NumberOct 120 Dec– 2018 30th Anniversary Issue 30th Anniversary

Ayahuasca Field Report Anniversary 30th Field Ayahuasca Sustainable • • ABC’s HerbsProgram & Timeline US/CAN $6.95 US/CAN $6.95

Herb Profile Herb Senna The JournalThe of the American Botanical Council Indian Kino Tree Reforestation • IndustryIndian Kino Tree B CorpsCoca-Cola • Profile: • Herb Senna Acquires Moxie

HerbalGram 120 • Oct — Dec 2018 Senna Profile • ABC’s 30th Anniversary & Timeline • Sustainable Herbs Program • Indian Kino Tree Reforestation • Industry B Corps • Coca-Cola Acquires www.herbalgram.org Moxie American Botanical Council

Mark Blumenthal Founder, Executive Director HerbalGram Editor-in-Chief dear reader Hannah Bauman On November 1, 1988, I went to the Secretary of State’s office HerbalGram Associate Editor in Austin, Texas, to file the nonprofit incorporation papers for the Toby Bernal American Botanical Council. The initial Board of Trustees comprised Head Gardener eminent economic botanist James A. Duke, PhD, internationally Janie Carter esteemed pharmacognosist Professor Norman R. Farnsworth, PhD, Membership Coordinator and me. (Professor Varro “Tip” E. Tyler, PhD, became the fourth Caroline Caswell Trustee after he retired from Purdue University the following year.) Education Assistant The primary motivation for founding ABC was to create a nonprofit Jackson Curtin vehicle to enhance the publication of HerbalGram, which, at the time, Communications & Marketing Coordinator was a small quarterly newsletter that I had published for five years with Rob McCaleb under the auspices of the American Herbal Products Association and the Herb Gayle Engels Simplicity Special Projects Director Research Foundation that Rob founded. The vision was to turn this newsletter into a four-color, – Stefan Gafner, PhD peer-reviewed journal/magazine hybrid that represented the best and most compelling aspects of Chief Science Officer herbs, herbal medicine, and related topics. In those days, mailed newsletters were a common form of communication — this was before the age of email, the internet, and instant access to research Lori Glenn HerbClip Managing Editor made of plants papers, news, and other information. Since those early days, ABC has grown tremendously. In July of this year, we observed the Matthew Magruder Get the benefits of herbs without extra ingredients Art Director 35th anniversary of HerbalGram. We have initiated many educational publications, projects, and or processing. Since 1979, we’ve made liquid herbal programs to help fulfill our unique nonprofit educational mission. These are too numerous to fully Denise Meikel Development Director list here, but some are worthy of mention: HerbClip summaries and critical reviews of published extracts simply, without any extra processing or studies (more than 7,000 have been published to date); ABC’s “Pharmacy from the Rainforest” Anna Moreno Executive Assistant ingredients. Usually, this takes just four steps, Ethnobotany Ecotours in Peru, Belize, Costa Rica, Kenya, and South Africa; publication of the English translation of the German Commission E Monographs; development of the historic Case Jenny Perez Education Coordinator so they include only the plant’s phytochemicals Mill Homestead for our headquarters; acquisition and expansion of the HerbMedPro database; founding the ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program; and our latest stra- Tamarind Reaves Administrative Assistant and the liquid used to extract them. tegic venture: the Sustainable Herbs Program. For a more detailed list of ABC’s milestones over the HerbalGram Copy Editor past 30 years, see the fold-out timeline beginning on page 16 of this issue. Perry Sauls My primary feeling about these first 30 years is one of profound gratitude and heartfelt apprecia- Customer Service Ethically-sourced ingredients and a process tion. Gratitude to Jim, Norm, and Tip for helping establish and guide ABC and for lending their Coordinator names, time, and energy to ABC. Gratitude to the donors, sponsor members, and all ABC members Tyler Smith you trust, this is how we create wellness who have supported our educational mission. Gratitude to our dedicated employees, past and pres- HerbalGram Managing Editor ent, who have helped make ABC successful in so many ways — some of whom have been here for Cecelia Thompson #MadeOfPlants. 30 years! Gratitude to the ABC Trustees, friends, and colleagues who have volunteered their time Finance Coordinator to guide and govern ABC. And, finally, gratitude to the ABC Advisory Board members who have Margaret Wright provided countless hours of service to ABC and its publications. Accounting Coordinator As ABC moves into its next decade of service to the international medicinal plant community, we Connor Yearsley Find your herbs at herb-pharm.com are reminded of our equally important local commitments, particularly with respect to our stew- HerbalGram Assistant Editor ardship of our 2.5-acre headquarters at the Case Mill Homestead. The 165-year-old main build- ing needs repairs, and there is much that we wish to do to enhance our beautiful property. In the coming months, ABC members and others will be invited to participate in a new capital campaign as we seek the funding to properly maintain this special piece of East Austin. I also extend my gratitude to regular contributor Karen Raterman for her article in this issue on Ruby walks amid towering Mullein stalks B Corporations, ABC friend and contributor Chris Kilham for his extensive report on sustainability during the harvest on our Certified issues related to ayahuasca in Peru, and HerbalGram Assistant Editor Connor Yearsley for his arti- Organic farms in southern Oregon. cle on a recent initiative for the reforestation of the Indian kino tree. Each of these articles reflects ABC’s continued interest in and concern for medicinal and aromatic plant sustainability, conser- vation, the environment, and the people involved in supply and production throughout the value chain. In this issue, we also have included a Research Review of an important paper published in the journal Nature that documents the effects of climate change on plants growing on European moun- tain summits. Many alpine plants are vulnerable to the documented warming of the biosphere, and, eventually, so are we!

Mission: Provide education using science-based and traditional information to promote responsible use of herbal medicine—serving the public, researchers, educators, healthcare professionals, industry, www.herbalgram.org • 2018 • I SSUE 120 • 1 and media.

01028ADS_HerbalGramAd_Final.indd 1 2/27/18 8:58 AM Freddie Ann Hoffman, MD Will C. McClatchey, PhD John Rashford, PhD Michael Tims, PhD ABCEach issue of HerbalGramAdvisory is peer reviewed Board by members of the ABC Advisory Board and other qualified experts before publication. CEO and Managing Member, HeteroGeneity, LLC Thousand Arbor Refuge Professor of Anthropology Academic Director of Herbal Programs Washington, DC Eugene, OR College of Charleston, Charleston, SC Maryland University of Integrative Health Laurel, MD Donald I. Abrams, MD Chantal Bergeron, PhD Nadja B. Cech, PhD Paula M. Gardiner, MD, MPH David Hoffmann, BSc, FNIMH Joe-Ann McCoy, PhD John M. Riddle, PhD Professor of Clinical Medicine, University of Manager of Research and Development Personal Patricia A. 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Qazi, PhD Chairperson-Professor of Medicinal Chemistry Biodiversity, & Ethnobiology; Curator of Trish Flaster, MS Christopher Hobbs, PhD, LAc, AHG Professor of Pharmacognosy Vice Chancellor, Hamdard University University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS Alan Bensoussan, PhD Ethnobotany, University and Jepson Herbaria; Executive Director, Botanical Liaisons, LLC Research Scientist, Herbalist, Author Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico New Delhi, India Director, National Institute of Complementary University of California, Berkeley, CA Boulder, CO Davis, CA Mexico City, Mexico Medicine, University of Western Sydney Sydney, Australia 2 • I SSUE 120 • 2018 • www.herbalgram.org www.herbalgram.org • 2018 • I SSUE 120 • 3 2 • I SSUE 120 • 2018 • www.herbalgram.org www.herbalgram.org • 2018 • I SSUE 120 • 3

The Journal of the American Contributors Botanical Council Lise Alschuler, ND, FABNO 1departments Dear Reader 51 Conservation Gisèle Archipoff Indian Kino Tree Reforestation: Jeffrey Blumberg, PhD, FASN, Sami-Sabinsa Group Funds Major FACN, CNS-S 6 Herb Profile Conservation Project in India Frédéric Bonté Senna (Cassia angustifolia and C. Mélanie Bourjot senna, syn. C. acutifolia and Senna Bruno Didier alexandrina, Fabaceae) 56 Feature Mariann Garner-Wizard Ayahuasca Vine Harvesting in the Laurence Gondet 14 ABC News Peruvian Amazon Shari Henson Sandy Jean American Botanical Council Chris Kilham Celebrates 30th Anniversary 68 Book Reviews Steven R. King, PhD Timeline: A History of Herbal Plant Medicines, Healing and Amélie Leick Excellence Psychedelic Science: Cultural Bryan A. Miller, DC 20 Years at ABC’s Historic Case Perspectives Carole Minker Mill Homestead: Heart, Soul, Herbal Formularies for Health Christian D. Muller Headquarters Professionals, Volume 1: Digestion Saliou Ngom ABC Partners with Sustainable and Elimination Olivier Placide Noté Herbs Program to Promote Business, The Ethnobotany of Eden: Rethinking Nicholas H. Oberlies, PhD Consumer Consciousness the Jungle Medicine Narrative Heather S. Oliff, PhD Adoptions by Valensa and Natac Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Karen Raterman Support ABC’s Adopt-an-Herb Phytotherapy, 3rd edition Ethan B. Russo, MD Charlotte Simmler Program American Eden: David Hosack, Botany, and Medicine in the Garden of Aurélie Urbain the Early Republic Veronika Vallion 27 Botanical Adulterants Prevention David Winston, RH (AHG) Program News Nutritional Medicine, 2nd edition BAPP Publishes Botanical New Book Profiles Adulterants Prevention Bulletin on Maca Root and Laboratory Guidance HerbalGram Staff Document on Tea Tree Oil 76 In Memoriam Mark Blumenthal Annelise Lobstein Editor-in-Chief/Publisher 32 Organization News Light Miller Committed to Higher Standards: Tyler Smith Natural Products Companies Turn to Ronald G. Udell Managing Editor B Corp Certification Matthew Magruder 80 Photo Finish Art Director 38 World News Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium, Hannah Bauman Associate Editor Moxie, ‘An Acquired Taste,’ Acquired Rosaceae) by Coca-Cola Connor Yearsley Assistant Editor 41 Research Reviews Stefan Gafner, PhD Science Editor Ayahuasca vine Banisteriopsis caapi Apple and Pear Consumption Photo ©2018 Steven Foster Associated with Lower Risk of Type 2 Tamarind Reaves Diabetes, According to Meta-analysis Copy Editor Increased Plant Species Richness on Steven Foster Mountain Summits Associated with Contributing Editor Ayahuasca Vine Harvesting in the Peruvian Amazon Climate Warming 56 Gayle Engels Proprietary Ginkgo Extract Is Contributing Editor By Chris Kilham Comparable to Pentoxifylline for Treatment of Chronic Tinnitus Josef Brinckmann Ayahuasca, which is both a plant in the Malpighiaceae family and the name of the Review of Sweet and Tart Cherries Contributing Editor psychoactive brew made from the vine and other plants, is highly popular in Peru and Shows Decreased Risk of Chronic On the Cover Lance Lawhon Inflammatory Diseases Senna Senna alexandrina Advertising Sales throughout the Amazonian region of Brazil. As interest in ayahuasca healing ceremonies Therapeutic Use of Cannabis Root for Photo ©2018 Steven Foster 512-832-1889 grows, however, so too does the potential for negative impacts on the plant’s future Pain and Inflammation [email protected] populations. In January and June 2018, Medicine Hunter Chris Kilham traveled to [email protected] Published by the American Botanical Council, P.O. Box 144345, Austin, TX 78714-4345. Pucallpa, Iquitos, Peru, and the Rio Tamaya region in Peru to interview shamans, farmers, Subscriptions to HerbalGram are a benefit of ABC membership at every level. One year memberships: Individual $50; Academic $100; Professional $150; Organization $250; Retailer $250; HerbClip Service $600; Small Business; Sponsor. Add $20 for memberships outside of the U.S. Student and Senior discounts are available. For information about Small Business or and ayahuasca suppliers to gain a better understanding of the plant’s current wild and Sponsor Memberships, contact Denise Meikel at [email protected] or 512-926-4900. © 2018 American Botanical Council. ISSN #08102-5648. Printed in the U.S.A. cultivated populations. HerbalGram® is printed The information in HerbalGram® is intended for educational purposes only and is not a substitution for the advice of a qualified healthcare professional. Although we attempt to ensure on recycled paper at that advertising in HerbalGram is truthful and not misleading, the publication of an ad for a product or company in HerbalGram does not constitute an endorsement by ABC of the product Craftsman Printers, Inc. or the company being advertised. Publication of an ad that makes a health claim or structure-function claim does not necessarily constitute an approval of that claim by ABC. Further, ABC Lubbock, Texas has not reviewed any manufacturer’s Good Manufacturing Practices. 4 • I SSUE 120 • 2018 • www.herbalgram.org www.herbalgram.org • 2018 • I SSUE 120 • 5 HERB PROFILE HERB PROFILE

Egyptian medicine — as reportedly described in the Ebers (senna leaf with coriander [Coriandrum sativum, Senna Papyrus, a formulary of prescriptions dated to about 1550 Apiaceae] fruit, licorice [Glycyrrhiza glabra, Cassia angustifolia and Cassia senna BCE25 — other sources claim that no archaeobotanical Fabaceae] root, fig [Ficus carica, Moraceae] fruit, evidence exists to support that senna was used in ancient prune [Prunus domestica, Rosaceae] fruit, tama- (syn. Cassia acutifolia, Senna alexandrina) Egypt.26 In 1834, Egyptian mummy expert Thomas rind [Tamarindus indica, Fabaceae] fruit pulp, and Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Joseph Pettigrew (1791-1865) described one method of refined sugar [Saccharum officinarum, Poaceae]) INTRODUCTION, NOMENCLATURE, AND mm (0.79 in) wide, with six to seven seeds, and contain at embalming that involved washing the inside of the body • “Compound Infusion of Senna” (senna leaf with GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION least 3.4% of hydroxyanthracene glycosides (HAGs). The with a purgative liquor, which was supposedly composed supertartrate of potass [cream of tartar], ginger pods of C. angustifolia are usually 35 to 60 mm (1.38-2.36 of an infusion of senna and cassia (Cinnamomum spp., [Zingiber officinale, Zingiberaceae] rhizome, and This article reviews the plant species commonly known Lauraceae), followed by salting the body for 70 days.27 boiling water) as “senna” that have traditional and modern pharmaceutical in) long and 14 to 18 mm (0.55-0.71 in) wide, with five to eight seeds, and may contain only 2.2% or more of HAGs.12 However, a paper published in 1960 in Economic Botany • “Infusion of Senna and Tamarind” (senna leaf with uses as stimulant laxatives. disputed Pettigrew’s account, arguing that it was extremely tamarind fruit, coriander fruit, sugar, and boiling There were about 330 Cassia species, of which about 300 Cassia senna, traded as “Alexandrian senna,” referring to the main Egyptian port from where it was exported histori- doubtful that senna or cassia were used in any embalming water) have been moved to the genus Senna for reasons of evolu- 14 cally,13 is indigenous to parts of northern Africa (Egypt and processes. tionary relationships, with about 30 retained in the genus 14 10 While the use of senna as a cathartic Cassia.1 As an example, 23 Sudanese Cassia species were Sudan), eastern Africa, and across the Red Sea in Hejaz (a region in western Saudi Arabia).15 In Egypt, this species was first documented sometime in the Senna Senna alexandrina reclassified into three allied genera: Senna Mill. (13 species), 13 occurs in the southern part of the Eastern Desert (part of ninth century in Arabia, there is some Photo ©2018 Steven Foster Chamaecrista Moench. (three species), and Cassia L. (seven archeological evidence of senna pod 2 the Sahara Desert between the Nile River and the Red Sea) species). 10 trade from the early Roman (first and In the United States, the standardized common name as well as in the Gebel Elba and Sinai regions. In Sudan, C. senna (referred to there as “Khartoum senna”) is wide- second centuries) Egyptian Red Sea “senna” refers to Senna alexandrina Mill.3 This can be harbor of Berenike, which functioned confusing because Cassia angustifolia, C. acutifolia, and spread and occurs within the Nubian Desert and along the course of the Nile River from the central Sudanese state of as a trade hub between the Mediter- C. senna remain accepted synonyms for Senna alexand- ranean and the Indian Ocean Basin.28 rina. The European Pharmacopoeia continues to treat C. Khartoum northwest to Dongola in the state of Northern in Sudan.16 The species is also widespread from northeastern Arabian traders reportedly established angustifolia and C. senna as distinct species, each with trade between the Roman Empire and different geographic origins, morphology, quality and grade Sudan along the Red Sea coast to the eastern African coun- tries of Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, and Kenya.10 India of botanicals, including the pulp designations, and contents of active principles. As such, this of purging senna (C. fistula) from article will describe these two species in terms of their Latin Cassia angustifolia, traded as “Tinnevelly senna” or “Indian senna,”11 is native to the Arabian Peninsula, India, Babylonia, and Arabia; senna pharmacopeial and trade names. 17 18 from Cassia species native to Nubia, This article does not address other types of senna used Somaliland, and Yemen. It was introduced to India in the mid-18th century in the Tirunelveli District in Tamil Arabia, and India; and a preparation medicinally, such as American senna (C. marilandica), of sickle-pod senna (C. tora).29 Some formerly official in the United States Pharmacopeia (USP)4; Nadu, which was known as Tinnevelly during British colo- nial rule. Senna cultivation was introduced to the Indian literature suggests that ninth-century coffee senna (C. occidentalis), described in the Ghana Herbal physician Serapion the Elder, of Baal- Pharmacopoeia 20155; dog senna, also called Senegal senna state of Rajasthan only recently, near the end of the 20th century.19 Its occurrence in the wild in the Indian state of bek (in Lebanon), was the first to or Tripoli senna (C. italica), listed in the Malian Pharmaco- recommend medicinal uses of senna. poeia6; purging senna (C. fistula), described in the Ayurvedic Gujarat indicates that it has become naturalized over the past approximately 250 years since its introduction.17 Three Egyptian-Jewish physician Yitzhak Pharmacopoeia of India Volume I7; ringworm senna (S. ben Shlomo ha-Yisrael, also known as alata), described in the Malaysian Herbal Monograph 2015; states in India (Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, and Gujarat) now produce the majority of all senna in global trade. Isaac Judaeus (ca. 832-932), wrote that sickle-pod senna (C. obtusifolia and/or C. tora), described in senna from Mecca was the best quality. the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China 20158 HISTORY AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE In any case, Arabian physicians were and in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India Volume III; “Cassia” is derived from the Greek kasia (meaning responsible for the eventual introduc- and tanner’s senna (C. auriculata), which is also used in 18 “aromatic shrub”), which was later used by Swedish bota- tion of senna to European medicine. Ayurvedic medicine.9 Due to the known side effects of Cassia angustifolia (syn. S. alexandrina), the commercial nist Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) in reference to medici- nal senna.20 The term “senna” is derived from the Arabic using senna as a monopreparation, supply of which is obtained from semi-arid to arid zones of such as mild abdominal discomfort India, and C. senna (syn. C. acutifolia and S. alexandrina), sanaa (meaning “thorny bush”), also sana in Persian and sena in Urdu.21 In his 1753 publication Species Plantarum, or cramps, it has been used tradition- obtained from Sudan and Egypt, are perennial xerophytic ally in formulations containing other (adapted to survive with little water) undershrubs,10 reach- Linnaeus listed 26 Cassia species, including C. senna, and stated its habitat as Egypt.22 Danish-Norwegian botanist herbs observed to counteract the side ing 1 to 2 m (3.3-6.6 ft) in height, with small yellow flow- effects. In 1820, senna (C. senna leaves) ers and compound leaves with four to eight pairs of leaflets and herbalist Martin Henrichsen Vahl (1749-1804) later named C. angustifolia in his 1790 work Symbolae Botanicae, was included in the primary Materia that are bluish-green to pale green and emit a characteristic 23 Medica of the first publication of the fetid odor when crushed.11 Leaflets of C. angustifolia range reporting its habitat as Arabia. Chemical analyses of wine residues absorbed into pottery USP, as well as monographs for several from 20 to 50 mm (0.79-1.97 in) in length and 7 to 20 mm traditional senna-containing medicinal (0.28-0.79 in) in width at the center, while C. senna leaflets jars dating to about 3150 BCE suggest that senna may have been a component of certain ancient Egyptian medicated preparations. These include: range from 15 to 40 mm (0.59-1.58 in) in length and 5 to 15 24 mm (0.20-0.59 in) in width. Dried fruits (pods) of C. senna wines, although the data are not yet conclusive. While • “Confection of Senna,” also are usually 40 to 50 mm (1.58-1.97 in) long and at least 20 some literature suggests that senna was used in ancient called “Lenitive Electuary”

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• “Aromatic Tincture of Senna,” also called “Warner’s Category III. Senna and official preparations made from it pimples, and colic.21 In Chinese medicine, senna leaf (番 gated senna’s ability to relieve different types of consti- Gout Cordial” (senna leaf with coriander fruit, remain classified as safe and effective OTC laxative active 瀉葉, fanxieye in Pinyin transliteration) is indicated for pation (e.g., chronic, drug-induced, and postoperative) fennel [Foeniculum vulgare, Apiaceae] fruit, red ingredients.35 treating accumulation of heat marked by constipation and in various populations, including children, postpartum sanders [Pterocarpus santalinus, Fabaceae] wood, The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) provides offi- abdominal pain, as well as for edema.8 women, and the elderly. Similarly, senna has been investi- saffron [Crocus sativus, Iridaceae] stigma, licorice cial monographs for “Senna Leaf USP,” “Senna Pods USP,” In the United States, the FDA classifies selected senna gated as a bowel-preparation method for use before diag- root, stoned (no stones, pits, or pips) raisins [Vitis “Senna Fluidextract USP,” “Senna Oral Solution USP,” substances (Senna Leaf USP, Senna Pods USP, Senna nostic procedures such as colonoscopy or abdominal imag- vinifera, Vitaceae], and diluted alcohol) “Sennosides USP,” and “Sennosides Tablets.”36 Further- Fluidextract USP, Senna Oral Solution USP, and Senno- ing.45,46 While most studies involve off-label uses for seri- • “Compound Tincture of Senna,” also called “Elixir more, in 2000, the FDA ruled that certain OTC drug sides USP) as GRASE active ingredients of laxative drug ous conditions (e.g., chronic constipation), the safety and Salutis” (senna leaf with bruised jalap [Ipomoea monograph claims, including claims listed in its laxative products. The permitted indication for use statement is “for efficacy of OTC senna preparations for non-serious condi- jalapa, Convolvulaceae] root, coriander fruit, cara- drug monograph, would also be acceptable structure/func- relief of occasional constipation,” which may be followed tions (e.g., occasional constipation) is well-established.33,39 way [Carum carvi, Apiaceae] fruit, bruised carda- tion claim statements for dietary supplement products. In by the word “irregularity.”33 Senna is also permitted as a The Natural Standard Research Collaboration (NSRC), mom [Elettaria cardamomum, Zingiberaceae] seed, particular, this included the claim “for the relief of occa- component of dietary supplement products, which require an independent, science-based research organization, diluted alcohol, and sugar).4 sional constipation,” because occasional constipation is FDA notification within 30 days of marketing if a struc- published a systematic review in 2011 that examined 37 In 1833, a monograph titled “Senna, U.S., (Sennae not a characteristic symptom of a disease. This led to ture/function claim is made and product manufactur- and graded evidence from randomized controlled trials the remarkable situation in which senna-based OTC drug ing that conforms with dietary supplement current Good (RCTs) of senna for the previously mentioned conditions. Folia)” was included in the first edition of the United States 41 Dispensatory (USD), which permitted several different products and dietary supplement products could now be Manufacturing Practices (cGMPs). Although some of the reviewed studies reported significant labeled and marketed with the same label claim. However, favorable effects for chronic constipation, drug-induced species to furnish the official drug, including C. acutifolia MODERN RESEARCH (syn. C. senna), C. elongata, and C. obovata (syn. S. italica). supplement labels must bear the additional disclaimers: constipation, and colonoscopy preparation, as discussed “This product is not intended to cure, treat, mitigate, or HAGs are considered to be the primary active compo- below, the NSRC ranked the overall scientific evidence as For use as a purgative, the USD monograph stated that 45 although senna leaf is sometimes prepared in the form of a prevent a disease,” and “This claim has not been evaluated nents of senna. The HAGs present in senna include both “unclear or conflicting.” confection or tincture, the form of infusion (herbal tea) is by the Food and Drug Administration.” dianthrone glycosides (including sennosides A, A1, B, C, Two of the seven reviewed studies on chronic constipa- almost universally preferred.13 In 1993, the German Commission E approved the use and D) and anthraquinone glycosides (including rhein- tion assessed the effects of a senna preparation in postpar- of both “Senna leaf” and “Senna pod” as nonprescription 8-O-glucoside and rhein-8-sophoroside).42,43 The leaves tum women. Both studies used Senokot (Avrio Health LP; Indian government ministries have established standards 38 for the various grades and qualities of senna produced in medicines for treating constipation. Since then, national and pods of senna contain slightly different amounts and Stamford, Connecticut), a standardized senna preparation labeling standards monographs of European Union (EU) ratios of these compounds; the leaves contain approxi- that contains “the equivalent of 7 mg sennosides A and India. In addition to the official senna monographs of the 47 Indian Pharmacopoeia,30 the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of member states, such as those of the German Commission mately 1.5-5% HAGs (75-80% of which are dianthrones), B” per dose. The first study was a single-blind compara- 7 E, have been superseded by monographs of the European and the pods contain 2.2-3.5% HAGs (85-90% of which tive trial of 175 women published in 1973 that compared India, and the Unani Pharmacopoeia of India (of the Minis- 42,44 try of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Medicines Agency (EMA). In 1999, comprehensive mono- are dianthrones). The sennosides, particularly senno- Senokot to Normacol (Norgine Limited; Amsterdam, Homoeopathy, or AYUSH),21 India’s Ministry of Agricul- graphs (quality and therapeutics) for “Folium Sennae” and sides A and B, are thought to be primarily responsible Netherlands), a bulk-forming laxative that contains ster- “Fructus Sennae” were included in volume one of the WHO for the purgative (laxative) effects of senna by increas- culia (Sterculia spp., Malvaceae) and frangula (Frangula ture established “AGMARK” grade designations in 1964 6 48 that defined the quality of Tinnevelly senna (C. angustifolia) Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants. In 2006, the ing fluid secretion and influencing colonic motility and spp., Rhamnaceae) bark powders and docusate sodium. EMA published labeling standards monographs for senna fecal transit time.6 Senna leaves and pods. Interestingly, grade designations were also 39 40 established for permitted blends of Tinnevelly senna leaf leaf and senna pod (of PhEur-quality and supplied from also contains naphtha- Senna Senna alexandrina with tanner’s senna leaf.31 either Alexandrian/Khartoum senna or Indian/Tinnev- lene glycosides, which are Photo ©2018 Steven Foster In 1975, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) elly senna), applicable when used as active ingredients of not considered to be phar- proposed the establishment of monographs for nonpre- licensed well-established use herbal medicinal products macologically significant scription, over-the-counter (OTC) laxative, antidiar- (WEU-HMPs) in the EU. Correspondingly, the Euro- but can be used to distin- rheal, emetic, and antiemetic drug products that listed pean Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM) guish C. angustifolia from various senna substances (e.g., senna leaf powder, senna published quality standards monographs for “Alexandrian C. senna (tinnevelin glyco- fluidextract, senna fruit extract, senna pod concentrate, Senna Pods PhEur,” “Tinnevelly Senna Pods PhEur,” side is found only in C. senna syrup, and sennosides A and B, crystalline) as safe and “Senna Leaf PhEur,” and “Senna Leaf Standardized Dry angustifolia and 6-hydroxy- Extract PhEur.”12 musizin glycoside is found effective stimulant laxative active ingredients for short-term 42 relief of constipation.32 Stimulant laxatives are agents that only in C. senna). In CURRENT AUTHORIZED USES IN addition to the various promote bowel movement by one or more direct actions on COSMETICS, FOODS, AND MEDICINES the intestines. Ten years later, in 1985, the FDA published a glycosides, senna leaves tentative final monograph for OTC laxative drug products Although the types of senna described in this article and pods contain small listing the same senna ingredients with dosage and label- originate from northern and eastern Africa and neighboring amounts of flavonoids (e.g., ing statement requirements.33 However, in 1998, the FDA Arabia, senna was incorporated into Asian and European derivatives of kaempferol proposed to amend its tentative final monograph for OTC systems of medicine hundreds of years ago. In countries and isorhamnetin), muci- laxative drug products to reclassify aloe (Aloe barbadensis where the Ayurvedic system of medicine is practiced, senna lage (e.g., galactose, arabi- and A. ferox, Xanthorrhoeaceae) latex, bisacodyl, cascara leaf (स्वर्णपत्री, svarnapatri in Sanskrit) is used in formula- nose, and rhamnose), poly- tions for the treatment of constipation and diseases of the ols (e.g., pinitols), minerals, sagrada (Frangula purshiana, Rhamnaceae) bark, and senna 7 44 (including sennosides A and B) from Category I (Gener- abdomen. In the Unani system of medicine, senna leaf and sugars. ally Recognized as Safe and Effective [GRASE]) to Cate- (sana makki in Romanized Arabic) is used in formulations Human clinical trials gory III (safety and/or efficacy unknown; further testing for treating arthralgia (joint pain), lumbago (backache), hip largely have focused on is required).34 In a 2002 final rule, only aloe and cascara pain, sciatica, gout, cardiac asthma (a type of coughing or senna’s laxative effects. were removed from the FDA monograph and placed into wheezing that occurs with left heart failure), scabies, acne, Researchers have investi-

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The second study was an RCT of 267 women published in containing psyllium and senna with lactulose suggested be relevant for the commercial supply of wild-collected senna senna (Globularia alypum, Plantaginaceae); argel (Solenoste- 1980 that compared Senokot to an identical placebo that that the fiber/stimulant [psyllium/senna] combination was from the Sudan and Egypt. The commercial supply of C. mma argel, Apocynaceae) leaf, which is used as an herbal tea contained powdered cornflakes and dried grass.47 Both more efficacious and may even be more cost-effective,” the angustifolia is procured entirely from cultivation in India, in Sudan; and hoary pea (Tephrosia apollinea, Fabaceae).10 studies found that Senokot was significantly better than authors noted. However, the authors concluded that, over- where it is an introduced species, and, since the mid-2000s, Although the government of India’s “Senna Leaves and the control at relieving constipation in this population of all, there was “a paucity of quality data” regarding the use cultivation of certified organic senna has increased steadily. Pods Grading and Marking Rules” permit the admixing of women. of senna preparations for chronic constipation.46 Before 2000, there was almost no certified organic senna in leaves of C. auriculata with leaves of C. angustifolia for some Of the three studies on drug-induced constipation the global market. lower-quality grades of senna blends,31 a recent study assess- reviewed by the NSRC, only one small study found FUTURE OUTLOOK AND SUSTAINABILITY The main risks to a sustainable supply of senna leaves and ing the authenticity of market samples in India uncovered significant favorable effects for senna in relation to gastric There are three main producers and exporters of senna pods for the global phytopharmaceutical market include examples of products in two Tamil Nadu markets labeled as emptying and small and large intestinal transit time.49 leaves and pods: India (cultivated only), Sudan (mostly wild increasingly unpredictable rainfall (for example, where “C. angustifolia” that were actually C. auriculata.63 The 1993 study examined the effects of a senna prepara- harvested and some cultivated), and Egypt (wild harvested the senna crop is monsoon-dependent) and the fact that Given its almost global regulatory status as an essential, tion in 24 subjects who were given loperamide (an anti- and cultivated). India is now the world’s largest senna- senna is procured largely in conflict zones. Although the safe, and effective medicine for the relief of constipation, diarrheal medication commonly sold under the brand producing region, with a cultivation area of about 22,000 United States lifted sanctions against Sudan in 2017 that annual demand for senna leaves and pods and prepara- name Imodium [Johnson & Johnson; New Brunswick, hectares (54,363 acres). In the agricultural year (April to had been in place for two decades, there has been almost tions made from them will likely continue to increase. New Jersey]) to simulate opioid-induced constipation. March) 2014-2015, India’s top three exported botanical constant ethnic and rebel militia fighting since the mid- If the supply of senna from Egypt and Sudan was inter- Patients were given loperamide and gastrointestinal (GI) drugs were psyllium husk and seed, sickle-pod senna (C. 20th century.60 (The US Department of State continues to rupted for socio-political reasons, establishment of commer- transit time was measured. GI transit time was remeasured tora) seed, and senna (C. angustifolia) leaves and pods.19 In advise against travel to the Darfur region, Blue Nile state, cial production bases in other senna range states, such as after the patients were given one of three active prepa- the 2015-2016 agricultural year, India exported 15,952,830 and South Kordofan state due to risks of terrorism and civil Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, and/or Yemen, may pose similar rations: (1) Sennatin, a product that contains 20 mg of kg (35,169,970 lbs) of senna leaves and pods with a customs unrest.61) In Egypt, both home-based and foreign-based challenges and risks. purified sennosides; (2) Agiocur (MEDA Pharma GmbH value of about $14,530,000. In the subsequent agricultural terrorist organizations operate in parts of the country where & Co.; Bad Homburg, Germany), a fiber product that year 2016-2017, India exported 12,744,070 kg (28,095,865 senna is produced.60 In northwestern India, commercial —Josef Brinckmann and Tyler Smith contains 20 g of psyllium (Plantago ovata, Plantaginaceae) lbs) of senna leaves and pods.52 More than 70% of India’s senna cultivation takes place near the border with Pakistan, seeds/husks; or (3) Agiolax (Flordis; Crows Nest, NSW, export volume of senna is imported by only 10 countries: where terrorist organizations operate and where both coun- Australia), a combination product that contains 5.4 g of Vietnam, China, Japan, Germany, Poland, the United States, tries’ militaries are perpetually on high alert. India conducts References psyllium seeds/husks and 1.2 g of senna pods containing Egypt, Spain, Thailand, and Mexico. Domestic consump- war games along the Rajasthan and Pakistan border in 1. Nesbitt M, McBurney RPH, Broin M, Beentje HJ. Link- tion of senna leaves and pods by the Indian herbal drugs ing biodiversity, food and nutrition: The importance of 30 mg of sennosides. Although the quality of the study preparation for war in a potentially nuclear-contaminated plant identification and nomenclature. J Food Compos Anal. 62 was ranked as “poor,” the authors reported that the two industry is estimated at about 1,284,350 kg (2,831,507 battlefield. 2010;23(6):486-498. preparations containing senna were able to significantly lbs) annually.19 Furthermore, India produces an estimated Supply interruptions and shortages tend to invite economic 2. Abdalla W, Gabbar A, Guma‘a N, El Ghazali G, Khalid H. An reduce GI transit time. 180,000 kg (396,832 lbs) of sennosides (partially purified adulteration in trade. Substitutes or adulterants of the senna updated species check-list for the genus Cassia L. sensu lato in natural complex of anthraquinone glucosides obtained from the Sudan. J Nat Resour Environ Stud. 2016;4(2):1-12. None of the four studies that examined the use of senna supply may include plant parts of the tree of heaven (Ailan- 3. McGuffin M, Kartesz JT, Leung AY, Tucker AO. American before abdominal diagnostic procedures reported signifi- senna leaflets and/or pods) annually, of which about 140,000 thus glandulosa, Simaroubaceae); tanner’s senna; C. holoseri- Herbal Products Association’s Herbs of Commerce. 2nd ed. Silver cant effects, and only two of the 11 reviewed studies on kg (308,647 lbs) are exported.53 cea; dog senna (C. italica); Deccan senna (C. montana); blad- Spring, MD: American Herbal Products Association; 2000. the use of senna prior to colonoscopy found significant In Sudan, senna pod — along with two other Sudanese der senna (Colutea arborescens, Fabaceae); Currier’s sumach 4. United States Pharmacopoeial Convention. The Pharmacopoeia botanicals, gum arabic (Acacia senegal and A. seyal, Fabaceae) of the United States of America 1820. Boston, MA: Charles Ewer; favorable effects. The first (Valverde et al., 1999) was a (Coriaria myrtifolia, Coriariaceae); province senna or wild 1820. randomized, single-blind equivalence trial of 523 patients and hibiscus flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa, Malvaceae) — ranks with colonic or rectal carcinoma that compared a senna among the top 10 export commodities and is prioritized for increased export potential.54 In 2014, Sudan exported about Senna Senna alexandrina preparation to polyethylene glycol (PEG), an osmotic Photo ©2018 Steven Foster laxative.50 The study, which was one of the few that the 5,052,000 kg (11,137,754 lbs) of senna pods55 but only about NSRC authors ranked as “good” quality, found that the 2,300,000 kg (5,070,632 lbs) in 2015.56 Separate data for senna preparation performed significantly better than Sudan’s exports of senna leaf are not provided. A relatively PEG in preparing patients for abdominal imaging. The minor amount is produced in Egypt for export. One report second study (Radaelli et al., 2005) was a randomized, estimated about 5,000 kg (11,023 lbs) was exported from the single-blind equivalence trial comparing a senna prepara- St. Katherine Protectorate, a national park in the South Sinai tion to PEG in 283 adults who were preparing for a colo- region, in one year.57 Senna, however, reportedly is the most noscopy.51 The authors concluded “that overall cleansing common medicinal plant wild-collected by local Bedouin was better with senna compared to the standard PEG pastoralists living in downstream Wadi Allaqi, a major dry solution.”45 river in the southeastern part of the Eastern Desert of Egypt An earlier systematic review published in 2005 assessed and a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.58 The Bedouins use the evidence supporting the use of traditional medical senna (local name senamekki) medicinally but also as a graz- therapies for chronic constipation, including senna. The ing resource and for fuel.59 The primary author of this article authors found no placebo-controlled trials of senna for the (JB) is aware, however, of increasing certified-organic cultiva- period reviewed and included only studies that compared tion of senna in Egypt. senna preparations to other stimulant laxatives (e.g., prod- Although Batanouny (1999) reported that wild senna has ucts containing anthraquinone derivatives or bisacodyl, been overexploited in Egypt for trade, and should be culti- a conventional pharmaceutical drug for constipation) or vated in marginal land with limited water resources,10 the lactulose (a conventional osmotic laxative used for consti- conservation status of C. senna has not yet been assessed pation). “Three studies that compared a preparation according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List Categories and Criteria. This would

