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Checklist of Plants Used As Blood Glucose Level Regulators and Phytochemical Screening of Five Selected Leguminous Species

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Checklist of Plants Used As Blood Glucose Level Regulators and Phytochemical Screening of Five Selected Leguminous Species ISSN 2521 – 0408 Available Online at www.aextj.com Agricultural Extension Journal 2019; 3(1):38-57 RESEARCH ARTICLE Checklist of Plants Used as Blood Glucose Level Regulators and Phytochemical Screening of Five Selected Leguminous Species Reham Abdo Ibrahim, Alawia Abdalla Elawad, Ahmed Mahgoub Hamad Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural, Technology and Fish Sciences, Al Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan Received: 25-10-2018; Revised: 25-11-2018; Accepted: 10-02-2019 ABSTRACT In the first part of this study, literature survey of plants recorded to regulate glucose level in blood was carried out. Result of this part includes their chemical constitutes and use in the different body disorders other than diabetes. 48 plants species are collected from the available literature and presented in the form of a checklist. The second part of this work is a qualitative phytochemical screening of seeds selected from the family Fabaceae, namely: Bauhinia rufescens, Senna alexandrina, Cicer arietinum, Lupinus albus, and Trigonella foenum-graecum. The studied plants are extracted in petroleum ether, water, and ethanol and different phytochemicals are detected in the extract. Alkaloids are present in all plants in the different extract, but their concentration is high in T. foenum-graecum and B. rufescens. Glycosides are highly detected in S. alexandrina and L. albus. Flavonoid is highly detected in B. rufescens, Senna and C. arietinum, and L. albus. Phenolic compound is not detected in all extract of the five plants. Saponin is observed in all plant put highly detected in L. albus. Tannin detected in Senna alexandrina. Resins are observed in plants but highly detected in C. arietinum, L. albus, and T. foenum-graecum. Terpenes are observed in all plant put highly in T. foenum-graecum. Protein: results of protein in the studied plant did not give accurate observations as expected. Alkaloids and proteins are the main components known to increase glucose levels in the blood. Key words: Plants, blood glucose, phytochemical screening GENERAL INTRODUCTION 2. Phytochemical screening of five selected leguminous plant commonly used to control Plants used since ancient time by human and his animals as: Source of food, medicine, energy diabetes. in form of fuel and, gas, building materials (insulation providing insulation against extremes of LITERATURE REVIEW temperature, sound or electricity, pipes for carrying water, pitch used for waterproofing, and in paints.), Phytochemistry clothing, dyes, paints, inks and paper, fertilizers, fire and lighting, pesticides, and woodwork.[1] Phytochemistry is the study of phytochemicals which are derived from the plant; these Objective phytochemicals are secondary metabolic compound [Figure 1]. Phytochemistry is widely The objectives are as follows: used in the field of Sudan medicine especially 1. Literature survey of plants recorded to be used in the field of herbal medicine [Figures 2-4]. as blood glucose level control (diabetes). A phytochemical is a natural bioactive compound Address for correspondence: found in plant foods that works with nutrients and Reham Abdo Ibrahim, dietary fiber to protect against disease [Figures E-mail: [email protected] 4-6].[2] © 2019, AEXTJ. All Rights Reserved 38 Ibrahim, et al.: Checklist of Plants Used as Blood Glucose Level Alkaloids Terpenoids Alkaloids are natural compounds, basic natural Terpenoids are the largest class of plant natural products are occurring primarily in many plants products (Trapp, 2001) and more than 30,000 usually colorless, but often optically active terpenoid compounds have been identified, substances [Figure 7-10]. Most are crystalline, terpenoids such as essential oils and resins have but a few are liquid at room temperature and have commercial and industrial values.[7] The main bitter tastes.[3] function of terpenes and their derivatives is widely recognized in the plant defense mechanism. Glycosides Glycosides are molecules consist of sugar and non- Diabetes carbohydrates usually small organic molecule. Many plant store chemicals in the form of in active Of diabetes is a chronic endocrine (lifelong) disease glycoside [Figures 11 and 12].[4] marked by high levels of glucose in the blood. People with diabetes have high blood sugar. This is because: Phenolic compounds • Their pancreas does not make enough insulin Phenolic compounds are the largest and most • Their muscle, fat, and liver cells do not respond ubiquitous groups of plant metabolites that to insulin normally possess an aromatic ring bearing one or more • Both of the above. hydroxyl (OH) constituents (Singh et al., 1998), The role of insulin is to move glucose from the and are a member of a group of aromatic chemical bloodstream into muscle, fat, and liver cells, compounds with weakly acidic properties, and are where it can be used as fuel (PubMed, 2010). characterized by a OH group attached directly to an aromatic ring [Figures 2-4].