shifts which zike koji su nastali od njegova vulgarnog oblika. Te testify to the development of Latin and its gradual su promjene vidljive u pisanim izvorima tog vremena, transition into the Romance languages that emerged među kojima su upravo i epigrafski spomenici. Oni su from its vulgar forms. These changes are visible in the stoga vrlo vrijedna svjedočanstva jer oslikavaju ono written sources of the time, which include epigraphic njegovo stanje koje je vladalo među širokim pučan- monuments. The latter are therefore extremely valu- stvom. able evidence, for they record its status as it prevailed Tema vulgarnolatinskih odlika na području Hrvat- among the broader populace. ske i ostalih zemalja na čijem se prostoru protezala The topic of Vulgar Latin attributes in the territory ta provincija slabo je obrađena i zapravo ju je jedini of Croatia and in that of other countries into which detaljnije istraživao Petar Skok u djelu Pojave vulgar- this province extended has been rather scantly cov- no-latinskog jezika na natpisima iz rimske provincije ered, and it was in fact only researched in somewhat Dalmacije koje je objavljeno prije punih stotinu godi- greater detail by Petar Skok in his work Pojave vul- na–1915. godine.1 On je ondje obuhvatio promjene u garno-latinskog jezika na natpisima iz rimske provin- latinskom jeziku vidljive na epigrafskoj građi koja je cije Dalmacije [Appearances of Vulgar Latin in the do tog vremena bila poznata, a to je u najvećoj mje- inscriptions from the Roman province of Dalmatia] ri bila ona iz CIL-a. Kako se dugo o tome nije ništa which was published exactly one hundred years ago pisalo, ovaj će se rad pozabaviti upravo tom temati- –in 1915.1In it, he included the changes in Latin vis- kom vulgarnog latiniteta na natpisima i pokazati što ible in the epigraphic materials that had been known se prema epigrafskim spomenicima objavljenima na- up to that time, and that was to the greatest extent kon CIL-a može iščitati o promjenama koje su zahva- those materials recorded in CIL. Since nothing had tile latinski jezik. Ovo istraživanje uključuje, dakle, * This work was developed on the basis of the undergra- * Rad je nastao prema diplomskom radu Odlike vulgar- duate thesis “Odlike vulgarnog latiniteta na natpisima nog latiniteta na natpisima iz rimske provincije Dal- iz rimske provincije Dalmacije” [Features of Vulgar macije izrađenim pod mentorstvom dr. sc. N. Bulić i Latin in inscriptions from the Roman province of Dal- komentorstvom prof. dr. sc. A. Kurilić na Sveučilištu u matia] written under the mentorship of N. Bulić, Ph.D., Zadru 2013. godine. and co-mentored by A. Kurilić, Ph.D. at the University 1 Skok 1915. of Zadar in 2013. 1 Skok 1915. 158 Valentina Zović, Vulgarni latinitet na natpisima rimske provincije Dalmacije Vulgar Latin in inscriptions from the Roman province of Dalmatia natpise koji su objavljeni nakon vremena u kojem je been written about this for this longest time, this work Skok pisao i većinom potječu iz korpusa Inscriptio- shall deal with precisely this topic of Vulgar Latin nes latinae quae in Iugoslavia inter annos MCMXL et in inscriptions and show what can be discerned on MCMLX repertae et editae sunt (Situla, 5, Ljubljana, the changes that occurred in the Latin language on 1963); Inscriptiones latinae quae in Iugoslavia inter the basis of those epigraphic monuments published annos MCMLX et MCMLXX repertae et editae sunt after CIL. This research therefore includes inscrip- (Situla, 19, Ljubljana, 1978); Inscriptiones latinae tions published after the time in which Skok wrote quae in Iugoslavia inter annos MCMII et MCMXL re- his work, and it mostly comes from the collections pertae et editae sunt (Situla, 25, Ljubljana, 1986), za- Inscriptiones latinae quae in Iugoslavia inter annos tim časopisa Anneé épigraphique, kataloga doktorske MCMXL et MCMLX repertae et editae sunt (Situla, disertacije A. Kurilić Pučanstvo Liburnije od 1. do 3. 5, Ljubljana, 1963); Inscriptiones latinae quaein Iu- stoljeća po Kristu: antroponimija, društveni slojevi, goslavia inter annos MCMLX et MCMLXX reper- etničke promjene, gospodarske uloge (za područje tae et editae sunt (Situla, 19, Ljubljana, 1978) and Liburnije) te mnogih drugih manjih objava u sklopu Inscriptiones latinae quae in Iugoslavia inter annos određenih knjiga i znanstvenih časopisa. MCMII et MCMXL repertae et editae sunt (Situla, 25, Ovaj se rad tako temelji na natpisima sepulkral- Ljubljana, 1986), the journalAnneé épigraphique, the nog, votivnog, počasnog i građevinskog karaktera te catalogue from the doctoral dissertation by A. Kurilić, miljokazima i međašima pronađenim diljem rimske Pučanstvo Liburnije od 1. do 3. stoljeća po Kristu: an- Dalmacije. Iz pregledanih epigrafskih spomenika troponimija, društveni slojevi, etničke promjene, gos- izdvojeni su oni na kojima se mogu vidjeti promje- podarske uloge [The populace of Liburnia from the ne u jeziku u odnosu na norme klasičnog latiniteta.
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