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5. Science and Technology Policy Research Institute (STEPRI). 16. Hamza NB, Habeballa RS, Abdalla IE. Phylogenetic relation- 37. US Food and Drug Administration. Regulations on Statements 55. Sudanese Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MOAF) Quality Ghana Herbal Pharmacopoeia. 3rd ed. Accra, Ghana: Council for ships within indigenous Sudanese Cassia senna (L.) using RAPD Made for Dietary Supplements Concerning the Effect of the Prod- Control and Export Development Unit. Sudan’s Country Report Scientific and Industrial Research; 2015. molecular markers. Afr J Biotechnol. 2009;8(19):4824-4829. uct on the Structure or Function of the Body; Final Rule. Federal Contributing to the State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and 6. World Health Organization. WHO Monographs on Selected 17. Lal RK, Sharma JR, Misra HO. Genetic diversity of senna (Cassia Register. 2000;65(4):1000-1050. Agriculture. Khartoum, Sudan: Sudanese MOAF Quality Control Medicinal Plants. Vol 1. 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The Unani Pharmacopoeia ing, or Holding Operations for Dietary Supplements; Final Rule. knowledge of plant species in the Wadi Allaqi Desert Area of Medicinal Plants in Egypt: An Inventory to Support Conservation and of India, Part I, Volume I. New Delhi, India: Department of Federal Register. 2007;72(121):34752-34958. Egypt. Hum Ecol. 2016;44(4):493-504. Sustainable Use. Cairo, Egypt: Academy of Scientific Research and Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopa- 42. Meier N, Meier B, Peter S, Wolfram E. High-performance thin- 60. US Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook. Washington, Technology; Morges, Switzerland: International Union for Conser- thy (AYUSH), Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govern- layer chromatographic fingerprint method for the detection of DC: US Central Intelligence Agency; 2018. vation; 1999. ment of India; 2007. sennosides in Cassia senna L. and Cassia angustifolia Vahl. J Plan 61. US Department of State Bureau of Consular Affairs. Sudan travel 11. Jat RS, Reddy RN, Bansal R, Manivel P. Extension Bulletin: Good 22. Linné Cv, Salvius L. Caroli Linnaei ... Species plantarum :exhiben- Chrom Mod TLC. 2017;30(4):238-244. advisory. Washington, DC: US Department of State Bureau of Agricultural Practices for Senna. Anand, Gujarat: Directorate of tes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, 43. Wichtl M, ed. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals: A Handbook Consular Affairs; 2018. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research; 2015. nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum for Practice on a Scientific Basis. 3rd ed. Stuttgart: Medpharm Scien- 62. Anon. Indian army simulate war games including nuclear strikes 12. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. European Pharmacopoeia, systema sexuale digestas... Holmiae (Stockholm, Sweden): Impensis tific Publishers; 2004. along borders with Pakistan. Times of Islamabad. 2018. Ninth Edition, Supplement 9.6 (PhEur 9.6). Strasbourg, France: Laurentii Salvii; 1753. 44. Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J, eds. Herbal Medicine: 63. Seethapathy GS, Ganesh D, Santhosh Kumar JU, et al. Assessing European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines; 2018. 23. Vahl MH. Symbolae Botanicae, sive plantarum, tam earum, quas Expanded Commission E Monographs. Austin, TX: American Botani- product adulteration in natural health products for laxative yield- 13. Wood GB, Bache F. The Dispensatory of the United States of Amer- in itinere, imprimis orientali, collegit Petrus Forskål, quam aliarum, cal Council; Newton, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications; ing plants, Cassia, Senna, and Chamaecrista, in Southern India ica. Philadelphia, PA: Grigg & Elliot; 1833. recentius detectarum, exactiores descriptiones. Hauniae (Copenha- 2000. using DNA barcoding. Int J Leg Med. 2015;129(4):693-700. 14. Baumann BB. The botanical aspects of ancient Egyptian embalm- gen, Denmark): Impensis Auctoris. Excudebant Nicolaus Möller 45. Ulbricht C, Conquer J, Costa D, et al. An evidence-based system- ing and burial. Econ Bot. 1960;14(1):84–104. et Filius, Aulae Regiae Typographi; 1790. atic review of senna (Cassia senna) by the Natural Standard Research 15. United Nations Organization for Education Science and Culture 24. McGovern PE, Mirzoian A, Hall GR. Ancient Egyptian herbal Collaboration. J Diet Suppl. 2011;8(2):189-238. (UNESCO). Medicinal Plants of the Arid Zones. Arid Zone Research wines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009;106(18):7361-7366. 46. Ramkumar D, Rao SSC. Efficacy and safety of - XIII. Paris, France: UNESCO; 1960. 25. Aboelsoud NH. Herbal medicine in ancient Egypt. J Med Plant traditional medical therapies for chronic consti- Res. 2010;4(2):82-86. pation: systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol. ABC Board of Trustees 26. David R. Egyptian Mummies and Modern Science. Cambridge, 2005;100(4):936-971. Michael J. Balick, PhD Thomas M. Newmark UK: Cambridge University Press; 2008. 47. Shelton MG. Standardized senna in the manage- 27. Pettigrew TJ. A History of Egyptian Mummies, and an Account of ment of constipation in the puerperium - a clini- VP and Director, Owner, Finca Luna Nueva Lodge, San the Worship and Embalming of the Sacred Animals by the Egyptians; cal trial. S Afr Med J. 1980;57(3):78-80. Institute of Economic Botany, New York Isidro de Peñas Blancas, Costa Rica with Remarks on the Funeral Ceremonies of Different Nations, and 48. Greenhalf JO, Leonard HS. Laxatives in Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY Holly Shimizu Observations on the Mummies of the Canary Islands, of the Ancient the treatment of constipation in pregnant Peruvians, Burman Priests. London, England: Longman, Rees, and breastfeeding mothers. Practitioner. Neil Blomquist Consultant, Writer, and Lecturer Orme, Brown, Green and Longman; 1834. 1973;210(256):259-263. President, Sustainable Solutions Former Executive Director, US Botanic 28. Wendrich WZ, Tomber RS, Sidebotham SE, Harrell JA, Cappers 49. Ewe K, Ueberschaer B, Press AG. Influence of Consulting Services, Sebastopol, CA Garden; First Curator, The National Herb RTJ, Bagnall RS. Berenike crossroads: the integration of informa- senna, fibre, and fibre + senna on colonic transit Garden, Glen Echo, MD tion. J Econ Soc Hist Orie. 2003;46(1):46-87. in loperamide-induced constipation. Pharmacol- Peggy Brevoort 29. Warmington EH. Commerce Between the Roman Empire and ogy. 1993;47(Suppl. 1):242-248. President, Brevoort, LLC, Kapa'au, HI Morris Shriftman India. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1928. 50. Valverde A, Hay J, Fingerhut A, et al. Senna Bethany Davis CEO, Mozart, Inc., Petaluma, CA 30. Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission. Indian Pharmacopoeia vs polyethylene glycol for mechanical prepara- 2010. 6th ed. Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh: Indian Pharmacopoeia tion the evening before elective colonic or rectal Director, Regulatory & Industry Affairs Margaret Wittenberg Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of resection: A multicenter controlled trial. Arch FoodState Inc., Manchester, NH Retired, Natural & Organic Foods Industry India; 2010. Surg. 1999;134(5):514-519. Steven Foster Fredericksburg, TX 31. Directorate of Marketing & Inspection (DMI) MoAM, Govern- 51. Radaelli F, Meucci G, Imperiali G, et al. ment of India,. Senna Leaves and Pods Grading and Marking Rules, High-dose senna compared with conventional President, Steven Foster Group, Inc., Mark 1964. Faridabad, (Haryana, India): DMI, MoA, Government of PEG-ES lavage as bowel preparation for elec- Eureka Springs, AR Blumenthal India; 1964. tive colonoscopy: a prospective, randomized, Richard Kingston, PharmD, CSPI (ex officio) 32. US Food and Drug Administration. Proposal To Establish Mono- investigator-blinded trial. Am J Gastroenterol. Founder & graphs for OTC Laxative, Antidiarrheal, Emetic, and Antiemetic 2005;100:2674. President, Regulatory and Scientific Affairs, Safety Call International Poison Center; Executive Director Products. Federal Register. 1975;40(56):12902-12944. 52. Export Import Data Bank Version 7.1 - TRAD- American 33. US Food and Drug Administration. Laxative Drug Products for ESTAT. Kolkata, India: Government of India, Professor, Dept. of Experimental & Clinical Over-the- Counter Human Use; Tentative Final Monograph. Ministry of Commerce & Industry; 2018. Avail- Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Botanical Council Federal Register. 1985;50(10):2124-2158. able at: http://commerce.gov.in/eidb/default.asp. Minneapolis, MN Austin, TX 34. US Food and Drug Administration. Laxative Drug Prod- Accessed August 27, 2018. ucts for Over-the-Counter Human Use; Proposed Amend- 53. Tamil Nadu State Medicinal Plants Board. Bernadette P. Marriott, PhD ment to the Tentative Final Monograph. Federal Register. Senna. Chennai, India: Tamil Nadu State Medic- Professor, Department of Medicine 1998;63(118):33592-33595. inal Plants Board, Government of India; 2006. MUSC College of Medicine 35. US Food and Drug Administration. Status of Certain Additional 54. United Nations Conference on Trade and Div. of Gastroenterology & Hepatology & Over-the-Counter Drug Category II and III Active Ingredients. Development. Sudan National Trade Facilitation Final Rule. Federal Register. 2002;67(90):31125-31127. Roadmap 2017-2021. When Sudan Eases Trade, Department of Psychiatry 36. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. United States Phar- Sudanese Trade. Geneva, Switzerland: UNCTAD and Behavioral Sciences macopeia, Forty-first Revision (USP 41). Rockville, MD: United Empowerment Programme for National Trade Military Division, Charleston, SC States Pharmacopeial Convention; 2018. Facilitation Bodies; 2016.

12 • I SSUE 120 • 2018 • www.herbalgram.org www.herbalgram.org • 2018 • I SSUE 120 • 13 ABC NEWS IN MEMORIAMABC NEWS

I came to know Jurenitsch serendipitously. In the annex that functions as home in collaboration with the In 2016, ABC added earlya complete years of the formation of the American Herbal forJohann ABC’s library Jurenitsch and a commu- American Herbal Pharmaco- American Botanical Council Celebrates 30th Anniversary Pharmacopoeia (AHP), I belonged to a medicinal nity meeting space sometimes digital archive of HerbalGram issues poeia (AHP) and the National On November 1, 2018, the nonprofit American Botanical Council (ABC) celebrated its 30th year of providing plant discussion group. As part of AHP’s mission used by other1947-2017 Austin nonprof- Center for Natural Products reliable, science-based information on the responsible use of herbs, medicinal plants, teas, phytomedicines, essen- to rekindle interest in classical botanical pharma- its.Noted With guidancepharmacognosist from ABC’s Johann dating back to 1983. Previously, only Research (NCNPR) at the tial oils, fungi, and other related natural materials. ABC’s 30th anniversary is a major milestone for the Austin, cognosy, I was referred to Jurenitsch by one of his dedicatedJurenitsch, educationPhD, of thedepart University- University of Mississippi in Texas-based organization and speaks to its enduring message about the benefits of herbal medicine and the science issues 85 and later werestudents available who was practicing pharmacognosy in Costa ment,of Vienna, the gardens Austria, are passed used asaway a on Oxford, Mississippi. behind it that has resonated with thousands of members and supporters both locally and in more than 80 countries Rica. I reached out, explaining that the United States toolApril for 16, dietetic 2017, andat thepharmacy age of 70. online as PDFs. ABC also added BAPP is an international around the world. did not have the pharmacognosy expertise in the internsWhile hefrom was localwell-known universities, within the consortium of nonprofit profes- same way that Europe did and pleaded for help. The In 1988, Founder and Executive ABC celebrated a number of other whoworld applyof pharmacognosy, their research not in manya new Herbal MediaWatch feature sional organizations, analyt- response from Jurenitsch was immediate, positive, Director Mark Blumenthal established publication milestones in 2018. In hands-onin the natural medicine-making foods or herbal labs medi - ical laboratories, research to its website in 2016.and Updated definitive: “Let me know what I can do to help ABC with internationally esteemed February, ABC’s monthly e-newsletter andcine communitiespresentations inusing North herbs America centers, industry trade associa- and if I can, I will.” He remained true to his word for ethnobotanist James A. Duke, PhD, HerbalEGram began its 16th year; since fromknew theJurenitsch. grounds. He was a professor tions, industry members, and weekly, Herbal MediaWatchmore than 20 is years. a and Professor Norman R. Farnsworth, 2004, ABC has published more than of Thepharmacognosy Case Mill andHomestead the vice-chancellor of the Univer- other parties with interest in Jurenitsch and another colleague and friend from Vienna, PhD, a renowned pharmacognosist and 160 issues of this digital companion to alsosity offunctions Vienna fromas the2000 idyl to- 2011. newsJurenitsch feed was that also contains links to herbs and medicinal plants. Wolfgang Kubelka, PhD, graciously invited me to present medicinal plant researcher. A few years HerbalGram. HerbClip, a twice-monthly lica holder setting of theof ABC’sSilver Decorationannual of Honor for Services The program advises indus- articles, press releases,the work and of AHP other to the pharmacognosy department at the later, Professor Varro E. Tyler, PhD, publication that provides summaries HerbDayto the Republic event, whereof Austria commu (Ehrenzeichen- für Verdienste try, laboratories, researchers, University of Vienna. Many of the researchers there have another eminent pharmacognosist and and critical reviews of medicinal plant- nityum diemembers Republik gather Österreich to celebrate). This is the most important health professionals, govern- online publicationsworked on a on wide AHP rangemonographs over the decades, including author, joined the Board of Trustees. related clinical research, began its 26th theaward healing granted properties by the ofgovernment plants. of Austria in recogni- ment agencies, the media, and expert microscopist Reinhard Laenger, who worked tire- They created the organization with the year in 2018. ABC has now published Intion March of people 2018, whose ABC works hosted in its the fieldsof of policy,subjects economy, of interest to ABC’s the public about the various lessly for years generating microscopic descriptions, illustra- goal of providing accurate information almost 7,500 HerbClips. ABC’s newest 13thculture, annual intellect, HerbDay or honorary celebra -service have contributed to challenges related to adulter- tions, and images for AHP’s Microscopic Characterizations of to assist the public in making educated, online publication, Herbal News & tion.the betterment of the nation. members and supporters. ated botanical ingredients sold Botanical Medicines, and most of the microscopic character- responsible choices about herbal medi- Events, entered its seventh year in 2018. InAfter the studying past five pharmacy years, ABC at the University of Vienna, in global commerce. Since izations in AHP monographs. cine in self-care and as an accepted Launched in 2012, the weekly Herbal addedJurenitsch two receivednew features a doctorate to its expansive, of philosophy 2.5-acre in 1976, grounds. and 2011, more than 200 US and international parties have The Department of Pharmacognosy at the University part of conventional health care. Thirty News & Events newsletter was created Inhabilitated 2015, ABC in 1983 completed in the worksubject on “Pharmakognosie.” a new garden space, He financially supported or otherwise endorsed the program. of Vienna has for decades focused attention on research- years later, their vision still drives the to keep ABC members and support- whichcontinuously received worked official in designationthe Department as a Certifiedof Pharmacognosy Wildlife To date, the BAPP has released 45 extensively peer- ing the botanical yarrow (Achillea millefolium) from all nonprofit’s mission, publications, and ers up to date on relevant educational Habitatat the Universityby the National of Vienna Wildlife and Federation,was appointed the univerlargest- reviewed publications, including detailed articles featured perspectives: botany, pharmacognosy, chemistry, and phar- programs. events and news articles. wildlifesity professor conservation there in and1991. education Together organizationwith his colleagues, in the in HerbalGram, Botanical Adulterants Prevention Bulle- macology. As a fitting tribute to the department and to “My primary thought on reflecting UnitedJurenitsch States. mentored Three 120years graduate before that, students in 2012, and ABC25 doctoral intro- tins, Laboratory Guidance Documents, and Botanical New Digital Resources Jurenitsch, and in return for the generosity and kindness he on 30 years of ABC’s service to the ducedstudents, its Sacredand was Seeds involved garden, inwhich numerous is part ofinternational the United Adulterants Monitor e-newsletters, all of which are available showed AHP, the soon-to-be released yarrow monograph medicinal plant community is one of ABC has now published more than Plantresearch Savers’ projects international that encompassed network a ofwide garden range sanctuaries of research for free to the public on the program’s website. will be respectfully dedicated in his name. profound gratitude and deep appre- 45 articles in its HerbalEGram Food intendedand teaching to protect activities. locally Among important Jurenitsch’s and traditionally early works used are For more information about ABC, including the bene- ciation to all who have helped ABC as Medicine series, which explores the plants.a review of the safety of calamus (Acorus calamus, Acora- fits of ABC membership, visit www.herbalgram.org or call —Roy Upton reach this important milestone,” said history, traditional uses, nutritional ceae), a number of scientific publications on cayenne pepper (512) 926-4900. President, American Herbal Pharmacopoeia Blumenthal. “This includes my grati- profile, and modern research of a differ- Botanical(Capsicum Adulterantsspp., Solanaceae) Prevention including Program its adulteration, Scotts Valley, California tude to the late Jim Duke, Norman ent conventional food each month. The numerousThe nonprofit papers continueson the taxonomy to expand and the chemistry scope and of Achilreach- —ABC Staff Farnsworth, and Varro Tyler for help- Food as Medicine series is based on oflea its(Asteraceae) Botanical species,Adulterants and post-mortemPrevention Program screening (BAPP) for the ing me establish ABC and for being the work by interns in ABC’s dietetic intern- detection of poisons in tissue and blood. first members of the ABC Board of Trustees; gratitude to ship program, led by ABC Education Coordinator Jenny the many employees of ABC, past and present, who have Perez, and is produced in collaboration with HerbalGram worked to make the organization so successful; gratitude Associate Editor Hannah Bauman and ABC Chief Science to the hundreds of Sponsor Members and thousands of Officer Stefan Gafner, PhD. Herbal News & Events! Weekly eNewsletter from ABC other ABC individual, academic, and professional members In 2016, ABC added a complete digital archive of who have supported ABC’s unique nonprofit research and HerbalGram issues dating back to 1983. Previously, only Keeping you up to date on upcoming educational mission; gratitude to the ABC Board of Trust- issues 85 and later were available online as PDFs. ABC also ees and Advisory Board for their many hours of volun- added a new Herbal MediaWatch feature to its website in conferences, symposia, webinars, and teer service; and gratitude and appreciation for the plants, 2016. Updated weekly, Herbal MediaWatch is a news feed without which there would be no life on Earth and which that contains links to articles, press releases, and other other herbal community events. provide us their amazing nutritional and healing energies.” online publications on a wide range of subjects of interest Also includes a weekly roundup of media articles of to ABC’s members and supporters. Publication Milestones interest. And more! Onsite Happenings In the summer of 1983, Blumenthal published the first ABC members automatically receive the premium version issue of HerbalGram, then an eight-page, black-and-white ABC’s headquarters at the 165-year-old Case Mill Home- of Herbal News & Events each week, so join today at newsletter with brief updates on medicinal plant research, stead in the heart of East Austin serves as an extension www.herbalgram.org/join. community events, and regulatory news. In November of the organization’s commitment to herbal education. 2018, ABC published the 120th issue of the magazine, Purchased in 1997, the property was renovated with the A free version is also available when you register at now an 80-page, full-color, peer-reviewed journal that has help of the nonprofit’s first capital campaign and updated www.herbalgram.org. become a leading publication in the field. with expansive medicinal plant gardens, a greenhouse, and

www.herbalgram.org • 2017 • I SSUE 115 • 77 14 • I SSUE 120 • 2018 • www.herbalgram.org www.herbalgram.org • 2018 • I SSUE 120 • 15 A History of Herbal Excellence The First 25 Years • California becomes the first state to legalize medicinal cannabis. 1983 1988 1989 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 • The first issue of Nutrition Business Journal is published.

• ABC initiates the Ginseng Evaluation Program to review • US Congress passes • ABC initiates the Traditional Medicine Research Project to document the • ABC begins producing “Botanical North American ginseng products to determine if product Dietary Supplement • HerbalGram is one of the first US publications regulation and approval of herbal medicines in six industrialized nations. First issue of HerbalGram is Booklets” that cover popular herbs contents meet label claims. Health and Education Act to publish science-based literature reviews on Blumenthal presents the Executive Summary before the President’s published. for consumers, researchers, health of 1994 (DSHEA). herbs, beginning with a review on sarsaparilla professionals, journalists, and others. • ABC creates extensive mail-order catalog containing Commission on Dietary Supplement Labeling. (Smilax spp., Smilacaceae) in issue 17. science-based reference, technical, and hard-to-find medicinal plant books, videos, and other products. • ABC co-edits the 1994 proceedings of the National Institutes of Health’s • Mark Blumenthal incorporates ABC as a Office of Alternative Medicine’s “Botanicals: A Role in US Healthcare?” tax-exempt nonprofit organization. • ABC begins co-sponsoring ethnobotanical eco-tours to the • ABC publishes “Common Herbs” Conference. Peruvian Amazon, Machu Picchu, Belize, and Costa Rica pamphlets, the first “third-party • James A. Duke, PhD, Norman R. Farnsworth, for continuing education credits for health professionals. • ABC produces Pharmacy Continuing Education teleconference modules PhD, and Blumenthal become the first trustees • ABC launches its literature” published in accordance commissioned for Walmart pharmacists nationwide. of the ABC Board. HerbClip service, which with DSHEA; more than one • Blumenthal begins teaching a course on herbs at the University of Texas provides members with million copies are distributed. • Andrew Weil and summaries and critical College of Pharmacy as an adjunct associate professor. “Herbal Medicine reviews of herbal studies. • ABC is named a University of Texas pharmacy preceptor site and initiates Boom” appear on TIME magazine • ABC initiates the internship program for pharmacy and dietetic students. covers. • Varro E. Tyler, PhD, joins the ABC Board of Trustees. Pharmacy Continuing Education Program. • ABC publishes “Classic Botanical Reprints,” a series of articles related to ethnobotany and • ABC creates herbal notecards. pharmacognosy. • ABC moves its headquarters to • ABC launches a capital campaign to purchase the Case Mill the Case Mill Homestead for its new headquarters. • Doody Publishing, the leading reviewer of medical titles, ranks ABC’s Homestead. • ABC purchases the 140-year-old Case Mill Homestead in 1997 The Complete German Commission E Monographs as #2. The title was Austin, Texas. • The term “nutraceutical” is coined by Stephen DeFelice, MD. chosen from more than 3,500 published in 1998 and was the first • ABC publishes The Complete • Bastyr College (now University) becomes the first accredited naturopathic school in the United States. alternative medicine book to qualify for this award. • ABC publishes “Popular Herbs in the US German Commission Market” for Pharmacy Continuing Education; • Michael Balick, PhD, Steven Foster, and Fredi Kronenberg, PhD, join E Monographs. more than 100,000 copies are published. the ABC Board of Trustees. • ABC receives national media attention by • ABC launches online versions of HerbClip and addressing two major stories on adulterants HerbalGram. in herbal products, including plantain and a • Herb Society of America (HSA) names product labeled “kava” that contained no kava. 2003 2002 Blumenthal its honorary president (2002-2004). 2001 2000 1999 1998 • ABC launches its website. • ABC adds HerbMedPro as a benefit of ABC membership. • ABC publishes Herbal Medicine: Expanded • HerbClip goes paperless and is www.herbalgram.org • ABC publishes The ABC Clinical Guide to Herbs • HerbalGram issue 56’s cover story on Rhodiola • ABC’s Media Education Campaign launches with Commission E Monographs. published only online. as a reference book and continuing education rosea introduces the herb to the public. distribution of North American Precis Syndicate • ABC establishes electronic content licensing program, • Margaret Wittenberg joins the • Blumenthal is awarded the 2012 Jean Andrews • ABC presents its first annual module for health professionals. • ABC receives NAPS Certificate of Excellence for (NAPS) releases for ginkgo and saw palmetto (kava and St. John’s wort were added in 2002). expanding the reach of ABC’s herbal information. ABC Board of Trustees. Visiting Faculty Fellowship at the University of Texas. Mark Blumenthal Herbal Superior Achievement in Media Relations. Community Builder Award. • Blumenthal gives a presentation on herbal medicine to the HSA, one of its first • ABC’s Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E • ABC releases series of free, beautiful, • ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical presentations on medicinal herbs. • Natural Health magazine inducts Blumenthal into its Hall of Fame with 30 international leaders. Monographs receives a four-star rating from Doody educational digital e-cards. Adulterants Prevention Program • ABC celebrates 25th anniversary. (BAPP) collaboration begins to • ABC donates the American Botanical Council Heber Youngken Sr. Medicinal Publishing. • ABC publishes its 100th issue of • Nutraceuticals World lists Blumenthal among its top 10 address adulteration of botanical Plant Herbarium collection (salvaged from the Massachusetts College of • ABC publishes its 50th issue of HerbalGram. HerbalGram. Pharmacy) to the Botanical Research Institute of Texas (BRIT). innovators in natural health. ingredients. • Consumers receive the first mass-market herb products bearing labels through • ABC introduces ABC’s Safety Labeling Program on Pharmavite’s Nature’s Resource herb line. Healthy Ingredients online database. • ABC announces its first Varro E. Tyler Commercial • ABC’s Media Education Campaign generates an estimated 90 million • ABC coordinates and launches its first HerbDay event, promoting the Investment in Phytomedicinal Research Award. • New Hope Natural Media • ABC launches ABC inducts Blumenthal into its impressions in national media coverage. grassroots movement to celebrate the importance of herbs. • Natural Foods Merchandiser names Blumenthal a • ABC launches “Herbal Herbal Information Insight” segments on the Hall of Legends. • Peggy Brevoort and Morris Shriftman join the ABC Board of Trustees. Course 2. • First annual American Botanical Celebration is held at Expo West. “Natural Legacy.” popular public television • ABC introduces online ABC introduces its inaugural James A. Duke Excellence in Botanical • ABC acquires HerbMed and HerbMedPro databases Literature Award and Norman R. Farnsworth Excellence in Botanical series “Healing Quest,” database of The ABC from the Alternative Medicine Foundation. co-hosted by Olivia • ABC launches the ABC Herbal Information Course online in Research Award. Clinical Guide to Herbs. • Bernadette Marriott, PhD, joins the ABC Board of Trustees. Newton-John, reaching collaboration with Virgo Publishing. • Neil Blomquist joins the ABC Board of Trustees. • "The Dr. Oz Show" • Thomas Newmark joins the premieres. millions of viewers. 2004 • ABC Safety Assessment Program expands to offer the use of • ABC’s Adopt-an-Herb Program launches, allowing ABC Board of Trustees. • ABC publishes The Identification of Medicinal companies to underwrite updates for specific herbs in • Blumenthal receives the ABC’s peer-reviewed Safety Assessment Reports to companies • ABC launches the “Herbal Plants: A Handbook of the Morphology of ABC’s HerbMedPro database. prestigious Varro E. Tyler marketing herbal dietary supplements. Botanicals in Commerce with the Missouri Prize from the American News & Events” weekly • Blumenthal co-authors and edits Rational Phytotherapy, 5th ed., Botanical Garden. Society of Pharmacognosy. online newsletter. based on the leading text in Germany. • The FDA approves the first botanical prescription drug, • ABC launches HerbalEGram, Veregen (sinecatechins), a monthly electronic from green tea extract. newsletter for members. 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

16 • I SSUE 120 • 2018 • www.herbalgram.org OPEN to see the ABC NEWS first 25 years The Past 5 Years ABC CAPITAL CAMPAIGN • The world’s largest medicinal plant research group, the Society for • ABC publishes its 7,000th HerbClip. Help Restore and Improve ABC’s Historic Case Mill Homestead Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA), officially • HerbClip celebrates its 25th anniversary. 20 Years at ABC’s Historic Case Mill Homestead: Heart, Soul, endorses BAPP. The American Botanical Council’s (ABC) offices are located in a 165-year- • ABC publishes its 500th issue of HerbClip • HerbalGram celebrates 35 years of publication. old house on 2.5 acres in Austin, Texas. ABC has been fortunate to call Headquarters • New Hope Natural Media awards ABC the NBJ Education this location home for 20 years! During that time, ABC has improved the In July 1998, the nonprofit American Botanical Council (ABC) officially moved operations from Founder and Execu- Award for 2013 in recognition of HerbalGram’s 100th issue and tive Director Mark Blumenthal’s home in northwest Austin, Texas, to the historic 2.5-acre Case Mill Homestead in East ABC’s leadership in creating BAPP. facilities and grounds, whenever possible, to meet the needs of our nonprofit and the local and international herbal community. Austin. Twenty years on, the flourishing campus has evolved into an educational resource where ABC’s herb-focused, • IADSA officially science-based content is created and then disseminated around the world. It is also a refuge for plants and wildlife, a hands- American Botanical Council the American Herbal endorses BAPP. Botanical Adulterants Pharmacopoeia the University of But as with any facility, particularly one as old as ABC’s, there are repairs on resource for herbalists and visitors, and a vital part of ABC’s research and educational mission. Mississippi’s National Center for Natural Products • ABC publishes its first MONITOR Research • ABC announces the inaugural Fredi Kronenberg ISSUE #1 — 2014 and improvements that must be made over time. That time is now for ABC! Tea Market Report. Excellence in Botanicals for Women’s Health Award. The history of the Case the grounds during operat- Dear Reader It is my pleasure to introduce to you the first edition of the “Botanical Adulterants Monitor.” Adulteration of botanical materials has • BAPP releases draft of “Best Practices SOP to Prevent We hope you’ll join us in restoring and improving ABC’s homestead, Mill Homestead began in ing hours; school children been a topic of continued media attention and sensational press coverage of publications such as the highly flawed DNA barcoding • BAPP publishes first study by Newmaster et al. published in BMC Medicine last October, claiming that close to 60% of the 44 tested North American herbal products contained materials from undeclared botanical sources. This study led to increased confusion by consumers of herbal products and to attacks in the mainstream media on the dietary supplement industry with calls for more stringent regulations. Resale of Irreparably Defective Articles” for industry and + 1853, when Connecticut clock who are encouraged to touch, issue of the “Botanical Our goal for this newsletter is to provide newly-available information on issues surrounding accidental and intentional adulteration including the buildings and grounds with our 20 herbal demonstration -- and, to a lesser extent, the equally important problems of contamination -- as reported by regulatory agencies or in published studies. In general, the content of the “Botanical Adulterants Monitor” will focus on providing solutions to current problems related to public comment. Adulterants Monitor” adulteration and product authenticity.... MORE peddler Sherman Case arrived taste, and smell the plants in Stefan Gafner, PhD gardens. Chief Science Officer, ABC newsletter. Technical Director, ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Program News • ABC launches in the newly formed state of their natural surroundings on partnership with Your gifts will help us keep this beautiful property a resource where ABC’s Texas and settled on a 451-acre field trips; interns pursuing ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Program Science Update Recent News An overview on adulteration and contamination Sustainable Herbs Two prestigious professional societies of medicinal plant Reference: Posadzki P, Watson L, Ernst E. Contamination Texas Republic land grant in postgraduate degrees in phar- research experts endorse the Botanical Adulterants Program and adulteration of herbal medicinal products (HMPs): an educational content is created day in and day out to promote the responsible overview of systematic reviews. Ugit latempo saperrum dunt The American Society of Pharmacognosy (ASP) and the doluptatur?Iquat dem fuga. Minvenisim expe est eat. Program. Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Products Research (GA) have announced their endorsement... MORE Itatur sandam aute sint.Noneceped exped essit que volor the area that was named after macy or dietetics; and visiting audipsumet, commolut aut volupta quibuscilis vel ium eost hilic tem. Ipsa cone nosCiae nobisto explabo risinciusci use of herbs and herbal medicine; where herbalists often see their favorite Skullcap Laboratory Guidance Document to be published • BAPP publishes its first Lab Guidance Document.a cum etus eturibero molorem sunto officiet, simi, ut quis The first Lab Guidance Document of the Botanical Adulterants magnieniscia dus. MORE • ABC celebrates its Program is currently under peer-review. The document the “Father of Texas” Stephen herbalists and scientists from contains an extensive evaluation of published macroscopic, microscopic, genetic MORE Ginseng in the spotlight 30th anniversary. herbs in the ground for the first time; and as a destination for visitors from • ABC introduces its first ABC Champion Award.Three notable studies on different analytical approaches F. Austin. ABC purchased the around the world. In many have been published in 2013 on the subject of ginseng authentication. 8x10 tintype photograph of Reviewed: Yuk J, McIntyre KL, Fischer C, et al. Distinguishing around the world. USFDA alerts Ontario ginseng landraces and ginseng species using homestead with its remain- cases, people see these plants • ABC publishes its first TheHerbal FDA issued 9 warning Pet letters between Supplement October and NMR-based Market metabolomics. Ugit latempo saperrum dunt Case Mill front porch. December 2013 regarding dietary supplements. In 7 cases, doluptatur?Iquat dem fuga. Minvenisim expe est eat. the reason for the FDA action was due to products that were Itatur sandam aute sint.Noneceped exped essit que volor adulterated within the meaning of MORE audipsumet, commolut aut volupta quibuscilis vel ium eost ing 2.5 acres, two-story 1850s in the ground for the first Report. hilic tem. Ipsa cone nosCiae nobisto explabo risinciusci Photo ©2018 Matthew Magruder a cum etus eturibero molorem sunto officiet, simi, ut quis With your donation, ABC will be able to: magnieniscia dus. MORE house, and renovated carriage time when they visit ABC’s Adulterated herbal supplement shows unexpected efficacy Reviewed: Karioti A, Giocaliere E, Guccione C, Pieraccini Upcoming Events G, Gallo E, Vannacci A, Bilia AR. Combined HPLC-DAD–