[5] There are three major types of diabetes Tannins Type 1 diabetes Tannin is a general descriptive name for a group of It is usually diagnosed in childhood characterized polymeric/phenolic substances capable of tanning by insulin deficiency, daily injections of insulin leather or precipitating gelatin from a solution, a are needed. The exact cause is unknown. Genetics, property known as astringency [Figures 13-15].[6] viruses, and autoimmune problems may play a role (PubMed, 2010). Flavonoids Flavonoids are a group of phytochemicals found Type 2 diabetes in varying amounts in foods and medicinal plants It usually occurs in adulthood, but young people which have been shown to exert potent antioxidant are increasingly being diagnosed with this disease. activity against the superoxide radical.[3] Many people with type 2 diabetes do not know Figure 1: Saponin in ethanol Figure 2: Alkaloid in ethanol AEXTJ/Jan-Mar-2019/Vol 3/Issue 1 39 Ibrahim, et al.: Checklist of Plants Used as Blood Glucose Level Figure 3: Alkaloid in water Figure 6: Saponin in water Figure 4: Flavonoid in water Figure 7: Resin in ethanol Figure 5: Saponin in ether Figure 8: Resin in water Gestational diabetes they have it, although it is a serious condition Gestational diabetes is high blood glucose that (PubMed, 2010). Hence, they presented first time develops at any time during pregnancy in a woman with complication (Nicolas et al., 2006). who does not have diabetes (PubMed, 2010). Type 2 diabetes is becoming more common Women who have gestational diabetes are at high due to increasing obesity and failure to exercise risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (PubMed, 2010). later in life (PubMed, 2010). AEXTJ/Jan-Mar-2019/Vol 3/Issue 1 40 Ibrahim, et al.: Checklist of Plants Used as Blood Glucose Level Figure 12: Alkaloid in ether Figure 9: Terpene in ether Figure 13: Alkaloid in water Figure 10: Terpene in ethanol Figure 14: Flavonoid in water Treatment of diabetes There is no cure for diabetes. Treatment involves Figure 11: Protein in ether diet and exercise, oral antidiabetic medication and insulin, although the treatment goals that can help Prevalence of diabetes people to maintain their normal live (PubMed, Diabetes is affecting more than 100 million people 2011). worldwide and the World Health Organization The medications which are gives to diabetic predicts this number will increase five-fold in the patient vary according to diabetes type: patients near future.[8] who have type 1 must take insulin pumping or AEXTJ/Jan-Mar-2019/Vol 3/Issue 1 41 Ibrahim, et al.: Checklist of Plants Used as Blood Glucose Level Figure 15: Saponin in water Figure 18: Protein in ether Figure 16: Terpene in ether Figure 19: Alkaloid in ether Figure 17: Terpene in ethanol Figure 20: Alkaloid in ethanol injection, while people with type 2 take oral anti injured, experiencing adverse drug reaction, and diabetic drugs such as sulfonylureas. more than 105.000 people die every year due to Most women with gestational diabetes control the prescription drugs.[13-15] Although insulin is the it with meal planning and physical activity. most common conventional treatment for diabetes, However, some women need insulin to reach their diet therapy approaches have demonstrated many target blood glucose levels. advantages in developing countries.[16] Diabetes medications have side effect such as low Because diabetes medication has side effects, the blood sugar weight gain nausea,[9-12] they can even world goes through another types of treatment to cause your death. More than 2.1 million people are reduce these effects, so they use traditional medicine. AEXTJ/Jan-Mar-2019/Vol 3/Issue 1 42 Ibrahim, et al.: Checklist of Plants Used as Blood Glucose Level Different plant families such as Asteraceae population is taking botanical products, but less (Ambrosia maritima) and Asclepiadiaceae than one-third of these persons inform their (Solenostemma argel), Alliaceae/Liliaceae (Allium medical practitioners of such use.[20] cepa), and Fabaceae/Leguminosae (Lupinus albus) are commonly used as diabetes medications. Plants used in this study Five species from the family Fabaceae are selected Fabaceae/Leguminosae in this study B. rufescens and S. alexandrina from Botanical classification subfamily Caesalpinioideae, and C. aritenium, Kingdom: Plantae L. albus, and T. foenum-graecum from subfamily Subkingdom: Tracheobionta Papilionidae. Super division: Spermatophyta Division: Magnoliophyta B. rufescens Class: Magnoliopsida Sub class: Rosidae Distribution Order: Fabales The plant is distributed in the sub-Himalayan Family: Fabaceae. tracts from the Indus eastwards and throughout the dry forests of India, ascending to 1300 m. It is Fabaceae or Leguminosae is widely distributed [21] family with many different species 17,000 which also cultivated throughout the plains. are found throughout the world. Leguminosae seeds have a higher amount of protein so they are Botanical description used as a source of protein in the world especially Botanical description is a shrub, native to semi- in developing countries, legume also used in a crop arid areas of Africa. It is usually 1–3 m high but rotation to replenish soil that has been depleted can grow to 8 m.
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