Bilberry The PhotoFDA issued 9 warning letters between October and MS, HPLC–MSnand NMR spectroscopy forquality control ©2015 Steven Foster Case Mill Homestead Vaccinium myrtillus house. gardens. December 2013 regarding dietary supplements. In 7 cases, of plant extracts: The case of a commercial blend soldas Make necessary repairs to the 165-year-old house including fixing the leaky roof, replacing the siding and drafty the reason for the FDA action was due to products that were dietary supplement. J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2014;88:7-15. • Bilberry Fruit Extract adulterated within the meaning ofPeriberum verspedis es es Ugit latempo saperrum dunt doluptatur?Iquat dem fuga. Minvenisim expe est eat.Iolut aut volupta quibuscilis vel ium Laboratory Guidance Document des sima qui ant deruntem nim eumquidic tore, sae sectendit, By Stefan Gafner, PhD eost hilic tem. Ipe nobisto explabo risinciusci a cum etus As a steward of the land, ABC Education Coordi- Chief Science Officer, American Botanical Council Vacciniumutem spp. facitas seceribero et unt earchicatur, volor milit laborum Technical Director, ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants ProgramVaccinium myrtillus, ad que volupta sperchi caboreptae nonsequ assimi, sinto etur eturibero molorem sunto officiet, simi, ut quis magnieniscia Contact: [email protected] windows, and other essential repairs to keep the building functioning well for the next 30 years. Keywords: Adulterant, adulteration, bilberry adulteration, anthocyanin, bilberry, synthetic dye, aut fuga. Obisqui bea cus ut laborempor mi, sit estrum MORE dus. MORE V. vitis-idaea), European 1. Purpose ), lingonberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus, Ericaceae) fruit extracts, combinedV. uliginosum with high prices and falling profit margins Market demand for bilberry ( , Moraceae). Additional adulterants reportedly include have resulted in unscrupulous manufacturers selling various Morusingredients australis labeled “bilberry extract.” Adulteration predominantly ABC honored the historical nator Jenny Perez uses the , Poaceae) extracts, and synthetic colorants like amaranth occurs with anthocyanin-rich, Adoxaceae), extracts and from Chinese other mulberryspecies, e.g., (Oryza bog sativabilberry ( Sambucus nigra hull or black rice ( elder ( Glycine max, Fabaceae) black soybean ( dye, an azo dye prohibited for use by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a suspected carcinogen, and/ 1 This Laboratory Guidance Document presents a review of the various analytical technologies and methods used to or charcoal. - differentiate between authentic bilberry extracts and potential adulterants. Improve the building, including refurbishing the kitchen (our herbal workshop) to better accommodate ABC interns 2. Scope • Previous pharmacopeial test methods for bilberry fruit extract based on UV/Vis absorption of the extract (spectrophotometricAbout the roots of its new home and took great care to landscape the gardens to foster a closer connection with the earth. “I have methods) are acceptable for quantification of total anthocyanidins, but have proven insufficient to detect adulteration with antho cyanin-rich extracts from other species or synthetic dyes; therefore, other analytical techniques must be used to comply with the on Bilberry ( but may have applications for legal requirement (for example, according to the Good Manufacturing Practice rule in the United States, and in other countries) Vaccinium to confirm the identity of bilberry fruit extracts. This review is a compilation of published analytical methods for bilberry fruit - myrtillus extracts, and an evaluation of the utilitydoes not of covereach themethod analysis to authenticateof bilberry leaves bilberry or bilberry extracts leaf or extractsto detect potential adulterants. in this LaboraThis Laboratory Guidance Document By Stefan Gafner, PhD ) Extracts V. myrtillus fruit extracts in their particular matrix a* other anthocyanin-rich berry ingredients, some of which are also known to have quality issues. Analysts can use this review to help aChief Science Officer, American Botanical Council guide the appropriate choice of techniques and methods for their specific bilberry materials intended for resale or use in consumer (pharmacy and dietitian students), visiting herbalists, and ABC - Technical Director, ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Program products. A positive assessment of a specific method for testing *Corresponding author: grounds and maintain the buildings. The house retains its always thought of gardens as living repositories of ancient tory Guidance Document does not remove the responsibility of quality control and laboratory personnel toThe demonstrate ABC-AHP-NCNPR adequate Botanical Adulterants Program is a consortium of independent nonprofit organizations whose mission relates email method performance in their own laboratory (and/or in a qualified third-party contract laboratory) using accepted protocols outlined in the Good Manufacturing Practices for dietary supplements in the United States (21 CFR Partto 111) education,and/or by AOAC scientific research, and quality of botanical dietary ingredients and related plant-derived materials. The consortium is International, International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Interna tional Conference on Harmonisation (ICH). Keywords: underwritten or endorsed by more than 100 natural product industry companies, independent analytical laboratories,Vaccinium myrtillus contract research teration 3. Common and Scientific Names2 , bilberry extract, adulterant, adul organizations, nonprofit and professional organizations, trade associations, accredited institutions of education in natural medicine, - 3.1 Common Name: Bilberry Goal: The goal of this bulletin is to provide timely information staff. 3.2 Other Common Names law firms, and media companies — which are involved in the production, supply, manufacture, distribution,and/or updates onmarketing, issues of adulteration analysis,of bilberry extract to the original Bastrop pine* wooden flooring and two of its origi- knowledge and potential uses for healing people and the English: European blueberry, whortleberry, huckleberry international herbal industry and extended natural products commu French: Myrtille, gueule-noire, raisin des bois, vigne des montagnes, ambroche, ambreselle, brimbelleresearch, and/or education of herbal dietary ingredients and supplements, in the United States and internationally.nity in general. It is intended Companies, to complement the previously published German: Heidelbeere, Blaubeere, Schwarzbeere, Waldbeere, Bickbeere, Moosbeere works with information on bilberry extract adulteration, e.g., the : Mirtillo, ampulette, asaire, bagole, baggiole, cesarelle, giasine, lambrune, murucule - Italian azul, mirtilo organizations, foundations, and/or individuals interested in supporting this program are invited to contactAmerican Ms. Herbal PharmacopeiaDenise Meikel, ABC Spanish: Arándano 黑 果 越 桔) 1 oreophilum (Rydb.) Á. Löve, al, and the article by Foster and monograph Blumenthal published in HerbalGram by Upton et Chinese: Hei guo yue ju ( subsp. yatabei L. Vaccinium myrtillus DevelopmentHook.; Vaccinium Director, at (512) 926-4900, ext. 120, or by email. presenting new data on the occurrence of adulteration, the market (Rydb.) Dorn; var. microphyllum 3.3 Latin Binomial: oreophilum situation, and consequences for the consumer and the industry. 2 Vaccinium myrtillus myrtillus var. Vaccinium myrtillus by Vaccinium oreophilum Rydb.; 3.4 Synonyms: Vaccinium nal coal-burning fireplaces. Most of the rooms have been planet,” said Perez. “ABC’s gardens are a unique resource D. Löve & B.M. Kapoor; 3,4 1 1 General Information Makino • www.botanicaladulterants.org 3.5 Botanical Family: Ericaceae • 2015 1.1 Common Name Add water and energy conservation elements, including solar, : Bilberry 3 Bilberry - Laboratory Guidance Document • 1.2 Other Common Names on: Adulteration of Underwriters and Supporters of the ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants ProgramEnglish (as of January 22, 2014)* : European blueberry, whortleberry, huckleberry converted into offices, filled with natural light, that allow for teaching the community and health care providers about Grape Seed4 Extract Financial Underwriters Metabolic Maintenance Products Weil Lifestyle, LLC ChineseNSF: Hei guoInternational yue ju ( 黑果 越 桔 By Steve) Kupina 21st Century Healthcare Metagenics, Inc. Whole Foods Market FrenchSpectrix Labs a and Stefan Gafner, PhDBilberry : Myrtille, ambroche, aambreselle,Polyphenolics, brimbelle, 12667 Rd gueule-noire, 24, Madera, CA 93637 Vaccinium myrtillus raisin des bois, vigne des montagnes Photob ©2016 Steven Foster AdvoCare International L.P. Natural Factors Nutritional ZMC-USA Tampa Bay Analyticalb throughout the building and grounds, helping improve ABC’s American Botanical Council, P.O. Box 144345, Austin, TX 78723 Agilent Technologies Products, Inc./Bioclinic Naturals Trade Associations GermanMedia: Heidelbeere, Blaubeere,Corresponding Schwarzbeere, author: Waldbeere, Bickbeere, Moosbeere Amen Clinics Nature’s Sunshine Products Complementary Healthcare Council of Delicious Living email Italian Keywords: Amway/Nutrilite Health Institute Nature’s Way Australia : Mirtillo,Engredea ampulette, asaire, bagole, baggiole,Vitis vinifera cesarelle, giasine, lambrune, mirtillo nero, murucule tion , grape seed extract, adulterant, adultera ABC staff unobstructed views of the natural splendor of the the plants: their history of use, their chemistry and relevant Aveda Corporation Naturex, Inc. Consumer Healthcare Products Spanish Functional Ingredients : Arándano azul, mirtilo - BI Nutraceuticals NBTY, Inc. Association Holistic PrimaryGoal: Care The goal of this bulletin is to provide timely information Bioceuticals New Chapter, Inc. Council for Responsible Nutrition 1.3 AcceptedIntegrator Latin Binomial: Blogand/or Vaccinium updates myrtillus on issues of adulteration of grape seed extract (GSE to the international herbal products industry and extended natural sustainable footprint while reducing operating costs. Bionorica AG BilberryThe Extract New - Botanical Frontier Adulterants Foundation Bulletin Natural Products Association 1.4 Synonyms:Modern Vaccinium Healthcareproducts community Practitioner in L. 5,6general. It is intended to present the avail †) Blackmores Fund of the Greater Cedar United Natural Products Alliance D. Löve & B.M.Natural Kapoor, VacciniumFoods myrtillusable dataMerchandiser var. on oreophilum the occurrence of adulteration, the market situation, and • March 2016 consequences oreophilum for the consumer (Rydb.) Dorn, and the Vaccinium industry. • www.botanicaladulterants.org Rydb.5 - Cepham, Inc. Rapids Community Foundation 1.5 BotanicalNatural Family Products INSIDER myrtillus subsp. oreophilum 1 1 General Information gardens and grounds. The carriage house, with the garage that research, and also how to work with the plants themselves, Chemi Nutra Ningbo Greenhealth Pharmaceutical Nonprofit/Professional Associations New Hope: Ericaceae 360.com (Rydb.) Á. Löve, • BAPP publishes the first three 1.1 Common name Crinum Health Co., Ltd. American Association of Naturopathic Nutraceuticals World Bilberry Extract - Botanical Adulterants: BulletinGrape2 Bilberry Extract - Botanical Adulterants Bulletin dicentra, Inc. Novel Ingredients Physicians NutraingredientsUSA.com1.2 Other common names: • March 2016 Doctor’s Best NOW Foods American Society of Pharmacognosy Nutrition Business Journal • March 2016• www.botanicaladulterants.org English • www.botanicaladulterants.org Dr. Bronner’s Magic Soaps Nu Skin Enterprises/Pharmanex Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Nutrition Industry: European Executive grape, wine1 grape 2 DSM Nutritional Products, Inc. Nutritional Laboratories International Oriental Medicine Nutritional ChineseOutlook: Pu tao ( 葡萄) Improve the grounds, increase water conservation efforts was added in the early 1950s, has found new life as the center planting, growing, gathering, and preparing food and medi- BotanicalEmerson Adulterants Ecologics Pacific PreventionNutritional Inc. Personalized Lifestyle Medicine Institute Virgo Publishing • Enzymatic Therapy, Inc. Paragon Laboratories Society of Medicinal Plant and Natural Vitamin RetailerFrench: Raisin Ethical Naturals, Inc. Pathway International Pty Limited Product Research Whole FoodsGerman Magazine: Traube, Weintraube Eu Yan Sang International Perrigo Company Colleges/Universities Law Firms Italian: Uva Skullcap Scutellaria lateriflora EuroMed Pharmatoka SAS Bastyr University Amin Talati, LLC Photo ©2016 Steven Foster Bulletins EuroMedicaon bilberryPharmavite, extract, LLC grapeBoucher Institute of Naturopathic GreenbergSpanish Traurig,: Uva LLP (James EuroPharma Pure Encapsulations Medicine Prochnow) of ABC’s shipping and receiving activities. cine grown right in our own backyard.” 1.3 Accepted Latin binomial: Vitis vinifera (including updating ABC’s 20-year-old rainwater collection Flavex Naturextrakte GmbH Rainbow Light Nutritional Systems National College of Natural Medicine Law Office of Holly Bayne, P.C. 2 FoodState/MegaFood RFI Ingredients, LLC Southwest College of Naturopathic Robert Forbes1.4 Synonyms: & Associates Cissus vinifera3,4 Fruit d’Or Sabinsa Corporation Medicine 1.5 Botanical family seed extract,Gaia Herbs and skullcap.Schwabe North America University of Bridgeport College of Contract Research Organizations: Vitaceae on Adulteration of 1.6 Plant part and extract production method: The seeds of Gencor Nutrients, Inc. Shaklee Corp Naturopathic Medicine KGK Synergizegrapes, obtained as a by-product from the juice or wine industry, Grape are used fresh, or more commonly dried,Skullcap to produce a liquid extract Vitis vinifera GNC, Inc. Standard Process, Inc. Third-Party Analytical Laboratories Medicus Research Photo ©2016 Steven Foster Over the last 20 years, not only has ABC expanded, adding Former ABC employee and herbalist Nicole Telkes also using a solvent (e.g., water, or mixtures of water with ethanol or acetone), which is filtered, and may be subjected to further system), and enhance the garden-classroom environment. Helios Corp. Thorne Research,Grape Seed Extract Inc. - Botanical Adulterants Bulletin Alkemists Laboratories By Stefan Gafner, PhD processing before it is typically spray-driedAmerican to obtain Botanical a dry Council,extract*and containing PO Mark Box Blumenthal 144345, high levels Austin, of naturally TX 78714 occurring grape seed Herb Pharm Traditional Medicinals, Inc. Authen Technologies LLC Other phenolic compounds. • April 2016 *Corresponding author: Herbalife International, Inc. Triarco Industries, Inc. Bent Creek• www.botanicaladulterants.org Institute Shanghai Research Center for email Horphag Research Unigen 1 British Columbia Institute of Technology TCM Modernization

Indena USA, Inc. Valensa International ChromaDex Institute ofGrape Materia Seed Extract Medica - Botanical of Keywords: Adulterants Bulletin Scutellaria lateriflora • Nutritional Outlook Grape Seed Extract - Botanicaltion Adulterants Bulletin Linnea namesV.D.F. FutureCeuticals BAPPCovance Laboratoriesone the Chinese Academy of Sciences , skullcap herb, adulterant, adultera new programs and staff, but so have the offerings of the finds educational value in the demonstration gardens, and Markan Global Enterprises, Inc. Verdure Sciences Eurofins Scientific Inc. • April 2016 - Goal: The goal of this bulletin • is April to provide 2016• timely www.botanicaladulterants.org information and/or • www.botanicaladulterants.org Martin Bauer, Inc. Vitamin Shoppe Flora Research Labs updates on issues of 1adulteration of Scutellaria lateriflora to the interna tional herbal products industry and extended natural products commu nity in general. It is intended to complement the previously published And so much more of the necessary improvements that will works regarding skullcap adulteration, e.g., the American Herbal Phar - • - of its “Best of 2016” award winners. macopoeia Skullcap Monograph published by Upton et al. cle by Foster in HerbalGram - of adulteration, the market situation,,2 by presenting and consequences new data onfor the the1 and occurrence consumer the arti homestead, particularly in regard to its sustainability. These she holds classes for her Wildflower School of Botanical and the industry. - 1 General Information 1.1 Common name : Skullcap 3 help make ABC more productive and better able to achieve its 1.2 Other common names: English: Blue skullcap, helmet flower, hoodwort, European or greater improvements include a separate annex building for meetings Medicine on the ABC campus. “The Case Mill Home- • ABC’s 2.5-acre headquarters and herbal skullcap, Quaker bonnet, mad-dog skullcap, mad weed, scullcap, Virginia skullcap4

French: Scutellaire, scutellaire latériflore, scutellaire de Virginie, toque, toque casquée 5 nonprofit educational mission for the next 30 years. demonstration gardens are certified by the German: Helmkraut, seitenblütiges Helmkraut 5 Italian: Scutellaria and a small library; a greenhouse; and a rainwater collection stead is a beautiful and welcoming space full of medicinal

Spanish: Escutelaria, escutelaria de Virginia 1.3 Accepted Latin binomial: Scutellaria lateriflora Case Mill Homestead aerial image ©2018 StudioVista. National Wildlife Federation’s Garden for 1.4 Synonyms: Cassida 6,7 lateriflora ; Scutellaria 1.5 Botanical Family polybotrya6,7 : Lamiaceae (formerly Labiatae) system, a vital addition that helps sustain the gardens. The themed gardens that are an important teaching tool for my 1.6 Plant part and form: The flowering aerial parts of S. lateriflora are used fresh, or dried as an infusion, as a tincture, or in the form of a fluid extract. dried aboveground flowering parts.1 Suggested daily dosages vary, depending on the author, and correspond to 0.25-12 g of Wildlife program. 1,8,9

Skullcap - Botanical Adulterants Bulletin Skullcap - Botanical Adulterants Bulletin • April 2016 greenhouse nurtures seedlings for the organization’s gardens students,” said Telkes. “We are so lucky that ABC is preserv- • April 2016• www.botanicaladulterants.org 1 • www.botanicaladulterants.org • ABC launches Herbal MediaWatch, an 1 and annual HerbDay plant sale and, in winter, houses its ing the space as a historical and cultural marker in East online news feed. HOW CAN YOU HELP? collection of tropical plants, many of which were donated Austin.” by the US Botanic Garden in Washington, DC. Surround- The learning continues when these plants are harvested Companies and individuals are invited to participate in the ing the main building are medicinal- and culinary-themed and brought inside. ABC’s large kitchen hosts many teach- Moving Forward gardens, including Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medi- able moments when Perez and ABC Education Assistant • Blumenthal receives the Society for Ethnopharmacology-India’s Capital Campaign to restore and improve ABC’s beloved homestead. cine gardens that flank the northeast side of the property and Caroline Caswell process the plants. Interns are given the Outstanding International Ethnopharmacologist Award for 2017. with Another To learn more about these upcoming efforts, please visit ABC’s website at: a Sacred Seeds native plant garden with a small pond next to it opportunity to roll up their sleeves, spend time outside in • ABC makes The Identification of Medicinal Plants: A Handbook 30 Years of that is surrounded by memorial plantings to honor the legacy the subtropical Texas heat, and work with the plants in of the Morphology of Botanicals in Commerce available as an online Excellence and of loved ones. the ground. Then, they troop into the kitchen and receive member benefit. Integrity in www.abc.herbalgram.org/capital These exquisite features of ABC’s headquarters have served hands-on instruction on how to make medicated oils, • Bethany Davis, Richard Kingston, PharmD, and Holly Shimizu Herbal Research You can also contact Denise Meikel, ABC’s Development Director, as an educational resource for thousands of people, includ- extracts, infusions, honeys, vinegars, and more from these join the ABC Board of Trustees. ing members of the public, who are welcome to tour materials — natural remedies in almost every form. and Education at [email protected] for more information. * The pine used for the floors was harvested from a group of pine trees near Bastrop, Texas, about 25 miles east of the Case Mill Homestead. The “Lost Pines” of Bastrop are a 13-mile belt of loblolly pines (Pinus taeda, Pinaceae) that are closely genetically related to a large expanse of 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 pine trees 100 miles to the east in the Piney Woods region that covers much of East Texas and parts of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma.

www.herbalgram.org • 2018 • I SSUE 120 • 17 ABC NEWS Join more than 200 responsible companies, laboratories, nonprofits, trade associations, media outlets, and others in the international herb and natural products/natural medicine community. In the spring especially, the kitchen ABC Founder and Executive Director is overrun with plant life (and a few Mark Blumenthal on the porch of the Become a valued underwriter of the ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants insects). A nook by the back door of Case Mill Homestead. Prevention Program, a multi-year, supply chain integrity program providing the main building holds drying racks regional, national, and international education about accidental and intentional adulteration of botanical materials and extracts on an international scale. redolent with the fragrances of lavender speakers, both on HerbDay and at For more details on joining the program, and access to the free publications produced to date, please see www.botanicaladulterants.org (Lavandula × intermedia, Lamiaceae) other times throughout the year.” or contact Denise Meikel at [email protected]. flowers, fennel (Foeniculum vulgare, From its origins in early Texas to Apiaceae) seeds, holy basil (Ocimum the present-day, the historic Case Mill Underwriters, Endorsers, and Supporters of the ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program* tenuiflorum, Lamiaceae) leaves, or any Homestead has stood witness to 165 As of November 2, 2018 Financial Underwriters Metagenics, Inc. Whole Foods Market Hong Kong Baptist University’s number of freshly harvested herbs. For years of history. ABC is proud to be a 21st Century Healthcare Mountain Rose Herbs XYMOGEN School of Chinese Medicine roots such as ginger (Zingiber officinale, part of this property’s story. AdvoCare International L.P. Natreon, Inc. ZMC-USA Maryland University of Integrative Zingiberaceae) or ashwagandha Agilent Technologies, Inc. Natrol Health “When I first walked onto the prop- Aloecorp, Inc. Natural Alternatives International, Trade Associations National University of Natural (Withania somnifera, Solanaceae), the erty in May 1997 and saw an echi- Amen Clinics Inc. American Herbal Products Medicine hum of a dehydrator fills Perez’s nacea plant in bloom, I knew Amway/Nutrilite Health Institute Natural Factors Nutritional Association (US) Southwest College of Naturopathic office. A cupboard stuffed with Arbonne International Products, Inc./Bioclinic Naturals Australian Self Medication Industry Medicine “When I first walked this would be — and should Arizona Nutritional Supplements Natural Grocers by Vitamin Cottage (Australia) University of Bridgeport College of all sizes of bottles and jars holds be — ABC’s new home,” said Artemis International, Inc. Natural Partners, Inc. Australian Tea Tree Industry Naturopathic Medicine tinctures and glycerites made Atrium Innovations Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd. Association (Australia) onto the property in Blumenthal. “Over the past 20 Aveda Corporation Nature’s Sunshine Products British Herbal Medicine Association Third-Party Analytical onsite, and an antique case stores years, I’ve always been grateful Beachbody, LLC Nature’s Way (UK) Laboratories dried herbs and harvested seeds that we have such a beautiful and BI Nutraceuticals Naturetech Canadian Health Food Association Alkemist Labs May 1997 and saw an Bio-Botanica/Nature’s Answer Naturex, Inc. (Canada) NSF AuthenTechnologies (added for future use. ABC staff enjoy historic location from which to Bioceuticals NBTY, Inc. Complementary Medicines NSF to front of name and the harvest of vibrant red hibis- echinacea plant in bloom, base our international nonprofit Bionorica SE Nektium Pharma SL Australia (Australia) removed LLC) cus (Hibiscus sabdariffa, Malva- Biotropics Malaysia Network Nutrition – IMCD Consumer Healthcare Products Bent Creek Institute research and educational activi- Blackmores New Chapter, Inc. Association (US) BotaniCert (France) ceae) calyces in particular and I knew this would be — ties.” Botanical Liaisons The New Frontier Foundation Council for Responsible Nutrition British Columbia Institute of often partake in freshly steeped The opportunities afforded to Bruker BioSpin Fund of the Greater Cedar Rapids (US) Technology and should be — ABC’s Capsugel Community Foundation Global Curcumin Association (GCA) Creative Accord, LLC herbal iced teas. the organization cannot be quan- Cepham, Inc. Ningbo Greenhealth International Alliance of Dietary/ Eurofins Scientific Inc. Every year, on the first Satur- new home” tified or overstated: The grounds Chemi Nutra Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Food Supplement Associations Flora Research Labs day in May, ABC hosts its CNCA Health Novel Ingredients (IADSA) NSF International offer organically cultivated herbs Complete Phytochemical Solutions NOW Health Group National Animal Supplement PhytoLab (Germany) annual HerbDay celebration for the regional community. and food, a meeting space for ABC’s Austin-based staff and Crila Health Nu Skin Enterprises/Pharmanex Council (US) Spectrix Labs People are invited to explore the grounds, participate in a Designs for Health Nutraceutical Corp Natural Astaxanthin Association Tampa Bay Analytical other herb organizations, and an outdoor classroom unlike dicentra, Inc. Nutrition 21 (NAXA) maypole ceremony, and hear talks from Blumenthal and anything else the area has to offer. The gardens and pond Doctor’s Best OmniActive Health Technologies, Natural Products Association (US) Media guest herbalists from around the country. Herb walks make support native Texas flora and fauna, and it is not unusual Dr. Bronner’s Magic Soaps Inc. Natural Health Products New Alive Publishing Group use of the themed gardens to educate visitors about medici- DolCas Biotech, LLC Organic India Zealand (NZ) Delicious Living to see a frog hop along a border of horsetail reed (Equisetum dōTERRA International, LLC Ortho Molecular Products United Natural Products Alliance Engredea nal and culinary plants, and the event includes a large hyemale, Equisetaceae) and into the pond, or a spiny lizard Douglas Laboratories Pacific Nutritional Inc. (US) Holistic Primary Care plant and book sale to encourage interest in and connec- Draco Natural Products Paragon Laboratories IMPACT Health Media, Inc. skitter underneath the shade of a prickly ash tree (Zanthoxy- ECONET, Inc. Pathway International Pty Limited Nonprofit/Professional Informa Exhibitions US tion with herbs and natural healing modalities. HerbDay lum americanum, Rutaceae) to escape the notice of a neigh- Emerson Ecologics Perrigo Company Associations Integrator Blog at ABC, which draws an increasing borhood cat. Enzymatic Therapy, Inc. Pharmatoka SAS Academy of Integrative Health & Media Relations, Inc. Ethical Naturals, Inc. Pharmavite, LLC Medicine Modern Healthcare Practitioner number of attendees every year, has Echinacea Echinacea purpurea ABC celebrates Case Mill’s past Eu Yan Sang International Phoenix Formulations American Association of Natural Foods Merchandiser expanded to include children’s activi- Photo ©2018 Matthew Magruder while looking to the future. Updates to EuroMed PLT Health Solutions, Inc. Naturopathic Physicians Natural Medicine Journal ties, arts and crafts projects, enter- EuroMedica Polyphenolics, Division of American Herbalists Guild Natural Products INSIDER the property will always be made with EuroPharma Constellation Brands, Inc. American Society of Newhope360.com tainment from local musicians, and the goal of extending the life of the Flavex Naturextrakte GmbH Potter’s Pharmacognosy Nutraceuticals World outside vendors sprawled out on the historical building, which is currently Flordis ProThera AOAC International NutraingredientsUSA.com FoodState/MegaFood Pure Encapsulations Council of Colleges of Acupuncture Nutrition Business Journal lawn between the carriage house and in need of restoration and preventa- Fruit d’Or Rainbow Light Nutritional Systems and Oriental Medicine Nutrition Industry Executive greenhouse. Members of the public tive maintenance. Such improvements Gaia Herbs RFI Ingredients, LLC Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia Nutritional Outlook can thus learn more about ABC’s GE Nutrients, Inc. Rosenbush and Zimmerman Family Convention of the United States Vitamin Retailer will help create a more sustainable Ginsana SA Fund Integrative Healthcare Policy WholeFoods Magazine educational mission, history, publica- presence with an emphasis on water Global Health Industries Sabinsa Corporation Consortium tions, and programs. conservation, regenerative agriculture, GNC, Inc. Schwabe North America Irish Register of Herbalists (IRE) Law Firms & Regulatory Healthy Lifestyle Brands, LLC Seroyal National Institute of Medical Consultants “Prior to purchasing the Case and, in the future, solar power; and Helios Corp. SFI Research Herbalists (UK) Amin Talati & Upadhye, LLC Mill Homestead, ABC had no space help further ABC’s nonprofit mission Herb Pharm Shaklee Corp. Natural Health Products Research Greenberg Traurig, LLP (James to offer the public something like Herbalife International, Inc. Soho Flordis International Society of Canada (NHPRS Prochnow) of providing education using science- Horphag Research SOHO Global Health Canada) Law Office of Holly Bayne, P.C. our HerbDay celebration,” said based and traditional information to iHerb Standard Process, Inc. Personalized Lifestyle Medicine Robert Forbes & Associates Gayle Engels, ABC’s special proj- promote the responsible use of herbal Indena USA, Inc. Strategic Sourcing, Inc. Institute Susan Brienza, LLC Indfrag Limited Thorne Research, Inc. Society for Medicinal Plant and Ullman, Shapiro & Ullman, LLP ects director. “Community outreach medicine. Ingredient Identity Tishcon Corp. Natural Product Research (GA) and consumer education are part of International Vitamin Corporation Traditional Medicinals, Inc. US Pharmacopeia (USP) Contract Research Organizations ABC’s mission, and this beautiful Ixoreal Biomed Inc. Trust Transparency Center KGK Synergize —Hannah Bauman Jarrow Formulas TSI Group Colleges/Universities space in the heart of East Austin JDS Therapeutics LLC Unigen Bastyr University Research Institutes has provided us the opportunity to Klaire Labs Univera, Inc. Boucher Institute for Naturopathic Korean Ginseng Research Institute Layn USA, Inc. Valensa International Medicine Shanghai Research Center for TCM welcome visitors who learn from Linnea V.D.F. FutureCeuticals Center for Natural Products Modernization/Shanghai Institute Markan Global Enterprises, Inc. Verdure Sciences Technologies, College of of Materia Medica of the Chinese Martin Bauer, Inc. Vitamin Shoppe Pharmacy, University of Illinois- Academy of Sciences MediHerb / Integria Healthcare VitaQuest International Chicago 18 • I SSUE 120 • 2018 • www.herbalgram.org

*By acknowledging the generous support of these companies and organizations, ABC, AHP, and NCNPR are not endorsing any ingredients or products that may be produced or marketed by them. ABC NEWS ABC NEWS

Blumenthal sees the partnership as an exciting new opportu- notice of this trend and engaging in marketing strategies that ABC Partners with Sustainable Herbs Program to Promote nity for ABC as it observes its 30th anniversary. “As an educa- emphasize their commitment to better business practices for tional nonprofit organization, ABC has a long history of inter- the people and the planet. Business, Consumer Consciousness est in and coverage of important topics related to medicinal Blumenthal added: “We’re inviting people from all over The American Botanical Council (ABC) has partnered with the Sustainable Herbs Program (SHP) as part of and aromatic plant (MAP) conservation and sustainability,” he the herb community to collaborate with us. SHP is designed ABC’s ongoing commitment to conservation education. The SHP website is being developed as a new educational said. “We have published numerous articles dealing with such to invite and promote responsible information on herb resource for the international herb and medicinal plant communities. subjects in ABC’s peer-reviewed publications, one of the most sustainability from many sectors of the herb and medicinal salient being our 2009 cover story in HerbalGram issue 81 on plant communities in all parts of the globe.” SHP was founded in 2015 as diverse audience than was possi- the effects of climate change on the future of MAPs around As of October 31, 2018, there were 17 Inaugural Underwrit- the Sustainable Herbs Project by ble on our own. The first time the globe — an underreported topic in herbal medicine and ers that represent leading stakeholders in the herbal supple- Ann Armbrecht, PhD, an anthro- I heard about [herbal medicine botany publications at the time. ment industry. These underwriters include botanical ingredi- pologist and author who became sustainability] was at a workshop “In addition to focusing on supply chain sustainability, SHP ent suppliers, branded product manufacturers, and a leading interested in herbal healing after called ‘Sustainable Herbalism’ will also provide herb businesses access to resources to become dietary supplement trade association. ABC and SHP are grate- conducting research in Nepal taught by longtime ABC Board more sustainable in their warehousing, processing, and admin- ful to these companies for their generous and timely support: for her doctorate. Along with of Trustees member Steven Foster. istrative operations,” Blumenthal continued. “This is part of • Ingredient suppliers: Applied Food Sciences, Euromed, her husband, Terrence Youk, That workshop planted the seed our ‘education and inspiration’ goal. We want to inspire and Armbrecht produced the award- that eventually led me to create Indena, RFI, Valensa, and Verdure Sciences stimulate more awareness of sustainable activities in the herb • Herbal product manufacturers: doTerra, EuroPharma/ winning documentary “Numen: the Sustainable Herbs Project, and industry at all levels of operation.” The Nature of Plants,” which it is an honor to now have the Terry Naturally, FoodState/MegaFood, Gaia Herbs, At a time of increasing herbal supplement sales, discerning HumanN, Nature’s Way, New Chapter, NOW Foods, celebrates the healing power opportunity to work with Steven consumers demand more from their products, including social of plants and traditional West- Foster and others at ABC.” Standard Process, and Thorne empowerment efforts, organic and sustainable harvesting, • Industry organization: United Natural Products Alliance ern herbalism. While producing “Numen,” Armbrecht SHP’s website is a valuable resource for consumers, herb- regenerative farming practices, and supply chain transparency. perceived a disconnect between the growth of the herbal alists, manufacturers, and others in the herbal healing Younger generations of consumers in particular are respond- More information on the Sustainable Herbs Program can be supplement industry in the United States and the belief community. The many videos are particularly compelling. ing positively to companies they perceive as responsible, trust- found at www.sustainableherbsprogram.com. that natural medicine can heal both people and the Earth. Ranging from one to 15 minutes long, these short videos worthy, and environmentally conscious. Companies are taking After a successful Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign offer an in-depth look at the multifaceted issues that face that raised more than $65,000 (surpassing the original the herb industry and touch on quality and sustainability, goal of $54,000), she launched the Sustainable Herbs Proj- raw material processing, quality control and testing, and the ect, a multimedia website that follows medicinal plants wild-harvest of medicinal plants. Armbrecht interviewed AND ARE GRATEFUL FOR THESE INAUGURAL UNDERWRITERS: through the supply chain from farm to shelf. international experts and professionals from many differ- ABC SHP Inaugural supporters as of November 5, 2018 Armbrecht said: “It is difficult to see the impacts of ent companies, including Josef Brinckmann of Traditional producing most of the products on which we depend. I Medicinals and Sebastian Pole of the United Kingdom- created the Sustainable Herbs Project to tell the stories of based Pukka Herbs, about the challenges and rewards of the people and places behind the herbal remedies on the fostering economic, social, and environmental sustainability. shelf in order to see those impacts. My goal in sharing According to Foster, who is also an author and photogra- these stories is to launch a consumer movement support- pher, the partnership comes at a crucial point for the herbal ing high-quality herbal remedies, sustainable and ethical medicine industry’s growth and development. “The SHP, sourcing, and greater transparency” (email, October 31, with stewardship enhanced and strengthened by partner- 2018). ing with ABC, creates the opportunity to develop more The increased interest in and awareness of sustainable awareness and action around the simple question: ‘Where sourcing is intended to benefit parties involved in every do herbs come from?’” he said (email, October 30, 2018). step along the supply chain, from growers to businesses to “During this critical time of imperiled biodiversity, the SHP consumers. website and its rich multimedia content will help create ABC Founder and Executive Director Mark Blumenthal more mindfulness on botanical sustainability issues from said: “ABC is profoundly grateful to Dr. Ann Armbrecht the collector to the consumer.” for her initiative to create and foster the initial ‘Sustain- Disseminating information on vitally important able Herbs Project’ website. We also appreciate that she issues such as conservation, regenerative agriculture, and chose to partner with ABC. Our new partnership intends sustainability for the herb industry is a natural exten- to energize and take the renamed ‘Sustainable Herbs sion of ABC’s existing educational mission. In 2018, Program’ to a new level of educational and inspirational ABC expanded the scope of its conservation education engagement with the global medicinal plant community.” efforts and reported on goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis, Armbrecht and ABC are sharing the responsibilities of Ranunculaceae) conservation issues in eastern North Amer- developing new educational content and maintaining the ica, Indian kino (Pterocarpus marsupium, Fabaceae) tree program’s website. ABC also has taken on responsibilities reforestation in India, the state of ayahuasca (Banisteriopsis related to development, fundraising, and marketing. caapi, Malpighiaceae) wild-harvesting and cultivation in the “ABC brings a depth of experience and expertise to Peruvian Amazon, and the growing popularity of B Corpo- our exploration of these issues,” Armbrecht said, “and ration third-party certification among major companies in this partnership will allow us to reach a larger and more the herb industry.

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Adoptions by Valensa and Natac Support ABC’s Adopt-an-Herb Program The American Botanical Council (ABC) welcomes Valensa and Natac’s adoptions of saw palmetto (Serenoa repens, Arecaceae) and grape (Vitis vinifera, Vitaceae), respectively, through ABC’s Adopt-an-Herb botanical education program. Their adoptions support ABC’s extensive HerbMedPro database, ensuring that this essential educational resource remains up to date for researchers, health professionals, industry members, students, consum- ers, and other members of the herbal and dietary supplements and natural medicine communities. HerbMedPro is a compre- hensive, interactive online database that provides access to important scientific and clinical research data on the uses and health effects of more than 250 herbs, spices, and medicinal plants. About Saw Palmetto Saw palmetto is the only member of the genus Serenoa Valensa Adopts Saw Palmetto and the most common palm in the United States, where it “Saw palmetto is an important botanical with extensive is endemic to coastal states from South Carolina to Loui- scientific and clinical literature supporting its use,” wrote siana and occurs in every county in Florida. It is a hardy Umasudhan C.P., president and CEO of Valensa. “Specifi- perennial that usually is found as a two-to-seven-foot shrub, cally, the oil from the ripe saw palmetto berry is extracted but can grow as a tree up to 25 feet tall, depending on the to obtain a nutraceutical that has proven benefits in the habitat. management of lower urinary tract symptoms associated As a shrub, it is more common in scrublands. As a tree, it with an enlarged prostate. is more common in uplands and maritime hammocks (i.e., “Valensa is committed to creating the highest quality, narrow bands of forest that develop on stabilized backdunes effective nutraceuticals, and is proud to be a world leader of barrier islands). The species is considered a survivor in producing saw palmetto extract, obtained using our species due to its ability to recover quickly from fire. sustainable wild-harvest practices and clean supercritical The plant’s petioles (which bear the rounded, palmate, CO2 extraction process,” Umasudhan continued. “ABC or fan-shaped, leaves that each include about 20 leaflets) is providing a valuable service by helping industry and are lined with sharp spines or teeth, hence the common consumers access scientifically accurate and relevant infor- name “saw.” “Palmetto” is a Spanish derivative that owes to mation regarding the efficacy of saw palmetto and the qual- the plant’s small size. The species name repens is Latin for ity differences that can exist in marketed “creeping” or “prostrate.” products.” The stems usually are subterranean Saw palmetto dietary supplements Saw palmetto Serenoa repens or prostrate. By using estimates of their ranked 11th in total sales in natural Photo ©2018 Steven Foster growth rate, researchers have deter- health food stores in the United States mined that some plants may be as old as in 2017 and 14th in the mainstream 500 to 700 years. The fragrant, yellow- retail channel, according to ABC’s ish-white, insect-pollinated flowers are HerbalGram Herb Market Report for followed by the fruits (drupes) that 2017. Retail sales for saw palmetto ripen from September through October. supplements in these two market chan- Many migrant harvesters in Florida rely nels totaled almost $30 million in 2017. on the fruits for income between tomato Mark Blumenthal, founder and exec- (Solanum lycopersicum, Solanaceae) and utive director of ABC, said: “ABC is citrus (Citrus spp., Rutaceae) seasons. deeply grateful to our good friends Saw palmetto fruit extracts contain at Valensa for their adoption of saw fatty acids and phytosterols and are palmetto on ABC’s HerbMedPro data- popular for addressing symptoms of base. Valensa’s adoption allows ABC benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), to be able to provide its members with up-to-date information on this economically important medicinal plant.”

22 • I SSUE 120 • 2018 • www.herbalgram.org ABC NEWS

including urinary problems. These extracts may have anti- Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services’ list of androgenic, anti-edema, anti-exudative, anti-inflamma- commercially exploited plants. As of July 2018, harvesters tory, and anti-proliferative effects. must have a Native Plant Harvesting Permit to harvest saw In Florida, saw palmetto was an important food source palmetto fruit on public or private land. for pre-Columbian peoples, the later Seminole and Micco- sukee tribes, and settlers like the Spanish. Remains of saw About Valensa palmetto, sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera, Polygonaceae), and Established in 1999 and headquartered in Eustis, Flor- cocoplum (Chrysobalanus icaco, Chrysobalanaceae) are ida, Valensa is a science-based discoverer, developer, and all common at archaeological sites across Florida. Native provider of “innovative, nature-based product formu- Americans also used saw palmetto fruits medicinally, lations for human health,” according to its website. It including as a diuretic and for prostate problems. Settlers specializes in condition-specific formulations that use used the fruits to make soft drinks as late as the early microalgae, botanicals, and compounds that appear to 1900s. Various plant parts have been used as a source of have specific health benefits. The company focuses on fiber, oil, wax, roof thatch, paper, and cork substitute. nutraceutical supplements, functional foods, general nutri- Saw palmetto also is ecologically important. It provides tion, functional cosmetic ingredients, and pharmaceutical cover for various animals, including the threatened Flor- formulations. It also supports sustainable harvesting prac- ida scrub jay and grasshopper sparrow. The fruit provides tices, environmentally friendly manufacturing technolo- food for white-tailed deer, foxes, gopher tortoises, black gies, and fair labor practices for people who are involved bears, and other animals. In addition, bees use the nectar in the production process. to make honey. According to the Florida Farm Bureau, “widespread Natac Adopts Grape gathering of [saw palmetto] berries is depleting a wildlife “Grape is one of our core products as a specialist in food source and threatening the stability of some ecosys- Mediterranean extracts,” wrote Antonio Delgado, CEO of tems.” As such, saw palmetto has been added to the Florida Natac. “Furthermore, we have a deep commitment to the scientific world and have invested significant resources to study this ingredient and its bioactive principles. The next natural step is to make the knowledge of this excellent source of health benefits available to the scientific commu- 30 years nity and general public. Nobody can do that better than of expertise ABC through its outstanding Adopt-an-Herb program. in phytochemical “Even though grape has been present in the market for a long time,” Delgado continued, “consumers know only a reference fraction of its potential benefits. Thanks to Natac’s adop- substances tion, and given the veracity and proven reputation of ABC, we are confident that knowledge of grape’s beneficial activ- ities will spread.” Blumenthal said: “ABC is grateful to Natac for its adop- tion of grape on ABC’s powerful HerbMedPro database. As with its previous adoption of olive, Natac continues to support ABC’s unique nonprofit educational mission by providing much-appreciated funding to update and main- tain the scientific and clinical research on grape and its numerous preparations and their health-promoting prop- erties.” About Grape Grape is the fruit

© Fotolia/lapis2380 Broccoli – Glucoraphanin (berry) of woody vines in the genus Vitis, Root, Leaf, or Flower? www.extrasynthese.us which includes about 70 species that are interfertile (capable Distributed in the USA of interbreeding). Of and CANADA these, Vitis vinifera, by ALKEMIST LABS commonly called the European wine grape

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or common grape, is the most at Sagalassos, an archeological site in significant. With branched tendrils Grape Vitis vinifera Turkey, which indicates that the plant Photo ©2018 Steven Foster (threadlike appendages that coil was part of the inhabitants’ diets. BAPP Publishes Botanical Adulterants Prevention Bulletin on around support), the species can climb to treetops or grow hori- About Natac Maca Root and Laboratory Guidance Document on Tea Tree Oil zontally across low-growing plants. Based in Madrid, Spain, Natac was The ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program (BAPP) has released two new publications: If unpruned, it can grow up to established in 2010 and researches, a Botanical Adulterants Prevention Bulletin on maca (Lepidium meyenii syn. L. peruvianum, Brassicaceae) root* 60 feet long, but plants grown develops, manufactures, and markets and root extract and a Laboratory Guidance Document (LGD) on tea tree oil, the essential oil obtained from the for grape production usually are natural ingredients for use in food leaves of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia and M. linariifolia, Myrtaceae). pruned to about three to nine feet supplements and functional foods, as long. The small, greenish flow- well as natural pharmaceutical ingre- Maca Bulletin Describes Undeclared Addition ers give way to big, sweet, brightly dients, primarily plant extracts and of Flours from Corn, Wheat, or Yam colored fruits that attract birds and functional lipids. Natac’s sustainable Maca roots have been cultivated in the Peruvian Andes other animals, which then disperse business model involves building and for thousands of years as a nutritious food, and have a the seeds. maintaining relationships with farmers, history of use as a medicine to enhance fertility, to provide Vitis vinifera is native to south- large food companies, and others, and energy, and for their effects on mood and well-being. western Asia and adjacent Europe this allows the company to offer ingre- The use of maca as a dietary supplement is relatively and reportedly was one of the first dients from different regions, espe- recent. It was a little-known ingredient in the United domesticated fruit crops, along cially grape- and olive-derived extracts. States market before 2000, but retail sales have started to with date palm (Phoenix dacty- According to the company, “the inte- increase over the last decade. US retail sales exceeded a grown in China from roots smuggled out of Peru. This lifera, Arecaceae), fig (Ficus spp., gration of different processes, technolo- total of $15 million in the natural and mainstream retail has caused uncertainty about supply volume and pric- Moraceae), olive (Olea europaea, gies, and equipment into an unparal- channels in 2017, according to HerbalGram’s 2017 Herb ing. At the same time, published reports have highlighted Oleaceae), and pomegranate (Punica granatum, Lythra- leled synergy” enables it to control the cycle from the farmer Market Report. Maca ranked eighth in the natural chan- the undeclared dilution of maca root powders with flours ceae). Today, there are an estimated 10,000 cultivated vari- to the finished product. nel and 36th in the mainstream channel. from corn (Zea mays, Poaceae), wheat (Triticum aestivum, eties of this species, which is the source of more than 90% Though maca is native to the Andes, its popularity in Poaceae), or yam (Dioscorea spp., Dioscoreaceae). As with of the global production of grapes. Grapes of V. vinifera are About Adopt-an-Herb and HerbMedPro the past few years, especially in Asian countries as a means other herbal ingredients marketed to boost sexual stamina, used mostly for making wine but also as fresh fruit or dried Valensa and Natac are among the 57 companies that have to enhance sexual stamina, has led to large amounts being there is also evidence of the illegal sale of conventional as raisins, currants (not to be confused with the fruits of the supported ABC’s educational efforts to collect, organize, currant plant [Ribes spp., Grossulariaceae]), and sultanas. and disseminate reliable, traditional, and science-based * Technically, in the case of maca, the plant part used is a tuber consisting of the root and the hypocotyl, the stem of a germi- Vitis vinifera has been used medicinally for millennia. information, including clinical studies, on herbs, medici- nating seed just above the root. The ancient Egyptians reportedly made use of the antisep- nal plants, and other botanical- and fungal-based ingredi- tic properties of wine. In the first century, Greek physician ents through the Adopt-an-Herb program. This program Dioscorides noted that the leaves and tendrils could be used encourages companies, organizations, and individuals to as a poultice for headaches and had cooling and astringent “adopt” one or more specific herbs for inclusion and ongo- properties. Much later, 18th-century Swedish botanist Carl ing maintenance in the HerbMedPro database. To date, 63 Linnaeus noted that the leaves were used to treat strangu- herbs have been adopted. Adulteration of ria (slow, painful urination) and tussis (cough). In addition, Each adopted herb is continuously researched for new both the fruit and seed contain polyphenolic compounds scientific articles and pharmacological, toxicological, and Maca (Lepidium meyenii) a a that have beneficial antioxidant activities. clinical studies, ensuring that its HerbMedPro record stays By Jeremy Stewart, PhD, and Bill Chioffi Archaeological evidence from Gadachrili Gora, a Stone current and robust. Access to the studies is conveniently aGaia Herbs, 101 Gaia Herb Drive, Brevard, NC 28712 Correspondence: email Age village near Tbilisi, Georgia, indicates that people who organized by publication type, with each study condensed Citation (JAMA style): Stewart J, Chioffi B. Adulteration of maca (Lepidium meyenii). Botanical Adulterants Preven- tion Bulletin. Austin, TX: ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical lived there were the world’s earliest known winemakers and to a one-sentence summary with a link to the study’s official Adulterants Prevention Program; 2018. produced wine on a large scale as early as 6000 BCE. In abstract on PubMed (the US National Library of Medicine’s Keywords: Lepidium meyenii, maca root, adulterant, adulteration

addition, impressions of actual vine leaves on the bases of free-access database) or other publicly accessible database. Goal: The goal of this bulletin is to provide timely infor- mation and/or updates on issues of adulteration of maca Maca Lepidium meyenii Photo ©2018 Steven Foster (Lepidium meyenii, Brassicaceae) to the international herbal ceramic pots (often created when prehistoric Greek potters HerbMedPro is available to ABC members at the industry and extended natural products and natural health communities in general. 1.5 Botanical family: Brassicaceae stood the pots on mats of leaves to dry before firing) provide Academic level and higher. Its “sister” site, HerbMed, is 1. General Information 1.6 Plant part, form and production method: evidence of grape’s use in places like the Cyclades islands available to the general public at no cost, with access to 1.1 Common name: Maca1,2 The Government of Peru has published national techni- 1.2 Other common names: cal standards that define the raw material, the processed forms and processing methods:5-7 玛卡 黑卡 黑玛 Chinese: Ma ka ( ); hei ka ( ), or hei ma ka ( • NTP 011.180:2011 – Dried maca, requirements and southern Crete in the Early Bronze Age (ca. 3000 BCE 25-30 herb records from the larger HerbMedPro database. 卡 （黄卡 ) for black maca; huang ka ), or huang • NTP 011.181:2014 – Toasted flour of maca – 黄玛卡 ma ka ( ) for yellow maca requirements to 2400 BCE). In keeping with ABC’s position as an independent research French: Maca • NTP 011.182:2014 – Gelatanized flour of maca – The Epic of Gilgamesh (ca. 2100 BCE), an epic poem and education organization, herb adopters do not influence German: Maca requirements Italian: Maca Drafts of Peruvian national standards for three addi- Quechua: Ayakwillku. Other names used in Peru: Maka, tional processed forms (crude flour, liquor, and nectar) are from ancient Mesopotamia, reportedly includes the earli- the scientific information that is compiled for their respec- maca-maca, maino, ayak, chichira, ayak willku, expected to be published.8 huto–huto3,4 Whole hypocotyls and roots are field dried and sepa- rated according to size and color. The material is ground 1 est known written accounts of winemaking. Furthermore, tive adopted herbs. Spanish: Maca and left as is, “raw” or can be “gelatinized” using water, Swedish: Maca1 temperature, and pressure, and then further processed into excavations of the Uluburun shipwreck, a Late Bronze Age powder. According to one supplier, maca is also offered 1.3 Accepted Latin binomial: Lepidium meyenii Walp. cut into large pieces for further processing (R. Das [BI Nutraceuticals] email communication, October 17, 2017). shipwreck that was discovered off the Mediterranean coast —ABC Staff 1.4 Synonyms: Lepidium peruvianum G.Chacón,1 Lepid- Extracts are offered as liquid extracts (hydroethanolic ium affine Wedd., Lepidium gelidum Wedd., Lepidium extracts, dry extracts dissolved or suspended in glycerin- of present-day Turkey, yielded V. vinifera remains among weddellii O.E.Schulz4 water mixtures) or dry extracts plated onto a suitable starch base, such as maltodextrin or acacia gum (Acacia the cargo. Remains of V. vinifera from the fifth to seventh Maca Lepidium meyenii Lepidium meyenii - Botanical Adulterants Prevention Bulletin • September 2018 • www.botanicaladulterants.org Lepidium meyenii - Botanical Adulterants Prevention Bulletin • September 2018 • www.botanicaladulterants.org Photo ©2018 Steven Foster 1 centuries also have been excavated from Roman latrines 1

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sexual enhancement drugs (e.g., sildenafil) masquerading The goal of the Botanical Adulterants Prevention Bulle- protect companies and consumers from being victimized by To date, the program has published 45 peer-reviewed as maca dietary supplements. tins is to provide accounts of ongoing issues related to sellers of fraudulent material.” articles, Botanical Adulterants Prevention Bulletins, LGDs, The maca bulletin was authored by Jeremy Stewart, botanical identity and adulteration, thus allowing quality Gafner commented: “Essential oils have a long history and Botanical Adulterants Monitor e-newsletters. All of the PhD, vice president of scientific affairs at herbal products control personnel and lab technicians in the herbal medi- of being adulterated. As unethical suppliers become more program’s publications are freely available on the program’s manufacturer Gaia Herbs (Brevard, North Carolina), and cine, botanical ingredient, dietary supplement, cosmetic, sophisticated in their ways of substituting essential oils with website. Bill Chioffi, former vice president of global sourcing and herbal tea, conventional food, and other industries where lower-cost materials, companies that manufacture products sustainability at Gaia Herbs. It summarizes the published botanical ingredients are used to be informed about adul- with ingredients such as tea tree oil need the right tools to —ABC Staff data on maca adulteration, details supply chain issues and teration problems that are apparently widespread and/or detect potential adulteration. I hope that the tea tree oil their consequences for the maca market, and discusses imply safety concerns. LGD will be a useful contribution in helping companies maca’s market importance. It also includes a short section select the best methods for the task at hand.” Reference on analytical methods to detect adulteration. Fifteen qual- LGD Assesses Strengths and Limitations of Lab BAPP’s LGDs identify the most suitable analytical 1. Brown J. Tea tree industry fights to keep its oil classified as a ity control experts from academia and the herb industry in Methods to Verify Authenticity of Tea Tree Oil methods for detection of certain adulterants and authen- therapeutic good, not an aromatherapy product. The Land. the United States and Europe provided input on the bulle- Tea tree oil is a popular ingredient known for its antimi- tication of specific botanical materials in various forms Published April 19, 2018. Available at: www.theland.com. tin during the peer-review process. crobial properties. Medicinally, it is widely used as a topi- (whole, cut, powdered raw materials, extracts, juices, au/story/5349698/threat-to-tea-tree-oil-industry. Accessed September 15, 2018. “Maca is an example of a formerly obscure herb that has cal treatment for minor cuts, wounds, and other skin prob- and/or essential oils). Positive assessments of analytical enjoyed recent popularity, and with this increased demand, lems, and as an inhalant or in chest rub formulations to methods are based on a thor- unscrupulous suppliers have tried to take advantage of help alleviate symptoms of the common cold. In addition, ough review of available meth- Tea tree Melaleuca alternifolia consumers by offering maca material adulterated with it frequently is included as an ingredient in animal care, ods from official compendia Photo ©2018 Steven Foster undisclosed lower-cost ingredients,” said Mark Blumenthal, home care, personal care, and cosmetic products. Australia and the peer-reviewed scientific founder and executive director of ABC and the director of is the major producer of tea tree oil, providing an estimated literature, and sometimes those BAPP. “We are deeply grateful to our friends at Gaia Herbs 80% of the global supply. In 2018, Australian tea tree oil provided by botanical ingredi- for their compilation of published data and technical infor- exports reached a market value of AU$35 million (roughly ent suppliers, manufacturing mation for the maca bulletin.” US$21 million).1 companies, and independent Stefan Gafner, PhD, chief science officer of ABC and Due to the relatively high cost of authentic tea tree oil, third-party analytical laborato- technical director of BAPP, commented: “The adulteration some suppliers substitute materials labeled to contain tea ries. The guidance is intended of maca root, or any botanical ingredient, with undisclosed tree oil with lower-cost adulterants. Tea tree oil adulter- for quality control personnel lower-cost material is unacceptable. It is our hope that these ants include monoterpene-rich materials obtained from the in the herbal medicine, botani- issues will altogether disappear once the supply chain has industrial waste stream after the purification of camphor cal ingredient, dietary supple- stabilized. Nevertheless, maca dietary supplement manu- (Cinnamomum camphora, Lauraceae), eucalyptus (Eucalyp- ment, conventional food, and facturers should be aware of the potential authenticity issues tus globulus and other Eucalyptus spp., Myrtaceae), and pine cosmetic industry sectors. that can occur.” (Pinus spp., Pinaceae) essential oils. Tea tree oil also can be adulterated by adding pure chemical compounds that origi- About the ABC-AHP- nate from fermentation, chemical synthesis, or other plant NCNPR Botanical materials. Adulterants Prevention Common analytical assays to evaluate the identity of Program essential oils include organoleptic (sensory) evaluations, The ABC-American Herbal Tea Tree Oil physicochemical tests, and chemical methods. The main Pharmacopoeia (AHP)- advantages and disadvantages of each analytical method National Center for Natural Laboratory and their usefulness to detect tea tree oil adulteration have Products Research (NCNPR) Guidance been summarized by Gafner and Ashley Dowell, manager Botanical Adulterants Preven- Document of the Analytical Research Laboratory at Southern Cross tion Program is an international By Stefan Gafner, PhDa* and Ashley Dowellb aAmerican Botanical Council, PO Box 144345, Austin, TX 78714 bSouthern Cross University, Military Road, East Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia University (East Lismore, New South Wales, Australia). consortium of nonprofit profes- Tea Tree Melaleuca alternifolia *Corresponding author: email Photo ©2018 Down Under Enterprises In addition to the assessment of analytical methods, the sional organizations, analytical Citation (JAMA style): Gafner S, Dowell A. Tea tree oil laboratory guidance document. Austin, TX: ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program. 2018. document details the chemical composition of tea tree oil, laboratories, research centers, Keywords: Adulteration, Eucalyptus globulus, eucalyptus oil, Melaleuca alternifolia, Melaleuca linariifolia, tea tree oil, white camphor oil potential confounding species, and known adulterants. The industry trade associations,

1. Purpose LGD was peer-reviewed by 13 international experts from industry members, and other Tea tree oil (TTO) is the essential oil of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia or M. linariifolia, Myrtaceae). Adulteration of TTO has become more apparent in recent years. Adulteration occurs with single essential oil components (e.g., sabinene third-party contract analytical laboratories and the herbal parties with interest in herbs and from pine oil), waste products derived from other essential oils such as pine (Pinus spp., Pinaceae), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus and other Eucalyptus spp., Myrtaceae), and camphor (Cinnamomum camphora, Lauraceae) oils, or with essential oils from other Melaleuca species and the closely related genus Leptospermum. This Laboratory Guidance Document pres- industry. medicinal plants. The program ents a review of the various analytical technologies used to differentiate between authentic tea tree oil and essential oils containing adulterating materials. This document can be used in conjunction with the Tea Tree Oil Botanical Adulterants Bulletin published by the ABC-AHP-NCNPR Botanical Adulterants Prevention Program in 2017.1 “In the past three decades, tea tree oil has become a advises industry, researchers, 2. Scope significant ingredient in many consumer health prod- health professionals, govern- The various analytical methods were reviewed with the specific purpose of identifying strengths and limitations of the existing methods for differentiating tea tree oil from its potentially adulterating materials. Less emphasis will be given to authenticate whole, cut, or powdered tea tree leaves and distinguish them from potential confounding materials by macro- ucts, particularly topical products used for their antibac- ment agencies, the media, and scopic, microscopic and genetic analysis. Analysts can use this review to help guide the appropriate choice of techniques for qualitative purposes. The suggestion of a specific method for testing TTO materials in their particular matrix in this terial, antifungal, or other beneficial health effects,” said the public about the various Laboratory Guidance Document does not reduce or remove the responsibility of laboratory personnel to demonstrate adequate method performance in their own laboratories using accepted protocols outlined in the United States Food and Drug Administration’s Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) rule (21 CFR Part 111) and those published by AOAC Blumenthal. “The rise in tea tree’s popularity has motivated challenges related to adulter- International, International Organization for Standardization (ISO), World Health Organization (WHO), and Interna- tional Conference on Harmonisation (ICH). unscrupulous suppliers to add cheap, sometimes synthetic ated botanical ingredients sold 3. Common and Scientific Names 3.1 Common name: Tea tree chemicals to materials that are fraudulently marketed as in commerce. More than 200 Note: According to the American Herbal Products Association’s Herbs of Commerce, 2nd ed.,2 the standardized common name of M. alternifolia is tea tree. Melaleuca linariifolia, although rarely used for TTO production, is another accepted source material for TTO according to the ISO,3 but is not listed as such source in the second edition of Herbs of ‘tea tree oil’ in international commerce. The tea tree oil US and international parties Commerce. LGD will help enhance the quality control process and help have financially supported or Tea Tree Oil - Laboratory Guidance Document • 2018 • www.botanicaladulterants.org 1 endorsed the program.

28 • I SSUE 120 • 2018 • www.herbalgram.org www.herbalgram.org • 2018 • I SSUE 120 • 29 Visit us at www.herbalgram.org/adopt Contact Denise Meikel at 512-926-4900 x120 or by email at [email protected] The American Botanical Council’s Adopt-an-Herb Program provides a In addition to ensuring that recently published information on an adopted mutually beneficial opportunity to support ABC’s nonprofit educational efforts herb is up to date on HerbMedPro, another benefit adopters enjoy is being and promote a company’s most important herbs. included among their peers in each issue of ABC’s acclaimed quarterly, peer- Herbal Adopters One of the benefits of supporting the Adopt-an-Herb Program is that it reviewed scientific journal, HerbalGram, on the ABC website, and at scientific, ensures that the most current information on the adopted herb is available medical, and other educational conferences. Press releases also are issued on through ABC’s powerful HerbMedProTM database. new adoptions, bringing attention to the program, the adopted herb, and the HerbMedPro provides online access to abstracts of scientific and clinical adopting company. Each adopted herb is featured on its own page on the ABC publications on more than 250 commonly used medicinal herbs. A free version, website. HerbMed®, is available to the general public and includes access to adopted Parties interested in taking part in the Adopt-an-Herb Program are invited herbs. HerbMedPro is available as a member benefit to all ABC members at the to contact ABC Development Director Denise Meikel at 512-926-4900, extension Academic Membership level and up. 120, or by email at [email protected]. Herbal Adopters

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B Corp Status — A Natural Fit Today, B Corporations are well-represented in the natu- Committed to Higher Standards: Natural Products Natural products companies typically have been ahead ral products industry because “it makes sense,” said Sara of the curve when it comes to supporting social and envi- Newmark, vice president of social impact for MegaFood Companies Turn to B Corp Certification ronmental causes and third-party certifications. In the (email, May 21, 2018). “As a community, we are known for 1990s, many companies adopted fair trade principles, and pushing the envelope and being thought leaders on ways of By Karen Raterman in the early 2000s, many also obtained organic certifica- doing things. Organic [certification] came out of our indus- tion. However, the means to certify a company’s commit- try, as did the Non-GMO Project. So you would expect Editor’s note: An earlier version of this article appeared in the June 2018 issue of ABC’s HerbalEGram newsletter. ment to sustainability and supply chain integrity on a natural products businesses to take the lead on B Corp broader basis was not available until B Corp certification [certification], and they have.” Consumer demand for transparency surrounding product ingredients, sourcing, processing, and manufactur- was established. Robert Craven, CEO of MegaFood, expressed simi- ing is growing. Recent studies by Nielsen and Label Insights indicate that many consumers are now willing to pay B Corp certification was particularly appealing to herbal lar thoughts. “Natural products industry companies were more for products with ingredients they perceive as cleaner and that they will be loyal to brands that provide trans- tea company Traditional Medicinals, which was one of the founded [by] passionate leaders with an inner calling to parency about their supply chain.1 Now, the movement is progressing a step further, with a growing number of first natural products companies to receive the certifica- change the world,” he said (email, May 30, 2018). “Becom- consumers, especially younger ones, seeking out companies with high ethical standards and that support causes tion after its first assessment in 2010. “In 1974, Drake ing a B Corp just standardizes what it means to be best for like fair trade, sustainability, social responsibility, and environmental stewardship.2 Sadler co-founded Traditional Medicinals and pioneered a the world. Natural products companies are also continu- Companies across the consumer their standards of social and environ- new social business model in which the company viewed ously improving the assessment to keep pushing all B Corps packaged goods spectrum are respond- mental performance, accountability, all its stakeholders equally,” said Blair Kellison, CEO of to become better — we will certainly be one of the pioneers ing by paying more attention to their and transparency.3 Since its found- Traditional Medicinals (email, July 11, 2018). “Its stake- for improvements.” ingredients, fixing problems in their ing in 2006, B Lab says it has certi- holders encompass herb growers, processors, employees, A case in point is Herb Pharm, another newly certified supply chain, taking on social and fied more than 2,500 B Corps from shareholders, retailers, and consumers. The company company that has upheld rigorous standards for social and environmental causes, and being more 50 countries and in more than 130 makes decisions with each of them in mind. About 35 environmental responsibility since it was founded by herbal- transparent in general.2 different industries.3,4 B Lab founders years later, B [Lab] came along to certify and measure the ists Ed Smith and Sara Katz. “Caring about the planet has Cause-related initiatives are prevalent Jay Coen Gilbert, Bart Houlahan, and activity of companies like [Traditional Medicinals], so we, been in our DNA since Herb Pharm was founded in 1979,” in the natural products industry, with Andrew Kassoy envisioned the orga- CEO Tal Johnson was quoted as saying in an Herb Pharm of course, jumped on board among the first B Corps in 9 many companies being among the first nization as a way to redefine success order to demonstrate our social business model.” press release from March 2018. “We farm organically, wild- to establish employee-rights initiatives in business and to help companies do and address social and environmen- well by doing good.5 tal issues. However, natural products The certification process involves B Corporations and Benefit Corporations: What’s the Difference? brands face the challenge of communi- a comprehensive “B Impact Assess- cating these efforts to their customers in ment,” which measures the overall While there are now many certifications and labels to help companies show independent confirmation of specific initiatives a meaningful way. While many third- impact of a company on its stakehold- that range from animal rights programs and marine stewardship to fair trade causes, the B Corp certification program is one party certifications are now available, ers. The specifics of each assessment of the most comprehensive. It is not, however, the only broad-based business certification program. It often is confused with B Corporation (B Corp) certification vary depending on the company’s size, a Benefit Corporation (a term recognized in 34 states in the United States, with six more states working on legislation17), is considered one of the higher stan- sector, and primary location of opera- which has legally binding requirements to support and establish certain levels of transparency and accountability.16 dards because it requires biannual veri- tions.6 The candidate company must Both of these programs look at business as a force for change and good, and require companies to meet higher standards fication of multiple aspects of business then follow up with a review of the of transparency and accountability. However, there are some differences between the two. Benefit Corporation status operations, from employee rights and assessment and provide supporting was developed because some companies believed that B Corp certification would not provide the legal protection of a 7 community support to environmental documentation. government-recognized standard. So, while any type of for-profit entity can become a B Corp, a Benefit Corporation is a and legal performance, among others. To achieve B Corp status, compa- corporation type that, in addition to providing value for its shareholders, has three legal attributes: accountability, transpar- ency, and purpose.7 B Corp certification has a relatively high profile, and nies need to score at least 80 points out of a possible 200 Benefit Corporations have to provide an annual report detailing their social and environmental performance to sharehold- several well-known companies, such as Patagonia and on the B Impact Assessment. Companies receive a score ers and the public and can be brought to court for failing to do so. B Corps, on the other hand, are encouraged but not Ben & Jerry’s, have the designation. According to B for their practices in five areas: environmental initia- required to provide such data annually. Corp statistics, more than 100 natural products compa- tives (e.g., use of renewable energy, emissions, water, and Traditional Medicinals carries both certifications, said Kellison, “to make our social mission official in our bylaws,” (email, nies in many different sectors also have the certification, waste); worker treatment (e.g., compensation, benefits, July 11, 2018). including Dr. Bronner’s, Traditional Medicinals, KeHE and work environment); customer relations (e.g., prod- “One of the cool things about the B Corp standard is that in a state that has Benefit Corp legislation, a B Corp is obligated Distributors, Seventh Generation, New Chapter, Garden ucts and services and serving those in need); community to become a Benefit Corporation under state law,” explained Brinckmann. of Life, and Pukka. Others are jumping on board, such practices (e.g., job creation, diversity, and engagement); The Benefit Corporation certification also provides an added measure of protection for a company’s social and sustainability as MegaFood brand supplements and Herb Pharm, both and governance (e.g., accountability and transparency objectives. Traditional Medicinals realized the risk of doing good when shareholders can sue a company for using profits of which received the certification in 2018, and Bioforce practices).7,8 on things not related to profitability. “If you want to invest profits in doing good, you have to state your goals and get them USA, which represents numerous European natural prod- Companies also pay a membership fee based on their publically signed by your board and then show that you achieved these goals,” Brinckmann explained. ucts companies and is currently obtaining its own certifi- annual revenues that helps support B Lab operations, Some companies use the Benefit Corporation legal structure to help them meet the requirements for their B Corp certifica- cation. (One Bioforce brand, the Italy-based personal care such as improving the assessment tool and providing tion.4 Conversely, Benefit Corporations can use the free B Impact Assessment Tool developed by B Lab as a guide to meet company Herbatint, is already B Corp certified.) third-party auditing services. Once certified, companies their statutory transparency requirements. Unlike B Corp candidates, Benefit Corporation candidates do not have to meet a are able to join the B Corp community, which includes specific score or have their performance audited by a third party.18 What Is a B Corp? opportunities to collaborate with other B Corps and play Attaining Benefit Corporation status typically costs less than B Corp certification. State filing fees for Benefit Corps range By definition, B Corporations are for-profit companies a role in policy and legislation in countries where B Corps between $70 and $200, while B Corp certification fees are based on revenues and can cost between $500 and $50,000 that are certified by the nonprofit organization B Lab for are located.7 annually.18,19

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craft responsibly, and protect at-risk herbs, butterflies, bees, to other non-third-party verified sustainable businesses, it’s not hard for us to make sure we make brands. “We want heritage brands wildlife, and the health of our neighboring waterways.” certified B Corporations are 68% more likely to donate at the right decisions.” that have been in the industry for a The company decided to take the certification step this least a tenth of their profits to charity, 55% more likely to This has led MegaFood to create a long period and are in alignment with year to formalize and solidify these efforts. “When the idea cover at least some health insurance costs for employees, supportive employee and community concepts of sustainable agriculture to get certified came up, a board member asked, ‘Why? 47% more likely to use on-site renewable energy, and 45% environment, including programs that and environmental responsibility,” he ... We’ve been doing things this way for years,’” Johnson more likely to give bonuses to non-executive members.10 give employees 20 work-hours each year noted. “Each has a different way they explained (email, September 26, 2018). But, he added: “We Ari Goldsmith, executive director of marketing for KeHE to volunteer at nonprofit organizations get certified and express their responsi- decided to become a B Corp to institutionalize how we Distributors, a wholesale distributor of natural products and 12 weeks of paid family leave, as bility as a company.” do business. Our corporate legal documents now give us that received its initial B Corp certification in February well as a company commitment to pay Part of Bioforce’s B Impact Assess- permission to think and act beyond profit. Baking it into 2016, said she believes that B Corp certification is trending workers 20% above the living wage in ment was to document these criteria and our structure makes it less likely to be overturned by some because of the changing consumer and retail environments. New Hampshire, where the company show that their brands meet them. Key future owner or manager. B [Lab] calls it ‘mission lock.’ For “Consumers are looking for advanced transparency and is based. Bioforce brands, such as Herbatint and us, it is a way to pour some concrete on Ed and Sara’s legacy.” want to know a company’s story, not just the product but the For United Kingdom-based Pukka AnneMarie Börlind, have been recog- Similarly, Traditional Medicinals saw early on the complex- brand behind it,” Goldsmith said (oral communication, June Herbs, it started with the company’s nized with a B Corp certification in their ities of the botanical supply chain, which set the stage for 5, 2018). “In the past, sourcing and supply chain issues were clear intention for how it wanted its own right or the comparable Certified many of its initiatives, according to Josef Brinckmann, quiet and underground. Now, customers want to understand business culture to influence the world, Sustainable Economic (CSE) designa- Traditional Medicinals’ research fellow for medicinal plants how a product is made and who touched it.” noted Sebastian Pole, co-founder and tion.11,12* and the botanical supply chain. “When we made site visits MegaFood’s Newmark is seeing similar trends. “We just master herbsmith for the company (email, Another key goal for Bioforce USA is and learned about the botanical supply chain, it was completed a consumer brand study where transpar- June 27, 2018). “For us, it’s embedded in to support its employees and the local difficult to reconcile that a company could make ency and advocacy were the most important reasons our name. Pukka is a Hindi word meaning community. “Because we are based in products for health care and right livelihood, knowing to believe in our brand. That is exactly on trend from ‘authentic,’ and this is at the heart of every- a small rural community, I want our that some ingredients were coming from marginalized what we hear in other sectors as well,” she explained. thing we do,” he said. “Being a B Corp employees to be the fabric of that commu- people living in abject poverty and with- “Consumers want us to move beyond cements our ongoing commitment to nity,” Sioussat said. out health care,” Brinckmann said (oral just quality and efficacy; they expect using business as a force for good — and it Ten percent of Bioforce USA’s prof- communication, June 26, 2018). “It hung us to take action and make a differ- means we can join with like-minded activ- its go to charitable social services and over our heads, so we felt a personal obli- BioforceUSA ence.” ists to create more coordinated momentum cultural institutions, according to Sious- gation to correct that. We didn’t know at for positive progress.” sat. The company also has a very specific the time [that] there would be a fair trade It Takes a Mission Part of Pukka’s mission is to drive conser- compensation plan in which the mini- movement or a sustainability movement.” For most companies, it starts with a vation through commerce in a way that mum wage is the published living wage Although B Corp certification resonates mission supported at the top of the organi- benefits people, plants, and the planet. The in its home state of New York, which is with many natural products companies, zation and filters down to business opera- company also explores initiatives outside almost twice as much as the federal Pierce Sioussat, president and CEO of tions, processes, and people. MegaFood, of B Corp certification to ensure that it minimum wage. “We also have a policy Bioforce USA, said he believes that many for example, has a mission “to nourish fulfills this commitment. For example, to address income equality in which the companies in the industry are still behind a world in nutritional crisis” and has a Pole noted, all of Pukka’s herbal teas and highest paid person in the company the curve, especially in areas like employee vision of “a world without nutritional supplements are made with pharmaco- cannot make more than 10 times that compensation, gender issues, and supply poverty.” The company believes it must peial-grade herbs that are 100% certified of the lowest paid person,” he said. chain management (oral communication, take bold action to ensure that this vision organic, down to the organic string on the June 4, 2018). becomes a reality, Newmark said. “We tea bags. The teas are certified Fair For The Value of the Process The sheer number of certifications a believe that it takes more than a prod- Life (a standard for fair and ethical trade), Those who have been through the B company can consider may be another uct to cure this crisis. Our social impact and the company is also committed to Fair Corp certification process say it is both reason that some industry companies are aspiration is to transform ‘agri-culture’ by Wild, a standard for regulating sustainable arduous and enlightening. not pursuing B Corp status. “I think empowering communities, revolution- collection of wild-harvested herbs. “The process took a full year to complete,” said Goldsmith one of the challenges for this indus- izing food systems, and committing to Bioforce USA was inspired to pursue its B Corp certifica- of KeHE. “If our leadership had wanted a better dollar value, try is that there are so many certifica- radical transparency,” she explained. tion by the efforts it saw from Herbatint, a founding B Corp it might have stalled out, but our mission is to make a better tions with really good reasoning behind “We have to tackle all aspects of human company based in Italy. “We saw that what they were doing company for all, and that pushed it to the finish line. Every them, like certified organic and non- and planetary health to see our vision was consistent with what we do as a company, so we wanted team had to be part of the process and to align with the busi- GMO. These certifications are relevant become reality. to take up the mantle and move forward and promote value,” ness.” and important,” Sioussat said. But, he “It starts at the top,” Newmark contin- said Sioussat. “Like a lot of other B Corp companies, we were Newmark agreed. “It is not easy being a B! And it shouldn’t added: “I think in this era where people ued. “There needs to be leadership that already doing a lot of these things, so we thought ‘Why not be,” she said. “But when you are done, you have an accurate have begun to distrust companies, B believes a successful business means more document and formalize it?’ It was kind of a no-brainer for and thorough look at your business practices. You know Corp [certification] addresses broader than just healthy financial returns. And us,” he said. where you excel, and where there is room for improvement.” issues and shows that a company is one that does start with a clear mission, that As a distributor, Bioforce USA has to consider its own Craven added: “The process was incredibly detailed for you can feel good about doing business North Star that everything else lines up to. “supply chain” — the branded products it chooses to repre- multiple departments, but [it was] worth it to really get with.” At MegaFood, we all know that all of the sent. Sioussat said the company has specific criteria for these to know where we measure up against some of the best According to B Corp actions should lead toward statistics, this latter concept curing nutritional poverty in * The CSE standard for sustainable business management was developed by the German-based Society for Applied Economic is a valid notion. Compared our lifetime. Knowing that, Ethics and the working group Living Sustainability. The standard requires an independent sustainability performance audit and an assessment of the ecological impact and social economy of a company.13,14

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companies out there. For us, the biggest challenge was don’t get any points for using less water in that case. But the to operate within the confines of their financial capabili- References obtaining the legal status change to B Corporation, a step great thing is that B Corp does allow you to submit questions ties. “You don’t have to be all things. But you can look at 1. 2016 Transparency ROI Study. Label Insights. Available at: that we underestimated in the approval process of our and comments to help improve the assessment process.” the assessment and where you are scoring well, and where www.labelinsight.com/transparency-roi-study. Accessed May 28, 2018. stakeholders.” Companies also get points for working with local you are not, and then move the needle,” he said. 2. It’s Clear Transparency is Winning in the U.S. Retail Market. For KeHE, these challenges and miscalculations were an companies and women- or minority-owned businesses. Pukka Herbs’ Pole said: “We are due to re-certify in The Nielsen Company LLC. Available at: www.nielsen.com/ important learning experience that Goldsmith characterizes “We commented early on that our herbs will never be September this year [2018], and in preparation for this, us/en/insights/reports/2017/transparency-is-winning-the-us- retail-market.html. Accessed May 28, 2018. as defining moments for the company. “We did have to go local,” Brinckmann added, referring to Traditionals and in the spirit of continual improvement, we have 3. What are B Corps? B Corporation website. Available at: www. back and change things,” she said. “I can’t say all the things Medicinals’ location about 75 miles north of the San completed a project to understand and improve our bcorporation.net/what-are-b-corps. Accessed June 4, 2018. we changed, but it changed how we operate. Now, it’s not Francisco Bay. “If we sourced out of the Bay Area, we carbon footprint from crop to cup.” 4. B Corporation History. B Corporation website. Available just operations for operations’ sake. It was definitely a rigor- would be out of business. So we had to talk about prov- This year, the company also launched a volunteer- at: www.bcorporation.net/what-are-b-corps/the-non-profit- behind-b-corps/our-history. Accessed June 4, 2018. ous process, but we learned more and more as we moved enance for quality and that we are supporting local ing program as part of its flexible engagement policy. 5. About B Lab. B Corp website. Available at: www.bcorpora- forward.” communities where these herbs “It empowers staff to take up to four volunteering tion.net/what-are-b-corps/about-b-lab. Accessed June 7, 2018. After completing the initial are grown and helping them days with a charity or responsible organization of their 6. How to become a B Corp. Performance Requirements. BCorp Companies that are B website. Available at: www.bcorporation.net/performance- steps of the process, Sioussat said keep traditions alive ... [and] choice, which helps drive the Pukka mission in our local requirements. Accessed June 4, 2018. he hired a dedicated employee to Corp certified believe the have thriving local economies community,” Pole said. 7. Storper J. What’s the difference between a B Corp and a take the company through the and sustainable herb collec- The B Corp process also helps companies better artic- Benefit Corp? Conscious Company Media. Available at: certification has multiple https://consciouscompanymedia.com/sustainable-business/ documentation process. “If you tion.” ulate their mission to both internal and external stake- whats-the-difference-between-a-b-corp-and-a-benefit-corpora- are a small company, it’s a good benefits, from helping to Couch noted that adequately holders, said Couch. “B Corp gives companies the tools tion/. Accessed June 7, 2018. idea to get someone to help do assessing a program’s impact is and motivation to build and demonstrate their own 8. B Impact Report for Dr. Bronner’s. B Corp website. Available at: www.bcorporation.net/community/dr-bronners/impact- this. We are not big enough for recruit top employees to another challenge of B Corp model and share how that might help inform or create report/2018-02-09-000000. Accessed June 6, 2018. a chief corporate responsibility assessments. “B Corp normal- systems for other companies. You can also go to the lead- 9. Herb Pharm Joins B Corporation Movement [press release]. officer, but we are all responsible promoting customer loyalty izes practices and scores ership conference and see how the movement is growing March 8, 2018. Available at: www.bizjournals.com/portland/ prnewswire/press_releases/Oregon/2018/03/08/SF33458. to walk the walk.” However the and increasing consumer by asking questions [such and what else can be done.” Accessed October 29, 2018. process is structured, he added, as] ‘What percent of your B Corp certification also can help prepare companies 10. B Corp Community. B Corp website. Available at: www.bcor- “it is important to have someone confidence. purchase dollar does the prac- for the cultural shift that is already in progress, Gold- poration.net/b-corp-community. Accessed June 7, 2018. 11. Herbatint website. Available at: https://usa.herbatint.com/en. who can focus on these tasks tice take?’” he said. “These smith said. It speaks volumes that more than half of Accessed June 7, 2018. and knows the nuts and bolts of how your business operates.” kinds of measuring tools and questions compel compa- US consumers now say they will pay more for products 12. AnneMarie Börlind website. Available at: www.boerlind.com/ Craven added: “It takes one passionate leader and one nies to look at how they can create programmatic impact they know well, she said. “Millennials don’t have much ab/us/company/sustainability/. Accessed June 7, 2018. 13. CSE Certified Sustainable Economics; Quality Standard for passionate executor to get it done, with the help of the whole and where to invest to make their resources create the money, but they are choosing to use it to support compa- Certification of Sustainable Business Management. Society village of course. Find the right people in your organization most impact.” nies that they trust.” However, the story is not just about for Applied Economics and Living Sustainability website. who will cascade the passion and inspire others to come along Companies that want to build a model for something millennials, Goldsmith added; it is just more evident Available at: https://gfaw.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/ 16 en-5.0-Certified-Sustainable-Economics-Standard-1.pdf. with them.” unique may not, at least initially, get a lot of credit, because they now have the most buying power. Accessed June 11, 2018. Couch added. “One of the challenges as an herbal Craven added: “People want to work for companies 14. CSE: The Credible Way into Sustainability. Society for Working within the System company is that we have pharmacopeial standards, so that are mission-driven and always have all of their stake- Applied Economics and Living Sustainability website. Avail- 15 able at: https://gfaw.eu/en/cse-information-for-enterprises/. Herb Pharm scored a 92.7 on its impact assessment. sometimes that quality is only coming from a given holders in mind when making decisions. Quite frankly, Accessed June 11, 2018. The company’s farms are certified organic, salmon-safe, bee- supplier or product,” he said. “So, the leverage we have they are demanding it, and it’s changing the course of 15. Herb Pharm B Impact Report. B Corporation. Available at: friendly and both a Monarch Butterfly Waystation and a to implement improved practices is stymied by access to how the world is doing business.” https://bcorporation.net/directory/herb-pharm. Accessed October 29, 2018. United Plant Savers’ Botanical Sanctuary. Its products also high-quality material.” Herb Pharm’s Johnson believes that becoming a B 16. Shroeder J. How to tap into the millennial $200 billion are non-GMO. However, the company realized it could do Corp is bigger than any one company and helps connect buying power with social media. Forbes. October 31, 2017. more to commit to these values.9 Why B Corp Certification Is Worth It like-minded businesses. “B Corp certification is a move- Available at: www.forbes.com/sites/julesschroeder/2017/10/31/ how-to-tap-into-the-millennial-200-billion-buying-power- “What we didn’t expect is how much B Corp is helping us Companies that are B Corp certified believe the certi- ment of companies using business for good,” he said. with-social-media/#768f86321161. Accessed August 22, 2018. get better,” Johnson said. “The survey is thorough. We scored fication has multiple benefits, from helping to recruit top “We can do more together than apart — in public policy 17. State by State Status of Legislation. Benefit Corporation high in the environment section, but it’s helping us find ways employees to promoting customer loyalty and increas- and to encourage more companies to join in.” website. Available at: http://benefitcorp.net/policymakers/ to improve in other areas. We’re trying to be a better B Corp. ing consumer confidence. While the dietary supplement Pole said: “Conscious consumerism is on the increase state-by-state-status. Accessed June 12, 2018. 18. Field S. The difference between Benefit Corps and Certified B We are also trying to help B Corp understand and appreci- category is a relatively new category for B Corporations, and for good reason. We are becoming more and more Corps (and deciding what’s right for your business). US Small ate our industry.” Newmark believes that having the certification helps aware of our contribution to the planet, and the plants, Business Administration website. Available at: www.sba.gov/ The latter point seems particularly important for compa- distinguish MegaFood’s products in customers’ eyes. animals, and people who inhabit it.” Ultimately, he blogs/difference-between-benefit-corps-and-certified-b-corps- and-deciding-whats-right-your-business. Accessed June 11, nies in the herbal products industry. Although B Corp “The supplement aisle can be overwhelming with added, “at Pukka, we believe that the health and well- 2018. assessment questions are meant to be broad and cover many choice,” Newmark said. “Our bottles are small, so the being of the planet is intimately linked to our own; 19. Benefit Corporations and Certified B Corps. Benefit Corpora- industries, there are challenges that come up with respect to ability to communicate what we stand for in a short you simply can’t have one without the other. … Join- tion website. Available at: http://benefitcorp.net/businesses/ benefit-corporations-and-certified-b-corps. Accessed June 11, the specific practices of a given industry. “Some questions amount of time and space is important. That is what the ing a movement like B Corp, in which business acts as a 2018. just didn’t fit our scenario,” noted Ben Couch, sustainability ‘B’ does. It gives people trust that not only are we saying, driver of positive change, helps us continuously strive to manager for Traditional Medicinals (oral communication, but we are doing, good, and that someone else has come improve our impact.” June 26, 2018). For example, he explained, companies get in and evaluated us against a standard. It helps with trust points for helping their producers conserve water. “Some of and transparency.” our highest-volume herbs grow wild, or in semi-arid or desert The certification also helps a company prioritize activ- [climates], so these plants don’t use irrigation at all, but you ities and show progress, Sioussat noted. Companies have

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Graphic courtesy of Coca-Cola of Northern New England health benefits.7,8 Previ- acquire a taste for one of the Moxie, ‘An Acquired Taste,’ Acquired by Coca-Cola ously, Moxie was known for oldest soda brands in the By Connor Yearsley its low sugar content, with 25 United States. grams per can.1 (However, History of Moxie In August 2018, the Coca-Cola Company (TCCC) this author recently ordered announced that it would acquire Moxie, a small some through Moxie’s In the late 1800s, Augus- 9 regional soda brand known mostly in New England, website and observed that tin Thompson, a homeo- for an undisclosed sum.1,2 Moxie is one of the oldest each can now contains 37 pathic physician, US Civil surviving bottled soda brands in the United States* and grams of sugar.) Regular War veteran, playwright, predates Coca-Cola and Pepsi (see “History of Moxie” Moxie also contains less and native of Union, Maine, section).3 Its unusual flavor, which has been described caffeine than other sodas, created Moxie in Lowell, as bittersweet, owes largely to the presence of gentian including Dr Pepper, Coca- Massachusetts. He wanted to 9 (Gentiana spp., Gentianaceae) root extract.2-4 Cola, and Pepsi. introduce a “cure-all” without Moxie’s taste apparently is cocaine or alcohol and report- TCCC’s purchase of Moxie is part of a steady stream quite polarizing. An article edly included gentian root of acquisitions by the Atlanta-based beverage behemoth, in HuffPost notes: “Moxie extract, cinchona (Cinchona which now produces more than 800 beverages in the lovers are just slightly less spp., Rubiaceae) bark extract, United States across 100 brands.1,5 However, this acquisi- effusive than Moxie haters. sassafras (Sassafras albidum, tion may seem surprising to some. After all, while Moxie We’re pretty sure we’ve never Lauraceae) root bark extract reportedly produced about 225,000 cases of its soda in Graphic courtesy of Coca-Cola of Northern New England met anyone who thinks this (the primary botanical flavor- 2017,1,2 TCCC sold a prodigious 29.2 billion unit cases.6† oddly bittersweet soda is ing used in root beer), cara- TCCC reportedly wants to separate bottling operations Gentian Gentiana lutea ‘just okay.’” Some describe it mel, and other ingredients in 3,9 from its corporate umbrella. Both TCCC and its bottling Photo ©2018 Steven Foster as “root beer on steroids” and some have compared it to his early formulation. Moxie’s formulation has changed partner, Coca-Cola of Northern New England (CCNNE), bubble gum.4 Even Moxie’s website admits it can be “an over the years, and it now includes high-fructose corn which previously owned Moxie, agreed it made sense to acquired taste.”9 This author thinks it has an interesting syrup, like many sodas.4 transfer ownership of the brand to TCCC.2 “CCNNE and pleasant smell and tastes like root beer with a bitter “Moxie Nerve Food,” as it was originally called, was purchased the Moxie brand, well known for its ‘distinctively aftertaste: sweet at first, then noticeably bitter. invented and patented in 1885, according to Moxie’s different’ flavor, over a decade ago in order to bring its roots There apparently are no plans to change that distinc- website.9 Dr Pepper was introduced the same year, and back to New England,” wrote Nick Martin, a CCNNE tive taste. TCCC “will ensure Moxie stays true to its Coca-Cola followed in 1886.3 Moxie distribution initially spokesman (email, September 7, 2018). “TCCC’s acquisi- Northeastern roots, as it has done with was attempted in Atlanta, Chicago, tion will provide the Moxie brand with the resources needed many other fan-favorite and regional and Denver, but the soda never really to evolve for a new generation of drinkers.” brands,” Martin wrote. To Moxie became successful outside the North- A general, gradual decline in sales of sugary beverages in lovers, that is a relief. In addition, east. Early on, Moxie was introduced the United States (as many consumers have started reduc- Moxie will continue to be produced in an ultimately unsuccessful lozenge ing their consumption of sugar and/or high-fructose corn in Londonderry, New Hampshire.2 form.9 syrup) may be largely responsible for TCCC’s acquisition TCCC has no immediate plans to Like other early sodas in the United flurry. In October 2015, The New York Times reported that change Moxie distribution, but at least States, Moxie originally was intended “Over the last 20 years, sales of full-calorie soda in the one industry expert thinks TCCC can as a medicine, not a refreshment, and United States have plummeted by more than 25 percent.” incrementally increase annual sales it was once the subject of many far- Many TCCC brands reportedly have declined. So, it is of Moxie to 500,000 cases.1,2 Public- fetched curative claims. Carbonated likely that the company has made a habit of buying brands ity from the transaction may prompt liquids, or tonics, had been thought to like Moxie to maintain market share.1 a new group of Americans to finally have medicinal benefits for centuries. TCCC reportedly wants to be “a total beverage company” and has claimed it will focus on more low- and no-sugar Graphic courtesy of Coca-Cola of Northern New England beverage options.5,7 It apparently supports the World Health Organization’s 2015 sugar guideline, which includes Coca-Cola’s Botanical Beverages a recommendation for adults and children to reduce daily intake of free sugars‡ to less than 10% of their total energy Moxie now joins TCCC’s portfolio of beverage brands with notable plant-derived ingredients. In 2016, the company intake, or less than 5% (roughly 25 grams) for additional launched Aquarius Vive, which is available in Spain and includes baobab (Adansonia spp., Malvaceae) extract. The baobab tree, sometimes called “the tree of life,” is native to sub-Saharan Africa, and its fruits are rich in calcium and vitamin C.14,15 In 2018, TCCC introduced a version of Coca-Cola that is sweetened with only a purified extract of the leaves of the South * Vernors, a ginger ale brand that was started in Detroit, is older American herb stevia (Stevia rebaudiana, Asteraceae). This product, first launched in New Zealand, reportedly avoids the than Moxie. bitterness that can be caused by steviol glycosides, the sweet-tasting constituents of stevia.16 † TCCC defines a unit case as 24 eight-ounce bottles. TCCC also distributes Core Power, a high-protein, cow’s milk-based recovery shake for fitness enthusiasts that is sweet- ened with monk fruit (Siraitia grosvenorii), a vine in the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae) that is native to China.17 One of

‡ According to the World Health Organization, “free sugars include monk fruit’s constituents, mogroside V, is approximately 250 times sweeter than common table sugar. Inclusion of these monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods and bever- plant-derived ingredients in TCCC beverages likely reflects its attempts to offer options with less sugar and fewer calories ages by the manufacturer, cook or consumer, and sugars naturally without compromising taste. present in honey, syrups, fruit juices and fruit juice concentrates.”

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Thompson claimed that Moxie could address imbecility, 2. Murphy ED. Coca-Cola Acquires a Taste for Maine’s helplessness, and paralysis, among other conditions.3,10 Beloved Moxie—and Buys the Brand. Portland Press Herald Apple and Pear Consumption Associated with Lower Risk An early ad stated: “Moxie Nerve Food is a most healthful website. August 28, 2018. Available at: www.pressherald. drink, strengthens the nerves and gives you a good appe- com/2018/08/28/coca-cola-acquires-moxie-soda-beloved-in- of Type 2 Diabetes, According to Meta-analysis 9 maine/. Accessed October 3, 2018. tite.” These claims, however, stopped with the passage 3. Tchudi SN. Soda Poppery: The History of Soft Drinks in Reviewed: Guo X-F, Yang B, Tang J, Jiang J-J, Li D. Apple and pear consumption and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk: A and implementation of the Pure Food and Drug Act of America. New York, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons; 1986. meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Food Funct. 2017;8(3):927-934. 1906.3,10 4. Orchant R. Moxie: The Distinctively Different Soda that Incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increas- Study Details: At a Glance Gentian, the source of Moxie’s main ingredient, is a New England Loves. HuffPost website. March 1, 2013. ing worldwide, but changes in diet and lifestyle may help Available at: www.huffpost.com/entry/moxie-soda-new- name that refers to species in the genus Gentiana. There prevent this chronic disease. Fruits and vegetables contain Study Design Meta-analysis are about 40 or 50 species in the genus, all of which england_n_2784571. Accessed October 3, 2018. 5. Moye J. Coca-Cola USA: A Total Beverage Company with a variety of beneficial constituents, including dietary fiber, Included Studies Five prospective cohort studies that associ- contain the bitter principles for which gentian is known. ated consumption of both apples and pears Local Roots. Coca-Cola website. August 30, 2017. Available minerals, phytochemicals, and vitamins. Apples (Malus King Gentius of Illyria (on the Balkan Peninsula), who with incidence of type 2 diabetes at: www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/coca-cola-usa-a-total- spp., Rosaceae) and pears (Pyrus spp., Rosaceae) are rich died sometime after 167 BCE and for whom the genus was beverage-company-with-local-roots. Accessed October 3, sources of polyphenols, and they are widely consumed Study Length Various later named, reportedly was the first to discover the plant’s 2018. as fresh fruits, jams, and juices. The purpose of this Test Material N/A medicinal value and gave it to his army to treat a mysteri- 6. Coca-Cola Annual Report 2017. Coca-Cola website. Avail- meta-analysis was to determine the relationship between Control N/A ous fever. Since then, gentian (mainly G. lutea) root has able at: www.coca-colacompany.com/content/dam/journey/ apple and pear consumption and risk of T2DM. us/en/private/fileassets/pdf/2018/2017-10K.pdf. Accessed Disclosures The authors declared no conflicts of interest. been widely used for medicinal purposes, including the The authors searched the Cochrane Library, Embase, and treatment of digestive issues and wounds. It also has long October 3, 2018. The study was funded by the National Basic 7. Moye J. Coke’s Way Forward: New Business Strategy to PubMed databases from inception through November 2016 Research Program of China, the National been used to flavor alcoholic drinks, especially in Germany using the terms “fruit,” “vegetable,” “apple,” or “pear” in Natural Science Foundation of China, and the and Switzerland, where it was used to make beer before Focus on Choice, Convenience and the Consumer. Coca- Cola website. February 23, 2017. Available at: www.coca- combination with “type 2 diabetes.” Citations from more PhD Programs Foundation of the Ministry of 11,12 Education of China. hops (Humulus lupulus, Cannabaceae) was introduced. colacompany.com/stories/cokes-way-forward-new-business- recent literature reviews and meta-analyses also So, it is not unexpected that Thompson used gentian to strategy-to-focus-on-choice-convenience-and-the-consumer. 3 were searched. Only prospective cohort stud- make Moxie (and added sugar to help mask its bitterness). Accessed October 3, 2018. ies that evaluated apple and/or pear consump- Apple Malus spp. Moxie was a big hit at the Louisiana Purchase Expo- 8. WHO calls on countries to reduce sugars intake among tion in relation to T2DM were included. All Photo ©2018 Steven Foster 10 adults and children. World Health Organization website. sition (the St. Louis World’s Fair) in 1904. In 1920, it included studies used a validated food frequency outsold Coca-Cola, probably largely because of promo- March 4, 2015. Available at: www.who.int/mediacentre/ news/releases/2015/sugar-guideline/en/. Accessed October 3, questionnaire. tional strategies that included a Moxie Song, magazine ads, To conduct the meta-analysis, the authors Moxiemobiles, and the Moxie Man, who still appears on 2018. 3 9. Moxie: Distinctively Different. Moxie website. Available at: converted all consumption data into servings Moxie products. US President Calvin Coolidge reportedly www.drinkmoxie.com/. Accessed October 3, 2018. per week using a standard portion size of 106 was a fan of Moxie, and, in 1923, celebrated his inaugura- 10. Moxie Soda Outsold Coca-Cola. Jamaica Plain Historical g per week. (On average, a small apple weighs tion with a cold glass of the soda. It was also popular with Society website. Available at: www.jphs.org/20th-century/ approximately 100 g, and a small pear weighs Pulitzer Prize winner E.B. White, author of Charlotte’s moxie-soda-outsold-coca-cola.html. Accessed October 4, 150 g.) The meta-analysis was conducted accord- 2018. Web. In the 1950s, baseball great Ted Williams, left fielder ing to the criteria for Meta-analysis of Observa- for the Boston Red Sox, was a spokesman for the brand. 11. Gentian: A Bitter Pill to Swallow. Christopher Hobbs website. Available at: www.christopherhobbs.com/library/ tional Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE), and And in 2005, the state of Maine made Moxie its official individual study quality was assessed using the state soft drink.9 articles-on-herbs-and-health/gentian-a-bitter-pill-to-swallow/. Accessed October 4, 2018. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. “Moxie” has come to mean nerve, verve, spirit, spunk, 12. Gentian. Gaia Herbs website. Available at: www.gaiaherbs. Of the 3,971 articles that were located, only etc. Some say Moxie gives the drinker moxie, and some com/products/ingredient/38/Gentian. Accessed October 4, three met all inclusion criteria. However, one say it requires moxie to drink Moxie. Perhaps surprisingly, 2018. of the three articles comprised three separate though, the name of the soda seems to have preceded 13. Moxie (n.). Etymonline website. Available at: www.etymon- prospective cohort studies, so data from five 3 line.com/word/moxie. Accessed October 4, 2018. this use of the word. It is possible that “moxie” derives studies were reviewed. According to the Newcas- from the Abenaki term for “dark water,” which would be 14. Arthur R. Coca-Cola turns to baobab in new low-calorie soft drink brand. Beverage Daily website. July 18, 2016. tle-Ottawa Scale, one study was of moderate an understandable description of the soda. The Abenaki quality and the other four studies were of high are a Native American tribe and First Nation from New Available at: www.beveragedaily.com/Article/2016/07/19/ Coca-Cola-turns-to-baobab-in-new-low-calorie-soft-drink- quality. England, Quebec, and the Canadian Maritime provinces. brand. Accessed October 4, 2018. The included studies had a total of 228,315 “Moxie” also figures in waterway names in Maine, includ- 15. Jackson S. Baobab: The Tree of Life—An Ethnopharmaco- participants, of which 14,120 (6.2%) developed ing Moxie Falls (one of New England’s highest water- logical Review. HerbalGram. 2015-2016;108:42-53. Avail- 13 T2DM. As detailed in Table 1 of the article, each falls). The soda’s early curative claims (including that able at: cms.herbalgram.org/herbalgram/issue108/hg108- of the included studies controlled for various feat-baobab.html. it “strengthens the nerves”) may in fact explain today’s confounding factors (e.g., age, gender, ethnic- common definition of the term.3 16. Prince J. Coca-Cola Launches First 100% Stevia-Sweetened Beverage. Nutritional Outlook website. May 9, 2018. ity, weight, smoking status). The meta-analysis Available at: www.nutritionaloutlook.com/food-beverage/ revealed that consumption of apples and pears References coca-cola-launches-first-100-stevia-sweetened-beverage. was associated with a significant 18% reduc- Accessed October 4, 2018. tion in T2DM risk (P < 0.001). The authors 1. Stern G. What’s Driving Coca-Cola’s Recent Acquisitions? 17. Esterl M. Coca-Cola to Distribute High-Protein Milk Shake also found a dose-response relationship between Forbes website. September 4, 2018. Available at: www.forbes. in U.S. The Wall Street Journal website. June 20, 2012. Avail- com/sites/garystern/2018/09/04/whats-driving-coca-colas- apple and pear consumption and T2DM risk: able at: www.wsj.com/articles/SB1000142405270230476530 One, two, three, four, and five servings per week recent-acquisitions/. Accessed October 3, 2018. 4577479070452891852. Accessed October 4, 2018.

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corresponded to respective reduc- tions of 3%, 8%, 12%, 15%, and Increased Plant Species Richness on Mountain Summits 19% in T2DM risk (P < 0.001). The authors conclude that apple Associated with Climate Warming and pear consumption was signifi- Reviewed: Steinbauer MJ, Grytnes JA, Jurasinski G, et al. Accelerated increase in plant species richness on mountain summits is cantly associated with a decreased linked to warming. Nature. 2018;556(7700):231-234. risk of developing T2DM. This Climate warming is affecting many From 364 resurveys that included finding is of value because apples natural habitats, including moun- Study Details: At a Glance 12,738 observations of 873 species, and pears are popular fruits tainous regions. Mountain summits, Study Design Analysis of plant survey data plant trait values of new established consumed worldwide and provide which serve as natural, permanent Included Studies 698 surveys, conducted from 1871 colonizers were compared with numerous beneficial compounds to study sites that are easy to find, are to 2016, of alpine plants on 302 those of species found in previous European mountain summits the diet. In the United States, apple well-suited for long-term studies of surveys. New colonizers had signifi- consumption contributes approxi- biotic responses to environmental Study Length Various cantly greater specific leaf area (P < mately 22% of the total polyphenol changes. Records of vegetation on Test Material N/A 0.001) and plant height (P < 0.001) intake of an average person. European mountain summits date Control N/A compared to resident species, but The authors hypothesize that back more than a century. Thus, it is there were no significant differences the decrease in T2DM risk from Disclosures The authors declared no compet- possible to resurvey the occurrences ing interests. The study was in seed mass (P = 0.85). According consuming apples and pears could of plant species in these locations and funded by numerous grants and to the authors, the new species also be related to the fruits’ contents of institutions, including The Carls- determine changes in the number berg Foundation, an EU Marie adapted to warmer climates better (1) polyphenols, which have favor- of species over time. The authors of Skłodowska-Curie action grant, than resident species (P < 0.001). able effects on antioxidant capacity; this journal article resurveyed plant and the Velux Foundation, among Local studies suggest that grazing (2) soluble fibers, such as pectin, others (see “Acknowledgements” communities on European mountain section in the journal article for and frequent disturbance by tourists which slow gastric emptying, summits and assessed trends in plant the full list). may suppress the upward advance reduce postprandial glucose spikes, diversity dynamics. They sought to of alpine plants in response to and are associated with reduced determine whether climate warming warming on mountains. However, hyperinsulinemia; or (3) various is accelerating changes in plant species richness (i.e., the number “Without a consistent impact on species re-distribution, it is other phytochemicals that may of plant species in any given location). unlikely that changes in grazing and tourism can account for reduce inflammation. This study is based on 698 surveys, dating from 1871, of the consistent continent-wide increase in plant species richness The strengths of this study 302 European mountain summits with historical vegetation evident in our data,” the authors noted. are its large sample size, strong records. For each survey, the authors assessed all plant species The findings of this study support the hypothesis that climate statistical power, and inclusion generally occurring on the top 10 meters of elevation. For each warming is the primary driver of the upward shifts of species on of studies that were of moderate summit, the authors calculated the mean monthly tempera- mountains and agree with shorter-term studies demonstrating and high quality. Limitations of ture and precipitation and analyzed changes in species richness that the number of cold-adapted plant species is declining while this analysis are that all the stud- across the summits for the entire time period. They reported those that prefer warmer conditions are increasing.1-3 ies were conducted in the United that the number of plant species has significantly increased According to the authors, results of this study “provide a States and the varieties of apples during the past 145 years on 87% of the surveyed European particularly compelling example of the human-driven impact and pears were not addressed. mountain summits (P < 0.001), with an accelerated increase on terrestrial biota” that is consistent with the Great Accelera- during the past 20 to 30 years. This trend was observed for all tion, a term that refers to the hastening trends in societal devel- —Heather S. Oliff, PhD nine geographic regions studied. opment and human impact on the environment since the mid- From 1957 to 1966, the summits gained an average of 1.1 20th century. They conclude that the “accelerating increases in Pear Pyrus spp. Photo ©2018 JJ Harrison species, and from 2007 to 2016, the summits gained an aver- species richness on mountain summits across this broad spatial age of 5.4 species. A positive relationship was observed between extent demonstrate that acceleration in climate-induced biotic the magnitude of increase in plant species richness and the rate change is occurring even in remote places on Earth, with poten- of warming across all sampled mountain summits (P < 0.001). tially far-ranging consequences not only for biodiversity, but Although precipitation change had a moderate positive effect also for ecosystem functioning and services.” on changes in species richness across Europe, the effect was not consistent or significant compared with the effect of tempera- —Shari Henson ture change in the studied regions. The authors also observed growth strategies in new plant References colonizers that are characteristic of species from lower eleva- 1. Gottfried M, Pauli H, Futschik A, et al. Continent-wide response of mountain vegetation to climate change. Nat Clim Chang. 2012;2:111-115. tions, such as larger size (P < 0.001), greater specific leaf area (P 2. Bertrand R, Lenoir J, Piedallu C, et al. Changes in plant community < 0.001), and association with warmer temperatures (P < 0.001), composition lag behind climate warming in lowland forests. Nature. compared with established species. As more species become 2011;479(7374):517-520. established at higher elevations, the slow-growing alpine species 3. Alstad AO, Damschen EI, Givnish TJ, et al. The pace of plant commu- nity change is accelerating in remnant prairies. Sci Adv. February 19, may be replaced by more vigorous generalist species that benefit 2016;2(2):e1500975. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1500975. from warming. However, according to the authors, replacement of resident species requires large populations of new colonizers.

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Significant improvements in anxiety, disability, and nonpharmacological approaches should be prescribed Proprietary Ginkgo Extract Is Comparable to Pentoxifylline for all tinnitus-related measures were seen in both groups after evaluating the suspected cause of the tinnitus and after 12 weeks. In the EGb 761 group, improvements the psychological reaction in each patient. Treatment of Chronic Tinnitus were seen on the Mini-TQ (P < 0.0001) and in loud- In this study, EGb 761 and pentoxifylline were simi- Reviewed: Procházková K, Šejna I, Skutil J, Hahn A. Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® versus pentoxifylline in chronic ness (P = 0.0021) and annoyance (P = 0.0002) scores. larly effective in reducing the loudness, annoyance, and tinnitus: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. [published online June 1, 2018]. Int J Clin Pharm. doi: 10.1007/s11096- In the pentoxifylline group, improvements were seen on overall discomfort of patients with subchronic or chronic 018-0654-4. the Mini-TQ (P < 0.0001) and in loudness (P = 0.0015) tinnitus. Fewer AEs were reported in the EGb 761 group. and annoyance (P = 0.0003) scores. The between-group Limitations of this study include the use of tablet counts People with tinnitus hear sounds, Study Details: At a Glance The patients had subchronic or differences were not significant. Slight, though nonsig- to determine compliance and the single-center setting. often described as ringing or buzzing, Participants • 200 men & women chronic tinnitus for seven years on nificant, improvements in HADS depression scores were when no external sources are present. • ≥ 30 years of age average and had tried many reme- observed in both groups at 12 weeks. In patients with It can be caused by cochlear lesions, • Diagnosed with dies. In addition to the 11-Point elevated depression scores at baseline, improvements in —Shari Henson disturbances in hearing pathways, or by unilateral or Box Scale and the Mini-TQ, the the Mini-TQ, loudness, and annoyance scores were seen metabolic, cardiovascular, or muscu- bilateral chronic authors used the Hospital Anxi- in the EGb 761 group but not loskeletal disorders. Tinnitus often is or subchronic ety and Depression Scale (HADS) tinnitus in the pentoxifylline group. treated with local anesthetics, antide- and the Sheehan Disability Scale, Thirty-four patients in Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Photo ©2018 Steven Foster pressants, benzodiazepines, drugs that Study Design Randomized, a self-rating tool that assesses the EGb 761 group and 29 enhance blood flow in the cochlea double-blind, refer- how work, school, social life, in the pentoxifylline group and brain, anti-inflammatory agents, or ence-controlled trial and family life are impaired by had abnormal HADS anxi- drugs that improve neuroplasticity. The Study Length 12 weeks panic, anxiety, phobic, or depres- ety scores at baseline. (The ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba, Ginkgoaceae) sive symptoms. Safety and toler- Test Material Ginkgo leaf extract authors define “abnormal” leaf extract EGb 761 (Tebonin; Dr. ability of the trial products were HADS anxiety scores as those Willmar Schwabe Pharmaceuti- EGb 761 (Dr. Willmar assessed by physical and otologi- Schwabe Pharma- greater than 7.) After 12 weeks, cals GmbH & Co. KG; Karlsruhe, cal examinations, electrocardio- those numbers decreased to 22 Germany) and the drug pentoxifylline ceuticals GmbH & grams, laboratory tests, and vital Co. KG; Karlsruhe, in the EGb 761 group (P = are among the treatments that enhance signs. All patients who took at Germany) 0.005) and to 23 (P = 0.105) blood flow in the brain. EGb 761 is a least one treatment dose were Control Pentoxifylline in the pentoxifylline group. dry extract of ginkgo leaves (35-67:1) included in the safety analysis Nineteen patients in the with 60% (per weight) acetone as Disclosures None declared set (SAF). Patients in the SAF EGb 761 group reported extraction solvent. It is standardized to who had at least one 11-Point Box a total of 20 AEs, and 27 22-27% ginkgo flavone glycosides and Scale measurement after baseline patients in the pentoxifyl- 5-7% terpene lactones. The authors Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba were included in the full analysis line group reported a total conducted a randomized, double-blind, Photo ©2018 Steven Foster set (FAS). of 36 AEs. A causal relation- reference-controlled, single-center trial Eligible patients were randomly ship with the study product to compare the effects of EGb 761 and assigned to take one EGb 761 tablet could not be excluded for 18 pentoxifylline on psychosocial symp- (120 mg) with one pentoxifylline- AEs in 17 patients in the EGb toms in patients with subchronic or like placebo tablet twice daily (n = 761 group or for 32 AEs in chronic tinnitus. They also assessed the 100) or one extended-release pent- 24 patients in the pentoxifyl- safety and tolerability of the two treat- oxifylline tablet (600 mg) with line group. None of the AEs ments. one EGb 761-like placebo tablet were serious, and no clini- The 12-week trial was conducted at twice daily (n = 100). cally relevant changes in the the Department of Otorhinolaryngol- In the EGb 761 group, seven safety measures were observed ogy at Královské Vinohrady University patients discontinued the trial (six during the trial. The most Hospital in Prague. Male and female because of adverse events [AEs] frequent AEs reported in the patients aged 30 years and older who and one for reasons not given). pentoxifylline group were had unilateral or bilateral subchronic In the pentoxifylline group, 17 “gastrointestinal disorders” or chronic tinnitus for at least three patients discontinued the trial (14 (n = 11) and “infections and months before the onset of the study because of AEs, one who with- infestations” (n = 5), and the were eligible for the trial. Patients were drew consent, one who was lost most frequent AE reported in enrolled if they had maskable tinni- to follow-up, and one for reasons the EGb 761 group was “wors- tus (i.e., tinnitus that can be made less not given). One patient in the ening of tinnitus” (n = 5). annoying by external sound), if they EGb 761 group and two patients The authors explain that had annoyance scores of 3 or greater in the pentoxifylline group were treating chronic tinnitus is on an 11-Point Box Scale, and if their excluded from the FAS because challenging because of its score on an abridged Tinnitus Ques- of a lack of data. Based on tablet various causes and because tionnaire (Mini-TQ) indicated psycho- counts, compliance rates were the condition changes over logical distress. Patients were recruited 99.4% in the EGb 761 group and time. Pharmacological and from September 2012 to April 2014. 98.8% in the pentoxifylline group.

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Review of Sweet and Tart Cherries Shows Decreased Risk of However, the results of only eight studies are presented in and increased urinary excretion of uric acid in healthy women. the article. Six placebo-controlled trials with highly trained Consuming cherries or cherry extract was associated with a Chronic Inflammatory Diseases athletes found that tart cherry juice or powder improved decreased risk of gout attacks in a case-control study. Two Reviewed: Kelley DS, Adkins Y, Laugero KD. A review of the health benefits of cherries. Nutrients. March 2018;10(3):368. performance, reduced post-exercise pain and muscle damage, placebo-controlled trials found that tart cherry juice reduced doi:10.3390/nu10030368. decreased markers of muscle breakdown, and reduced recov- serum uric acid in overweight or obese people and improved ery time. One placebo-controlled trial with male college pain, stiffness, and function in people with osteoarthritis. Increased consumption of = 10); inflammation mark- Study Details: At a Glance students found that tart cherry juice reduced loss of strength, Five of the nine studies that evaluated the effects of cher- fruits and vegetables is associ- ers (n = 16); arthritis mark- muscle damage, and pain after exercise compared to placebo. ries on risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease ated with a decreased risk of Study Design Literature review ers other than inflammation A separate study of tart cherry juice in male water polo players found some health benefit from cherries. In women with chronic inflammatory condi- Included Studies 29 human clinical trials (n = 5); exercise-induced pain found no changes in performance or recovery. diabetes, tart cherry concentrate supplementation for six tions such as cardiovascular and muscle damage or recov- Study Length Various All five studies that evaluated the effects of cherries on weeks decreased systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pres- disease, stroke, diabetes, and ery from exercise (n = 9); arthritis and gout found benefits. Published in 1950, the first sure, and levels of hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, and low- Test Materials Tart cherries or tart cherry prod- some cancers. Fruits and vege- risk factors for diabetes and study to test the health effects of cherries found that fresh or density lipoprotein cholesterol. In healthy adults, 300 mL tables provide essential vita- ucts (n = 20), sweet cherries or cardiovascular disease (n = 9); sweet cherry products (n = 7), and canned tart cherries improved joint mobility and decreased of sweet cherry juice decreased systolic and diastolic blood mins and minerals, fiber, and quality and quantity of sleep gout attacks and uric acid in the blood. Another study found pressure when taken as a single dose, but not when taken in plant compounds that have unspecified fresh or canned cher- (n = 4); and stress, anxiety, ries (n = 2) that a single dose of sweet cherries decreased serum uric acid three divided doses over three hours. In placebo-controlled antioxidant, anti-inflam- mood, memory, and cognitive matory, and other beneficial Control Various function (n = 6). activities. Sweet cherry (Prunus Disclosures The authors declared no conflicts Eight of the 10 studies that Tart cherry Prunus cerasus avium, Rosaceae) fruit and of interest. The study was measured oxidative stress Photo ©2018 Steven Foster tart cherry (P. cerasus) fruit are supported by the US Department found that cherries reduced rich in fiber, carotenoids, and of Agriculture, and the work of one oxidative stress markers or polyphenols and contain small author (Kelley) was partially funded increased antioxidant capac- by the Washington State Fruit amounts of tryptophan, sero- Commission and the California ity. Sweet cherry powder given tonin, and melatonin. Human State Advisory Board. for three days improved anti- and animal studies suggest oxidant capacity in healthy that cherry consumption may adults. A single dose of sweet reduce the risk of chronic cherries increased one anti- diseases and improve sleep, cognitive function, and recovery oxidant measure (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) but from strenuous exercise. The purpose of this review was to decreased another (ferric reducing ability of plasma [FRAP]) summarize the evidence from human studies evaluating the in healthy women. In several placebo-controlled studies, effects of sweet and tart cherries on oxidative stress, inflam- dried sweet cherries and tart cherry juice, concentrate, or mation, exercise-related muscle damage, arthritis, diabetes, fruit decreased lipid peroxidation, increased FRAP, decreased cardiovascular disease, sleep, mood, and cognitive function. unspecified oxidative stress markers, and increased urinary MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases were searched antioxidant capacity in healthy adult and elderly populations. to identify studies that used sweet cherry or tart cherry inter- Two placebo-controlled studies found no change in oxidative ventions. No information was provided about search terms, stress in male athletes given tart cherry powder or juice. search strategy, or criteria for including or excluding studies Eleven of the 16 studies that measured inflammation found in this review. No meta-analysis was conducted. that cherries reduced various inflammation markers, but these A total of 29 clinical trials were reviewed. The studies were reductions were significant in only nine of the 16 studies. In published between 2003 and 2017, with the exception of one healthy people, single doses of sweet cherries or tart cherry study published in 1950. Study treatments included tart cher- juice decreased serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and ries or tart cherry products (n = 20), sweet cherries or sweet uric acid. In people with mildly elevated CRP levels, eating cherry products (n = 7), and unspecified fresh or canned sweet cherries for 28 days decreased serum levels of CRP, cherries (n = 2). Cherry products included juices, powders, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and other inflammatory markers. and concentrates. Study treatments provided the equivalent No significant changes in inflammation markers were of 45-270 cherries per day, corresponding to 55-720 mg of found in overweight or obese people who consumed sweet anthocyanins per day. Study populations ranged from nine to cherries for four weeks, highly trained athletes who consumed 633 participants and included healthy adults, trained athletes, tart cherry juice or powder, elderly people with dementia elderly people with dementia, and people with arthritis, gout, who drank sweet cherry juice, or patients with osteoarthri- obesity, diabetes, and/or hypertension. Treatment durations tis who drank tart cherry juice. One placebo-controlled trial ranged from a single dose of cherries on one day to daily use found increased inflammation markers in healthy people who for three months. Nineteen studies were randomized, placebo- consumed sweet cherry powder. controlled trials. Eight of the nine studies that evaluated exercise-induced The reviewed studies were grouped by medical condition pain, exercise-induced muscle damage, or recovery after exer- or clinical markers measured, including: oxidative stress (n cise found that cherries reduced pain and muscle damage.

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trials, sweet cherry juice decreased systolic blood pressure but The authors conclude: “Evidence from published reports not diastolic blood pressure in elderly people with dementia; is reasonably strong to indicate that consumption of cherries Therapeutic Use of Cannabis Root for Pain and tart cherry concentrate lowered systolic blood pressure but not decreased markers for oxidative stress, inflammation, exercise- diastolic blood pressure in people with early hypertension; and induced muscle soreness and loss of strength, and blood pres- Inflammation tart cherry juice decreased levels of triglycerides and very-low- sure acutely after ingesting cherries.” The acute studies ranged Reviewed: Ryz NR, Remillard DJ, Russo EB. Cannabis roots: A traditional therapy with future potential for treating density lipoprotein cholesterol in overweight and obese people. in duration, but most of the previously mentioned effects were inflammation and pain. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. August 2017;2(1):210-216. doi: 10.1089/can.2017.0028. The remaining studies did not show benefits from consuming determined by assessments conducted within five hours of inges- The many uses of cannabis cians; as well as ethnobotanical cherries. It should be noted that in these few studies, cherries tion. Limited evidence suggests possible benefits in arthritis, (Cannabis spp., Cannabaceae) Study Details: At a Glance reports of traditional practices in decreased inflammation markers associated with diabetes, meta- diabetes, hyperlipidemia, sleep quality, cognitive function, and leaves, flowers, seeds, stalks, Study Literature review South America, Indonesia, and bolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease, but did not consis- mood. and trichomes (resin glands) for Design Réunion Island. tently affect blood levels of lipids, glucose, or insulin. The authors explain that discrepancies among the published food, fuel, fiber, medicine, and Historically, cannabis root was Several studies evaluated the effects of cherries on sleep, reports may be due to the small numbers of participants in some Included Pharmacological studies, histori- other purposes are well known. Studies cal records, and ethnobotanical taken orally as a hot water decoc- mood, and cognitive function. In healthy adults, consuming studies, differences in the composition of participants’ diets, However, the medicinal use tion or used topically as a “cata- sweet cherry powder increased total sleep time and decreased short treatment periods, and variations in polyphenol content reports related to the medicinal of cannabis roots, which was use of cannabis root preparations plasm” or poultice. In addition, sleep latency (the time it takes to fall asleep). In placebo- among the different types of cherries and cherry products tested. documented as early as 77 CE the ground-up roots were mixed Study N/A controlled trials, dried sweet cherries increased total sleep time The authors recommend that stable, standardized cherry prod- by Roman naturalist Pliny the with wine and taken orally, or Length and decreased sleep latency and the number of awakenings, and ucts should be developed for use in randomized controlled trials, Elder, has been largely neglected mixed with fat or butter and tart cherry juice decreased the severity of insomnia but did not and that future studies should have longer durations and report by the modern medical research Test N/A taken orally or applied topically. affect sleep latency or sleep efficiency in older adults with insom- the anthocyanin and total polyphenol contents of the tested community. The authors of this Material Cannabis root has been used for nia. One placebo-controlled trial found that dried sweet cherries products. review summarize the medical Control N/A painful joints; gout; fever and consumed for five days improved mood and decreased anxiety history and traditional use of inflammation; difficult child- —Sandy Jean Disclosures None declared in adults. A second placebo-controlled study found no effect of cannabis roots, as well as the birth and postpartum hemor- a single dose of tart cherry concentrate on cognitive function limited pharmacological data on rhaging; burns and calluses; as or mood in healthy adults. The many inconsistencies regard- the composition of cannabis root. both an emetic and anti-emetic; to treat infections; and ing the clinical studies described in the text make it difficult to Cannabis root preparations have been mentioned in the as a veterinary vermicide. Historical records also mention summarize the overall effects of cherries on mood and cognitive Pên-ts’ao Ching, an ancient Chinese pharmacopeia; Persian cannabis root as a treatment for “tumors,” but the authors function. medicinal texts from the 12th century; accounts of Euro- note that it is unclear if these reports were referring to pean physicians dating back to 1542 and US Eclectic physi- cancerous tumors; historically, the word “tumor” often Stock Photography that doesn’t look like Stock Cannabis Cannabis sativa Photo ©2018 Steven Foster

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was used to refer to any abscess, sore, ulcer, or swelling, including inflammation associated with joint pain. Indian Kino Tree Reforestation Active compounds in cannabis roots include the triter- penoids friedelin and epifriedelanol. Both are abundant Sami-Sabinsa Group Funds Major Conservation Project in India in many plants, algae, lichen, mosses, coal, and mineral By Connor Yearsley wax. To date, researchers have not isolated friedelin or epifriedelanol specifically from cannabis roots. Friedelin The Sami-Sabinsa Group* has committed to fund a 10-year reforestation project that will oversee the planting of from other plant sources has been found in vivo and in more than 166,600 Indian kino (Pterocarpus marsupium, Fabaceae) trees on 250 acres in the large central Indian state vitro to have various activities, including anti-inflam- of Madhya Pradesh.1 The group expects to spend about $500,000 on the project, which it claims is the first initiative matory, anti-pyretic, analgesic, estrogenic, antioxidant, to conserve this high-value, multipurpose, threatened species in India. The project earned the NutraIngredients-USA hepatoprotective, and cytotoxic. Editors Award for Industry Initiative of the Year for 2018.2 The Indian kino tree has been used in India’s traditional An oil fraction of wild cannabis roots from Jammu, medicine system of Ayurveda, and extracts of the heartwood† have demonstrated antidiabetic properties (see “About India (misspelled as “Jammy, India” in the journal arti- the Indian Kino Tree” sidebar). cle), was found to have the characteristic minty aroma of carvone (found at 77.7%) and dihydrocarvone (23.3%). “While there have been some plants should be protected, but this These monoterpenes, which are also found in spear- initiatives by Indian forest depart- program illustrates even longer- mint (Mentha spicata, Lamiaceae) and dill (Anethum ments for propagating teak and term thinking, beyond meeting graveolens, Apiaceae) oils, have antinociceptive (block- other timber trees, an initiative for Sabinsa’s supply needs.” ing the detection of pain stimuli) effects in vivo and the cultivation of the Indian kino Suma Tagadur Sureshchandra, a are being investigated for their potential therapeutic tree has hardly been done by govern- medicinal plants specialist and an use in patients with osteoarthritis. N-(p-hydroxy-β- ment agencies or private enterprise,” assistant professor at the Univer- phenylethyl)-p-hydroxy-trans-cinnamamide, also found wrote Shaheen Majeed, president sity of Trans-Disciplinary Health in cannabis roots, has also been shown to have analgesic of Sabinsa Worldwide (email, June Sciences and Technology (TDU)- activity in vivo. No pharmacological data are available 6, 2018). “Natural populations of the Foundation for Revitaliza- on the cannabis root alkaloids cannabisativine or anhy- this tree have been greatly reduced, tion of Local Health Traditions drocannabisativine. Cannabis roots also contain choline and often no young saplings can be (FRLHT), Bengaluru, thinks this and several sterols, including sitosterol, campesterol, and found in the forest.” initiative should be appreciated and stigmasterol. Cannabis roots, unlike its flowering tops The Sami-Sabinsa Group replicated for other Indian botani- and resin glands, have no appreciable amounts of canna- produces two proprietary standard- cals. “Certainly it will reduce pres- binoids. ized ingredients from the Indian sure on the wild genepool of the Although there have been no reports of the cardiac kino tree: Silbinol, a pterostilbene- species,” she wrote, and added that activity of cannabis roots, a 1971 article in the Journal enriched fraction of the ethanol such initiatives should be encour- OUR BRANDED INGREDIENT  of the American Medical Association discussed a case from extract of the heartwood, and pTero- aged by forest departments and the 1931 that linked “Indian hemp” roots, which were used Sol, a C-glycosides-enriched frac- National Medicinal Plants Board UNIQUE COMPONENT FOR tion of the aqueous extract of the of India (email, July 9, 2018). She as a treatment for dropsy, with bradycardia (slow heart 3 rate). However, the authors of this review note that the heartwood. The reforestation proj- said that similar programs could YOUR MARKET APPLICATION 1931 treatment most likely referred to dogbane (Apocy- ect was started with the expectation be undertaken for other impor- num cannabinum, Apocynaceae), which was commonly that these products will increase tant species in the region, includ- called “Indian hemp” in the 1930s and earlier, has demand for this already-threatened ing the ashoka tree (Saraca asoca, DIARY CONFECTIONARY BEVERAGE CEREAL NATURAL FOOD WATER SOLUBLE species. Fabaceae), red sandalwood (Ptero- COLORANT known cardiac glycosides, and was used historically to treat dropsy in folk and Native American medicine. “When Sabinsa looked into carpus santalinus, Fabaceae), and  branded ingredient from the Pantagonian maqui When considering therapeutic compounds in and supplies with an eye to the future, false calumba (Coscinium fenestra- (Aristotelia chilensis) berry possible uses of cannabis roots, it is important to keep we found that this tree’s population tum, Menispermaceae).  premium source of anthocyanins and delphinidins in mind the great variability of the plant in different was declining, and it was neglected,” The Indian kino tree is considered  unique food and beverage additive climates, growth conditions, and among its different wrote Majeed. “The Sami-Sabinsa Near Threatened according to the chemovars and varieties. Just as different chemovars have Group has focused on cultivation, Red List criteria of the International propagation, and conservation of Union for Conservation of Nature MADE IN GERMANY been identified in relation to their cannabinoid content, medicinal plants for more than 20 different root chemovars may emerge. Many cannabis Bark of the Indian kino tree dispensaries in the United States now offer body lotions, years, and been involved in sympo- (Pterocarpus marsupium) For further information sia discussing how traditional Indian send us an e-mail salves, lip balms, and other products made from canna- Photo ©2018 Vinayaraj [email protected] or visit our website: bis or hemp (non-intoxicating cannabis) roots. Great care www.anklam-extrakt.com must be taken when sourcing roots for any medicinal * Sami Labs, founded in 1991, is a Bengaluru, India-based manufacturer and exporter of herbal extracts and other natural products. It is the parent purpose because they readily accumulate heavy metals company of Sabinsa Corporation, which was founded in 1988 and is a manufacturer, supplier, and marketer of herbal extracts, dietary ingredients, and Distribution: Headquarters: other natural products. Sabinsa has offices around the world with US headquarters in East Windsor, New Jersey. The companies often are referred to from soil, including iron, chromium, and cadmium. as the Sami-Sabinsa Group because they are under the same ownership and both companies contribute to many of the same initiatives. Anklam Extrakt GmbH Anklam Extrakt GmbH Campus Marienberg Johann-Friedrich-Böttger-Straße 4 Marienbergstraße 92 17389 Anklam — Mariann Garner-Wizard † Heartwood is the older, harder, nonliving inner wood of the trunk that is usually darker, denser, less permeable, and more durable than the 90411 Nuremberg surrounding sapwood. phone: +49 911 247901-11

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Map courtesy of Sami-Sabinsa The Indian kino tree has a wide native range and After five years, the trees will be meters around the periphery, has been occurs across much of India and Sri Lanka, as well self-sustaining. It was determined done. The trees will be monitored as in Nepal, Bangladesh, and Taiwan. It grows at that 166,600 trees is the maximum regularly to make sure they are taking elevations up to about 1,200 meters (about 4,000 number that the 250-acre plot can root and starting to thrive.” feet) in moist and dry deciduous forests and in support. Since Indian kino trees are According to Majeed, many initial hilly areas. The species prefers deep, well-drained, deciduous trees that usually have challenges associated with the project low-fertility soils and abundant light. The status straight boles, the trees initially have been overcome already, such as of populations across the species’ range is not fully should be able to thrive in the allot- finding the cultivation partner and known, however. The Indian kino tree reportedly ted space, according to Majeed, getting the government to provide the is declining in Sri Lanka, and field observations in but thinning will be required after land. “While there is concern that the India suggest that populations there are probably 10 years. After 15 to 20 years, trees may be poached before they are small. Furthermore, the plant’s range overlaps with the Forest Department may decide mature, the area has been wire-fenced some areas where the Global Forest Watch consid- about the harvesting of selected and will be under supervision,” Majeed ers there to have been a 30% loss of tree cover since trees. wrote. “Unwanted interference and/or 2000.4 “For each hectare of land, it is forest devastation should not occur to The reforestation project will take place on a estimated that 999 man-days will be disturb this ongoing project. Any soil 250-acre plot of land, located in the districts of required for plantation and mainte- concerns and potential pathogens will Seoni and Balaghat in the southeastern part of nance of the trees for a period of five be strictly observed by our scientists, Madhya Pradesh, which was provided and is owned years,” Majeed wrote. “The clear- botanists, and agro-specialists, and by the government of Madhya Pradesh. According ing of undergrowth in the forest remedied immediately.” to Majeed, the Madhya Pradesh Forest Department land, while preserving fruit-bearing is also concerned about the conservation status of and other desirable trees on the five Indian kino tree Pterocarpus marsupium Photo ©2018 Sami-Sabinsa the Indian kino tree, and the Sami-Sabinsa Group’s initiative is well-regarded by the government. The project officially began in March 2018 when About the Indian Kino Tree the Sami-Sabinsa Group entered into a memoran- A ‘Multipurpose Forest Tree’ of mango (Mangifera indica, Anacardiaceae), sal tree (Shorea dum of understanding with the Forest Department. The Indian kino tree, also called vijayasar in Hindi and asan in robusta, Dipterocarpaceae), and Spondias pinnata (Anacardia- Seedlings are being grown in nurseries, and plant- Sanskrit, is a perennial, tropical, deciduous tree in the legume ceae) to treat dysentery. In addition, the Kannada people report- (IUCN).‡ This is based on a 2017 assessment that used version ing was done in July 2018, when monsoon season was in family (Fabaceae) that can grow to 30 meters (98 feet) tall. Its edly have made wooden tumblers (drinking vessels) from the 3.1, the current version, of the Red List Categories and Criteria. full effect. Cultivation will be managed by the reforesta- elliptic-ovate or oblong leaflets are arranged alternately on yellowish-brown heartwood of the tree. The tumblers are then According to the IUCN, “a taxon is Near Threatened when the rachis, and there is one unpaired terminal leaflet. From filled with water that is allowed to sit overnight, which creates tion organization Madhya Pradesh Rajya Van Vikas Nigam it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify about June to August, the tree produces showy golden yellow an extract of the heartwood that is drunk the next morning to Ltd., which was incorporated in 1975 and is funded by the 7 for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, flowers in panicles (loose, branching flower clusters). Its pods treat diabetes. state government of Madhya Pradesh and the government are orbicular, flat, and winged, each with one or two seeds.7-9 but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threat- Modern Research of India. The tree’s timber can be used for plywood, veneer, poles, tools, Epicatechin, found in the bark and heartwood of the tree, ened category in the near future.”4,5 Previously, based on a 10 The plantation will be monitored constantly for five furniture, containers, boats, musical instruments, and more. In is chemically similar to insulin but reportedly works through a 1998 assessment that used an earlier version of the Red List fact, the species has been described as one of the most “multi- 14 years, and trees will be replaced if there is any mortality. 4 different mechanism of action. In diabetic rats, epicatechin Categories and Criteria (version 2.3), purpose forest trees.” However, unlike species that are valued has been shown to be able to regenerate pancreatic beta cells, the Indian kino tree was considered primarily for their fruit, leaves, or flowers, which can be harvested which release insulin.12 In addition, in one study, marsupin and 4 without killing the entire plant, the Indian kino tree mostly pterostilbene from the heartwood of the tree performed compa- Vulnerable. According to Majeed, Table 1: Threat Status of Pterocarpus marsupium in Six Indian States* is valued for different parts of its trunk (e.g., the heartwood), one of the goals of the Sami-Sabinsa rably to the conventional diabetes drug metformin in reducing so human use usually requires harvesting the entire tree. This 8 Group’s new project is to prevent blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic rats. In another study, the Indian State Threat Status (Assessment Year) creates concerns about the sustainability of the species. Sami-Sabinsa Group’s pTeroSol extract lowered blood glucose this autogenic-reproductive-deficient It has been proposed that a population census be conducted Chhattisgarh Vulnerable (2003) and HbA1c levels and increased insulin levels in diabetic rats. species** from qualifying for one of across the Indian kino tree’s range, its international trade be 4 Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers also were reduced in the IUCN’s three threatened catego- Madhya Pradesh Vulnerable (2003) monitored, and harvest quotas be introduced. According to this study.15 Majeed, the sustainable management of valuable trees, including Multiple studies have investigated the Indian kino tree’s effects ries (i.e., Vulnerable, Endangered, or Maharashtra Vulnerable (2001) this species, requires longer-term thinking than for other plants, Critically Endangered) again. in human subjects. At least two of these were conducted by the Odisha Endangered (2007) because trees typically have longer life cycles. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). In the first, 67 (69%) of Also using version 2.3 of the IUCN Rajasthan Critically Endangered (2007) Traditional Uses 97 patients with newly diagnosed or untreated diabetes and who criteria, the FRLHT evaluated Indian According to the Indian Materia Medica (1908): “Kino is a simple took the Indian kino tree preparation (a dried aqueous decoction kino tree populations in six states in West Bengal Endangered (2007) astringent, administered in diarrhea; somewhat milder in action of the bark) achieved blood glucose control by week 12. The than catechu, therefore better adapted for females and children. majority of those achieved control with a daily dose of two grams. India (Table 1). *Based on the FRLHT’s assessments using IUCN criteria.6 Gum is used for toothache.”11 The red exudate, called kino gum, No adverse side effects were reported.16 which is yielded when incisions are made through the bark up to In the second study, patients with newly diagnosed or the cambium layer, contains kino tannic acid and has astringent untreated type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to receive

‡ The IUCN’s Red List of Threatened Species is the world’s most comprehensive information source on the conservation status of plant, animal, properties.12 either the Indian kino tree preparation (a dried aqueous decoc- and fungal species. Red List Categories and Criteria provides an explicit, objective framework for classifying species at high risk of global extinc- The stem bark of the Indian kino tree is used in ethnomedi- tion of the heartwood) or the standard antidiabetic medication tion, based on parameters such as population reduction and restricted geographic range. cines in India for diabetes, anemia, asthma, body pain, digestive tolbutamide. After 36 weeks of treatment, 86% of 172 patients in disorders, diarrhea, dysentery, herpes, skin diseases, toothache, the Indian kino tree group and 94% of 177 patients in the tolbu- ** An autogenic-reproductive-deficient species is one in which “reproduction is low due to self-generated and biotic factors,” according to Majeed. leukorrhea, and dysmenorrhea.13 tamide group achieved blood glucose control. The study authors The Indian kino tree has a low germination rate (14-20%) and “early development of seedlings is hampered” by various factors, such as competition Kol tribes in Odisha, India, reportedly have made a paste concluded that the Indian kino tree performed comparably to from weeds or thick grass. Also, young roots are vulnerable to rot, and most of the tree’s pods fall during the hot season and may be damaged by fire. mixture from the bark of the Indian kino tree and the barks tolbutamide and without any significant adverse side effects.17

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Majeed hopes this effort, 12. Khare CP. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeial which is unusual because it Plant Drugs: Expanded Therapeutics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2016. intends to proactively prevent 13. Jain V, Jain SK. Compendium of Indian shortfalls in supplies of this Folk Medicine and Ethnobotany (1991 – species ahead of anticipated 2015). New Delhi, India: Deep Publi- future demand, will serve as cations; 2016. 14. Mechanism of Action. Silbinol website. a model. “There are declining Available at: www.silbinol.com/about/ species around the world, and action-mechanism/. Accessed June 20, the effects of climate change 2018. are already exacerbating vulner- 15. Sabinsa’s pTeroSol Pterocarpus marsu- pium extract studied in published abilities created by exploitation research for diabetic benefit. Sabinsa without replanting,” he wrote. website. February 19, 2018. Available “As far as we know, this venture at: www.sabinsa.com/press-release- is the first of its kind in the 2018/1019-sabinsa-pterosol-pterocar- pus-marsupium-extract-studied-in- dietary supplements industry. published-research-for-diabetic-benefit. It goes beyond farms and into Accessed June 20, 2018. the forest. We hope that it will 16. V Seshiah, A Sundaram, RS Hari- inspire other similar programs. haran, et al. Flexible dose open trial of Vijayasar in cases of newly-diagnosed We have already had other non-insulin-dependent diabetes melli- government entities in India take tus. Indian J Med Res. 1998;108:24-29. notice of our efforts, and we are 17. RS Hariharan, S Venkataraman, P in discussions for greater conser- Sunitha, et al.; ICMR Study Group Planting of Indian kino trees Pterocarpus marsupium on the Efficacy of Vijayasar in Type 2 Photo ©2018 Sami-Sabinsa vation efforts for this species Diabetes Mellitus. Efficacy of Vijayasar as well as other threatened (Pterocarpus marsupium) in the treat- ment of newly diagnosed patients with The plot is located near forests where the Indian kino tree species in and around India. This collaboration model can be replicated by other type 2 diabetes mellitus: a flexible dose currently grows. A variety of other medium-sized and large double-blind multicenter randomized tree species also grow in these areas, including Butea mono- companies and in other countries. We hope it will be.” controlled trial. Diabetologia Croatica. sperma (Fabaceae), Dalbergia spp. (Fabaceae), Ficus religiosa 2005;34(1):13-20. (Moraceae), Lagerstroemia spp. (Lythraceae), Schleichera oleosa (Sapindaceae), Syzygium cumini (Myrtaceae), and References Terminalia spp. (Combretaceae). According to Majeed, tinsa 1. Sami-Sabinsa Group to Fund Reforestation of Pterocarpus marsu- (Desmodium oojeinense, Fabaceae) and sheesham (Dalbergia pium in India. Sabinsa website. Available at: www.sabinsa.com/ sissoo) often are found as key associates of the Indian kino media-coverage/1030-sami-sabinsa-group-to-fund-reforestation-of- tree. pterocarpus-marsupium-in-india. Accessed June 20, 2018. Botanical illustration of Pterocarpus In Madhya Pradesh, the Indian kino tree has been used 2. NutraIngredients-USA Awards: And the WINNERS are… marsupium from Köhler's Medizinal- NutraIngredients-USA website. July 17, 2018. Available at: www. primarily as a source of timber, according to Majeed. “Our nutraingredients-usa.com/Article/2018/07/17/NutraIngredients- Pflanzen by Franz Eugen Köhler (1897). focus is also on the better availability of the compound of USA-Awards-And-the-WINNERS-are. Accessed August 15, 2018. our interest,” he wrote. “Considering the species’ low germi- 3. Standardized Phyto Extracts. Sabinsa website. Available at: www. nation rate, Sami-Sabinsa with the Forest Department is sabinsa.com/products-and-services/standardized-phytoextracts. Accessed June 20, 2018. identifying pterostilbene-rich chemotypes of Pterocarpus 4. Pterocarpus marsupium. IUCN website. Available at: www. marsupium. After evaluation, the selected chemotypes will iucnredlist.org/details/34620/0. Accessed June 20, 2018. HerbalEGram be taken up for micropropagation. We expect this value 5. 2001 Categories & Criteria (version 3.1). IUCN website. Available addition will have a great impact on the conservation of the at: www.iucnredlist.org/static/categories_criteria_3_1. Accessed June 20, 2018. ABC’s Monthly eMagazine species in general and the elite chemotypes in particular.” 6. Plant Details for Pterocarpus marsupium. FRLHT website. Avail- This project is part of the Sami-Sabinsa Group’s larger able at: envis.frlht.org/plantdetails/bd8af322cb239ac4abbd3757d Featuring timely, original articles commitment to sustainability. “The industry, or parts of 951f4e1/1f980ac8d3cb2382540571ad873491ae. Accessed August and a review of the month’s most it, has struggled to address growing challenges in sourc- 15, 2018. 7. Pterocarpus marsupium. Encyclopedia of Life website. Available at: important herbal happenings. ing of botanical ingredients in the face of increased eol.org/pages/643242/details#cite_note-6. Accessed June 20, 2018. demand, climate change, inadequate protection of indige- 8. Subramoniam A. Anti-Diabetes Mellitus Plants: Active Principles, nous species, and sometimes questionable agricultural prac- Mechanisms of Action and Sustainable Utilization. Boca Raton, FL: • An ABC membership benefit published tices,” Majeed wrote. “Sabinsa’s well-established cultivation CRC Press; 2016. 9. Sahoo S, Ramesh DB, Rao YR, Debata BK, Misra VN, eds. the second week of each month. program contracts directly with farmers in rural India, Conservation and Utilization of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. New ensuring income for the small farmers, supporting schools, Delhi, India: Allied Publishers Ltd.; 2001. • Exclusive excerpts from the latest herbal and improving rural infrastructure. Sabinsa is replicating 10. Bijasal (Pterocarpus marsupium). International Tropical Timber medicine-related books. this successful program in other countries, because the Organization website. Available at: www.tropicaltimber.info/ about/. Accessed June 20, 2018. • All previous issues going back 10+ years impact of climate change on weather patterns will create the 11. Nadkarni KM, ed. Indian Materia Medica. Mumbai, India: Popular available on ABC’s website at: necessity of sourcing in different regions.” Prakashan Private Ltd.; 1908. http://cms.herbalgram.org/heg/index.html

54 • I SSUE 120 • 2018 • www.herbalgram.org www.herbalgram.org • 2018 • I SSUE 120 • 55 Ayahuasca vine Banisteriopsis caapi While the leaves of chakruna and huambisa grow on bushes that Photo ©2018 Chris Kilham can be ready for harvest in two or three years, the ayahuasca vine takes a minimum of five years to mature. According to numerous people with whom I have spoken since 2006, the main supply issue concerns the future wild populations of ayahuasca. To better determine the state of ayahuasca supply, I conducted a multi-site field assessment in the Peruvian Amazon. The first trip took place in January 2018, in the areas surrounding Pucallpa and Iquitos in Peru, where the largest ayahuasca retreat centers are located. In the Iquitos area alone, there are approximately 120 ayahuasca centers that largely cater to foreign pasajeros (passengers), according to Iquitos-based guide Juan Maldonado. I have known Juan for more than 10 years and previously have relied on him for information, supply of hard-to-obtain plants, and assistance visiting some villages in the region. My initial assessment provided valuable insight into the status of ayahuasca cultivation and supply in two of the most heavily trafficked areas for ayahuasca ceremonies. My collaborators and I were repeatedly advised by those with whom we spoke during our first assessment that the Rio Tamaya southeast of Pucallpa had the Ayahuasca vine Banisteriopsis caapi greatest amount of wild-harvest- Photo ©2018 Chris Kilham ing and trade in the vine in Peru. Several people inter- viewed said that they either knew of vine traders in that area or personally dealt with them. To follow up on the many comments regarding the Rio Tamaya, I, along with three others, under- took a field assessment on that river in June 2018. My partner in both of these assessments was Sergio Cam of Chakarunas Trading Company. Sergio and I have worked and trav- eled together for 20 years, and we have explored vari- ous regions of the Amazon for at least a dozen of those years. Sergio is smart, jovial, and a tremendous asset in all of the activities Ayahuasca Vine Harvesting in the Peruvian Amazon in which I have engaged in Peru. He and I are ideally Field report assesses supply of ayahuasca vine in areas complementary in our work. For the Rio Tamaya survey, our around Iquitos, Pucallpa, and the Rio Tamaya two other teammates were Jaime Baca, By Chris Kilham our friend and boat Introduction driver, and Kley- Over the past several years, members of ayahuasca groups and various social media sites have referred to the supply of ayahuasca vine (Banisteriopsis caapi, Malpighiaceae) in Peru as imperiled and environmentally devastated. Ayahuasca, which is the name of both the plant and the psychedelic brew that is typically made from ayahuasca vine and the leaves Map of Peru of chakruna (Psychotria viridis, Rubiaceae) or huambisa (Diplopterys cabrerana, Malpighiaceae), is now highly popular in indicating some of the Peru and other areas of the Amazon. It also is brewed and bottled for export for increasingly popular ceremonial use in areas explored during the United States and elsewhere. Kilham’s travels.

56 • I SSUE 120 • 2018 • www.herbalgram.org www.herbalgram.org • 2018 • I SSUE 120 • 57 lie Vargas, another friend and Jimmy Rojas, an The author at Vivero Ucayali Rainforest with four-month- an agroforestry engineering ayahuasca maker. old seedlings of ayahuasca. Photo ©2018 Chris Kilham student of Shipibo heritage. Photo ©2018 Chris Kilham The Shipibo-Conibo are one told us that in Peru, the same prepared ayahuasca brew of many tribes indigenous to Notes from conversation with shaman Wiler Noriega from the sells for approximately $100 per liter. In Peru, ayahuasca the Rio Ucayali in the Peruvian plants and brew are legal, and the medicine is revered as Amazon. village of Limongema, about an hour by boat south up the Rio part of the country’s “national patrimony.” During these assessments, my Noriega also gave us a tip on a place called Tupac off Ucayali from Pucallpa: team and I visited and stayed in kilometer 15 in Pucallpa, where he says ayahuasca is being native villages, spoke with people According to Noriega, cultivated. actively involved in ayahuasca he and his son have planted Noriega informed us that the best brew comes from trade, asked as many questions both ayahuasca and chakruna freshly harvested ayahuasca vine that is still juicy. The as we could, took photographs extensively on five hectares of drier the vine, the poorer the quality of the brew. He also and notes, and reached conclu- land near Limongema, with claimed that ayahuasca is superior in quality when grown sions based on the consistency of the intention to plant much on higher ground. information we gathered and the more. They accomplished this Notes from boat captain Jaime Baca, with whom I have trav- Notes from a visit to the Ministry of Agriculture in Pucallpa: conditions we witnessed. The purpose of this field work by planting sections of main vine, or vine branches, in soil. eled on several rivers in the Ucayali and Loreto regions: We met briefly with Raoul, an officer of the ministry. We was to provide those involved in the ayahuasca scene in Noriega claims that he has planted approximately 3,000 vines, asked if the ministry was engaged in any kind of assessment of particular, and the botanical industry in general, with but does not know the exact number in the ground. The vines Baca informed me that a forestry engineer has planted ayahuasca populations or sustainability. Raoul told us that at valuable, up-to-date knowledge. We derive no income will not be ready to harvest for at least four years. approximately 2,500 ayahuasca vines near the Brazilian present there are no such programs or plans for any programs from ayahuasca or from this particular research effort. Noriega informed us that for several years he has acquired border, somewhere along the Rio Tamaya. Through Baca, focusing on ayahuasca. All wages, expenses, and project costs for both ayahuasca ayahuasca from brokers. Those who supply the vine come from Sergio and I were introduced to Jimmy Rojas, who makes field assessments were paid for entirely by my business, the Pucallpa region, aggregating collections from harvesters large quantities of ayahuasca on a regular basis. We were taken Notes from a visit to Los Cielos Amazonian Healing Retreat Medicine Hunter. who cut wild forest populations along the Rio Tamaya. This to the Manantay neighborhood where Rojas lives and cooks Center: Based on my observations, as detailed below, the supply river runs east from the Rio Ucayali just south of Pucallpa, his brew. Sergio and I traveled approximately two hours with a driver of vine has thus far been sufficient for the current levels toward the Brazilian border. Notes from a visit with Jimmy Rojas Minos, in the Manantay named Gilmer from Pucallpa to Los Cielos, south of the city. of demand in these regions. However, because ayahuasca Currently, Noriega pays 150 Peruvian soles (approx. $46 neighborhood of Pucallpa: There we were met by Sylvie Meier, who runs the center. (Her is also popular in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Costa Rica, USD) per 25- to 30-kilogram sack of dried ayahuasca vine. Rojas comes from Utucuro, a Shipibo village in the Ucay- name, which stems from the Latin silva for “forest,” seems Hawaii, and other tropical locales, my field research in the By his recipe, he will get one to two liters of brew from each perfect for her profession and geographical situation.) At the Pucallpa, Iquitos, and Rio Tamaya regions cannot provide sack of vine, and will use approximately five kilograms of ali region, where he was both a shaman and a chief. He learned his craft from his grandfather, Vicente Sanchez, and time of our arrival, they were cooking 100 kg of vine and 125 definitive information about the supply of vine through- chakruna for the same batch. He was introduced to ayahuasca kg of chakruna to make approximately 10 liters of ayahuasca out the entire ayahuasca scene. suppliers through friends, and said that if he orders ayahuasca, decided to leave his village for greater opportunities in the Pucallpa area. He has been cooking ayahuasca for several brew. For the purposes of simplicity, “ayahuasca” will be used he receives the shipment in about 15 days. Noriega has been According to Meier, the center pays about 900 soles (approx. hereafter in this report to refer to B. caapi, the ayahuasca told that gathering ayahuasca has become more challenging, years and supports his family with this activity. Every month, Rojas makes 30-40 liters of ayahuasca, $277) for 100 kg of ayahuasca, and approximately 800 soles vine, and not the ritual brew of which it is a primary as harvesters need to venture further into the forest to harvest. (approx. $246) for 125 kg of chakruna. Since its inception, the ingredient. Among local and native people in Peru, this is Vines are typically cut in a sustainable manner, with the roots which he sells to two customers, Kush and Eric, who run healing centers in the Cuzco area. His recipe consists of 30 center has purchased ayahuasca from dealers who aggregate common parlance. remaining in the ground, which allows the plant to regener- collections from the Rio Tamaya. In 2017, the center planted ate over time. kg of ayahuasca vine and 12 kg of chakruna leaves per liter Pucallpa, Ucayali Region of finished brew. He pays 80 soles ($24.61) per 30-kg sack of 250 ayahuasca vines, and Meier said they intend to plant more. Prepared ayahuasca brew is currently being shipped (in The center also uses some shade-grown chakruna cultivated To understand the state of supply and cultivation, I trav- general, illegally; see “Ayahuasca Legality in the United ayahuasca, which he obtains from two sources: one is a day upriver south on the Rio Ucayali, and the other is along the near Pucallpa. eled around Pucallpa with Sergio, visiting growing sites States” sidebar) in liquid form to the United States and other Ayahuasca is prepared every two to three months at Los and speaking with people mostly of Shipibo native origin, foreign countries for approximately $400 per liter. Noriega Rio Tamaya. Rojas sells his ayahuasca for 150 soles ($45.97) per liter. Cielos in an elaborate and lengthy process that takes 11-12 who are involved in ayahuasca supply. Pucallpa is the days from start to finish. The center employs strict standards home of the majority of Shipibo natives, who feature Notes from a visit to Vivero Ucayali Rainforest, a supplier of of cleaning, washing, straining, and preparation, making theirs prominently in ayahuasca shamanism and supply. seedlings of medicinal plants, fruit trees, and ornamental plants the most elaborate ayahuasca preparation I have witnessed. in Pucallpa: The resulting brew made from this prepared vine is clean, According to the son of the recently deceased founder of thick, dark, and sweet, with a tolerable flavor that is uncom- Ayahuasca Legality in the United States Vivero Ucayali Rainforest, ayahuasca mon to ayahuasca brew. Brewed ayahuasca is illegal to purchase, sell, is becoming increasingly popular, Meier gave us a tour of the prop- prepare, dispense, or transport in the United States. and sales of seedlings are up. He erty at Los Cielos, where dozens Two churches, Santo Daime and União do Vegetal, was not able to disclose quantities of species of native medicinal enjoy limited protected status to employ ayahuasca being sold, but insisted that there plants are cultivated. Though they as a sacrament in their church services. has been a steady increase in popu- currently obtain their ayahuasca Ayahuasca vine is legal to purchase, sell, prepare, larity of the vine. Each seedling from dealers, they hope in time to dispense, or transport, but chakruna and huambisa sells for 5 soles ($1.55). The seed- be self-sustaining. are not legal due to their DMT content. Any shipping lings we saw were four months old. of prepared ayahuasca into the United States, outside Iquitos, Loreto Region of the two designated churches above, is against A woman making ayahuasca at After our time in Pucallpa, I trav- Los Cielos. international drug trafficking laws. eled to Iquitos to visit growers and Wiler Noriega, a shaman in the village of Limongema. Photo ©2018 Chris Kilham Photo ©2018 Chris Kilham

58 • I SSUE 120 • 2018 • www.herbalgram.org www.herbalgram.org • 2018 • I SSUE 120 • 59 interview people from various ayahuasca retreat centers about chakruna, because he prefers the somewhat stronger visionary practice. Tanner intends to get to the point that the Ayahuasca plants/trees with ayahuasca planted initially to grow up the supply of ayahuasca vine. effect of the huambisa. As a result of this cultivation, Montes Foundation can rely on its own vines for ayahuasca. fast-growing trees and then move on to slower growing Notes from a visit with Elizabeth Bardales Rengifo of Natural is self-sufficient. Tanner says that he has never experienced difficulty obtain- trees). Therefore, generating yields over 10 years from Chacruna Productos Naturales: Montes appears to be a model in the ayahuasca scene. Culti- ing ayahuasca. “People understand when there is a market for different plants in the short-, medium-, and long-term vating vastly more than he needs, he is assured of a steady something,” he explained. with the main goal being reforestation with ayahuasca In the company of Juan Maldonado, I visited Bardales, supply of ayahuasca for as long as he wishes. He provides some Tanner informed me that shaman Don Lucio of Kapitari on growing throughout. whose 15-year-old business Natural Chacruna is well-known prepared ayahuasca to other shamans in the Iquitos area. the Rio Nanay has more than 1,000 cultivated vines. We actually do have issues with the supply of vine (not in the Iquitos area. An agronomic engineer, Bardales runs leaf) which we source from the Ucayali, and we are find- an impressive herbal processing and manufacturing busi- Notes from a visit with Ron Wheelock, a “gringo shaman” popu- Correspondence from Matthew Watherston, founder of the larized by a CNN special on ayahuasca hosted by Lisa Ling: Temple of the Way of Light: ing that it is becoming harder and harder to source and ness including solar drying, grinding, milling, sanitizing, more and more expensive. And I hear the same for other cooking, evaporating, package labeling, and sales. Her busi- Wheelock has a camp down the Nauta Road at kilometer This subject is of course an important and ongoing centers too. ness is completely unmarked on the outside, yet is expansive 23 called El Purgero, but we met at his home at kilometer 9 on conversation and significant focus for us at the Temple! I on the inside. the Nauta Road. Shortly after we arrived, he pointed to a very shared with you last year our plans redeveloping sustain- According to the people with whom I spoke, it appears that Bardales makes “bricks” of ayahuasca, which are solid large ayahuasca vine in his yard and explained that it is 20 years able ayahuasca plantations in local villages and our inten- the Rio Tamaya region is a primary area for forest harvesting blocks of cooked ayahuasca that have been dehydrated. In old, planted in 1997. According to Wheelock, he had harvested tion to establish a new initiative called “Ayni Ayahuasca.” of ayahuasca. Comments about availability of vine are mixed, commercial extraction, this product is referred to as a native 280 kg of material from that one vine just the week before our This project is still in development although will be with some people expressing that harvesting is becoming more extract. The bricks take up relatively little space compared visit. Looking at the massive climbing vine, it was not possible launched later this year. challenging, and others claiming no difficulty obtaining the with the liquid ayahuasca brew, and are appreciably easier to tell that so much material had been taken. Just around the Temple, we now have over 1,000 vines vine. At this time, there appears to be no crisis with regard to to ship. She did not say how much ayahuasca vine she uses Until two years ago, Wheelock had regularly purchased growing and various different areas with chakruna plants. supply in the areas surrounding Iquitos and Pucallpa. on a monthly basis, but did share that the ayahuasca comes ayahuasca. But he currently has enough mature vines to supply However, our main interest is to support local communi- Return to Peru: The Rio Tamaya from the Rio Tamaya. Her recipe of 25 kg of ayahuasca and the needs of his camp and the pasajeros who visit. Wheelock ties to grow vine and to generate income over the long 7 kg of chakruna also contains smaller amounts of ajo sacha estimates that he currently has approximately five tons of term. The plan is to do this through successional poly- A few months later, we returned to Peru to conduct the (Mansoa alliacea, Bignoniaceae), mapacho (Nicotiana rustica, mature vine on his home property, and that the five tons of cropping (i.e., regenerating degraded/slash-and-burnt second part of our ayahuasca field assessment. For many Solanaceae), and Ilex guayusa (Aquifoliaceae), and makes 1 vine will yield 1,000 liters of ayahuasca brew, which he sells lands through planting fast-, medium-, and slow-growing years, Sergio and I have relied consistently on Jaime Baca kg of finished solid brick. A single brick, when reconstituted, for $250 per liter. will yield 10 liters of liquid ayahuasca brew. The recipe that Wheelock follows for making ayahuasca brew is 40 kg of ayahuasca and 5 kg of huambisa per pot, yield- Rio Tamaya Notes from a visit to Francisco Montes, kilometer 18 on the Photo ©2018 Chris Kilham Nauta Road south of Iquitos: ing 6-8 liters of finished brew. Juan and I visited Francisco Montes at his Sacha Mama Notes from a visit with Julio Siri, curandero in San Rafael, Lodge. Montes has been a respected curandero (folk healer) in about 45 minutes up the Amazon River from Iquitos: the Iquitos area for 35 years. His ayahuasca retreat center lies A village shaman, Siri has approximately 50 vines growing some distance away from the Nauta Road, behind his lodge, on his property, and some are 15 years old. He said that the which has an herbal bar and a visionary art gallery. vine needs to grow for at least five years prior to use, and that Montes has the most ambitious ayahuasca cultivation I have younger vines yield a diminished effect. encountered so far. He has planted more than 6,000 vines on Siri does not purchase ayahuasca, and grows his own chak- his property, and some are more than 15 years old. In fact, he runa for ayahuasca brew. He offers ceremonies to those who has so much ayahuasca that he uses the dried vines for hand- seek his guidance, and does not run a typical ayahuasca retreat. rails on stairs, railings around porches, and as decorations Ceremonies are held on the porch of his house. He said that inside and outside the many buildings on his property. Montes he makes a fresh batch of brew once the last batch is gone, does not purchase ayahuasca, as the amount he grows is more however long that takes. Siri’s recipe for ayahuasca is 5 kg of than sufficient for his needs. Montes currently grows 3,000 vine and 1 kg of chakruna to yield one liter of brew. DMT-containing huambisa plants on his property instead of Notes from a conversation with Carlos Tanner of the Ayahuasca Foundation, which runs three ayahuasca retreat centers: The Ayahuasca Foundation has three curanderos making ayahuasca. Tanner esti- mates his current purchases of ayahuasca at around 10-13 sacks per month, approxi- mately 25-30 kg per sack, at a cost of 150 soles per sack. Staff members at the centers started plant- ing ayahuasca eight years ago. Currently, the centers have more than 300 vines. Plus, every program participant at the Ayahuasca Foun- dation plants a vine. This is now standard

Ayahuasca ceremony at the Temple of the Way of Light. Photo ©2018 Chris Kilham

60 • I SSUE 120 • 2018 • www.herbalgram.org www.herbalgram.org • 2018 • I SSUE 120 • 61 Moises Arevalo with ayahuasca. Matteo Teco with ayahuasca. Photo ©2018 Chris Kilham Photo ©2018 Chris Kilham

and another man, the nearby village of Junin Pablo proved swelter- Junin Pablo was the center of a bustling ing, dusty, and hot during the trade in ayahuasca vine where ayahuasca day, with intermittent, epic rain. vine harvesters and traders lived. Arevalo It also proved a feasting ground took us around Caimito, showed us some for hungry, aggressive mosquitoes. remaining vines, and explained that they After the trip, I succumbed to a were used only for local ceremonies. fierce case of malaria that would As evening approached, a woman in the set me back for the better part of a village prepared fish, rice, and plantains month. (I was able to successfully Artemisia (Musa × paradisiaca, Musaceae) for us. treat the disease using annua , This is fairly typical in such villages, where [Asteraceae] the Chinese women and men will prepare food for visi- herb from which the effective anti- tors to supplement their income. Arevalo malarial compound artemisinin is stopped by and offered me ayahuasca brew derived.) that he and a few other men from the village The village features wide dirt were preparing to drink. I declined the avenues that were swept every day. offer because it is advisable to wait many This minimizes snake traffic and hours between eating food and drinking clears away the desiccated dog feces for logistical support and to captain any boat we use. He that seems to be everywhere. The has proven highly resourceful and has always added great ayahuasca. But I was touched and grateful for his kind offer. once the project was up and running, and eventually 500 soles In the morning, we bathed in the lake because there is no materials swept up are burned along the edges of the avenues, value to our investigations. For our trip to the Rio Tamaya, and this keeps the village quite neat overall. Luciano, the per bundle. In this scheme, the harvesters would receive the Jaime found a good boat: aluminum, covered, and about running water in Caimito. The village has numerous well money. Supposedly, the Americans wanted people from the pumps, none of which work. After the morning bath, I made owner of the place where we stayed, told us of a nearby area 18 feet long. The middle of the boat was dominated by called Chaoya where a lot of ayahuasca can be found in community to cook pure vine, without any chakruna, to ship an enormous plastic petrol barrel that held more than 60 coffee, which both Sergio and I consider absolutely essential out. This proposed project has not yet begun, but Cauper and on any project. After our crew drank coffee and ate biscuits, the forest. This, we learned later, was one of Matteo Teco’s gallons of fuel. A covered boat is essential to prevent burn- primary harvesting spots. Vasquez were hopeful about the prospect. ing from the scorching sun and getting drenched by the we gathered our gear and headed back out onto the river into Shipping ayahuasca out of Peru to other countries like regular, hard rains. a heavy morning mist. Junin Pablo Ayahuasca Committee Costa Rica, Mexico, and the United States may serve the After about 40 minutes, we arrived in Junin Pablo, a We shipped out from the port of Pucallpa and headed In the late morning of our first day in Junin Pablo, Sergio, interests of people who wish to drink outside of Peru, but 3,550-hectare (8,772-acre) community along Lago Imiria. southeast to the Shipibo native village of Caimito on the Kleylie, and I met in a small community center build- it puts significant pressure on the supply of vine. Demand Fourteen villages occupy the shores of the lake. Along the Rio Tamaya, where we were previously told there was a large ing with the village chief for ayahuasca continues way, Sergio twice smelled the scent of coca (Erythroxylum plantation of ayahuasca vine. The river trip from Pucallpa Ronald Cauper and a man apace, and exports could coca, Erythroxylaceae) cooking in the jungle. We did not Matteo tells us that more people to Caimito took most of the day, from 9:15 am to 5:15 pm, named Nikeas Vasquez, well prove a big threat to realize it at the time, but the area where we were traveling is with a brief lunch stop in the ramshackle village of Puerto who is the head of a newly sustainability. heavily occupied by armed narco traffickers and is largely a are coming into the Lago Imiria Alegre. In subsequent days, Puerto Alegre would play a role formed ayahuasca commit- Cauper and Vasquez lawless region. in some unfortunate incidents involving loss of life. tee that was established area from outside, pulling out 60 expressed eagerness for Once we landed at Junin Pablo, we were greeted by several Caimito lies on the shores of the majestic Lago Imiria, to put some order to the financial support for their men who cheerfully helped us with our boat and belongings. through which the Rio Tamaya runs. When we arrived in wild-harvesting in the area. or 70 loads at a time, and charging committee. They also told We stored our gear temporarily at the home of a man named Caimito, we were helped with our bags and led to the home Jaime did not join us, as he us that some academic Matteo Teco, one of the primary ayahuasca harvesters and 30 soles per bundle. There is a of an elderly Shipibo woman named Elizabeth Ancon Amar- was already engaged in a investigators were in the dealers in the village. Jaime was aided by a couple of men ingo, who graciously invited us to share her house. Each marathon poker game. village conducting an from the village in stashing the outboard motor in a secure gold rush mentality, and outside building in the village was equipped with solar panels, so we According to the two ayahuasca survey, and building to avoid theft. had electricity and light. Kleylie, who speaks fluent Shipibo men, buyers from Pucallpa they suggested that we According to Matteo, ayahuasca buyers regularly show harvesters may not leave enough of and grew up in that area, proved a great help in translating. started arriving in Junin might want to meet and up in Junin Pablo to acquire ayahuasca vine. Alternately, She also turned out to be well-known and much admired as Pablo in 2014, requesting each vine to regenerate. speak with them. harvesters in Junin Pablo boat their collected vine to Pucallpa a young, successful native woman who is doing good work in ayahuasca. Around the As we spoke with and sell it at the waterfront to dealers who remain on the Pucallpa. Many people either knew her or knew of her, and same time, other people different people, we heard lookout for shipments. Matteo says that harvesters have their expressed pride in her pursuit of a degree in agroforestry engi- showed up from Pucallpa and began to harvest vine without varying prices for ayahuasca. We were told that harvesters get favorite spots, and that there is a lot of vine growing in the neering. To many villagers, Kleylie is an inspiration. permission from the local communities. In 2017, Vasquez 30 or 40 soles per 30-kg bundle. We were also told by several areas around Lago Imiria. After we stored our gear in Elizabeth’s house, we met with and a few others started a committee to develop a plan for people that vine sells for 80 soles per 30-kg bundle to traders We set off to find lodging for our stay in Junin Pablo. In some village men who explained that except for a few vines wild harvesting. Both Cauper and Vasquez told us that when at the port of Pucallpa. the clouded heat, we headed over to a four-room lodge, which here and there, no ayahuasca grows in Caimito. We asked harvesters sell to visitors who come to Junin Pablo, they get turned out to be occupied. We were directed to another spar- Conversations with Matteo Teco about the plantation we’d heard of and were told that there only 40 soles per fresh 30-kg bundle. At the current exchange tan, four-room building in the village, where we were able to was no such plantation. The information we had received was rate, this is about $12.17, a poor wage for difficult forest labor. As we spent several days in the Rio Tamaya area, we had secure a place to stay. utterly worthless. This happens sometimes. Cauper and Vasquez also told us of a US group that arrived ample opportunity for conversation. In the case of Matteo Once we had secured lodging, Matteo took us on a tour of A man named Moises Arevalo, who is the cousin of the in the community in 2017 and proposed a project to purchase Teco, we spoke several times. Matteo has been involved with the many ayahuasca vines growing in the village, some young famous Shipibo shaman Guillermo Arevalo, told us that large quantities of vine. According to the two men, the group ayahuasca harvesting for about five years, since 2013. He and some old. In the course of the village tour, he also showed there used to be plenty of ayahuasca around Caimito, but offered to pay 100 soles per 30-kg bundle to start, 200 soles supplies vine to about 50 customers on a regular basis, harvest- that most of it was harvested and sold. According to Arevalo us chakruna that had gone to seed. ing an average of 120 30-kg bundles, or about 3,600 kg of

62 • I SSUE 120 • 2018 • www.herbalgram.org www.herbalgram.org • 2018 • I SSUE 120 • 63 vine, per month. He said Hammes Werner Reinecke, Michael Coe, Laura Dev, and patrols in the Rio Tamaya biodiversity. Alianza Arkana made for a natural participant ayahuasca, but has found no interest from buyers. That was that over time he has had Marcos Maynas. Photo ©2018 Chris Kilham area during our stay. in an ayahuasca sustainability survey. not a surprise to me, as people cook ayahuasca with many to walk an additional 10 On our second morn- The information they were gathering, as they described different proportions of vine and leaf. minutes into the forest to ing in Junin Pablo, we were to us, included population density of ayahuasca vine, According to Antonio, orders come in every day, typi- obtain ayahuasca. informed that a few hours community benefits related to harvesting and trade, genetic cally around 15-20 bundles per customer. Amenities may be Matteo and others told us earlier three people were diversity of cultivated vine, and the long-term impact of modest in Junin Pablo, but many people have mobile phones, that the vine sells for 80 found shot dead nearby, wild-harvesting. Coe explained that he needed to finish his so he is able to know what customers need. He spends much soles per bundle to buyers in possibly by robbers who doctoral thesis, and that the data collection from 2018 was of his time in the forest cutting vine and said that he has Pucallpa. Matteo hires other work the river. The victims essential to that end. Financial support for the project had to go several minutes further into the woods than before to harvesters and pays them 30 were apparently from dried up, so Coe was footing the bill. harvest. Antonio gets between 60 and 80 soles per bundle of soles per bundle. He also pays outside the area, and details According to the four, in 2017, they plotted several plots vine. He told us that when he brings a boatload of ayahuasca 5 soles for each bundle for were sketchy. A couple of of forest 2-3 hectares in size around Lago Imiria, and tagged to Pucallpa, he is very easily spotted by buyers who go to his boat transport to Pucallpa, people cautioned us about a number of ayahuasca vines in those plots. This year, boat to purchase what he brings. where he ships every week or Puerto Alegre, where we they returned to record the vines’ size and growth. When Antonio explained that two types of ayahuasca vine grow every other week. In the case had previously stopped for they revisited the plots, the team discovered a high level of in the area: amarilla (yellow) and negra (black). Amarilla is of shipping vine to Pucallpa, lunch, saying that robbers harvesting. More tagged vines were gone than remained. Coe preferred because it looks nicer cooking in a pot, whereas his gross profit per bundle, and narcos frequent that made it clear that they considered one year to be an inade- the negra looks burned. I had heard similar stories when after shipping, is 45 soles. In village. It definitely had the quate amount of time to assess ayahuasca sustainability, and conducting the first part of our assessment in January 2018. this case, a month’s harvest look of a seedy frontier town. We were told that robbers that he wanted to continue for five more years. I suggested to At first, Antonio was reluctant to show us any loads of of 120 30-kg bundles, or a total of 3,600 kg of vine, would usually have rifles, and that narcos in the region often carry the group that they might want to supplement their knowl- vine. But he relaxed as we hung out and eventually disap- result in 5,400 soles profit, or roughly $1,644. automatic weapons. The majority of arms in villages, by edge by speaking with the village traders, who seemed very peared briefly, returning with a bundle of vine on his back. Matteo tells us that more people are coming into the Lago contrast, are single-shot shotguns. The disparity in fire- well informed about the supply. He estimated the vine to be 20 years of age, and said that Imiria area from outside, pulling out 60 or 70 loads at a power keeps the villagers cautious. there was a lot of vine of similar size and age in the forest, time, and charging 30 soles per bundle. There is a gold rush Conversation with Antonio Sinarhua Cauper and some much bigger and older. He claimed to know of mentality, and outside harvesters may not leave enough of A Student Ayahuasca Survey Antonio Cauper lives in a somewhat remote corner of 80-year-old vines where he harvests. each vine to regenerate. Matteo says that the local areas of We set out to find the academic group we’d been told of Junin Pablo by the river. He said that he is in touch with For 27 years, Antonio has worked with ayahuasca. This Chaoya, Saweta, Mapuye, and Michaya are rich with vine. by Cauper and Vasquez, at a small lodging in the village. 14 people who buy vine on a regular basis, and he supplies makes him one of the most experienced harvesters in the The big problem is that narco traffickers control a lot of Under a blue tarp awning at a picnic bench, we met Michael them all. He also supplies Jimmy Rojas in Pucallpa, who we Peruvian Amazon, and certainly one of the most longtime territory where there is vine, and one has to get their permis- Coe, a PhD candidate from the University of Hawaii at interviewed for the first part of our ayahuasca assessment. suppliers. For the last five years, since 2013, he has witnessed sion to go into many areas to avoid getting shot. There is a Manoa; Laura Dev, a master’s student at UC Berkeley; and Antonio told us that he would like to cook and sell finished a significant increase in demand. I asked him if he is great deal of coca cultivation and cooking in the general area, Marcos Maynas and Hammes Werner Reinecke, both from and virtually no law enforcement. By law, coca cultivation Alianza Arkana, an alliance that promotes the interests of Antonio Cauper with a boatload of ayahuasca. and refining are illegal, but we saw no police or coast guard the Amazon rainforest, indigenous peoples, and rainforest Photo ©2018 Chris Kilham

Lago Imiria Photo ©2018 Chris Kilham

64 • I SSUE 120 • 2018 • www.herbalgram.org www.herbalgram.org • 2018 • I SSUE 120 • 65 happy with the money he ons of narco traffickers or between 100 and 820 soles makes, and he said “no.” For 27 years, Antonio has worked the rifles of pirates. Still, (between $30 and $250) Our Team: Jaime Baca, I then asked him if he with ayahuasca. This makes an armed guard can serve per liter. Carlos described Kleylie Vargas, Chris wants more business, to as a warning. his sales of ayahuasca Kilham, and Sergio Cam. Photo ©2018 Chris Kilham which he replied “yes.” him one of the most experienced We departed Junin as incidental but steady After speaking with Pablo at 7:20 am and made relative to the sales of us for a while, Antonio harvesters in the Peruvian Amazon, a dead run to Pucallpa, the other botanicals he in these areas, will sooner decided that it was okay exiting the Rio Tamaya trades. or later become endangered to show us a boatload of and certainly one of the most and arriving in Pucallpa at if cultivation efforts are not Summary newly harvested vine. We longtime suppliers. For the last five noon sharp. widely initiated. walked down the road There is no adequate The work my collabora- Conversation with with him a bit, and then way to assess how much tors and I have conducted years, since 2013, he has witnessed a Pucallpa Trader Carlos cut through a grassy path vine remains in the vast is by no means full and Chauca to the lake shore, where significant increase in demand. Amazonian forest. But complete. Rather, it is an he had stashed a boat in Once ayahuasca vine both Matteo Teco approximation, a snapshot, high grass, obscured by a hits the docks of Pucallpa, and Antonio Cauper assembled thanks to the help tree. He pulled the boat over so we could get a better look. much of it makes its way to various ayahuasca retreats and have described areas of of a great many people. So The boat was filled with approximately 25 bundles of the to people who cook and resell ayahuasca for a living. We abundant and largely untouched far, we have been successful same 20-year-old vine, each bundle weighing about 30 kg. know from the survey we conducted in January 2018 that wild vine around the shores of Lago Imiria. Due to heavy in getting good and relatively At 60 soles per bundle, he’d gross about 1,500 soles alto- ayahuasca centers in and around Pucallpa and Iquitos pay rains and deep mud, our team did not go into the forest with consistent information from key players in ayahuasca gether, or a little more than $456. At 80 soles per bundle, upwards of 150 soles per bundle. One center outside of either trader to harvest. This would be an obvious next step. harvesting, cultivation, preparation, and trade. At the same he’d make about 2,000 soles, or about $609. It is a modest Pucallpa we interviewed for the last survey, Los Cielos, pays As far as I can determine, the supply of wild ayahuasca is time, it is obvious to me and my teammates that we need to sum for hard, sweaty work in a forest filled with snakes and significantly more. Bundles of ayahuasca tied together with holding for now, but this will end at some point. The popular- continue these assessments. in an area populated by narco traffickers. other vines get transferred into sacks, which then make their ity of ayahuasca appears to be steadily increasing, and demand way to these customers. I personally have observed dozens for the brew outside of Peru is on the rise as well. Now, it is no We Exit of shipments of such sacks at centers, and have observed longer simply a matter of supplying small village ceremonies Acknowledgements During our stay in Junin Pablo, we were repeatedly and participated in the making of ayahuasca with the vines and ayahuasca centers in Pucallpa and Iquitos. Demand from Any project of this kind is a team effort. I especially wish cautioned regarding our safety getting back to the Rio contained in those sacks. The trade in vine and the brewing outside of Peru for prepared ayahuasca is compounding the to thank Sergio Cam, Juan Maldonado, Jaime Baca, and Ucayali and to Pucallpa, via the Rio Tamaya. The morning of ayahuasca are highly popular now, and ayahuasca brew is pressure on wild populations of vine, and this demand will Kleylie Vargas. Without their participation and combined we planned to leave, two more people were found shot dead very much in demand. likely hasten the scarcity of the plant over time. talents, I could not have conducted this work. Thanks also nearby, adding to local tensions. Chief Ronald Cauper and In between harvesters like Matteo Teco and Antonio This is a classic situation in the herbal trade. A wild prod- to the various individuals in Iquitos, Pucallpa, and along Nikeas Vasquez sought us out to advise us to hire an armed Cauper, and the ayahuasca centers and cookers, traders uct becomes popular, and this puts pressure on populations the Rio Tamaya who took time to aid us, showed us around, guard for the trip out. Luciano, the host of our lodging, had purchase and resell vine. One such trader is Carlos Chauca of that plant. Clearly, cultivation is the way forward. Culti- allowed us to take photographs, and provided the informa- previously introduced us to a guard named Fermine, who we in Pucallpa. vation assures sustainability and offers full traceability of tion included in this report. hired for the boat trip. Fermine came with a shotgun and a Carlos sells cat’s claw (both species, Uncaria tomentosa materials. It also opens up new economic opportunities for pocket full of shells, little defense against automatic weap- and U. guianensis, Rubiaceae), chuchuhuasi (Maytenus kruko- individuals and communities. Since ayahuasca likes to climb Chris Kilham is a medicine hunter, author, and educa- vii, Celastraceae), ayahuasca vine, and trees, vines can be planted in wooded areas, and the trees can tor. He has conducted medicinal plant research in more than copaiba (Copaifera officinalis, Fabaceae) be preserved because the ayahuasca, not timber, becomes the 40 countries, is the author of 15 books, and has appeared on oleoresin. Sergio and I visited with focus of economic gain. hundreds of TV programs globally. CNN has called Chris Carlos at his warehouse distribution Cultivation of ayahuasca is very much on people’s minds, “The Indiana Jones of Natural Medicine.” More information center to gather information about his both from a sustainability standpoint and from a cost perspec- is available at www.MedicineHunter.com. trade in ayahuasca vine. During our tive. These are great advantages. Additionally, there is a sense time there, several men were loading a among many that ayahuasca, even if it is relatively plentiful large truck with sacks of cat’s claw. Carlos purchases around 700-800 kg of ayahuasca vine per month, the equivalent of about 23-26 30-kg sacks This is a classic situation in the herbal trade. A wild product or bundles. He stores the vine rather unceremoniously in the corner of his becomes popular, and this puts pressure on populations of warehouse and sells it for 3.5 soles per kg, equivalent to 105 soles per 30-kg that plant. Clearly, cultivation is the way forward. Cultivation bundle. Carlos also has ayahuasca brew prepared for him, which he assures sustainability and offers full traceability of materials. It sells for 60 soles per liter, the lowest also opens up new economic opportunities for individuals and price we have encountered. Previ- ous prices we have been given for communities. Since ayahuasca likes to climb trees, vines can be prepared ayahuasca have ranged planted in wooded areas, and the trees can be preserved because the Carlos Chauca with chuchuhuasi (Maytenus krukovii) Photo ©2018 Chris Kilham ayahuasca, not timber, becomes the focus of economic gain.

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Plant Medicines, Healing and these sacraments was suppressed by the self mycology and presents an interesting history and sociol- interested in this topic on botanical, historical, or pharma- Psychedelic Science: Cultural Catholic clergy, or, in the case of peyote, ogy of the phenomenon surrounding Psilocybe mushrooms cological levels may find some classics available on the used Perspectives by Beatriz Caiuby how it was a mainstream US medicine and their allies, blurring the lines between medicine, recre- book market to be more fruitful purchases, especially those Labate and Clancy Cavnar, eds. for a time in the 19th century, much like ation, and activism. of Richard Schultes5-7 and Jonathan Ott.8,9 Cham, Switzerland: Springer cannabis (Cannabis spp., Cannabaceae). Chapter 11 focuses on ayahuasca and presents the chal- International Publishing; 2018. (See Edward F. Anderson’s Peyote: The lenge of recognizing and categorizing “plant teachers” —Ethan B. Russo, MD Hardcover, 227 pages. ISBN: Divine Cactus for additional insights.1) in their own terms. When Laura Dev asked plant teach- Director of Research and Development 978-3-319-76719-2. $169.99. Some of this ground is made up in ers during an ayahuasca experience how humans could International Cannabis and Cannabinoids Institute This book describes its Chapter 4, in which the traditional usage collaborate with them in in disseminating knowledge, their Prague, Czech Republic aims in terms of the “intersec- of S. divinorum is discussed in detail, response was simple, yet profound: “We build life.” In the tions of three dimensions:” the along with its adoption and adaptation scheme of Amazonian cosmology and efforts to survive and References history of psychedelics in heal- to countercultural use, usually by smok- thrive in an endlessly challenging environment, the message 1. Anderson EF. Peyote: The Divine Cactus. Tucson, AZ: Univer- ing and psychiatry; psychoactive ing of concentrates. The book’s momen- seems entirely appropriate, but does it also hold relevant sity of Arizona Press; 1996. compounds and their effects in tum is maintained in the next chapter, lessons for modern urban dwellers? 2. Mechoulam R, Ben-Shabat S. From gan-zi-gun-nu to anan- humans; and traditional healing. which thoroughly explores the kratom Finally, Chapter 12 examines N,N-dimethyltryptamine damide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol: The ongoing story of cannabis. Nat Prod Rep. 1999;16:131-143. It also claims a broad potential (Mitragyna speciosa, Rubiaceae) phenom- (DMT), that enigmatic psychedelic lightning strike of a 3. Tuttle AH, Tohyama S, Ramsay T, et al. Increasing placebo audience of healers, academics, enon. This Southeast Asian plant harbors compound. Though it is a trace endogenous chemical in the responses over time in U.S. clinical trials of neuropathic and students. Such an expan- morphine-like alkaloids that possess anal- human brain, DMT is widespread in Amazonian plants and pain. Pain. 2015;156:2616-2626. sive scope indicates lofty ambi- gesic properties and are claimed to be even temperate Phalaris spp. (Poaceae) grasses. The problem 4. Russo EB. Current therapeutic cannabis controversies and tions that proved difficult to able to treat opioid addiction. The topic remains as to how to describe to the uninitiated a phenom- clinical trial design issues. Front Pharmacol. 2016;7:309. fulfill. The reader is bound to is of critical current interest, as the plant’s enon in which the DMT-affected mind is overwhelmed by 5. Schultes RE, Hofmann A. The Botany and Chemistry of be challenged by this text, which proponents tout its medical attributes whirling fractal geometries and 18 simultaneous tangential Hallucinogens. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1980. Plants of the Gods: Their Sacred, certainly weighs heavily toward while the US Drug Enforcement Admin- thought processes. 6. Schultes RE, Hofmann A. Healing, and Hallucinogenic Powers. Rochester, VT: Healing the sociological-political-philo- istration (DEA) is now in its third year Plant Medicines, Healing and Psychedelic Science certainly Arts Press; 1992. sophical spectrum, as opposed to the botanical-pharmaco- of attempts to place the kratom alkaloids in Schedule I is a worthy contribution to the sociological literature on 7. Schultes RE, Smith EW. Hallucinogenic Plants. New York, logical-anthropological. Its vocabulary is similarly esoteric. of the Controlled Substances Act before science has had psychotropic drugs, but it is a very expensive tome and NY: Golden Press; 1976. More than once, this reviewer had to reach for another the opportunity to fully and critically appraise the plant’s difficult to use as a reference. Although it has a detailed 8. Ott J. Ayahuasca Analogues: Pangæan Entheogens. Kennewick, reference to decipher terms such as “therianthrope” (a pros and cons. As stated on pages 79-80: “it appeared that introduction and chapter headings, it lacks an index that WA: Natural Products Co.; 1994. mythical shape-shifting human), “ontoseismic” (“earth- kratom might be one in a string of many drugs that essen- would allow for more thorough exploration of topics. People 9. Ott J. Pharmacotheon: Entheogenic Drugs, Their Plant Sources quake of being,” used to describe the psychological effect tially ended up in the pharmacological scrap heap of Ameri- and History. Kennewick, WA: Natural Products Co.; 1996. of a first psychedelic experience), and “unEnglishable” — can drug regulation.” all ineffable manifestations of entheogenic (“god-within”) Chapter 6 examines the curious case of ayahuasca (also pharmacology and words guaranteed to challenge your known as yajé or hoasca), which traditionally is a mixture of competitors at your next Mensa Scrabble match. the liana Banisteriopsis caapi (Malpighiaceae) and the leaves Herbal Formularies for Health ing hundreds of formulas, Stansbury The first chapter addresses the ever-present friction of Psychotria viridis (Rubiaceae). The use of this psyche- Professionals, Volume 1: Digestion has bestowed readers with a clinically between clinical or cultural uses of mind-altering plants delic brew by Amazonian indigenous tribes has spread to and Elimination by Jill Stansbury. pragmatic guide to perfecting their and drugs versus their recreational or “non-clinical” uses. syncretic religious groups in Brazil and subsequently else- White River Junction, VT: Chelsea own herbal formulating. As such, The latter applications often lead to a “fall from grace” where, creating the strange situation in which the DEA Green Publishing; 2018. Hardcover, this book will be useful for both the in the form of almost universal prohibition outside of has become an arbiter of what might constitute true reli- 352 pages. ISBN: 9781603587075. beginning and the experienced prac- indigenous refugia. The growing audiences at psychedelic gion in the application of ayahuasca sacraments. Chapter $59.95. titioner. symposia, coupled with renewed medical research on these 7 examines the thorny issues of how psilocybin and mush- Herbal Formularies for Health The book begins with an introduc- agents, is said to reflect a renaissance in the status of these rooms might be integrated into psychiatry, whether chemi- Professionals by Jill Stansbury, ND, tion to herbal formulation. In Chap- substances. The next chapter highlights this situation with cal isolates are necessary (as opposed to whole mushrooms is a welcome and long-awaited addi- ter 1, the author presents an elegantly respect to peyote (Lophophora williamsii, Cactaceae), an with their “entourage effect”), and problems related to tion to the library of botanical medi- simple strategy for herbal formulat- endangered species native to northern Mexico and the Rio proper blinding in clinical trials.2 This theme is examined cine resources for health care practi- ing based on the combination of base Grande border, and describes a so-called “race problem:” in greater detail in Chapter 8, which focuses specifically tioners. Digestion and Elimination, herbs, specific herbs, and synergistic possession of peyote is allowed for Wixárika (“Huichol”) on this single-chemical versus whole-plant argument. For which focuses on the gastrointes- herbs. The base, or lead, herb nour- indigenous peoples and members of the Native American the herbally oriented, the debate will be quite familiar, and tinal system, liver and gallbladder, ishes the main organ system affected. Church, but it is prohibited for others. readers may enjoy the bias of Sidarta Ribeiro, PhD, toward urinary system, and skin, is the first The specific herb is precisely matched This concept is extended in Chapter 3, which describes whole-plant preparations. He claims that synthetics are the volume of a planned series of five to a certain aspect of the patient’s the contemporary situation in the Sierra Mazateca Moun- true “snake oil” and have not fulfilled their promise. books. The second volume, Circula- health concern, and the synergistic tains where psychonautic pilgrims gather leaves of “divine Chapter 9 tackles the huge problems associated with tion and Respiration, was published herb supports the base herb’s effect by sage” (Salvia divinorum, Lamiaceae) or the “magic mush- placebo blinding in psychedelic studies. Placebo responses in September 2018. addressing other contributing factors. rooms” of the genus Psilocybe (Hymenogastraceae), often have been rising for decades, and the problem is more acute Volume 1 is outstanding in that it provides an over- This triangle strategy underlies the many herbal formulas for uses and contexts quite different from their ritual- and with respect to any drug with psychoactive effects, or when view of herbal formulation that is based on herbal tradi- spread throughout the remaining chapters. It also speaks faith-based antecedents in Mexico. These chapters are miss- only subjective measures from the patient are available (e.g., tion, the author’s clinical experience, and current scientific to the importance of knowing individual herbs in order to ing the fascinating backstories of how indigenous use of with pain conditions).3,4 Chapter 10 pertains to do-it-your- understanding. This book can certainly be used as a go-to place them into effective formulas. To that end, while the reference for herbal formulas. At its core, and by provid- emphasis of Herbal Formularies for Health Professionals is,

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rightly so, formulas, information about individual herbs As the previous example illustrates, this book is compre- include healing plants from “God’s own medicine chest.” I found the chapters “Weeds in the Garden” and also is found throughout the book. hensive in both its breadth and its depth. After the discus- The reader is reminded of the many drugs that have been “Gender and Healing” particularly inspiring because the The last four chapters focus on conditions associated with sion of each condition, there is an alphabetical listing of developed based on traditional medicine research, includ- author focuses on the large number of plant medicines the “emunctory” organs, a medical term that refers to the herbs used for that condition, each with a monograph. At ing the antimalarial compound artemisinin (from Artemisia that are found in secondary forests and, literally, as weeds organs of elimination. Chapter topics include gastrointesti- the end of the volume, there is a listing of scientific names annua, Asteraceae) for which half of the 2015 Nobel Prize in in gardens. These weeds represent “disturbance pharma- nal and biliary conditions, liver and gallbladder conditions, and corresponding common names, as well as a glossary of Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Tu Youyou. copeias,” as the author describes them, and these plants renal and urinary conditions, and dermatologic condi- therapeutic terms. The index is outstanding and includes There is also a brief focus on bioprospecting and the envi- often contain chemical compounds that help them resist tions. Within each of these chapters, health conditions are both conditions and herbs. Under each indexed herb, its ronmental rationale of saving rainforests for future miracle insects, birds, small mammals, and other plants that seek discussed and a variety of herbal formulas presented. respective formulas are organized by condition. The index cures, and a brief mention of biopiracy. In this chapter, the to compete for light, nutrients, and space. In the chapter For instance, there is a section in the gastrointestinal and itself is an incredible resource. following statement is made: “In the end, however, … this “Gender and Healing,” Voeks elegantly pays homage to biliary conditions chapter on herbal formulas for irritable Stansbury is an experienced practitioner who has gleaned compelling story helped spread the gospel of save the rainfor- the extremely important roles of female healers, or “master bowel syndrome (IBS). A brief discussion of pathophysiol- wisdom from her global travels to indigenous communities, est, [but] ... no lifesaving drugs were developed, no diseases herbalists,” in many cultures, who often have discovered ogy and the factors that contribute to IBS is followed by an devoted study of traditional herbal texts and current scien- were cured, no fortunes were made and no tropical rain- and used plant medicines with greater frequency and depth explanation and listing of carminative (flatulence-relieving) tific literature, conversations with herbalist peers, and her forests were saved.” This theme, occasionally repeated else- of knowledge than their male counterparts. This also helps herbs, which are essential to the management of IBS. From own clinical practice. She has, quite remarkably, distilled where, is incorrect and must be challenged with more factual correct a common misconception that traditional medicine there, specific herbal formulas are presented for the follow- this vast treasure trove of knowledge into a gem of a practi- information. For example, in December 2012, the US Food is and has been the domain of male healers. ing: IBS with painful gas and cramping, IBS-diarrhea cal clinical resource. If you are a health practitioner look- and Drug Administration (FDA) approved crofelemer (sold The world’s fascination with traditional medicine and predominant, IBS with blood and/or mucus diarrhea, IBS- ing for trustworthy and clinically tested herbal formulas under the trade name Mytesi; Napo Pharmaceuticals; San knowledge from tropical rainforests has never been stron- constipation predominant, IBS stimulated by stress, IBS for digestion- and elimination-related conditions, the first Francisco, California) — the first oral botanical drug ever ger. There is a growing global focus, for example, on the in allergic individuals, and IBS in association with PMS volume of Herbal Formularies for Health Professionals is a approved under the FDA’s Botanical Drug Guidelines — rainforest species ayahuasca (Banisteriopsis caapi, Malpighi- or hormonal fluctuations. Each herbal formula includes a must-have. for the treatment of HIV-related diarrhea. Crofelemer was aceae) and its admixtures, which are discussed in the book. suggested dosage, an explanation of the formula’s purpose, In the introduction, the author writes: “It is my sincere discovered and developed initially by Shaman Pharma- That, combined with the global interest in plant medicines and a description of the included herbs. Throughout the hope that this book helps you in your clinical work and ceuticals using an ethnobotanical and ethnomedical drug- as a component of integrative medical practices and primary book, most formulas emphasize Western herbs, although efforts to heal people.” Dr. Stansbury, you have succeeded, discovery methodology and was derived from the Amazo- health care, particularly in underserved areas, suggests that there are some traditional Asian herbs included as well. and I, for one, thank you for this amazing gift. I hope that nian rainforest plant Croton lechleri (Euphorbiaceae) during there is much more to be discovered, developed, collected, Using this template, the reader gains immediate under- this book finds itself in the offices of all health practitio- a 25-year research and development program. In addition, cultivated, and appreciated from tropical forests. standing of, in the example of IBS, the versatility and impor- ners who aspire to harness the amazing healing potential of Plants, People, and Culture: This book will be useful in tance of herbs such as chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla, plants. Their patients will be better for it. The Science of Ethnobotany the classroom as an impor- Asteraceae) and licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra, Fabaceae) and (WH Freeman & Co.; tant reference and enjoyed by the specific IBS indications for herbs such as yarrow (Achil- —Lise Alschuler, ND, FABNO 1996) by Paul Cox, PhD, scholars from a broad diver- lea millefolium, Asteraceae), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis, Professor of Clinical Medicine, and Michael Balick, PhD, sity of disciplines. While there Lamiaceae), and dong quai (Angelica sinensis, Apiaceae) to University of Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine provides examples of 50 are other books that consider name just a few. Furthermore, the reader comes away with Executive Director, TAP Integrative pharmaceutical drugs that some of the themes presented in many formulas that specifically target unique presentations Tucson, Arizona have been developed in the this remarkable scholarly work, of various symptoms. These formulas can be incorporated last 75 years, some of which I have never encountered such immediately into clinical practice. This pattern of presenta- are based on medicinal or a detailed and rich synthesis of tion is followed throughout the book. toxic plants from the rainfor- so many fields of interrelated est. The $8-billion market knowledge. for botanical dietary supple- ments in the United States —Steven R. King, PhD The Ethnobotany of Eden: Rethinking the Jungle The author, Robert Voeks, PhD, is a highly respected inves- also includes numerous Executive Vice President Medicine Narrative by Robert A. Voeks. Chicago, IL: tigator, scholar, professor, and geographer. He has conducted products based on rainfor- of Sustainable Supply, The University of Chicago Press; 2018. Hardcover, 328 field research in Brazil, northern Borneo, and Mozambique, est or other tropical species Ethnobotanical Research, & pages. ISBN: 9780226547718. $45.00. and has been the editor of the journal Economic Botany for that play a significant role Intellectual Property This is a remarkable book that I found engaging the past eight years. He uses his experience to present an in human health. Another Jaguar Health and fascinating. It is, in many ways, a tour de force. amazing diversity of research findings in this book. In fact, missing element is an elabo- San Francisco, California The Ethnobotany of Eden explores the history of medi- there are 41 pages of references and citations from at least 17 ration of the conservation cine, voyages of discovery, and the evolution of natural countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. There are also projects funded by drug- products-derived medicine. It is also a tribute to female 50 historic plates and black-and-white photographs. I love discovery programs that have healers, a reminder of the horrors of the rubber boom, a the cover, which is Henri Rousseau’s painting Le Rêve (“The been started and maintained psychological evaluation of early explorers of the “New Dream”). in numerous tropical nations World” and their patrons, and a sweeping global analy- The book is divided into nine chapters and begins with and communities specifically sis of how people manage, use, and disperse knowledge “God’s Medicine Chest,” which sets the theme for much of to conserve both the tropi- about plant medicines and food. That may seem to be a the book. There is a clear focus on the concept of the “Garden cal forest ecosystems and the lot to cover in a book of 328 pages. In fact, these topics of Eden,” which has captured the imagination of explorers, plant medicines contained account for only a portion of the rich narrative contained their benefactors, and the general public as a living para- within them for the benefit within this book. dise awaiting discovery. This paradise, Voeks writes, would of local communities.

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Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy ing one to explore them all with enough American Eden: David Hosack, Botany, and Medicine Thomas Cole (the founder of the Hudson River School), and Phytotherapy, 3rd edition, by depth to whet the appetite for further in the Garden of the Early Republic by Victoria Johnson. the author Washington Irving, and botanists John Torrey Michael Heinrich, Joanne Barnes, José training. New York, NY: Liveright Publishing Corporation; 2018. and Amos Eaton. M. Prieto Garcia, Simon Gibbons, and There were many portions of this Hardcover, 461 pages. ISBN: 9781631494192. $29.95. The story of this fascinating polymath touches on many Elizabeth M. Williamson. New York, book that I found myself drawn to with Early US history as taught in many schools is often a aspects of early American life, but Hosack is probably best NY: Elsevier; 2018. Softcover, 360 respect to the training of students. In sanitized, slanted, and semi-fictionalized account of this remembered as a man who did more than any other “of pages. ISBN: 9780702070082. $59.99. Chapter 7, there were several diagrams country’s founding. Perhaps due to the lack of accuracy and his generation to foster in his fellow citizens a fascination Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and figures of fundamental experi- the focus on memorizing dates, history is not most people’s of plants.” According to his student Amos Eaton, it was and Phytotherapy has been revised, ments, such as those that outline the favorite subject. It is only rather recently, with the incred- Hosack’s work at the Elgin Botanic Garden and his home in updated, and improved with this use of a Soxhlet for extractions, how ible popularity of the Broadway musical Hamilton, that this Hyde Park, New York, which was a showplace of horticul- third edition, which includes online an acid/base alkaloid partition works, once-neglected topic is reaching a wider audience. The book tural design, that created “the first spark of zeal for botany” resources and is available as an e-book. and the various components of gas that this musical is based on, Ron Chernow’s Alexander among Americans. It is this love of plants and gardening, Having researched natural products chromatograph and high-performance Hamilton (Penguin Publishing Group, 2005), has, in a time the quest to create our personal backyard and indoor oases, chemistry for more than 25 years and liquid chromatography systems. In our of decreasing book sales, sold more than two million copies. that continues to this day. spent the last decade training students, current “omics” revolution, some may It also has opened people’s eyes to the rough-and-tumble Until now, Hosack’s many contributions to this country particularly graduate students, in this consider such topics a bit pedantic, but world of early US politics, the strengths and flaws of often- had mostly been forgotten, but this book vividly tells the field, I consider this treatise to be an I find that many of these techniques idealized historical figures, and the deep interconnectedness story of a unique and brilliant man, whose life was lived in a essential addition to the library of and tools are, shockingly, foreign to of pre- and post-revolutionary American law, finance, medi- time of great change, history-making events, and the begin- anyone who strives to explore, under- the generation of students that grew up cine, botany, agriculture, industry, and popular culture. For ning of the American experiment. stand, or use the chemistry of natural with computers. At a bare minimum, those interested in Chernow’s book, as well as the history of products. knowledge of these techniques helps one understand the botany and medicine in general, I have a recommendation —David Winston, RH (AHG) Much of the text of Fundamentals resonates with me, literature, and in practice, some of those tools can be used for your to-read list: American Eden. Dean, David Winston Center for Herbal Studies based both on my own training in the 1990s and on what as a straightforward way to circumvent a research problem, On the flyleaf of Victoria Johnson’s new book, she writes: Director, Herbal Therapeutics Research Library I expect of students in 2018. Being a graduate of Purdue especially when performing field work in developing coun- “On a clear morning in July 1804, Alexander Hamilton Washington, New Jersey University, my education was heavily influenced by the tries or working with students that hail from and may one stepped onto a boat at the edge of the Hudson River. He was writings of the late Varro (“Tip”) Tyler, PhD, and his day return to those countries. bound for a New Jersey dueling ground to settle his bitter co-authors, particularly James Robbers, PhD, and Lynn Other examples abound, including sections on structure dispute with Aaron Burr. Hamilton took just two men with Brady, PhD. As graduate students, we were expected to elucidation using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic him: his ‘second’ for the duel, and Dr. David Hosack.” The know essentially everything that was in their classic book resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, polyketide biosynthesis, life of this renowned but sadly forgotten surgeon, physician, Pharmacognosy (Lee & Febiger), the ninth edition of which and even some of the basics of plant taxonomy. For every educator, botanist, and friend to both Hamilton and Burr was last published in 1988. Akin to their book, but with a section of this book, one could easily find texts that go is explored in this well-written and thoroughly researched 21st-century treatment, Part A of Fundamentals does a nice into those topics in much greater detail (such as Crews et book. job of outlining the history of pharmacognosy (including al.1 for NMR or Dewick2 for biosynthesis). However, the Few people today know of Hosack’s (1769-1835) contri- pre-recorded history of native peoples around the globe); authors of Fundamentals do exactly what the title implies butions to the United States and, in fact, the world. He describing key discoveries, particularly those that led to and outline the key concepts, tools, and knowledge base created the first botanical garden (Elgin Botanic Garden mainstream Western pharmaceuticals; and explaining some that one needs to begin to study pharmacognosy. I have in New York City) in the United States; introduced new of the tools and techniques of the trade, including biosyn- heard more than one person state that a pharmacognosist surgical procedures (he was the first to successfully treat thesis, structure elucidation, and isolation/purification of is sort of like the proverbial “Jack of all trades,” having to a femoral artery aneurysm with a ligature, and to treat small molecules. While those topics represent a great deal know a little bit about a great number of topics. The authors a hydrocele by injection); conducted early pharmaceuti- of content, the information is presented at an introduc- of Fundamentals do a great job of providing the foundation cal research; taught the theory and practice of medicine, tory level so that students can get a taste for the breadth of one would need to start a journey into the many rich areas materia medica, obstetrics, botany, natural history, and subject matter that can fall under the heading of “pharma- of pharmacognosy. If you are a student of pharmacognosy, the diseases of women and children at Columbia College, cognosy.” I suggest learning everything contained within its pages. Rutgers College, and Geneva College; and was the founder Interestingly, Part B of the book has more of a biomedi- and first president of the New York Horticultural Society, as cal tone, outlining “phytomedicines” based on how they —Nicholas H. Oberlies, PhD well as a founding member and the fourth president of the may be used, such as in the cardiovascular or respiratory Patricia A. Sullivan Distinguished Professor of Chemistry New York Historical Society. systems, to treat infectious diseases, or to aid in weight loss. University of North Carolina at Greensboro Hosack not only knew Hamilton (he was the Hamilton In this manner, I was reminded again of Tyler’s writings, Greensboro, North Carolina family physician who saved his son Philip’s life when he particularly what evolved into Tyler’s Herbs of Choice (CRC contracted a severe and mysterious fever), but also was a Press, 1999). While Part A might be pitched for laboratory friend and confidant of other highly influential men of his researchers, Part B seems more geared toward health care References time such as Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Sir Humphry professionals, such as pharmacists, physicians, nurses, or 1. Crews P, Rodriguez J, Jaspars M. Organic Structure Analysis. Davy, Senator and New York Governor DeWitt Clinton, anyone who may be asked questions about the use of herbal 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2009. and Benjamin Rush, MD (another signer of the Declara- remedies. A strength of this book, particularly for students 2. Dewick PM. Medicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic tion of Independence). Hosack was also a friend and patron Approach who may be considering a career that involves natural prod- . 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.; of artists, naturalists, and inventors, including Samuel F.B. 2009. ucts, is that it gives nearly equal billing to the historical, Morse (who contributed to the invention of the telegraph), laboratory, and practitioner sides of pharmacognosy, allow- the poet and journalist William Cullen Bryant, the painter

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Nutritional Medicine, 2nd edition, num syn. Prunus africana, Rosaceae), saw by Alan R. Gaby. Concord, NH: Fritz palmetto (Serenoa repens, Arecaceae), and home-distill essential oils, and recipes natural remedies for stress, anxiety, Perlberg Publishing; 2017. Hardcover, stinging nettle (Urtica dioica, Urticaceae) New Book Profiles for numerous scented products that can and general health. This text explores 1,453 pages. ISBN: 978-1-5323-2209-9. for benign prostatic hyperplasia; lemon Aquatic Dicoty- be made with common household tools the physical, emotional, and spiri- ledons of North and ingredients. tual aspects of mental health and $195.00 balm (Melissa officinalis, Lamiaceae) for how strategies that include aroma- Phyllanthus amarus America: Ecol- In today’s age of electronic publish- herpes simplex; (Phyl- ogy, Life History, therapy and adaptogenic herbs can ing, online and open-access journals, lanthaceae) for jaundice; and hawthorn and Systemat- help maintain well-being with mini- and almost instant access to the scien- (Crataegus laevigata syn. C. oxyacantha, ics by Donald H. mal side effects. Silverstein primarily tific literature, a reference book on any Rosaceae) for congestive heart failure. Les. Boca Raton, addresses women in this book and biomedical topic might seem quaint The largest section of the book FL: CRC Press; offers insights from her own experi- at best and instantly obsolete at worst. comprises 264 chapters that discuss more 2017. Hardcover, ences or those of her clients. The final However, nothing could be further from than 400 health conditions, symptoms, 1,334 pages. ISBN: part of this book includes a 90-day 9781482225020. program that incorporates the previ- the truth if context, perspective, and and specific diseases, and the nutritional ously mentioned strategies to achieve veracity are considered important. options for their treatment. The section $249.95. This text provides an overview of emotional and mental wellness. These are critical characteristics of covers a large swath of medical fields and the biology of major aquatic plant Nutritional Medicine, a “natural phar- includes entries on cardiology, dermatol- species. The plant genera descriptions macopoeia” first published in 2011 after ogy, gastroenterology, hematology, hepa- are based on recent phylogenetic anal- a dedicated 30-year effort by the author, tology, nephrology, neurology, ophthal- yses, and the individual species entries Alan Gaby, MD. The first edition contained 1,358 pages mology, otolaryngology, psychiatry, pulmonology, rheuma- include information such as distribu- and 16,800 references. Six years later, this second edition tology, and urology as well as specific topics in endocrine tion, morphology, preferred habitat, and food and medicinal uses. The Hops, Herb of the Year 2018: Brew- contains 96 additional pages and more than 1,700 new disorders, gynecology, infectious diseases, obstetrics, pedi- ing and Beyond compiled and edited references, with a special emphasis on recent clinical trials atrics, and oral diseases. Additional chapters address genetic practical information is suitable for academic researchers and students, and by Gert Coleman, ed. Jacksonville, FL: that help to either confirm or question results of previous disorders, drug-nutrient interactions, and some specific for the purposes of wetland manage- International Herb Association; 2018. research. modalities like anesthesiology, detoxification, intravenous ment. Softcover, 293 pages. ISBN: 978-1- While clearly a reference volume, the book opens with an nutrient therapies, and radiation therapy. 5323-4413-8. $15.95. answer to the question “Why nutritional medicine?” and While all the reference information provided is evidence- The International Herb Associa- outlines its key components in a 52-page section on the based, some chapters end with illuminating and intriguing tion designated hops (Humulus lupulus, fundamentals of the field. Gaby begins by describing the summaries of the author’s personal clinical approach and Cannabaceae) as the Herb of the Year for 2018 and produced this text that need to “clean up” the average diet by emphasizing the posi- recommendations regarding the condition. Gaby makes it celebrates all aspects of the bitter botan- tive and minimizing the negative attributes of specific food clear that these comments are intended to give the reader ical. This compilation of more than 40 constituents and overall dietary patterns. an idea about his thinking processes and preferred order essays covers various topics: botany and 50+ Natural Health Secrets: Proven Aspects of clinical assessment also are touched on of treatment options. Thus, it is noteworthy that the pref- cultivation, history and harvest, lore, to Change Your Life by Terry throughout the book. Thereafter, nutritional therapies, ace contains a warning/disclaimer that the information recipes, and medicinal uses. The text Lemerond. Green Bay, WI: Terry especially dietary supplements, are described to help indi- provided in the book is for educational purposes only and also includes illustrations, photos, and Talks Nutrition; 2018. Softcover, vidualize treatment, particularly through a clear under- about the possibility of errors, omissions, and misinterpreta- poetry that take hops beyond beer and 184 pages. ISBN: 978-1732195905. standing of their additive and synergistic effects. tions despite the extensive efforts made to assure the accu- explore the plant’s lengthy history of use $12.99. in cultures around the world. Natural products industry pioneer Spanning more than 250 pages, 60 short chapters are racy of the contents. Terry Lemerond brings more than 40 dedicated to the basic “tools” of nutritional medicine, Like the first edition, the second edition of Nutritional years of experience to this easy-to- including individual vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and Medicine provides an evidence-based but clinically oriented understand guide to natural medicine. other therapeutic agents such as dietary bioactive compo- guide for the prevention and treatment of an extensive array Full-color profiles explore the benefits nents (e.g., carotenoids, flavonoids, probiotics, etc.). The of physical and mental conditions. As most chapters range Homemade Perfume: Create Exqui- of botanicals and ingredients such as author states that “this is not a book on herbal medicine,” from one to four pages, the information provided in this site, Naturally Scented Products to coenzyme Q10 and astaxanthin. The and lamentably little attention is devoted to botanical medi- volume is neither comprehensive nor extremely detailed. Fill Your Life with Botanical Aromas topics range from popular ingredi- cine and its complementary role in the practice of nutri- Each presentation is concise, clearly written, and touches by Anya McCoy. Salem, MA: Page ents, such as curcumin (from turmeric Street Publishing Co.; 2018. Softcover, [Curcuma longa, Zingiberaceae]), to tional medicine. Instead, readers are directed to the excel- on the essential knowledge most often needed by a practi- less well-known plants like copalchi lent but dated Herbal Medicine (Beaconsfield Publishers, tioner such as clinical indications, dosage and preparation 192 pages. ISBN: 978-1-62414-585-8. $21.99. (Hintonia latiflora, Rubiaceae). Each 1988) by R.F. Weiss and The Complete German Commis- information, pharmacokinetics, and adverse effects includ- Homemade Perfume is a comprehen- profile also mentions dosing sugges- sion E Monographs (Integrative Medicine Communica- ing nutrient-drug interactions. This weighty tome should sive resource for the creation of artisanal tions and contraindications associ- tions, 1998) edited by Blumenthal et al. In the one chap- provide many practitioners with a quick but authoritative perfume. The text includes step-by-step ated with the botanical or ingre- ter on “Selected Herbal Treatments,” Gaby covers only check on critical facts that can serve as a ready first step for instructions for a variety of techniques dient, if applicable. Lemerond also three products — ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba, Ginkgoaceae), a more thorough search of the literature. for making scented body sprays, body briefly discusses other holistic aspects ginger (Zingiber officinale, Zingiberaceae), and licorice butters, massage oils, and more, using of health and wellness with recom- local plants and common household Moodtopia by Sara-Chana Silver- mendations for diet and exercise. (Glycyrrhiza glabra, Fabaceae) root — with an emphasis on —Jeffrey Blumberg, PhD, FASN, FACN, CNS-S stein. New York, NY: Hachette Book adverse effects and only brief comments on their clinical Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy ingredients. McCoy also explores the nuances of scent blending to create Group; 2018. Softcover, 256 pages. indications. Under selected chapters on specific conditions, Tufts University unusual, delightful fragrances. The ISBN: 9780738220055. $11.99. reference is made to St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum, Boston, Massachusetts book includes a glossary of fragrance Herbalist Sara-Chana Silverstein, Hypericaceae) for depression; pygeum (Pygeum africa- terminology, instructions on how to RH (AHG), introduces readers to

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Lobstein published more than In 2012, Miller founded the Ayurvedic College Annelise Lobstein 100 research articles based on the Light Miller for Wellbeing in Sarasota, Florida, then moved work of her team or through her it to Hollywood, Florida, in 2014. In 2015 and 1956-2018 multiple international collabora- 1947-2018 2016, she taught classes both in Florida and Annelise Lobstein, PharmD, tions. She was an invited speaker Light Miller, ND, died peace- San Juan, Puerto Rico. In 2016, the Millers PhD, a highly respected professor at diverse international scientific fully in her sleep in the presence moved to Rincón, Puerto Rico, and took their of pharmacognosy at the Univer- meetings and shared her work of family on April 28, 2018. She college online, recording more than 500 hours of sity of Strasbourg, died in January with passion, notably in aroma- was born in New York City, New Ayurveda lectures. They taught yearly pancha- 2018 after a lengthy illness that therapy, one of her favorite fields York, in 1947, the daughter of an karma courses to more than 150 students. Miller she fought with strength, constant of expertise. Additionally, she Indian diplomat. Her mother was taught that Ayurveda is an expanding discipline positivity, and full dedication to filed six patents in collaboration an aromatherapist and her grand- that took in new treatments, methods, and teach- her team and loved ones. with several cosmetic compa- mother practiced as an Ayurvedic ings. Traditional Ayurveda preserved the past but Lobstein dedicated her career to nies, including Phytodia, which herbalist. held no constraints for her. She continues to teach through studying and understanding the she co-founded in 2006. In fact, In 1988, Miller received a special Ayurvedic treatment her videos in the online incarnation of her college. She had impacts of plants and traditional she has helped consolidate multi- called kaya kalpa (an anti-aging or rejuvenation treat- more than 1,500 students during her teaching career. herbal medicines on human health, ple university-industry partner- ment) from Ram Panday. During that experience, she Miller preferred to provide herbal blends taken as infu- with a particular and internation- ships (e.g., with the companies awakened to her Ayurvedic heritage. Panday accepted sions for the various complaints of her patients. She was ally renowned expertise in aroma- LVMH Recherche-Guerlain, her for training, and she began self-study with books by not an advocate of herbal capsules, as she believed cut- therapy. In 1979, she obtained her PharmD, followed by Estée Lauder, SEPPIC-BiotechMa- David Frawley, Vasant Lad, Robert Svoboda, and Maya and-sifted herbal teas had greater potency. She believed her first doctoral degree in 1983 with a dissertation on the rine, Boiron, and Phytodia), which provided financial Tiwari. She started an aromatherapy company and soon that the use of pills and capsules was a byproduct of the “Analytical Studies of Terpenes from Ginkgo biloba L.” support for several PhD students and research associates. traveled across the United States teaching Ayurveda and British medical influence on Ayurveda. She pioneered the She earned her second State doctorate (“habilitation”) after Her research team chemically characterized and biologically aromatherapy. use of essential oils added to abyanga (massage) oil as a completing her work on the phytochemical and pharmaco- evaluated African traditional herbs, orchid (Orchidaceae) Seeking deeper instruction in kaya kalpa, Miller trav- more effective alternative to other oil blends. Miller added logical studies of “Amentoflavone from Viburnum species species from tropical regions, various algae, and halophytes eled to India to train under Pancha Bai Chotai (a compa- the juice of wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum, Poaceae), tulsi (Caprifoliaceae).” With her PharmD and two doctoral to understand not only their dermo-cosmetic properties, triot/physician of Mohandas “Mahatma” Gandhi), local (Ocimum tenuiflorum, Lamiaceae), and other herbs to her degrees, which reflected her passion and scientific persever- but also their mechanisms of action as potential anticancer, herbalist and healer, former freedom fighter, co-founder panchakarma green juice arsenal. She incorporated the ance, Lobstein joined the Faculty of Pharmacy as a research anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic agents. of Aruli Nature Cure Center, Ayurvedic physician, and kaya kalpa technique of mindful breathing into her teach- assistant professor at the University of Strasbourg, and then Lobstein constantly emphasized the value of interdisciplin- one of the few remaining kaya kalpa practitioners in the ing as well. Miller performed more than 1,200 kaya kalpa became a full professor of pharmacognosy in 2007 within ary collaboration in her second fundamental motto based world. He accepted her as a student and she became the treatments and conducted more than 450 panchakarma the Laboratory of Therapeutic Innovation (“Laboratoire on an African proverb: “Alone, we run fast; together, we go first female kaya kalpa practioner. Upon returning to the programs. She also recommended a parade of gourmet d’Innovation Thérapeutique”). further.” United States, she passed her training along to husband vegetarian food that was spiced to heal the gastrointestinal Lobstein directed the pharmacognosy and bioactive Despite her illness, her involvement as manager of the Bryan Miller, DC, and they added kaya kalpa to their tract as it satisfied the palate. natural compounds team (Pharmacognosie et Molécules pharmacognosy laboratory and her commitment to the well- treatments as they taught Ayurveda and aromatherapy in Miller’s symptoms of the last 10 months were largely Naturelles Bioactives), supervising and mentoring interna- being of her team never failed. Her colleagues and friends the United States, Canada, and Europe. countered with natural remedies of her own design. A tional scientists, postdoctoral students, and undergradu- want to acknowledge her incredible strength through the The Millers co-authored Ayurveda and Aromatherapy, contingent of possible causes were treated with mixed ate students with great listening and pedagogical skills and adversity of illness, caring for others and motivating her published by Lotus Press in 1995. Light Miller’s relation- results, culminating with her eventual diagnosis of creating a highly dynamic and friendly research environ- team with enthusiasm. At the time of her death, Annelise ship with Santosh Krinsky of Lotus flowered into the advanced lymphoma, for which she declined chemother- ment. She inspired her students not only through her scien- Lobstein was affiliated with the UMR 7178 research unit publication of two more books: Ayurvedic Remedies for apy. tific knowledge, rigor, and enthusiasm but also through her at the Hubert Curien Multidisciplinary Institute (Insti- the Whole Family in 1999 and Ayurvedic Curative Cuisine Light Miller will be missed by her family, friends, kindness and availability. Her office, in which she would tut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien) and the Analytical for Everyone in 2011. She also self-published a 1,000-page students, and patients. “Light Miller helped thousands of welcome visitors with her encouraging smile, was a heaven, Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and Pharmacognosy textbook for correspondence and classroom teaching people in her amazing life on this planet,” wrote herbal- always decorated with luxurious plants and items from (CAMBAP) team of the University of Strasbourg in Stras- and a handbook for panchakarma cleansing treatments. ist and nutritional consultant Brigitte Mars, who was a different seasons. It was a place where one felt the freedom to bourg, France, in collaboration with the French National With Batool Merali, she co-authored The Divinity Within personal friend of Miller (email to H. Bauman, August exchange scientific ideas. She loved sharing her passion for Center for Scientific Research (CNRS). (Nourish Myself, 2017), a 12-month calendar and guide 30, 2018). “She will forever be lovingly remembered.” herbal medicine and pharmacognosy with her fundamental We, as friends, colleagues, and former students, miss her to self-development. —Bryan A. Miller, DC motto: “You tell me, I forget. You teach me, I remember. You terribly. We will keep in our minds the image of a strong, By 2000, Miller was a regular contributor to the Califor- Instructor, Ayurvedic College for Wellbeing involve me, I learn.” scientific woman, always positive and dedicated. Annelise nia Association of Ayurvedic Medicine (CAAM). When Rincón, Puerto Rico Besides her teaching responsibilities at the University of Lobstein inspired us in so many ways. the National Ayurvedic Medical Association (NAMA) Strasbourg, Lobstein was in charge of three Diplôme Univer- was formed, she was an ardent supporter and coordinated —Charlotte Simmler, Mélanie Bourjot, Aurélie Urbain, sitaire (DU) programs (continuous training for pharmacists the first conference in Tampa, Florida. She served on the Laurence Gondet, Veronika Vallion, Christian D. Muller, and health professionals) in homeopathy and aromatherapy. NAMA board of directors in 2002 and worked with Marc Gisèle Archipoff, Bruno Didier, Carole Minker, Her lectures were appreciated for their strong attention to Halpern, DC, CAS, PKS, on the education committee. Amélie Leick, Saliou Ngom, Olivier Placide Noté, detail. All those who had the chance to attend her DU She also was a member of the National Association for Frédéric Bonté course (which had a waiting list every year) were impressed Holistic Aromatherapy (NAHA). She strongly supported by the high quality of her teaching and her constant atten- the licensing of Ayurvedic consulting as a profession but tion to others. Lobstein also taught pharmacognosy in was disillusioned by the politics and egos involved in Mahajanga, Madagascar, and Yaoundé, Cameroon. organizations.

76 • I SSUE 120 • 2018 • www.herbalgram.org www.herbalgram.org • 2018 • I SSUE 120 • 77 IN MEMORIAM Publications American Herb Association Quarterly Newsletter: $20/yr. AHA, P.O. Box 1673, Nevada City, CA 96969. Australian Journal of Herbal Medicine: Quarterly publication of the National Herbalists Association of Australia (founded in 1920). Deals with all aspects of Medical Herbalism, including latest medicinal plant “Ron was a good friend and colleague research findings. Regular features include Australian medicinal plants, conferences, conference reports, book Ronald G. Udell and was a consistent supporter of reviews, rare books, case studies, and medicinal plant reviews. AUD/$96 plus AUD/$15 if required by airmail. the nonprofit educational work of National Herbalists Association of Australia, P.O. Box 696, Ashfield, NSW 1800, Australia. Classifieds 1948-2018 the American Botanical Council. He Medical Herbalism: Subtitled “A Clinical Newsletter for the Herbal Practitioner.” Edited by Paul Bergner. Former President and CEO of Soft would sometimes promote ABC to various industry colleagues to suggest $36/yr, $60/2 yrs. Canada $39/yr. Overseas $45/yr. Sample/$6. Medical Herbalism, P.O. Box 20512, Boul- Gel Technologies, Inc., Ronald Udell der, CO 81308. died on June 19, 2018, at the age of 69. that they too support ABC,” said Mark Udell had more than 35 years of experi- Blumenthal, founder and executive American College of Healthcare Sciences: ACHS.edu is a DEAC accredited, fully online college offer- ence in the nutrition and natural prod- director of ABC. “On a personal basis, ing Graduate and Undergraduate degrees, diplomas, and career-training certificates in holistic health and ucts industry. Many of his colleagues he was very generous by providing me herbal medicine. ACHS is committed to exceptional online education and is recognized as an indus- considered him a pioneer in provid- with free softgel capsules of CoQ10 for try leader in holistic health education worldwide. Federal financial aid available to those who qualify. ing innovative, clinically tested delivery my personal use for many years.” Educational resources available to the public include: ACHS Health and Wellness Blog, Master Lecture Webinar systems through softgel capsule tech- Over the course of his career, Udell registered 10 patents related to softgel Series, and eBooks. For more information: visit www.achs.edu, call (800) 487-8839, or stop by the College campus nology. located at 5005 SW Macadam Avenue, Portland OR 97239. Udell was born on July 2, 1948, in delivery for product formulations and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His family moved to Califor- ingredients, including vitamin E, solu- nia in his youth, and he earned a bachelor’s degree from the bilized CoQ10, and carnitine. In 2005, Nutritional Outlook Other University of Southern California’s Marshall School of Busi- magazine awarded Soft Gel Technologies a Natural Product Award for its CoQsol-CF ingredient, a more bioavailable form Interns, get hands-on experience before you graduate! If you’re a future pharmacist or dietitian, you can ness in 1973. Udell was first introduced to the natural prod- 1 ucts industry in 1981, when he started working as a food and of CoQ10. The new formulation used citrus peel extract, choose a rotation through ABC’s internship program. You’ll get a comprehensive introduction to phytomedicines, beverage distributor. Over time, he used his marketing skills D-limonene, and vitamin E to prevent crystallization during researching the medicinal, culinary, and cosmetic uses of herbs, answering ABC members’ questions, working with and operational experience to focus on delivery systems for the manufacturing process, and Udell oversaw the develop- medicinal plants in ABC’s 2.5 acres of herbal gardens, and preparing herbal salves, tinctures, or meals. For more ment of this new ingredient as president of the company. supplement ingredients such as coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and information, call 512-926-4900 x114 or email [email protected]. vitamins, and in 1994, he became the president and CEO Anthony Udell, Udell’s nephew, worked with his uncle for of Los Angeles, California-based Soft Gel Technologies. In 10 years at Chemco. “Ron was presented an opportunity to Herb/Berry/Vegie farm seeking assistance with cultivation, processing, landscaping, web work, and GMP certifi- his 20 years at Soft Gel, Udell steered the company through promote some nutritional items that few people in the United cation. Agri-Tourism startup. Work not hard but steady. Profit Sharing. Starting immediately in the Virginia Blue periods of both declining sales and rapid growth. His vision States had any real knowledge of,” wrote Udell (email to M. Ridge, Zone 7. [email protected]. and tenacity helped build a high-performance company with Blumenthal, October 11, 2018). “He studied how CoQ10, ginkgo [Ginkgo biloba, Ginkgoaceae], and fish oil could help Stock Photography that doesn’t look like Stock: Steven Foster Group, Inc. Photography, Consulting, Publica- a robust clientele, new ingredients and formulations, and a tions. Specializing in medicinal and aromatic plants, along with the places they grow, our stock photo files include global reach. people, and he also realized, if marketed correctly, [that these products] could be a good business opportunity. What started more than 120,000 images shot around the world for over 30 years. Contact us at our location in the heart of the Udell was also president of Chemco Inc. (now known as Ozarks in Eureka Springs, Arkansas. Visit our website: www.stevenfoster.com or email: [email protected]. OptiPure), a distributor of botanical and other ingredients as possible line extensions ended up being a very successful for the natural products industry, from 1994 to 2014, and business. Ron took a chance and was open to something new Considering supplying herbal products in Europe? Ann Godsell Regulatory can offer consulting advice on previously worked for Chemco as a broker. Chemco imported and different. Based on the end result, he should be considered regulatory strategy, and data requirements. Services for dossier preparation & submission also available. For more botanical ingredients including standardized herbal extracts as a true trailblazer in the nutraceutical industry.” information email [email protected]. Udell’s daughter Shana Sadowsky remembers her father as well as combination formulas to support weight manage- Tea Business Development: 60 years combined experience supporting new and existing tea ventures from start- ment and mental health. as a devoted family man and an intrepid worker. “My father Jingang Shi, CEO of Beijing-based ingredient manufac- loved working and loved the industry,” she wrote (email to ups to Fortune 500 companies. Original recipes, flavor and functionality enhancements, raw materials sourcing, turer EPC Natural Products, recalled Udell’s mentorship and M. Blumenthal, August 20, 2018). “He was very good at sell- production trouble-shooting, regulatory, scientific substantiation, and more. Former Whole Foods and Celes- innovative spirit. “When I started in the supplement business, ing and was highly knowledgeable. He also loved his family tial Seasonings blend-masters, R&D / Q.C. Tea Bags, loose teas, RTD. Advisory services for wholesale, branded he always reminded me of the true value and unique benefit including his children and grandchild, Ella. He was a collector consumer products, and retail operations. Email us with your information and needs: sage@sagegroupnetworks. any new herb extract could contribute to human beings and of classic cars and loved dogs.” com. the industry,” Shi wrote (email to M. Blumenthal, September Ron Udell is survived by his four children, Scott Udell, Shana (Elon) Sadowsky, Gabrielle Udell, and Allegra Udell, Montana YewTip™ products, the natural Taxane source, Pacific Yew (Taxus brevifolia). Sustainably wildcrafted 4, 2018). “He introduced many new ingredients from Europe and manufactured exclusively by Bighorn Botanicals, Inc., Noxon, Montana. Capsules, tea, powder, tincture, and Asia into the US market and played an important role and his granddaughter, Ella. A memorial service celebrat- ing his life was held in Los Angeles, California, on June 24, oil, salve, lotion, soap, and lip balm. To review our products, go to www.bighornbotanicals.com. For more infor- in educating the industry. Ingredient suppliers loved to work mation, including ethnobotany, sustainable harvest protocols, safety, and biological activities, click on the “Plant with him because he appreciated authentic products.” 2018. In 2015, Udell served as the director of business develop- Profile.” Order online or call toll-free 1-888-847-1223. —Hannah Bauman ment for J+D Labs’ Pharma Manufacturing facility in Vista, Herbal Medicine Apprenticeship with Chanchal Cabrera, MSc, FNIMH, RH(AHG), four & eight week resi- California. Two years later, he became the director of busi- dential sessions. Gardening, Harvesting, Medicine Making plus Classes and Field Trips. Innisfree Farm and ness development for Captek Softgel International, a position Reference Botanic Garden, Vancouver Island. www.chanchalcabrera.com. he held until the time of his death. In these roles, he oversaw 1. Nutritional Outlook Staff. Natural Product Awards. Nutritional the manufacture of softgels for a variety of clients, includ- Outlook. December 21, 2005. Available at: www.nutritionalout- ing mass-market brands, multi-level marketing brands, and look.com/omega-3/natural-product-awards. Accessed August health professionals, among others. He also assumed market- 29, 2018. ing duties for new products.

78 • I SSUE 120 • 2018 • www.herbalgram.org www.herbalgram.org • 2018 • I SSUE 120 • 79 Individuals, organizations, and companies support ABC through membership

The

Invites You To Join Us The American Botanical Council is the leading nonprofit education and research organization using science-based and traditional information to promote the responsible use of herbal medicine. Founded in 1988, the member-supported American Botanical Council: SERVES members in more than 81 countries worldwide EDUCATES consumers, healthcare professionals, researchers, educators, industry and the media on the safe and effective use of medicinal plants Photograph by Hannah Bauman Captured with a Panasonic Lumix DMC-ZS100 ADVOCATES responsible herbal production and use ADVISES the media on emerging herbal science Sweet Cherry PROMOTES a healthier world through responsible herbal use. Prunus avium, Rosaceae The sweet cherry (Prunus avium, Rosaceae) tree is a domesticated cultivar of wild cherry species native to temperate regions of Europe and Western Asia.1 The cherry fruit has a high sugar and low acid content in addition to high amounts Join Us! of flavonoids such as anthocyanins. Cherry fruit consumption is associated with reductions in oxidative stress and inflam- In return, you’ll receive access to a wealth of herbal data via: mation, and cherry juice has long been used as a home remedy for gout in North America. Cherry fruit’s anti-inflammatory properties reportedly benefit other chronic conditions such as cardiovas- ABC’s acclaimed quarterly journal, HerbalGram cular disease and type 2 diabetes. Cherry fruit is also a good source of tryptophan, serotonin, and melatonin, which all play important roles in Photo Finish Contest 10 online databases of herbal information (depending on membership level) supporting mood and cognition. Send us your best original medicinal plant photographs for a chance to have Regular electronic updates on herbal news that matters to you one featured on this page. Reference Winners receive a complimentary • 12 Monthly HerbalEGrams, 4 Botanical Adulterants Monitors, 51 Weekly Herbal News & 1. Bauman H, Perez J. Food as medicine: Cherry (Prunus avium and P. one-year ABC Professional Membership Events updates, and 360 HerbClip per year, plus other Member Advisories — a $150 value. Learn more about the cerasus, Rosaceae). HerbalEGram. 2018;15(8). Available at: http://cms. perks of ABC membership at herbalgram.org/heg/volume15/08August/FAM-Cherry.html. Accessed www.herbalgram.org. And much more. September 5, 2018. To enter the contest, send your botanical Learn more at photos to [email protected]. www.herbalgram.org or contact [email protected] or (512) 926-4900 80 • I SSUE 120 • 2018 • www.herbalgram.org This advertisement is published in a magaine distributed in various Countries all over the world and so may contain statements not applicable to your Country and they may not comply with Reg EC n 124200 These statements have not been evaluated by the ood and Drug Administration These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease are responsible or ensuring compliance